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Conferencia presentada el 19/04/2013 en el Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias a la Lic. en Ciencias de los Alimentos
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EnvaseSustentableAlberto Rossa, Dr. Ing.Laboratorio de Innovación Tecnológica para el DiseñoDepartamento de Producción y Desarrollo / Universidad de Guadalajara
El envase es el medio de diseño que tiene el mayor impacto y crecimiento global, y toca a millones de consumidores cada día en el planeta.
Juega un rol vital en la protección, distribución y comunicación de cada producto y servicio que consumimos.
El envase presenta un enorme impacto ambiental, y el diseño del mismo juega un rol crítico y de responsabilidad de cara a los recursos y sustentabilidad del planeta y su futuro.
Sólo para recordar...
1. ProtecciónLa función primaria y esencial es contener y proteger al producto.Quizá las “carteras” de huevo fabricadas con pulpa de papel moldeada sean el mejor ejemplo de un envase funcional.
2. TransporteAdemás de proteger, el envase debe ayudar al transporte, distribución y almacenaje del producto.
3. ComunicaciónDebe de describir su contenido, propiedades, mercado, beneficios, etc, etc....
Un problema de percepción...
?Cómo es un envase sustentable
65% Diseño para reciclaje o utilización del material reciclado
57% Reducción del peso del envase
41% Materiales renovables o bio-materiales
25% Materiales compostables
Hacia donde se dirige la investigación en envase sustentable
Análisis del ciclo de vida (LCA)
39
The materials life cycle
CHAPTER 3
Image of casting courtesy of Skillspace; image of car making courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy EERE program; image of cars courtesy of Reuters.com; image of junk car courtesy of Junkyards.com.
CONTENTS
3.1 Introduction and synopsis
3.2 The material life cycle
3.3 Life-cycle assessment: details and diffi culties
3.4 Streamlined LCA
3.5 The strategy for eco-selection of materials
3.6 Summary and conclusion
3.7 Further reading
3.8 Appendix: software for LCA
3.9 Exercises 3.1 Introduction and synopsis
The materials of engineering have a life cycle. They are created from ores and feedstock. These are manufactured into products that are distributed and used. Like us, products have a fi nite life, at the end of which they become scrap. The materials they contain, however, are still there; some (unlike us) can be resurrected and enter a second life as recycled content in a new product.
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) traces this progression, documenting the resources consumed and the emissions excreted during each phase of life. The output is a sort of biography, documenting where the materials have been, what they have done, and the consequences for their surroundings.
Material
Manufacture
Use
Disposal
Resources
Manufactura
UsoMaterial
Disposición
Recursos
sold, and used. Products have a useful life, at the end of which they are dis-carded, a fraction of the materials they contain perhaps entering a recycling loop, the rest committed to incineration or landfi ll.
Energy and materials are consumed at each point in this cycle, deplet-ing natural resources. Consumption brings an associated penalty of car-bon dioxide (CO 2), oxides of sulfur (SO x), and of nitrogen (NO x), and other emissions in the form of low-grade heat and gaseous, liquid, and solid waste. In low concentrations, most of these emissions are harmless, but as their concentrations build, they become damaging. The problem, simply put, is that the sum of these unwanted by-products now often exceeds the capacity of the environment to absorb them. For some the damage is local and the creator of the emissions accepts the responsibility and cost of con-taining and remediating it (the environmental cost is said to be internal-ized). For others the damage is global and the creator of the emissions is not held directly responsible, so the environmental cost becomes a burden on society as a whole (it is externalized). The study of resource consump-tion, emissions, and their impacts is called life-cycle assessment (LCA).
Materialproduction
Productmanufacture
Productuse
Productdisposal
Natural resources
CO2, NOx, SOx
ParticulatesToxic wasteLow grade heat
Emissions
Energy
Feedstocks
Transport
FIGURE 3.1 The material life cycle. Ore and feedstock are mined and processed to yield a mate-rial. This material is manufactured into a product that is used, and at the end of its life, it is discarded, recycled, or, less commonly, refurbished and reused. Energy and materials are consumed in each phase, generating waste heat and solid, liquid, and gaseous emissions.
The material life cycle 41
Recursos
Materia prima
Transporte
Energía
Producción deMateriales
Manufactura deproductos
Uso de losproductos
DisposiciónfinalCO2 NOx SOx
PartículasBasura tóxicaCalor
Emisiones
Recursos naturales
?CHAPTER 9: Eco-informed materials selection200
Before starting, there’s something to bear in mind. There are no simple, single-answer solutions to environmental questions. Material substitution guided by eco-objectives is one way forward, but it is not the only one. It might sometimes be better to abandon one way of doing things (the IC engine vehicle, for example) and replacing it with another (fuel cell or electric power, perhaps). So, though change of material is one option, another is change of concept. And of course there is a third: change of lifestyle (no vehicle at all).
This book is about materials so, in Chapters 1 through 8, we stuck with them as the central theme. In this and the next two chapters we venture a little outside this envelope.
