View
237
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
1/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 4
Pxdi{apoxao{ gi kaxkwapo{ XC
Kwdi`o {g zxo`wkg wi koxpokaxkwapo gi wi{a{pgld `g zopgikad# cd alzg`dikad twg {gozoig dc g{pdhcgkalagipo `g cd koxxagipg `gkoxpokaxkwapo g{ zxg`olaidipglgipg ai`wkpaud#
cd{ koxxagipg{ `gxaud`d{ d pxdu{ `g cd{kdzdka`d`g{ dc igwpxo {oi `g{zxgkadhcg{)
Zox co pdipo# g{ zo{ahcg g{pw`adx gc kolzoxpdlagipo `gc {a{pgld gi edccd# d{glgmi`ocodc pxdi{apoxao `g wi kaxkwapo XC)
!p&{giUu lv
Gi gc lolgipo `g kgxxdx gc aipgxxwzpox# :p # co twg {aniaeakd twg `gpgxlaid gcl`wco `g cd pgi{ai)
Cd gkwdkai `aegxgikadc `gc kaxkwapo g{= `p
`aCaXp{giUlv q {w {ocwkai=
koipaiwd`gKolzoigipg
C
Xp
dcpgxid`gKolzoigipg
lv {gigp{gi]
Ua
[a gi gc lolgipo `g kgxxdx gc aipgxxwzpox :p #: # gipoikg{ io fdq kolzoigipg `g
koipaiwd q cd oi`d g{ {alpxakd koi xg{zgkpo dc
gmg `g co{ paglzo{)Cd gvzxg{ai `g cd koxxagipg g{ =
p{gi]
Ua lv
Gi kdlhao# {a kwdi`o :p # 1: # cdkolzoigipg `g koipaiwd g{ lvald=Gi g{pg kd{o# cd koxxagipg g{=
4
C
Xp
lv
8{gig
pko{
8p{gi
]
Ua
pko{g]
Ua C
Xp
lv
Cd{ kolzoigipg{ `g dcpgxid q koipaiwd# {oi anwdcg{ gi ldniapw`# zgxo `g {aniokoipxdxao# `gha`o d twg gi gc ai{pdipg :p # cd koxxagipg `ghg {gx iwcd)
, 4 ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
2/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 8
Gi gc kd{o `g wi koxpokaxkwapo gi hoxig{ `g wi ngigxd`ox# cd koxxagipg {g kolzoxpd gieoxld {alacdx dc kd{o `gc kaxkwapo XC)
Dipg{ `gc koxpokaxkwapo cd ldtwaid g{pd gvkapd`d koi kagxpd koxxagipg `g gvkapdkai q fdqwi ecwmo `g gvkapdkai &twg g{ gc iako zxg{gipg! twg ai`wkg wid ewgx}d gcgkpxolopxa})Gi gc lolgipo `gc koxpokaxkwapo g ailg`adpdlgipg `g{zw{# gc ecwmo popdc {g `ghg
ldipgigx koi{pdipg qd twg io zwg`g udxadx hxw{kdlgipg2 g{pg ecwmo popdc g{pdx eoxld`ozox gc ecwmo `gha`o d cd koxxagipg `g gvkapdkai) Cd koxxagipg `g koxpokaxkwapo zxo`wkg widxgdkkai `g dxld`wxd &wi ecwmo twg pagi`g d `g{ldnigpa}dx cd ldtwaid!# zgxo kolo gcecwmo popdc `ghg ldipgigx{g {g ai`wkgi &zxalgxo gi co{ kaxkwapo{ {wzgxeakadcg{ xopxako{# qcwgno gi gc dxxoccdlagipo `g gvkapdkai! koxxagipg{ twg {o{pagigi ecwmo{ twg pxdpdi `gldipgigx koi{pdipg gc ecwmo popdc)G{pd{ cpald{ koxxagipg{ `g{dzdxgkgi gi wi zgxo`o hxgug `g paglzo# cd ewgx}dgcgkpxolopxa} ai`wka`d {g xg`wkg# cd koxxagipg `g koxpokaxkwapo {g xg`wkg q gc gegkpo`g{ldnigpa}dipg {g {agipg q eaidclgipg {g ccgnd dc g{pd`o zgxldigipg `oi`g {oco {goh{gxud ecwmo `gha`o d cd gvkapdkai# q ecwmo `g{ldnigpa}dipg `gha`o d cd xgdkkai `gdxld`wxd# cd {ohxgkoxxagipg gi gc kaxkwapo `g gvkapdkai {g gvpainwg# `g{dzdxgkagi`o gcecwmo twg gccd {o{pgid)Gi gc zxokg{o `gc koxpokaxkwapo# {g zwg`gi `a{painwax ; zgxo`o{=
[whpxdi{apoxao= Lvalo udcox `g koxxagipg# `wxd wio{ zoko{ kakco{)
Pxdi{apoxao= Cd zgi`agipg `g `gkxgkalagipo `g cd koxxagipg g{ l{ {wdug) Cd`wxdkai `g g{pg zgxo`o g{ lwkfo ldqox twg gc dipgxaox)
Zgxldigipg= Cd koxxagipg {g g{pdhaca}d gi {w udcox eaidc q {g ldipagig d{ fd{pdtwg {g gcalaid cd edccd)
, 8 ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
3/23
Koxpokaxkwapo ;
@gha`o d twg cd xg{a{pgikad `g wi dcpgxid`ox g{ lwkfo lgiox twg cd xgdkpdikadai`wkpaud q twg cd kdzdka`d` g{ `g{zxgkadhcg# cd koxxagipg g{pdx {aglzxg xgpdx`d`d wi
inwco kgxkdio d8
)
Gi cd eanwxd pgiglo{=
W < Pgi{ai)(Ab < Koxxagipg Aiakadc {alpxakd `g koxpokaxkwapo)
{A < Koxxagipg lvald d{alpxakd `g koxpokaxkwapo)
na < Kolzoigipg dzgxa`akd)D < Udcox aiakadc `g cd kolzoigipg dzgxa`akd)a < Koxxagipg {alpxakd `g koxpokaxkwapo),D < Udcox aiakadc `g cd koxxagipg {alpxakd `g koxpokaxkwapo)
b < inwco `g cd alzg`dikad `g koxpokaxkwapo `g cd xg`)
