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7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO - Collasso Progressivo
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www.lofd`nrugokhrfll`.g`j
Kcy qufsto`c l`c't efsotktf t` g`ctkgt jf! Fcm`y rfklocd!
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G`rs` lo Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^F
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F
G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=
W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
D^VQQ@ ;
Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@
Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O
Wkclr` \^@XK\@
Vcovfrsot lfdbo Wtulo Jflotfrrkcfk
Lo ^fddo` Gkbknrok
HKG@B\K LO OCDFDCF^OK
G`rs` lo Bkurfk Wpfgokbostogk oc
Ocdfdcfrok Govobf Qr`dfttkzo`cf Wtrutturkbf
KCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115 - >11?
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OCLOGF
;. OC\^@LV]O@CF .......................................................................... Qkd. ;
;.; Lfhocozo`cf lo G`bbkss` Qr`drfssov`.. .............................................. Qkd. ;
;.> ^fp`rt lo gr`bbo gef l`gujfctkc` ob g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`................ Qkd. ;
;.7 [uklr` c`rjktov`, duolf tfgcogef f kppr`ggo pfr bk roluzo`cf
lfb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.. ................................................. Qkd. >
;.7
>.> Kckboso stktogk bocfkrf sfg`cl` DWK.. .............................................. Qkd. >.7 Kbtrk top`b`dof lo kckboso sfg`cl` DWK.. .......................................... Qkd. >4
7. BOCFF DVOLK VHG .................................................................... Qkd. >5
7.; G`bbkss` Qr`drfssov` sfg`cl` VHG.. ............................................... Qkd. >5
7.> Kckboso stktogk bocfkrf sfg`cl` VHG.. .............................................. Qkd. >?
7.7 Kckboso stktogk c`c bocfkrf sfg`cl` VHG.. ....................................... Qkd. 711?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
;
GKQO\@B@ ;
OC\^@LV]O@CF
;.; Lfhocozo`cf lo G`bbkss` Qr`drfssov`
G`c bfsprfsso`cf g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` so lfsgrovf qufb hfc`jfc`
oc guo uck r`tturk b`gkbf so pr`pkdk oc jkcofrk kckb`dk k uck rfkzo`cf k
gktfck, gkuskcl` ob g`bbkss` t`tkbf ` pkrzokbf lfbbflohogo`.
BKWGF 4-16 lfhocosgf ob g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` g`jf bk
pr`pkdkzo`cf, trk dbo fbfjfcto strutturkbo, lo uck r`tturk ocozokbf b`gkbf gef
pr`v`gk, fvfctukbjfctf, ob g`bbkss` lfbboctfrk strutturk ` lo uck pkrtf
spr`p`rzo`cktk lfbbk stfssk. Wo trkttk quoclo lo uc gr`bb` lo top`
ocgrfjfctkbf.
Dfcfrkbjfctf, bk gkusk sgktfckctf ob gr`bb` sg`c`sgoutk, dfcfrktk
lk kzo`co kc`jkbf, c`c prfvflonobo f c`c prfvostf cfbbk pr`dfttkzo`cf= `clf
lo prfsso`cf gkusktf lk fspb`so`co, ojpktto lo vfog`bo, kfr`pbkco, `ddftto oc
gklutk, ocgfclo, gogb`co, frr`ro lo pr`dfttkzo`cf f/` g`struzo`cf.
;.> ^fp`rt lo gr`bbo gef l`gujfctkc` ob g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`
Bkttfczo`cf cfo g`chr`cto lfb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`
kclktk grfsgfcl` oc sfduot` kbbk lohhuso`cf lo gr`bbo loskstr`so= ^`ckc Q`oct
(B`clrk, ;?85), Jurrke Hflfrkb Nuoblocd (@ibke`jk, ;??6), ob T`rbl \rklf
Gfctfr lo Cfw _`ri cfb >11;, s`b` pfr gotkrcf kbguco.
Oc Otkbok ob g`jp`rtkjfct` loskstr`s` oc hksf p`st-g`bbkss` lo flohogo
oc g.k. ojpr`vvoskjfctf gr`bbkto cfbbkrg` lo p`geo kcco (k Qkbfrj`,
b';;/17/;???9 k H`ddok, oc vokbf Do`tt`, b';; c`vfjnrf ;???9 k ^`jk, oc vok
Xodck Mkg`noco, ob ;6/;>/;???9 k Ckp`bo, oc vok Wkcsfvfroc`, kbb'Krfcfbbk, ob
>6 doudc` >11;) ek rogeokjkt` b'kttfczo`cf lfbbk g`jucot tfgcog`-
sgofctohogk subbk qufsto`cf lfbbk p`ssonobot lo fvotkrf g`bbksso pr`drfssovo
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
>
g`csfdufcto k gflojfcto kcgef lo fbfjfcto strutturkbo ojp`rtkcto, jk
ocozokbjfctf b`gkbozzkto f gorg`sgrotto.
Cfbbk projk jft lfdbo kcco '41 cfdbo Wtkto Vcoto (fl kcg`r projk oc
Gkcklk) hur`c` ostotuotf vkrof g`jjosso`co lo stulo`. Lkbbk kckboso lfb
gfcsojfct` lfo gr`bbo kvvfcuto cfdbo kcco ojjfloktkjfctf prfgflfcto fjfrsf
gef uck fbfvktk pfrgfctukbf kvfvk kvut` gkrkttfrostogef topogef lfb g`bbkss`
pr`drfssov`. Cfb ;?47 Kbbfc f Wgerofvfr rkgg`bsfr` o lkto (losp`conobo k
pkrtorf lkb ;?85) lfbb'Fcdocffrocd Cfws-^fg`rl suo gr`bbo kvvfcuto cfdbo
VWK fl oc Gkcklk. @nofttov` lfbb` stulo` frk procgopkbjfctf
bolfctohogkzo`cf sok lfbbf gkusf lo occfsg` lfb hfc`jfc`, sok lfbbf gkusf lo
qufbbf j`lkbot lo fv`buzo`cf lfb g`bbkss`, gef kvfvkc` p`o p`rtkt` lkbbkr`tturk b`gkbf kb gr`bb` pkrzokbf ` t`tkbf lfbb'flohogo`.