9.2 Which bottle is best? selection per unit of function
Drink containers coexist that are made from many different materials: glass, polyethylene, PET, aluminum, steel —Figure 9.1 shows them. Surely one must be a better environmental choice than the others? The audit of a PET bottle in Chapter 7 delivered a clear message: the phase of life that dominates energy consumption and CO 2 emission is that embodied in the material of which a product is made. Embodied energies for the fi ve mater-ials are plotted in the upper part of Figure 9.2 (a plot of CO 2 shows the same distribution). Glass has values of both that are by far the lowest. It would seem that glass is the best choice.
But hold on. These are energies per kg of material. The containers differ greatly in weight and volume. What we need are values per unit of function . So let’s start again and do the job properly, listing the design requirements. The material must not corrode in mildly acidic (fruit juice) or alkali (milk) fl uids. It must be easy to shape, and —given the short life of a container —itmust be recyclable. Table 9.1 lists the requirements, including the objective of minimizing embodied energy per unit volume of fl uid contained .
Glass PE PET Aluminum Steel
FIGURE 9.1 Containers for liquids: glass, polyethylene, PET, aluminum, and steel; all can be recycled. Which carries the low penalty of embodied energy?
Vidrio PE PET Aluminio Acero
Cuál de estos envases tendrámenor gasto energético
201
The masses of fi ve competing container types, the material of which they are made, and the embodied energy of each are listed in Table 9.2 . All fi ve materials can be recycled. For all fi ve, cost-effective processes exist for making containers. All but one —steel—resist corrosion in the mildly acidic or alkaline conditions characteristic of bottled drinks. Steel is easily pro-tected with lacquers.
Em
bodi
ed e
nerg
y (M
J/kg
)
100
Ene
rgy/
unit
vol (
MJ/
liter
)
10
0
200
50
150
0
2
4
6
8
PEPET
Stee
l
Gla
ss
Alum
inum
PE
PET
Stee
l
Gla
ss
Alum
inum
Energy per kg
Energy per liter
FIGURE 9.2 Top: the embodied energy of the bottle materials. Bottom: the material energy per liter of fl uid contained.
Table 9.1 Design requirements for drink containers
Function Drink container
Constraints Must be immune to corrosion in the drink Must be easy and fast to shape Must be recyclable
Objective Minimize embodied energy per unit capacity
Free variables Choice of material
Selection per unit of function
201
The masses of fi ve competing container types, the material of which they are made, and the embodied energy of each are listed in Table 9.2 . All fi ve materials can be recycled. For all fi ve, cost-effective processes exist for making containers. All but one —steel—resist corrosion in the mildly acidic or alkaline conditions characteristic of bottled drinks. Steel is easily pro-tected with lacquers.
Em
bodi
ed e
nerg
y (M
J/kg
)
100
Ene
rgy/
unit
vol (
MJ/
liter
)
10
0
200
50
150
0
2
4
6
8
PEPET
Stee
l
Gla
ss
Alum
inum
PE
PET
Stee
l
Gla
ss
Alum
inum
Energy per kg
Energy per liter
FIGURE 9.2 Top: the embodied energy of the bottle materials. Bottom: the material energy per liter of fl uid contained.
Table 9.1 Design requirements for drink containers
Function Drink container
Constraints Must be immune to corrosion in the drink Must be easy and fast to shape Must be recyclable
Objective Minimize embodied energy per unit capacity
Free variables Choice of material
Selection per unit of function
Energía por kg Energía por lt
Alumini
o
Alumini
o
Vidrio
Acero
Vidrio
Acero
Ener
gía/
unid
ad d
e vo
lum
en (M
J/lt)
Gas
to e
nerg
étic
o (M
J/kg
)
Tipo de contenedor
Botella PET 400 ml
Botella PE 1 lt
Botella vidrio 750 ml
Lata Al 440 ml
Lata acero 440 ml
Material
PET
PE HD
Vidrio de soda
Al serie 5000
Acero plano
Masa, gms
25
38
325
20
45
Gasto energético
MJ/kg
84
81
15.5
208
32
Energía/litro
MJ/lt
5.3
3.8
6.7
9.5
3.3
Hipócritas!!
Y que se está haciendo...
(de verdad)
Diseño para reciclaje o utilización del material reciclado
Materiales renovables o bio-materiales
Reducción del peso del envase
Materiales compostables
PLA
PLAácido poliláctico
pasos para diseñar envases sustentables10
1. Utilizar una herramienta de análisis de ciclo de vida (Life Cycle Assessment)
2. Evaluar cada componente del envase/embalaje
31% menos resina15% menos de peso
Ahorro 208 Tons.cartón/año = 1,440 árboles = 149,500 kgs/CO2
3. Considerar nuevas alternativas para la distribución
Nested Pack ©
4. Buscar oportunidades para hacer re-usable el envase (donde tenga sentido hacerlo)
5. Considerar cambios al producto
6. En medida de lo posible, diseñar para el reciclaje
7. Usar estrategias de envasado que mejoren el consumo de los productos
8. Analiza de donde provienen los materiales de envasado
9. Evaluar el sistema de distribución para detectar oportunidades de ahorro de espacio
packnomics
10. Considerar el uso de nuevos materiales para el envasado
HDPE con azúcar,para 2020 el 25% de todossus envases serán reciclables
Conclusión...
Centro Universitario de Arte, Arquitectura y DiseñoUniversidad deGuadalajara
Graciaspor su atención
www.slideshare/betorossa
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