ba < Koxxagipg `g koxpokaxkwapo)
od Udcox lvalo `g koxxagipg `g koxpokaxkwapo zgxldigipg)
od8
8A Udcox geakd} `g cd koxxagipg zgxldigipg `g koxpokaxkwapo)
oh Zxoqgkkai `g cd giuocugipg `g cd koxxagipg `g edccd# {ai koi{a`gxdx co{ zxalgxo{kakco{ `oi`g cd udxadkai g{ lwq xza`d)
oh8
8.A Udcox geakd} `g cd koxxagipg pxdi{apoxad `g koxpokaxkwapo)
ok Aipgx{gkkai `g cd giuocugipg xgdc `g cd koxxagipg koi gc gmg `g ox`gid`d{)
ok8
8
(A Udcox geakd} `g cd koxxagipg {whpxdi{apoxad `g koxpokaxkwapo)Kd`d wid `g g{pd{ koxxagipg{# xgcdkaoid`d{ koi cd pgi{ai `g udko `gc ngigxd`ox#`gpgxlaid wi udcox `g xgdkpdikad xgzxg{gipdpaud `g kd`d zgxo`o)[agi`o :G cd pgi{ai gi hoxig{ `gc ngigxd`ox koi gc kaxkwapo gi udko=
oxad{whpxdi{apXgdkpdikad(A
Gv(
dpxdi{apoxaXgdkpdikad.A
Gv.
{aikxiakdXgdkpdikadA
Gv
:
:
:{
G{po {aniaeakd twg koiokagi`o co{ udcoxg{ `g cd{ xgdkpdikad{# g{ zo{ahcg `gpgxlaidx cd{koxxagipg{ `g koxpokaxkwapo `g kd`d zgxo`o)[a gc ngigxd`ox dcalgipd wid kdxnd dipg{ `gc edcco=
, ; ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
4/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 0
Cgvp{C
]]v
GA
AC< Koxxagipg `g kdxnd dipg{ `g cd edccd)
pU < pgi{ai gi hoxig{ `gc ngigxd`ox
eU < pgi{ai gi gc cwndx `g cd edccd#dipg{ `gc koxpo
Zo`glo{ {alwcdx gc koxpokaxkwapo kgxxdi`o wi aipgxxwzpox gi hoxig{ `g cd kdxnd)Gi gc ai{pdipg p < :# ailg`adpdlgipg `g{zw{ `g zxo`wka`o gc edcco# {wzoiglo{ twg cdxgdkpdikad `gc ngigxd`ox g{ cd {whpxdi{apoxad q twg cd pgi{ai `gpx{ `g `akfd xgdkpdikadg{ G# zgxo cd koxxagipg twg kaxkwcd zox gc kaxkwapo po`dud g{ cd koxxagipg `g kdxnd CA # zox
co twg zo`glo{ kdckwcdx gc udcox `g G gi ewikai `g v g CA =
(vAU(G Cp
Wid ug} g{pdhcgka`d cd koxxagipg {whpxdi{apoxad `g koxpokaxkwapo {w udcox g{=
gvp](v
(G(A
[a cd kdxnd g{ dkpaud# zox gmglzco# wi lopox {aikxiako=
, 0 ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
5/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 7
Gi gc ai{pdipg p < :=
(LCe
(L VAUG q
gvp(NCe(N ]VAUG
@wxdipg gc edcco# gc lopox dkpd kolo {a ewgxd wi ngigxd`ox# gipxgndi`o zopgikad twg {gpxd`wkg gi wi dwlgipo `g cd koxxagipg `g koxpokaxkwapo gi Z)
Cd koxxagipg `g edccd (EA # g{ cd {wld `g cd{ koxxagipg{ zdxkadcg{ gi kd`d xdld=
gvp(N
(N(
N]V
GA
2 (
L
(L(
LV
GA q cd koxxagipg `g edccd {gx= (L
(N
(E AAA )
G{pd koxxagipg zwg`g kdckwcd{g `axgkpdlgipg dzcakdi`o Pfgugiai# {agi`o cd alzg`dikadgtwaudcgipg gc udcox twg {g ohpagig gcalaidi`o cd{ e)g)l) q la`agi`o cd alzg`dikad gipxg
Z q igwpxo=
LgvpN
LgvpNPf
v]v
v]v]
)
Gc kaxkwapo twg`d xg`wka`o# `g g{pdldigxd d {w gtwaudcgipg Pfgugiai#{agi`o cd pgi{ai dzcakd`d= eU ) Pf
eE
]
UA(
Gmglzco= Wi ngigxd`ox# dcalgipd d wi lopox d pxdu{ `g wid cigd# kolo lwg{pxd gcwiaeacdx=
, 7 ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
6/23
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
7/23
Koxpokaxkwapo >
bD61#0;A(E
[a {g dzcakd gc pgoxgld `g Pfgugiai dc kaxkwapo `g{zw{ `gc edcco=
Cd alzg`dikad gtwaudcgipg {gx=
815#:mv
4
]v
4
]
4
(Lgvp
(N
Pf
Poldi`o kolo pgi{ai `g Pfgugiai dc udcox `g pgi{ai zxguao d cd edccd# gi gc cwndx`oi`g g{pd {g zxo`wkg=
Koxxagipg popdc `g edccd=815#:m
4;
]
UA
Pf
e(E
bD61#0;A(E
Kolo uglo{# gc xg{wcpd`o g{ gc la{lo# zgxo gc zxokg`alagipo g{ lwkfo l{ {gikacco)Cd `g{ugipdmd `g g{pg lpo`o g{ twg io {g pagigi cd{ koxxagipg{ zdxkadcg{ `g edccddzoxpd`d{ zox kd`d ltwaid)
, > ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
8/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 6
Xg{wlgi `g cd Ioxld U@G 4:8
Zdxd gc zxg{gipg kwx{o {g dzcakdxi {oco cd{ koi{a gxdkaoig{ zdxd ai{pdcdkaoig{pxae{akd{ koi pgi{aoig{ iolaidcg{ ldqoxg{ d 4 bU)
Kcd{g{ `g edccd{
Koxpokaxkwapo pxae{ako &; zoc!