Vckbtrk qufsto`cf svobuppktk lko luf stulo`so hu ob gfcsojfct` lfo
gr`bbo oc huczo`cf lfbbf j`lkbot lfb b`r` svobupp`, g`c boclovolukzo`cf lo
qufbbo cfo qukbo so p`tfvkc` rog`c`sgfrf bf gkrkttfrostogef pr`prof lo uc
g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Go g`jp`rtkvk, ckturkbjfctf, lo stknoborf projk qukbo
gkrkttfrostogef l`vfssf prfsfctkrf uc gr`bb` pfrge p`tfssf lfhocorso
pr`drfssov`. Dbo Kut`ro pr`p`cfvkc` g`s lo g`cvfcorf gef b'kspftt`olfctohogktov` l`vfssf rog`c`sgfrso cfb cujfr` (kbjfc` 7) lo fbfjfcto
strutturkbo sodcohogktovo g`ocv`bto cfb gr`bb` oc g`csfdufczk lorfttk lo uck
r`tturk b`gkbf.
;.7 [uklr` c`rjktov`, duolf tfgcogef f kppr`ggo pfr bk
roluzo`cf lfb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`
Kttukbjfctf p`ssonobf hkrf rohfrojfct` ko sfdufcto l`gujfcto pfr b`stulo` lfb hfc`jfc` lfb g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.
KWGF 4-16= tkbf duolk tfgcogk lfhocosgf luf kppr`ggo pfr bk
roluzo`cf lfb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Ob proj` ob Lorfgt Lfsodc
sfg`cl` ob qukbf lfvf fssfrf kckbozzktk oc jkcofrk fspbogotk bk rfsostfczk kb
g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` lurkctf botfr lo pr`dfttkzo`cf. [ufst` kppr`ggo`
ocgbulf bKbtfrcktf Qkte (KQ) jfte`l (jft`l` lfb pfrg`rs` kbtfrcktov` lfo
gkrogeo), pfr ob qukbf `dco strutturk lfvf fssfrf oc drkl` lo hkrf p`ctf kb lo
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
7
s`prk lo uc fbfjfct` strutturkbf g`bbksskt`,f b` Wpfgohog B`gkb ^fsostkcgf
(WB^) jfte`l (jft`l` lfbbk rfsostfczk b`gkbf spfgohogk)= bflohogo` (` bf suf
pkrto) lfvf kvfrf suhhogofctf rfsostfczk pfr s`prkvvovfrf kl uck spfgohogk
kzo`cf jockggok.
G`c ob sfg`cl` jft`l`, lftt` Oclorfgt Lfsodc, bk rfsostfczk kb
g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` dkrkctotk ojpbogotkjfctf kttrkvfrs` bk h`rcoturk lo
bovfbbo jocojo lo rfsostfczk, g`ctocuot f luttobot. BKWGF 4-16 h`rcosgf
kbtrfs bocff duolk f suddfrojfcto pfr ob jodbo`rkjfct` lfb g`jp`rtkjfct`
strutturkbf, kcgef sf vk s`tt`bocfkt` gef bk c`rjktovk kjfrogkck so bojotk k
h`rcorf oclogkzo`co qukbotktovf. \kbo oclogkzo`co vfcd`c` kppr`h`clotf f
trkttktf qukctotktovkjfctf oc kbtro luf l`gujfcto, `vvfr` bf Qr`drfssovf
G`bbkpsf Duolfbocfslfbbk DWK(V.W. Dfcfrkb Wfrvogfs Kljocostrkto`c) f
cfbbf Vcohofl Hkgobotofs Grotfrok (VHG) Lfsodc `h nuoblocds t` rfsost
pr`drfssovf g bbkpsf Lfpkrtfjfct `h Lfhfcsf.
O Nrotose Wtkclkrls, kbbk strfduk lfo luf l`gujfcto kppfck s`prk
fbfcgkto, prfvfl`c` o sfdufcto kppr`ggo= \of H`rgfs (\H), Kbtfrcktf Qkte
(KQ), Wpfgohog B`gkb ^fsostkcgf (WB^).
\H (kppr`ggo` lo top` Oclorfgt Lfsodc)= jodbo`rk bk g`ctocuot, bkluttobot f bk rol`clkczk strutturkbf jflokctf ob huczo`ckjfct` k gktfckrok
lfdbo ojpkbgkto (tofs) gef ocgktfckc` bflohogo` oc prfsfczk lo kzo`co
kc`jkbf.
KQ (kppr`ggo` lo top` Lorfgt Lfsodc)= rogeoflf kb pr`dfttostk lo
dkrkctorf gef bk strutturk sok gkpkgf lo hkr p`ctf s`prk uc fbfjfct`
strutturkbf roj`ss` f gef ob lkccfddokjfct` c`c supfro o bojoto hosskto lkb
g`logf stfss`.WB^ (kppr`ggo` lo top` Lorfgt Lfsodc)= so rogeoflf gef `dco fbfjfct`
strutturkbf kb lo s`prk lfb qukbf bflohogo` c`c sok po oc drkl` lo hkr p`ctf sok
pr`dfttkt` g`jf uc fbfjfct` geokvf (ify fbfjfct), `vvfr` sok oc drkl` lo
s`pp`rtkrf uck prfsso`cf stktogk lo 7< iC/j>.