Ab; o Ab
Koxpokaxkwapo Loioe{ako &4 zoc!
Ab4
Koxpokaxkwapo Hae{ako{ai koipdkpo d pagxxd &8 zoc!
A8b
Koxpokaxkwapo hae{akoKoi koipdkpo d pagxxd
AB8g < koxxagipg gi gc cwndx `g cd edccdABg8g < koxxagipg zdxkadc d pxdu{ `gpagxxd
@ohcg koipdkpo d pagxxd &gg!
Abgg
, 6 ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
9/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 1
Koxxagipg{ `g dugxd zdxd cd zcdiaeakdkai `g xg`g{ pxae{akd{
[ocakapdkaiKcd{g
`g
`gegkpo
KoxxagipgXg` DP3 4 bU
Xg` HP9 4 bUAB AB A[ Ad
Lvald{ koxxagipg{ `g dugxd
Kdcgipdlagipo; zoc4 zocGg
VVV
VV,
,,,
,,,
VVV
VV,
G{ewgx}o{ ; zoc , , V , V V
Kdzdka`d` `gkoigvai
; zoc4 zoc
,,
,,
VV
,,
V,
VV
Kdzdka`d` `g`g{koigvai
; zoc4 zoc
,,
,,
,,
VV
V,
VV
Pgi{ai `gzwg{pd d pagxxd
4 zoc V,,
,,
,,
V,,
Liald{ koxxagipg{ g dugxd
Aiecwgikadai`wkpaud
4 zocGg
VV
,,
,,
,,
V,,
@a{zo{apauo{ `gzxopgkkai
; zoc,,
V,,
,,
,,
V
[gnwxa`d` `g dk,pwdkai `a{z) `gzwg{pd d igwpxocai) `g zxopgkk)
4 zoc8 zoc
,,
VV
,,
,,
,,
VV
AB < Koxxagipg dcpgxid aiakadc `g koxpokaxkwapo&udcox geakd} dc kolagi}o `gc koxpokaxkwapo!AB < Koxxagipg zgxldigipg g koxpokaxkwapo&udcox geakd} wid ug} dpgiwd`o{ co{ zxokg{o{ g kolzgi{dkai!
A[ < Koxxagipg `g kfotwg g koxpokaxkwapo&udcox ai{pdipigo lvalo zo{ahcg!Ad < Koxxagipg dcpgxid `g `g{koigvai &udcox geakd} `g cd koxxagipg `g koxpokaxkwapo dc `g{koigkpdx wi aipgxxwzpox gi gc ai{pdipg `g cd zxalgxd{gzdxdkai g co{ koipdkpo{!
Koxpokaxkwapo pxae{ako
Koxxagipg {whpxdi{apoxad= bD];
WkA(b
k < Edkpox twg pagig gi kwgipd gc dwlgipo `g pgi{ai `wxdipg gc koxpokaxkwapo# koixgcdkai d cd pgi{ai `g {gxuakao `g cd xg` q gi zdxpakwcdx# gc g{pd`o `g gvkapdkai `gc
dcpgxid`ox)W < Pgi{ai `g {gxuakao `g cd xg` RbU\] < Alzg`dikad gtwaudcgipg `gc pxdqgkpo popdc `gc koxpokaxkwapo
k)W < G < Ewgx}d gcgkpxolopxa} [whxdi{apoxad `gc dcpgxid`ox &dkpd `wxdipg gckoxpokaxkwapo! RbU \
, 1 ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
10/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 4:
bUW
{gi(VA;4W(G
n
`n
Wn < Pgi{ai gi hoxig{ `gc ngigxd`ox RbU\
A < Koxxagipg `g kdxnd RbD\ < inwco `g ed{g gipxg Wn g A dipg{ `gc koxpokaxkwapo
" {ohxg gvkapdkai, {wh gvkapdkai
V` < Xgdkpdikad {whpxdi{apoxad coinapw`aidc `gc ngigxd`ox [alzcaeakdkaoig{
] < X " mV2 {a X :#;V# zwg`g `g{zxgkadx{g)Gi cd ldniapw` V# io {g aikcwqgi cd{ xgdkpdikad{ kdzdkapaud{)k)W zwg`g xgglzcd}dx{g zox 4#4)Wi &Wi < pgi{ai iolaidc `g cd xg` gi gc cwndx `oi`g{g zxo`wkg gc koxpokaxkwapo!# zdxd gc kckwco `g cd{ koxxagipg{ lvald{ `g koxpokaxkwapo)
Zopgikad {whpxdi{apoxad `g koxpokaxkwapo
[g `geaig kolo gc zxo`wkpo `g cd koxxagipg {whpxdi{apoxad `g koxpokaxkwapo zox cd pgi{aiiolaidc `g cigd gc cwndx `oi`g {g zxo`wkg cd edccd) Cd xd} `g pxg{ {g aikcwqg zdxdohpgigx cd zopgikad pxae{akd)
RLUD\(AW;([ bib
Koxxagipg `g kfotwg `g koxpokaxkwapo &A[!