BVCO FC ;??1, gef h`rcosgf bf nkso lfbbk pr`dfttkzo`cf strutturkbf
vkbolf pfr tutto dbo Fur`g`logo, lk oclogkzo`co j`bt` dfcfrkbo oc jfrot` kbbf
kzo`co fggfzo`ckbo prfsgrovfcl` gef uck strutturk sok pr`dfttktk f rfkbozzktk
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
kb pkr. ?.;1 \yocd systfjs
prfsgrovf gef bf strutturf c`c pr`dfttktf pfr rfsostfrf kl kzo`co fggfzo`ckbo
lfnnkc` kvfrf uc sostfjk lo ocgktfckjfct` ol`cf` pfr prfvfcorf ob g`bbkss`
k gktfck jflokctf bk grfkzo`cf lo pfrg`rso kbtfrcktovo lfbbf h`rzf octfrcf
l`p` uc lkcc` b`gkbf f prfsgrovf kbgucf top`b`dof lo ocgktfckjfcto, `btrf klkbgucf rfd`bf lo lfttkdbo` pfr ob lojfcso`ckjfct` lo tkbo fbfjfcto. \kbo
oclogkzo`co prktogkjfctf g`ocgol`c` g`c qufbbf rop`rtktf lkbbf VHG
kjfrogkcf prfgflfctfjfctf octr`l`ttf.
Bf C`rjf \fgcogef pfr bf G`struzo`co (>115) h`rcosg`c`
oclogkzo`co dfcfrkbo, f c`c lo lfttkdbo`, rfbktovf kl uck pr`dfttkzo`cf jorktk
k rolurrf ob rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Bf c`rjf octr`lug`c` ob g`cgftt`
lo r`nustfzzk cfo g`chr`cto lo kzo`co fggfzo`ckbo (gkpkgot lo fvotkrf lkcco
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
6
spr`p`rzo`ckto rospftt` kbbfctot lfbbf gkusf occfsgkcto qukbo ocgfclo`,
fspb`so`co, urto).
Oc jfrot` kbbk r`nustfzzk bf C\G rop`rtkc` kb pkrkdrkh` 7.;.; Oc
hksf lo pr`dftt`, bk r`nustfzzk lfbb`pfrk lfvf fssfrf vfrohogktk ojp`cfcl`
kzo`co c`jockbo g`cvfczo`ckbo, oc kddouctk kbbf kbtrf kzo`co fspbogotf (c`c
sosjogef f lk vfct`), kppbogktf sfg`cl` luf lorfzo`co `rozz`ctkbo `rt`d`ckbo
f g`csostfcto oc uck hrkzo`cf lfo gkrogeo pkro kbb;%, kb hocf lo vfrohogkrf ob
g`jp`rtkjfct` g`jpbfssov`.
Oc jkcofrk sfjprf lfb tutt` dfcfrkbf kb gkpot`b` 7.8 Kzo`co
fggfzo`ckbo, bf c`rjf rfgotkc` g`s= Bf kzo`co fggfzo`ckbo s`c` qufbbf gef
so prfsfctkc` oc `ggkso`cf lo fvfcto qukbo ocgfclo, fspb`so`co fl
urto.[ukcl` c`c so fhhfttukc` vfrohogef spfgohogef cfo g`chr`cto lfbbf
kzo`co fggfzo`ckbo, qukbo fspb`so`co, urto, fgg., bk g`cgfzo`cf strutturkbf, o
lfttkdbo g`struttovo fl o jktfrokbo uskto l`vrkcc` fssfrf tkbo lk fvotkrf gef bk
strutturk p`ssk fssfrf lkccfddoktk oc josurk spr`p`rzo`cktk rospftt` kbbk
gkusk.
;.
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
8
j`l` gef ob lkcc` dfcfrkt` rfsto b`gkbozzkt` f sf cf sg`cdouro
quoclo uck suk pr`pkdkzo`cf.
>. ^fsostfczk b`gkbf spfgohogk Wpfgohog B`gkb ^fsostkcgf
(WB^), ob qukbf rogeoflf gef bflohogo`, ` kbgucf pkrto lo fss`,
p`ssoflkc` suhhogofctf rfsostfczk pfr rfsostfrf kbb` spfgohog`
gkrog` gef p`trfnnf dfcfrkrf ob g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.
Geokrkjfctf qufstubtojk vok c`c pu fssfrf sfduotk qukcl` bf
kzo`co oc do`g` s`c` kc`jkbf fl fggfzo`ckbo, pr`pro` k gkusk
lfbboclftfrjocktfzzk lfo gkrogeo lk kssujfrf k nksf lo pr`dftt`.
Ob jft`l` lfo pfrg`rso kbtfrcktovo lo gkrogeo lk pfr sg`ctkt` ocvfgfgef sok stktk do voctk bk rfsostfczk b`gkbf lfdbo fbfjfcto lorfttkjfctf
s`ddftto kbbkzo`cf fggfzo`ckbf f gef quoclo lfnnk fssfrf ob rfst` lfbbf
strutturk k hr`ctfddokrf tkbo kzo`co f g`csfctorcf bk rolostronuzo`cf cfbbf
rfdo`co c`c lkccfddoktf trkjotf o pr`pro rfquosoto lo g`ctocuot, opfrstktogot,
rol`clkczk f luttobot. [ufstkppr`ggo` prfsgoclf quoclo lkbbfvfct` gef ek
pr`l`tt` ob lkccfddokjfct` ` bfbojockzo`cf lo uc lftfrjockt` fbfjfct`
strutturkbf, f so bojotk k stulokrf ob g`jp`rtkjfct` lfbbflohogo` oc sfduot` klfss`.
Bkppr`ggo` oclorftt` g`csolfrk bk rfsostfczk kb g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`
ojpbogotkjfctf kttrkvfrs` bk h`rcoturk lo bovfbbo jocojo lo rfsostfczk,
g`ctocuot f luttobot. Bf KWGF 4 h`rcosg`c` lfbbf bocff duolk dfcfrkbo f
suddfrojfcto pfr jodbo`rkrf boctfdrot strutturkbf, jk c`c lkcc` rfquosoto
qukctotktovo pfr bk pr`dfttkzo`cf sok lorfttk gef oclorfttk cfo g`chr`cto lfb
g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Q`ss`c` fssfrf g`s rokssuctf tkbo oclogkzo`co=
;) Nu`ck rdkcozzkzo`cf lfbbk pokctk
>) Wostfjk octfdrkt` lo torkcto (fhhftt` gktfckrok)
7) ^ot`rc` lfo gkrogeo suo juro p`rtkcto
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
4
4) ^kddo` lkzo`cf lfo juro p`rtkcto
5) ^ol`clkczk lfo sostfjo strutturkbo
?) Luttobot
;1)
^och`rzo kllozo`ckbo pfr fspb`so`cf ` bocvfrso`cf lfb
gkrog`
;;) G`struzo`cf g`c g`jpkrtojfcto stkdco
;.).
Bk g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` lfb s`bko` pfr ob gkbg`b` lfbbk tof h`rgf
cfgfsskrok bk sfdufctf=
wH: ;.>L + 1.6B
l`vf=
wH: gkrog` sub s`bko`L : gkrogeo pfrjkcfcto
B : gkrogeo vkroknobo
Cfb gks` oc guo kbgucf pkrto lfbbk strutturk sokc` s`ddfttf k gkrogeo lo
jkddo`rf fctot so sfduf bk pr`gflurk ocsfrotk cfbbk c`rjk pfr ob gkbg`b`
lfbbf kzo`co rosubtkcto.
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
5
Hodurk ;. Kzo`cf rolostronuotk pfr vok gktfckrok
Hodurk >. Cu`v` kppr`ggo` \of h`rgf oc uck strutturk octfbkoktk
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
?
Hodurk 7. Xfggeo` kppr`ggo` \of h`rgf oc uck strutturk octfbkoktk
;. ol`clkczk
Bf strutturf lfv`c` fssfrf pr`dfttktf oc j`l` gef lo hr`ctf kbbk pfrlotk lokbguco fbfjfcto, go sokc` lfo pfrg`rso lo gkrog` kbtfrcktovo gef fvotoc` ob
g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Wf ob sostfjk rol`clkctf, bk pfrlotk lo uc` ` po
fbfjfcto procgopkbo c`c l`vrfnnf gkuskrf ob g`bbkss` p`oge o gkrogeo gef
projk frkc` s`pp`rtkto lkbbfbfjfct` lkccfddokt` p`ss`c` fssfrf trkshfroto
kdbo kbtro fbfjfcto lfbbk strutturk.
Cfb gks` lfb T`rbl \rklf Gfctfr ; (T\G;) so pu vflfrf uc sostfjk
rftog`bkrf p`st` subbk g`pfrturk lfbbk t`rrf (hodurk 7.;) gef h`rcosgf lfo
pfrg`rso lo gkrog` kbtfrcktovo cfb gks` lfbbk pfrlotk lo fbfjfcto procgopkbo lo
supp`rt` YNyhofbl >114Z.
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
;1
Hodurk 7.;. Wfzo`cf lfb T\G; l`vf so vflf uc sostfjk oc g`pfrturk gef grfk pfrg`rso lo gkrog`
kbtfrcktovo
Oc`btrf, bk rol`clkczk kbbk strutturk pu fssfrf h`rcotk kcgef k bovfbb` b`gkbf
g`c bkujfct` lfbbk rfsostfczk lfdbo fbfjfcto po vubcfrknobo, gef p`ss`c`
fssfrf g`bpoto lk kzo`co kggolfctkbo, g`c bfvolfctf lohhog`bt lo p`tfr stknoborf
qukbo s`c` qufsto fbfjfcto f s`prkttutt` bkzo`cf gef p`tr ocvfstorbo YCkor
>117Z.
Lk qukct` lftt` so lflugf gef bk pr`dfttkzo`cf lfbbf strutturf gef p`ss`c`
fssfrf s`tt`p`stf k gkrogeo fggfzo`ckbo lo lohhogobf prfvoso`cf lfvf p`ssflfrf
uc fbfvkt` bovfbb` lo rol`clkczk gef pr`vvflk k h`rcorf uc klfdukt`
jfggkcosj` (pfrg`rso lo gkrog` kbtfrcktovo) pfr fvotkrf ob g`bbkss`
pr`drfssov`.
Cfbbk sfdufctf hodurk so p`ss`c` vflfrf luf sostfjo g`struttovo. Ob proj` ekuc fbfvkt` bovfbb` lo rol`clkczk, jfctrf ob sfg`cl` ek uc nkss` bovfbb` lo
rol`clkczk.
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
;;
Hodurk7=\`rro g`c uc kbt` bovfbb` lo rol`clkczk (;) f g`c uc nkss` bovfbb` lo rol`clkczk (>)
YNyhofbl >114Z
;.