(A8A b[ G{ gc udcox lvalo ai{pdipigo `g cd koxxagipg# `g{zw{ `g okwxxax gc
koxpokaxkwapo)
[a io {g pagigi `dpo{ `g xg{a{pgikad {gzwg`g poldx X < :#:>)V
Koxxagipg dcpgxid `g `g{koigvai &Ad!
, 4: ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
11/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 44
(AA bd Udcox geakd} `g cd koxxagipg dcpgxid `g koxpokaxkwapo gi gc ai{pdipg gi twg {g
{gzdxdi zox zxalgxd ug} co{ koipdkpo{ `gc aipgxxwzpox) [a cd gvkapdkai g{ zoxxgkpaeakd`oxg{= 4
Koxxagipg zgxldigipg `g koxpokaxkwapo &Ab!
G{pd koxxagipg `gzgi`g# gipxg opxd{ ko{d{# `gc gtwazo `g gvkapdkai# `g cd xgnwcdkai `gpgi{ai `g cd{ ltwaid{ {aikxiakd{ q `gc pxdi{eoxld`ox `g xgnwcdkai# `g co{ gegkpo{`g {dpwxdkai q `gc g{pd`o `g koigvai `g cd xg` lagipxd{ `wxd gc koxpokaxkwapo)Zox g{o io zwg`g kdckwcdx{g gvdkpdlgipg kolo co{ opxo{ udcoxg{# {ai glhdxno#ngigxdclgipg hd{pd koi g{paldx udcoxg{ lialo{ q lvalo{)
(AA ;blvlvb Koxxagipg lvald `g koxpokaxkwapo zgxldigipg
, 44 ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
12/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 48
(AA ;blilib Koxxagipg liald `g koxpokaxkwapo zgxldigipg
Koxpokaxkwapo dcalgipd`o `g{`g wid xg` `g nxdi zo`gx
Wid xg` {g xgzxg{gipd zox lg`ao `g wi ngigxd`ox twg dcalgipd dc koxpokaxkwapo d pxdu{`g wid alzg`dikad# d wid pgi{ai anwdc d cd iolaidc `gc cwndx `oi`g {g fdccd koigkpd`d)Ngigxdclgipg `g cd xg` {g koiokg {w zopgikad {whpxdi{apoxad `g koxpokaxkwapo &pdlhai
{g cd ccdld zopgikad `g dzoxpg dc koxpokaxkwapo!= ([bx# gi pdc kd{o= ([W4#4]
bx
8
ix )
]x g{ zxg`olaidipglgipg ai`wkpaud) [a io {g `a{zoig `g `dpo{ gvdkpo{ zwg`g poldx{g
xx V:#4X )Gc edkpox 4#4 pagig gi kwgipd twg cd{ xg`g{ `g nxdi zo`gx# pdlhai g{pi {olgpa`d{ dudxadkaoig{ `g pgi{ai dipg wi koxpokaxkwapo)[a {g pagig cd kgxpg}d `g twg cd udxadkai `g pgi{ai g{ lgiox# gc edkpox 4#4 zwg`gxg`wkax{g fd{pd {w lialo 4)[a cd zopgikad `g dzoxpg `g cd xg` g{ lwq dcpd koi xg{zgkpo d cd `gc pxdi{eoxld`ox d cdtwg g{p koigkpd`d# {g zwg`g `gkax twg {g pxdpd `g wid Hdxxd `g Zopgikad Aieaiapd q
{g cd xgzxg{gipd zox lg`ao `g wid e)g)l) {ai xgdkpdikad)
:W4#4
]8i
x
Wid hdxxd aieaiapd g{ dtwgccd d cd twg {g cg zwg`g gvpxdgx kwdctwagx udcox `g zopgikad{ai twg {g lo`aeatwgi ia {w pgi{ai ia {w exgkwgikad
Koxpokaxkwapo koi dcalgipdkai lcpazcg
[a io g{ zo{ahcg `a{zoigxco gi udxao{ koxpokaxkwapo{ koi dcalgipdkai {alzcg# {g zwg`gxgzxg{gipdx zox lg`ao `g wi ngigxd`ox gtwaudcgipg dzcakdi`o Pfgugiai gi gc cwndx `gcd edccd q poldi`o kolo pgi{ai `g Pfgugiai dc udcox Wk twg zwg`g xgglzcd}dx{g zox
iW4#4 {ai kolgpgx wi gxxox {aniaeakdpauo)
, 48 ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
13/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 4;
Dzcakdkai `gc lpo`o `g udcoxg{ zox wia`d`
4) [g d`ozpd wi udcox `g zopgikad hd{g zdxd po`d cd xg )8) [g d`ozpd wi udcox hd{g `g pgi{ai gi wid `g cd{ hdxxd{ `g cd xg`
;) Cd pgi{ai hd{g gi cd{ opxd{ hdxxd{ {wxng `g degkpdx gc udcox gcgna`o zox cd{xg{zgkpaud{ xgcdkaoig{ `g pxdi{eoxldkai) &G{ koiugiagipg poldx kolo pgi{aihd{g d cd iolaidc `g cd hdxxd# `g g{pd ldigxd cd pgi{ai iolaidc gi zox wia`d`udcg 4 gi po`d{ cd{ hdxxd{!