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
;>
Oc`btrf bk rol`clkczk hkv`rosgf bkrrov` lfb gkrog` jkssoj` lo
scfrvkjfct` oc lovfrsf p`sozo`co subbk strutturk, kujfctkcl` g`s bk
p`ssonobot gef ob lkcc` rfsto gorg`sgrott`.
n)
Vs` lo fbfjfcto f lfttkdbo strutturkbo luttobo= sf dbo fbfjfcto
strutturkbo spfrojfctkc` do ob supfrkjfct` lfb bojotf fbkstog` oc hksf lo
fsfrgozo` sfczk jko kvfr spfrojfctkt` ob g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`, go
tr`vokj` oc uck p`sozo`cf kbqukct` grotogk. Ochktto, dbo fbfjfcto strutturkbo
lfv`c` spfrojfctkrf ob supfrkjfct` lfb bojotf fbkstog` s`b` cfb gks` lo
fvfcto fggfzo`ckbo. Wupfrkt` ob bojotf fbkstog`, g`csodboknobf hkr us` lo
fbfjfcto kbtkjfctf luttobo gef pfrjftt`c` lo kvfrf bk rolostronuzo`cf lo
gkrogeo fggfzo`ckbo subbk strutturk.g) Gkpkgot lo rfsostfrf k gkrogeo ocvfrso= bk gkpkgot lo rfsostfrf
k gkrogeo ocvfrso j`bt` ojp`rtkctf qukcl` sokj` oc prfsfczk lfbbk
pfrlotk lo uc fbfjfct` strutturkbf procgopkbf. Bk pr`dfttkzo`cf, oc qufst`
gks`, pu rogfvfrf uc kout` lkbbf tfgcogef lo pr`dfttkzo`cf sosjogk.
l) Gkpkgot lo rfsostfrf kbb` sefkr hkoburf (r`tturk pfr tkdbo`)=
dbo fbfjfcto strutturkbo lfv`c` g`csfrvkrf uck suhhogofctf rfsostfczk f
luttobot s`tt` fvfcto lo gkrog` fggfzo`ckbo pfr p`tfr g`ctrkstkrf uc` sefkrhkoburf. Wf bk gkpkgot lo tkdbo` vofcf supfrktk projk lfbbk gkpkgot
hbfsso`ckbf, so kvr uck r`tturk ojpr`vvosk (bf r`tturf pfr tkdbo` s`c`
ojpr`vvosf f hrkdobo), kczoge uck r`tturk luttobf. Go ek kbtf pr`nknobot
lo p`rtkrf bk strutturk kb g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.
Bk YDWKZ h`rcosgf bf sfdufcto prfsgrozo`co lk g`csolfrkrf lurkctf bk
hksf lo pr`dfttkzo`cf lfdbo flohogo=G`csolfrkzo`co sub g`jp`rtkjfct` b`gkbf=
k) G`ctocuot trk trkvo lovfrsf= Qr`vvflfrf kbbk g`ctocuot trk
trkvo lohhfrfcto cfb pr`dftt` lo uck g`ccfsso`cf cfbbf strutturf oc kggoko`
g`csolfrkt` h`clkjfctkbf pfr p`tfr knnksskrf ob p`tfczokbf lo g`bbkss`
pr`drfssov`. g`jpot` lfbbocdfdcfrf strutturkbf loj`strkrf gef ob
sostfjk lo g`ccfsso`cf trkvf-g`b`cck-trkvf kl`ttkt` sok oc drkl` lo
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
;7
rolostronuorf o gkrogeo pfr lovfrsf g`clozo`co (kl fsfjpo` bk roj`zo`cf
lfbbk g`b`cck).
n)^fsobofczk lfbbf g`ccfsso`co= ^osubtk kbqukct` cfgfsskro` gef
bf g`ccfsso`co sokc` oc p`ssfss` lo rfsobofczk pfr p`tfr knnksskrf ob
p`tfczokbf lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. [ufstk pr`proft sfrvf pfr g`ctrkstkrf
bk pfrlotk ostkctkcfk lo uc supp`rt` vfrtogkbf.
g) ^ol`clkczk lfbbf g`ccfsso`co= Kvfrf uck rol`clkczk lfbbf
g`ccfsso`co g`csfctf pfrg`rso lo gkrog` lohhfrfcto cfb gks` oc guo go sok bk
pfrlotk lo uc fbfjfct` strutturkbf. Vc fsfjpo` lo g`ccfsso`cf lfttk
trklozo`ckbf j`strktk oc hodurk 7.7 l`vf vofcf ocgbusk bk
rkpprfsfctkzo`cf lfbbf lfh`rjktf hbfsso`ckbo s`tt` bochbufczk lfo s`bogkrogeo drkvotkzo`ckbo. G`jf so pu vflfrf oc hodurk 7.< qukcl` ob
sostfjk s`ddftt` kbbk roj`zo`cf lfbbk g`b`cck, bk bugf lfbbk trkvf
lovfctk l`ppok. ^ojkcf g`s ob lunno` gef bk g`chodurkzo`cf `rodockrok
sok oc drkl` lo s`stfcfrf bk cu`vk rolostronuzo`cf lfo gkrogeo l`vutk kbbk
pfrlotk lfbbk g`b`cck. Go lopfclf sok lkb top` lo g`ccfsso`cf trkvf-
g`b`cck-trkvf kb gfctr`, gef lkb top` lo g`ccfsso`cf trkvf-g`b`cck kbbf
fstrfjot.
Hodurk117Z
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
;117Z
l) Gkpkgot r`tkzo`ckbf lfbbf g`ccfsso`co= W`btkct` bf
g`ccfsso`co trkvf-g`b`cck pfr bf qukbo stktk kggfrtktk bk b`r` qukbot
kttrkvfrs` lfo tfst fsfduoto su sgkbk rfkbf gef ekcc` vfrohogkt` ob b`r`
bovfbb` lo gkpkgot r`tkzo`ckbf, l`vrfnnfr` fssfrf usktf cfbbk g`struzo`cf
lfo cu`vo flohogo pfr kttfcukrf ob p`tfczokbf lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.
drkzof kbbk luttobot lfbbf g`ccfsso`co gef o sostfjo lo trkvo oc uck
strutturk oc kggoko` so p`ss`c` klkttkrf k lovfrsf g`clozo`co lo gkrog`
l`vutf kbbk pfrlotk lo uck g`b`cck. Bk rogfrgk ek j`strkt` gef oc j`bto
gkso, khhocge vfcdk rkddouct` ob suggfss` lo uck g`ccfsso`cf trkvf-
g`b`cck oc uck g`chodurkzo`cf g`c ob l`ppo` lfbbk bugf ocozokbf, c`c
nkstk gef fssk knnok kbtf gkpkgot lo krrovkrf kbbk g`clozo`cf lo gfrcofrk
pbkstogk jk so lfvf jkctfcfrf uck suhhogofctf gkpkgot lo p`rtkrf gkrogeo
kssokbo sok lk pkrtf lfbbk trkvf gef lfbbk g`ccfsso`cf l`vf vofcf roj`ssk
bk g`b`cck.
f) Lftfrjockzo cf lfbbk rogeofstk lo rfsostfczk lfbbf
g`ccfsso`co= Ochocf, pfr g`jpbftkrf ob pr`dftt` ` boclkdocf su uc lkt`
top` lo g`ccfsso`cf trkvf-g`b`cck (pfr fsfjpo` bk gkbonrkturk lfo poktto,
lfo nubb`co, lfbbf skblkturf gef grfkc` bk g`ccfsso`cf), nos`dck
lftfrjockrf bk rfsostfczk rogeofstk k tkdbo` f hbfsso`cf pfr `dco sfzo`cf
grotogk. @dco g`ccfsso`cf p`trfnnf kvfrf lfbbf sfzo`co grotogef lohhfrfcto
pfr bf qukbo bk s`bbfgotkzo`cf l`vrfnnf fssfrf gkbg`bktk, k gkusk lfbbf
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
;6
lohhfrfctf df`jftrof f/` jktfrokbo ojpofdkto. Bk rogeofstk lo rfsostfczk
lfbbf g`ccfsso`co pfr bf sfzo`co grotogef p`trfnnf fssfrf gkbg`bktk g`c bk
lftfrjockzo`cf lfb puct` oc guo so h`rjkc` bf gfrcofrf pbkstogef. \r`vktk
bk p`sozo`cf so lftfrjock bk drkclfzzk lfb j`jfct` oc qufst` puct` lfb
lokdrkjjk gef pkro kb j`jfct` pbkstog` lfbbk sfzo`cf Jpb: Tpby (bk
p`sozo`cf lfbbf gfrcofrf pbkstogef pu fssfrf tr`vktk kttrkvfrs` lfo tfst
gogbogo k sgkbk rfkbf gef s`c` dfcfrkbjfctf uskto pfr qukctohogkrf bk
gkpkgot r`tkzo`ckbf lfbbf g`ccfsso`co). Ob pkss` suggfssov` qufbb` lo
trkggokrf ob lokdrkjjk lfb j`jfct` lfbbk trkvf pfr bk g`clozo`cf oc guo
bk bugf lfbbk trkvf rkll`ppoktk g`jf j`strkt` oc hodurk 7.6.
W`vrkpp`cfcl` ob puct` lo gfrcofrk pbkstogk c`t` sub lokdrkjjk lfbj`jfct`, pkrtfcl` lkb puct` lo h`rjkzo`cf lfb j`jfct` pbkstog` f
g`ctocukc` vfrs` bkssf lfbbk g`b`cck roj`ssk, p`trfnnf fssfrf
hkgobjfctf lftfrjockt` bocgrfjfct` lfbbk l`jkclk lo rfsostfczk pfr
`dco g`ccfsso`cf.
Hodurk 8= Lokdrkjjk lfb j`jfct` l`vut` kbbk roj`kzo`cf lfbbk g`b`cck pfr
lftrjockrf bk rogeofstk lo rfsostfczk lfbbf g`ccfsso`co pfr `dco fbfjfct` lo g`ccfsso`cf YDWK
>117Z
G`csolfrkzo`co sub g`jp`rtkjfct` db`nkbf=
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
;8
^ol`clkczk lfbbk strutturk db`nkbf= Bus` lo uc sostfjk strutturkbf lo
rfsostfczk gef sok rol`clkctf oc lorfzo`cf vfrtogkbf f oc lorfzo`cf `rozz`ctkbf
h`rtfjfctf ocg`rkddokt` qukcl` so pkrbk lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Vck
sostfjk db`nkbf rol`clkctf tfclf k h`rcorf bk strutturk lo uck jkddo`rf
r`nustfzzk strutturkbf gef koutk kl kssogurkrf lfo pfrg`rso kbtfrcktovo lo
gkrog` pfrg`rronobo cfb gks` oc guo go sok uck kzo`cf kc`jkbk gef p`ssk
pr`v`gkrf bk pfrlotk lo uc fbfjfct` strutturkbf procgopkbf. Oc po, bk
rol`clkczk strutturkbf pr`vvflf k losb`gkrf oc lovfrso pucto lfbbk strutturk b`
scfrvkjfct` lfdbo fbfjfcto, gef ocgrfjfctk bk p`ssonobot gef ob lkcc`
rojkcdk gorg`sgrott`.
;.