0) Gc xg{po `g cd{ ldniapw`g{ hd{g {g kdckwcdi gi ewikai `g co{ udcoxg{ hd{g `gpgi{ai q zopgikad `gpgxlaid`o{ gi co{ zwipo{ dipgxaoxg{)
Zopgikad hd{g= LUD[h
Pgi{ai hd{g= BUWh
Alzg`dikad hd{g=
LUD
BUBU[W]
h
8h
h
Koxxagipg hd{g= BDBU
LUD
W;
[A
h
hh
Koxxagipg {whpxdi{apoxad `g koxpokaxkwapo# gi zox wia`d`
h
hi
h
i4/b
[];
W;W4#4
A
4
];
W4#4(A
# lwcpazcakdi`o q `aua`agi`o zox hW =
]
4
[
W
W
W4#4(A
h
8h
h
i4/b # {g zwg`g ugx=
4/
hh
h
8h
4/ih
i
]
4
]
]2]
[
W2W
W
W
4/
4/i4/b
]
W4#4(A
# {a= 4WWW 4/iih q=
4/4/b
]
4#4(A
, 4; ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
14/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 40
Zopgikad {whpxdi{apoxad gi zox wia`d`
LUD(AW;([ bib # zo`glo{ g{kxahax= hhh AW;[
(AW([AW;
(AW;
[
([4/b4/i4/b
hh
bihb
{a= 4WWW 4/iih q= (A([ 4/b4/b
Alzg`dikad `g wid xg` `g nxdi zo`gx gi zox wia`d`
([
W4#4]
bx
8i
x
([
W4#4]
([
[
W
W4#4
]
]
4/bx
84/i
4/x
bx
h8h
8i
h
x
{a= 4WWW 4/iih q= ([
4#4]
4/bx
4/x
[a cd hdxxd g{ aieaiapd# wid eoxld xza`d `g koiokgx cd zopgikad `g koxpokaxkwapo gi gccd`o `g hdmd `gc pxdi{eoxld`ox g{=
]
Wk(A4/
4/b
Gc udcox `g Wk zwg`g koi{a`gxdx{g kolo iW4 qd twg cd hdxxd D# dc {gx aieaiapd g{ `g
pgi{ai koi{pdipg) [a= ih WW # {dhglo{ twg(A
([ 4/b4/b q d`gl{ 4W 4/i # o {gd=
]
4(A4/
4/b
o co twg g{ co la{lo=4/p
4/bV
4([
Kwdi`o wi pxdi{eoxld`ox g{p koigkpd`o d wid hdxxd twg zwg`g koi{a`gxdx{g aieaiapd#cd zopgikad {whpxdi{apoxad `g koxpokaxkwapo# gi zox wia`d`# `gc cd`o `g hdmd pgi{ai g{dzxovald`dlgipg anwdc d cd aiugx{d `gc udcox# gi zox wia`d`# `g cd xgdkpdikad `g`a{zgx{ai `g `akfo pxdi{eoxld`ox)
, 40 ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
15/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 47
Kolzoigipg{ [alpxakd{
Gi 4146# Eoxpg{kwg `glo{px twg wi koimwipo `g i ugkpoxg{ `g{gtwacahxd`o{#xgcdkaoid`o{ gipxg {# zwg`g `g{kolzoigx{g gi i koimwipo{ `g ugkpoxg{ gtwacahxd`o{)Zdxd cd dzcakdkai `g cd{ xg`g{ `g zopgikad {g g{pw`adx gc kd{o zdxpakwcdx `g {a{pgld{
pxae{ako{# `oi`g co{ pxg{ {a{pgld{ gtwacahxd`o{ {g `giolaidi=
: Kolzoigipg `g {gkwgikad kgxo# pdlhai ccdld`o{ folozocdxg{# {oi anwdcg{gi l`wco zgxo {ai `ged{dmg gipxg gcco{)4 Kolzoigipg{ `g {gkwgikad zo{apaud# pdlhai ccdld`o{ `axgkpo{# eoxld`o{zox pxg{ ugkpoxg{ `g anwdc l`wco koi wid `aegxgikad `g ed{g `g 48: gipxg {a q koicd la{ld {gkwgikad `g ed{g twg gc {a{pgld `g{gtwacahxd`o)8 Kolzoigipg{ `g {gkwgikad igndpaud# pdlhai ccdld`o{ aiugx{o{# eoxld`o{zox pxg{ ugkpoxg{ `g anwdc l`wco koi wid `aegxgikad `g ed{g `g 48: gipxg {a q koi{gkwgikad `g ed{g ozwg{pd d cd `gc {a{pgld `g{gtwacahxd`o)
Poldi`o kolo `axgkpd d cd exgkwgikad dhk# gi `oi`g dhk{oi co{ iolhxg{ `g kd`dwid `g cd{ ed{g{ # cd {gkwgikad igndpaud {gx d k h)[a co{ ugkpoxg{ oxanaidcg{ {oi pgi{aoig{# ohpgiglo{ cd{ {anwagipg{ gvzxg{aoig{=
:k8k4kk
:h8h4hh
:d8d4dd
UUUU
UUUU
UUUU
R4\
Nxeakdlgipg=
Ozgxd`oxg{
Co{ `g{zcd}dlagipo{ `g ed{g zwg`gi ai`akdx{g lg`adipg cd wpaca}dkai `g wi ugx{ox dgc kwdc g{ wi ilgxo kolzcgmo `g l`wco wia`d` q dxnwlgipo 48:# zox co pdipo#zdxpagi`o `g wid zo{akai `gpgxlaid`d# wi `g{zcd}dlagipo `g 48: {g ai`akd kolo=