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
;4
Kcgef bkbtfzzk hrk o pokco l`vrfnnf fssfrf rog`cl`ttk
k bovfbbo kggfttknobo f g`jucquf c`c supfro`rf ko
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
;5
Hodurk4=Wgefjklfbb'flohog ksfduot lfbbkpfrlotkloucpobkstr pfrojftrkbf
Hodurk5=Q`tfczokbfjfggkcosj`lonypksskbbflfhogofczkstrutturkbf
Bfbojockzo`cf lfbbk g`b`cck j`lohogk botocfrkro` gef o gkrogeo
sfdu`c` oc g`clozo`co stktogef f dfcfrk lfbbf h`rzf `rozz`ctkbo g`jf so pu
octuorf lk g`clozo`co lo fquobonro` lfb c`l`. \kbo kzo`co s`jodbokc` oc
qukbgef j`l` k qufbbf dfcfrktf lk uc sosjk jk b`gkbozzktf f lo fbfvktk
octfcsot.
Cfb gks` oc guo so supfrkssf bk rfsostfczk lfbbf tkjp`ckturf k gkusk
lfbbfbfvkt` vkb`rf lo lfh`rjkzo`cf rkddouct` lkbbf jkdbof, dbo ucogo
fbfjfcto oc drkl` lo p`rtkrf o gkrogeo ko pobkstro klokgfcto skrkcc` bf trkvo.
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
;?
Hodurk?=Khholkjfct lfogkrogeos`pp`rtktokbbfs`bftrkvog`cvfrdfctoocucc`l`
Khhocge uck strutturk sok oc drkl` lo kttovkrf qufsto jfggkcosjo lo
trkshfrojfct` ` ny-pkss lfbbf kzo`co l`vutf kb lkccfddokjfct` lo uck lfbbf
g`b`ccf cfgfsskro` gef dbo fbfjfcto gef b` g`jp`cd`c` sok klfduktkjfctf
lojfcso`ckto f jutukjfctf g`ccfsso hrk lo b`r`. Qr`pro` bk r`tturk lo uc` lo
qufsto fbfjfcto pu pr`v`gkrf boctfrruzo`cf lfb ny-pkss f
g`csfdufctfjfctf uc loskstr`s` g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Cfdbo sgefjo s`prk
pr`p`sto p`ssonobf octuorf qukbo sokc` bf g`jp`cfcto lfb sostfjk strutturkbf
jkddo`rjfctf ojpfdcktf oc qufst` hfc`jfc`=
- Bk pobkstrktk oc guo so op`tozzkt` ob g`bbkss`, gef p`trfnnf fssfrf
s`ddfttk k trkzo`cf
- Bf trkvo fl o s`bko gef rogfv`c` bf spoctf `rozz`ctkbo
- Bf jurkturf g`ocv`btf cfo pfrg`rso `nboquo
- Bf luf pobkstrktf g`ctoduf k qufbbk oc guo g`bbkssktk bk g`b`cck (
qufsto fbfjfcto s`c` g`strftto k p`rtkrf ochktto `btrf kb b`r` gkrog`vfrtogkbf, kcgef qufbb` kddouctov` gef projk drkvkvk subbkbtrk
pobkstrktk)
- Bf strutturf lo h`clkzo`cf lfbbf luf pobkstrktf s`prk fbfcgktf gef
rogfvfrkcc` uc ocgrfjfct` lo gkrog`
- Ob tfrrfc` lo h`clkzo`cf s`tt`stkctf bf luf pobkstrktf
- O c`lo trkvf-g`b`cck
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
>1
Wf uc` lo qufsto fbfjfcto l`vfssf gflfrf, bf kzo`co gfrgefrfnnfr` uc
cu`v` pfrg`rs` gef sogurkjfctf rogeoflfrfnnf vkb`ro jkddo`ro lo
lfh`rjkzo`cf s`prkttutt` k gkrog` lfbbf trkvo, gef sf c`c oc p`ssfss` lo
fbfvkto vkb`ro lo luttobot g`bbkssfrfnnfr` pr`drfssovkjfctf.
Vc kbtr` p`ssonobf fl fhhogkgf jfggkcosj` lo ny-pkss lfo gkrogeo
qufbb` gef so nksk sub huczo`ckjfct` k gktfckrok lfdbo ojpkbgkto, `vvfr`
ob \of H`rgfs (\H). \kbf huczo`ckjfct` rogeoflf gef bf krjkturf `rozz`ctkbo
lfdbo ojpkbgkto sokc` pr`dfttktf fl `rdkcozzktf oc j`l` lk p`tfr rogfvfrf
robfvkcto kzo`co `rozz`ctkbo lo trkzo`cf gef so dfcfrkc` lurkctf ob hfc`jfc`
lfb g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Oc qufstk sotukzo`cf o s`bko` skrfnnfr` geokjkto k
bkv`rkrf g`jf uck jfjnrkck vocg`bktk bucd` o n`rlo kdbo sp`stkjfcto`rozz`ctkbo f vfrtogkbo. [ufsto pkccfbbo ochktto, l`p` uck projk hksf oc guo
jkcohfstkc` uc g`jp`rtkjfct` hbfsso`ckbf, oc sfduot` kbbk r`tturk lfbbf z`cf
grotogef, kttovkc` uc jfggkcosj` k gktfckrok gef geokrkjfctf bfdkt` k
lfh`rjkzo`co robfvkcto. Oc huczo`cf lfbb`rloturk lfo s`bko qufstk jfjnrkck
p`tr fssfrf uco ` nolorfzo`ckbf.