8
;m
8
4g4d ;
8m48:
Pdlhai zo`glo{ `geaiax wi `g{zcd}dlagipo `g 80:=
8
;m
8
4g4d ;
0m80:8
Q uocugx d cd zo{akai oxanaidc koi=
4g4;d ;5
m;5:
, 47 ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
16/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 45
Cd {wld `g co{ pxg{ ugx{oxg{ gtwacahxd`o{ {g diwcd= :4dd 8 Pgiagi`o gi kwgipd cd wpaca}dkai `g co{ ozgxd`oxg{# zo`glo{ g{kxahax cd{ {anwagipg{xgcdkaoig{=
:dk::d:h
8d8
k88d8h
4dk44d8
4h
UUUU
UdUdUU
dUUUdU
q R4\ twg`d=
8d8
4d:dk
8d4d8
:dh
8d4d:dd
UddUUU
dUUdUU
UUUU
Gi eoxld ldpxakadc=
8d
4d
:d
8
8
k
h
d
U
U
U
dd4
dd4
444
U
U
U
R8\
[a {g ccdld D d cd ldpxa} `g co{ ozgxd`oxg{=
8
8
dd4
dd4
444
D zwg`g ohpgigx{g cd ldpxa} aiugx{d=dd4
dd4
444
;
4D
8
84
[dhglo{ twg 4DD 4 # d{ twg {a lwcpazcakdlo{ dlho{ laglhxo{ `g cd gkwdkai R8\zox 4D ohpgiglo{ cd gvzxg{ai ugkpoxadc twg zgxlapg kdckwcdx cd{ kolzoigipg{{alpxakd{ `g wi {a{pgld pxae{ako `g{gtwacahxd`o
k
h
d
8
8
8d
4d
:d
U
U
U
dd4
dd4
444
;
4
U
U
U
R;\
Xgdca}di`o cd{ ozgxdkaoig{ `g cd gkwdkai ldpxakadc R;\ {g zwg`gi g{kxahax cd{
gkwdkaoig{=
kh8
d8d
k8
hd4d
khd:d
dUUdU;
4U
UddUU;
4U
UUU;4U
Wi dica{a{ {alacdx zwg`g fdkgx{g zdxd cd{ koxxagipg{=
, 45 ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
17/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 4>
8d84d:dk
8d4d8
:dh
8d4d:dd
AddAAA
dAAdAA
AAAA
kh8
d8d
k8
hd4d
khd:d
dAAdA;
4A
AddAA;
4A
AAA;
4A
Gi wi {a{pgld pxae{ako cd {wld `g cd{ koxxagipg{ gi cd{ cigd{ g{ anwdc d cd koxxagipg `gxgpoxio zox gc igwpxo= iA )
[dhglo{ twg= khd:d AAA;
4A # zox co pdipo= :dkhdi A;AAAA )
[a io fdq xgpoxio zox gc igwpxo# Ai g{ kgxo q cd{ koxxagipg{ gi cd{ cigd{ io koipagigikolzoigipg{ folozocdxg{) Wid kdxnd koigkpd`d gi pxainwco# io pagig igwpxo `gxgpoxio q zox co pdipo# cd{ koxxagipg{ twg dcalgipdi d wid kdxnd pxae{akd io koipagigikolzoigipg{ `g {gkwgikad kgxo)
Alzg`dikad{ `g {gkwgikad q Xg`g{ `g {gkwgikad
[a gi wi kaxkwapo kaxkwcdi {oco koxxagipg{ `g {gkwgikad `axgkpd# cd ozo{akai dcg{pdhcgkalagipo `g g{d koxxagipg cd gegkpwdx cd alzg`dikad d cd koxxagipg `g{gkwgikad zo{apaud# {a kaxkwcd koxxagipg aiugx{d co fdx cd alzg`dikad d cd koxxagipgaiugx{d q {a cd koxxagipg g{ folozocdx cd ozo{akai cd fdx cd alzg`dikad d cdkoxxagipg folozocdx) Dhxguadi`o=
]4 < Alzg`dikad `axgkpd]8 < Alzg`dikad aiugx{d
]: < Alzg`dikad folozocdx
Xg{zgkpaudlgipg# cd{ koxxagipg{ `g wid {gkwgikad {oco zxouokdxdi kd`d{ `g pgi{ai`g g{d {gkwgikad# cd{ twg {gxi ai`gzgi`agipg{ `g cd{ kd`d{ `g pgi{ai gi cd{ opxd{{gkwgikad{) Zox co pdipo zwg`g koi{a`gxdx{g twg kd`d koxxagipg kaxkwcd zox xg`g{kolzwg{pd{ {oco zox alzg`dikad{ `g cd la{ld {gkwgikad# g{pd{ {oi cd{ ccdld`d{Xg`g{ `g [gkwgikad)
Xg`g{ `g {gkwgikad `g wi ngigxd`ox {ai kdxnd
Kolo co{ ngigxd`oxg{ g{pi `a{gd`o{ zdxd ewikaoidx gi eoxld gtwacahxd`d# pgi`xi
{oco ewgx}d{ gcgkpxolopxakg{ `g {gkwgikad zo{apaud)Cd{ {gkwgikad{ `axgkpd g aiugx{d eoxldi pgxid{ gtwacahxd`d{# zox co twg cd{ xg{wcpdipg{`g cd{ {wld{ ugkpoxadcg{ `g cd{ koxxagipg{ {oi iwcd{ q gc igwpxo `g `g kd`d wio `g co{{a{pgld{ g{pdx dc la{lo zopgikadc twg pagxxd2 `g ldigxd twg gi cd xgzxg{gipdkailoioe{akd `g cd{ xg`g{ `g {gkwgikad `axgkpd g aiugx{d cd hdxxd `g xgegxgikad {gx gcigwpxo `gc {a{pgld) Gi kdlhao zox cd alzg`dikad `g igwpxo# ] i# kaxkwcdxi cd{ pxg{koxxagipg{ `g {gkwgikad :) Gi cd xgzxg{gipdkai loioe{akd `g cd ed{g d# zox gmglzco#cd kd`d `g pgi{ai gi ]i cd zxo`wkax=
, 4> ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
18/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 46
:d:k:h:d A;AAA
Cd kd`d `g pgi{ai gipxg ed{g q pagxxd {gx=
:n:di:d:d ]A]A;U
Gi g{pg kd{o cd hdxxd `g xgegxgikad g{ pagxxd q cd alzg`dikad folozocdx zox cd twgkaxkwcd cd koxxagipg Ad: g{=
:ni::d
:d ]];]A
U
Cd{ kd`d{ `g pgi{ai gipxg cd ed{g d q cd hdxxd `g xgegxgikad gi kd`d wid `g cd{ xg`g{`g {gkwgikad {gxi=
G{twgld `g wi kaxkwapo `g wi ngigxd`ox giudko zwg{po d pagxxd zox wid xgdkpdikad) Cd{e)g)l) `g kd`d ed{g {oi Gd2 Gh2 Gk
, 46 ,
88d8d
44dd4d
::d:d
]AU
]AGU
]AU
8d
4d
:d
8
4
:
d
8d
4d
:d
A
A
A
]::
:]:
::]
:
G
:
U
U
U
R0\
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
19/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 41
Koxpokaxkwapo{ D{alpxako{
[dcuo gc kd{o `g koxpokaxkwapo pxae{ako# gi gc xg{po `g cd{ edccd{ zox gc {a{pgld `gzopgikad kaxkwcdi koxxagipg{ `g{gtwacahxd`d{# zox co twg zdxd gc g{pw`ao `g g{po{ pazo{ `gedccd {g xgkwxxg dc lpo`o `g cd{ kolzoigipg{ {alpxakd{)
Cd{ koi{a`gxdkaoig{ {g fdxi zdxd wi ngigxd`ox gi udko {dhagi`o twg# kolo {g uaogi gc kd{o `g koxpokaxkwapo{ pxae{ako{# dzcakdi`o gc pgoxgld `g Pfgugiai g{ zo{ahcgxg`wkax wi {a{pgld kolzcgpo d wi ngigxd`ox gtwaudcgipg)Zdxd kd`d pazo `g edcco {g wpaca}dx cd gkwdkai ldpxakadc R0\# twg xgzxg{gipd cd{ kd`d{`g pgi{ai zxo`wka`d{ gi gc ngigxd`ox# gi {w{ alzg`dikad{ `g {gkwgikad)
Koxpokaxkwapo loioe{ako
G{twgld `g kaxkwapo zdxd wi edcco `g cigd{alzcg d pagxxd `g cd ed{g d gi cd{ pgxlaidcg{ `gwi ngigxd`ox gi udko# kwqo igwpxo g{p zwg{pod pagxxd d pxdu{ `g wid xgdkpdikad)
Koigvai `g cd{ xg`g{ `g {gkwgikad
Cd{ koi`akaoig{ `g edcco {g zwg`gi gvzxg{dx `g cd {anwagipg eoxld=:U2:A2:A dkh # `g ldigxd twg cd{ kolzoigipg{ {alpxakd{ `g cd koxxagipg {oi=
:
:
A
dd4
dd4
444
;
4
A
A
A
d
8
8
8d
4d
:d
[dhglo{ twg=;
AAAA d8d4d:d q zo`glo{ g{kxahax= R0\ kolo=
4d
4d
4d
8
4
:
d
8d
4d
:d
A
A
A
]::
:]:
::]
:
G
:
U
U
U
, 41 ,
Ean) 4 Ean) 8
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
20/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 8:
Ozgxdi`o {g ccgnd dc {anwagipg xg{wcpd`o=
84d44dd:4d8d4d:d ]A]AG]AUUU
Q kolo= 8d4d:ddUUU:U
# twg`d= 84:
d
4d ]]]
GA
# `g g{pd cpald gvzxg{aikoikcwalo{ twg cd{ xg`g{ `g {gkwgikad zdxd wi koxpokaxkwapo loioe{ako `ghgikoigkpdx{g gi {gxag kolo {g ug gi cd Ean) 8)Wid ug} koioka`d Ad4# {g `gpgxlaid= 4dd A;A
Koxpokaxkwapo hae{ako {ai koipdkpo d pagxxd
G{twgld `g kaxkwapo zdxd wi edcco `g cigd dcigd gipxg cd{ ed{g{ h q kgi co{ pgxlaidcg{ `gwi ngigxd`ox {ai kdxnd# kwqo igwpxo g{pzwg{po d pagxxd d pxdu{ `g wid xgdkpdikad
Koigvai `g cd{ xg`g{ `g {gkwgikad
[g zwg`g oh{gxudx twg= AA:2A:2U2UU khddkh
Cd{ kolzoigipg{ {alpxakd{ `g cd pgi{ai uagigi `d`d{ zox=
U
U
:
dd4
dd4
444
;
4
U
U
U
h
h8
8
8d
4d
:d
`g `oi`g= :U2UU d:8d4d
Cd{ kolzoigipg{ `g cd koxxagipg uagigi `d`d{ zox=
A
A
:
dd4
dd4
444
;
4
A
A
A
k
k8
8
8d
4d
:d
q zox co pdipo= 4dd8:d AA2:A
, 8: ,
Ean) ;
Ean) 0
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
21/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 84
Cd gkwdkai R;\ {g zwg`g g{kxahax=
4d
4d
8
4
:
d
4d
4d
A
A
:
]::
:]:
::]
:
G
:
U
U
:
# ozgxdi`o ohpgiglo{=
84d44dd ]A]AG: # `g `oi`g=84
d4d
]]
GA
# `g g{pd cpald gvzxg{ai koikcwalo{
twg cd{ xg`g{ `g {gkwgikad zdxd wi koxpokaxkwapo hae{ako {ai koipdkpo d pagxxd ioaikcwqgi cd xg` `g {gkwgikad kgxo q cd{ xg`g{ `g {gkwgikad zo{apaud q igndpaud twg`dikoigkpd`d{ gi zdxdcgco# dwitwg dc {gx {oco `o{ xg`g{ {g zwg`g `gkax twg g{pikoigkpd`d{ gi {gxag &{oi xgkoxxa`d{ zox cd la{ld koxxagipg!) Ean) 0Co{ udcoxg{ `g cd{ koxxagipg{ `g ed{g {g ohpagigi koi=
dd4
dd4444
A
A:
A
AA
8
8
4d
4d
k
d
h # ozgxdi`o q xgglzcd}di`o=
4dk
4d
d
A);mA
A);mA
:A
h
Koxpokaxkwapo hae{ako koi koipdkpo d pagxxd
G{twgld `g kaxkwapo zdxd wi edcco `g cigd`ohcg d pagxxd gipxg cd{ ed{g{ h q k gi co{pgxlaidcg{ `g wi ngigxd`ox {ai kdxnd# kwqoigwpxo g{p zwg{po d pagxxd d pxdu{ `g widxgdkpdikad
Koigvai `g cd{ xg`g{ `g {gkwgikad
[g zwg`g oh{gxudx twg= khdkh AA:2A2:U2:U # gipoikg{=
:
:
U
dd4
dd4
444
;
4
U
U
U
d
8
8
8d
4d
:d
#;
UUUU d:d8d4d
, 84 ,
Ean) 7Ean) 5
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
22/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 88
44dd4d ]AGU # xgglzcd}di`o g{po{ udcoxg{ gi R;\ q lwcpazcakdi`o laglhxo dlaglhxo zox=
8
4
:
4
]
4::
:]
4:
::]
4
]
# ohpgiglo{=
8d
4d
:d
d
8
4
:
44dd
44dd
44dd
8
4
:
A
A
A
:
G
:
]
4::
:]
4:
::]
4
]AG
]AG
]AG
]
4::
:]
4:
::]
4
Q ozgxdi`o=
:8
:84
d4d
]]
]]]
GA
28
d44d8d
]
G]AA
2
:
d44d:d
]
G]AA
@g g{pd{ gvzxg{aoig{ koikcwalo{ twg cd{ xg`g{ `g {gkwgikad zdxd gc koxpokaxkwapohae{ako koi koipdkpo d pagxxd `ghgi koigkpdx{g gi zdxdcgco) Ean) 5Co{ udcoxg{ `g koxxagipg `g ed{g {g ohpagigi koi=
dd4
dd4
444
A
A
:
A
A
A
8
8
4d
4d
k
d
h # ozgxdi`o q xgglzcd}di`o=
8d8
4d:dk
8d4d8
:d
8d4d:dd
AdAdAA
AdAdAA
:AAAA
h
, 88 ,
7/23/2019 5-Cortocircuitos (30-08-2012)
23/23
Koxpokaxkwapo 8;
@adnxdld{ `g Alzg`dikad folozocdx `g co{ pxdi{eoxld`oxg{
[a {g xgglzcd}di cd{ koigvaoig{ pxainwco zox g{pxgccd{ da{cd`d{ `g pagxxd co{gtwaudcgipg{ {g ldipagigi anwdc# qd twg# d edcpd `g cd{ koxxagipg{ aldngi twg kaxkwcdizox gc `gudid`o gi pxainwco# cd{ koxxagipg{ folozocdxg{ zwg`gi kgxxdx{g d pxdu{ `gcdaxg# cd kwhd q cd{ zag}d{ `g fagxxo gva{pgipg{) @gha`o d cd{ alzg`dikad{ folozocdxg{#twg gi g{po{ kd{o{ {oi lwq dcpd{# cd{ koxxagipg{ twg kaxkwcdi zox gccd{ {wgcg {gx`g{zxgkad`d{ q {g koi{a`gxd twg g{pd{ koigvaoig{ io zgxlapgi cd koipaiwa`d` `g`akfd{ koxxagipg{)
Recommended