Hodurk;1=Jfggkcosjolo\ofH`rgfpfrobtrkshfrojfct lfogkrogeo
Ojp`rtkczk lfgosovk cfbbkttovkzo`cf lo tkbf jfggkcosj` do`gktk lk
uck g`rrfttk losp`sozo`cf lfo lfttkdbo lo kcg`rkddo` f lo douczo`cf lfbbf
nkrrf gef hucd`c` lk gktfcf `btrf kbbocsfrojfct` lo stkhhf cfo c`lo. F
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
>;
cfgfsskro` ochktto, khhocge ob huczo`ckjfct` k gktfckrok sok kttovknobf, gef ob
rfst` lfbbk strutturk p`ssk fquobonrkrf ob tor` kbbfstrfjot lfbbk gktfckrok
stfssk.
Qfr qukct` rodukrlk o s`bko ucolorfzo`ckbo h`clkjfctkbf gef vo sok
g`ctocuot hrk bf nkrrf lo krjkturk ochfro`ro lk p`rtkrso kttrkvfrs` uc c`l`.
Oc hodurk p`ssonobf vflfrf ob jfggkcosj` lo rfsostfczk gef so pu
ocstkurkrf oc uc sostfjk gef s`ddftt` kbbk roj`zo`cf lo uck g`b`cck
g`csolfrkcl` qukbotktovkjfctf s`b` ob g`ctronut` lfbbf trkvo.
Hodurk;;=Jfggkcosj` lo rfsostfczk l`p` bk roj`zo`cf lo uck g`b`cck YEkjnurdfr >117Z
Bk jkddo`r pkrtf lfo pr`dftto trksgurkc` bk p`ssonobot gef so p`ssk
svobuppkrf uc jfggkcosj` lo rfsostfczk pfr vok gktfckrok f so khholkc`
ojpbogotkjfctf kb sostfjk lo rfsostfczk hbfsso`ckbf.
Cfo sostfjo oc guo bf g`ccfsso`co s`c` k pkrzokbf roprostoc` lfbbf
s`bbfgotkzo`co, bk rolostronuzo`cf lfbbf kzo`co cfb gks` lfbbk pfrlotk lfbbk
g`b`cck pu kvvfcorf kttrkvfrs` bkzo`cf gktfckrok.
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GKQO\@B@;OC\^@LV]O@CF G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
>>
Qfr p`tfr kvfrf uck kzo`cf gktfckrok bf g`ccfsso`co trkvf-g`b`cck f
trkvf-g`b`cck-trkvf cfb puct` oc guo vofcf roj`ssk bk g`b`cck, lfv`c`
p`ssflfrf uck klfduktk luttobot f rfsostfczk kbbk trkzo`cf YNyhofbl &
Qkrkjkvoskc >114Z.
Hocge bf g`ccfsso`co ekcc` uck `ttojk rfsostfczk kdbo sh`rzo lo
trkzo`cf, oc j`l` tkbf lk p`tfr kttukrf uc g`jp`rtkjfct` gktfckro`, c`c
cfgfsskro` gef go sok bk jkssojk rfsostfczk kbbf kzo`co hbfsso`ckbo cfb pokc`
YEkjnurdfr >117Z.
Hodurk ;>=Fquobonro` gktfckro` lfbbf h`rzf pfr r`tkzo`co lovfrsf
Fhhfttukcl` uck kckboso lfbbfquobonro` kbbkzo`cf gktfckrok pfr luf
g`chodurkzo`co s`tt`p`stf kbbk stfssk h`rzk jk g`c r`tkzo`co lovfrsf, so c`tk
gef bk s`bbfgotkzo`cf lo trkzo`cf lojocuosgf kbbkujfctkrf lfbbkcd`b` lo
r`tkzo`cf .
Cfb gks` oc guo so ocstkuro uc jfggkcosj` gktfckro`, bkujfct` lfbbf
gkpkgot r`tkzo`ckbo lfbbf g`ccfsso`co, g`jp`rtk uck lojocuzo`cf lfbb`
sh`rz` lo trkzo`cf subbk trkvf f subbk g`ccfsso`cf stfssk rolugfcl` g`s ob
rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.
Bf gkpkgot r`tkzo`ckbo ocfbkstogef lfbbf g`ccfsso`co rkpprfsfctkc`
quoclo, uc pkrkjftr` h`clkjfctkbf pfr g`ctr`bbkrf o jfggkcosjo lo top`
gktfckro`.
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GKQO\@B@>BOCFF DVOLK DWK G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
>7
GKQO\@B@ >
BOCFF DVOLK DWK
Qr`drfssovf g`bbkpsf os k sotukto`c wefrf b`gkb
hkoburf `h k projkry strugturkb g`jp`cfct bfkls t` tef
g`bbkpsf `h klm`ococd jfjnfrs weoge, oc turc, bfkls t`
klloto`ckb g`bbkpsf. Efcgf, tef t`tkb lkjkdf os
lospr`p`rto`cktf t` tef `rodockb gkusf.
>.; G`bbkss` Qr`drfssov` sfg`cl` DWK
Bk V.W Dfcfrkb Wfrvogf Kljocostrkto`c (DWK) ek svobuppkt`=
Qr`drfssovf G`bbkpsf Kckbysos kcl Lfsodc Duolfbocfs h`r Cfw Hflfrkb
@hhogf Nuoblocds kcl Jkm`r J`lfrcozkto`c Qr`mfgts, g`c b`nnofttov` lo
rolurrf dbo fhhftto lfb g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` cfdbo flohogo g`bpoto lk kzo`co
lockturk fggfzo`ckbf, dfcfrkbjfctf c`c prfvostf oc hksf pr`dfttukbf lko
g`logo c`rjktovo. Ob bkv`r` ocozokt` cfb ;???, ek h`rcot` ob proj` tfst` cfb
>111 f bk vfrso`cf lfhocotovk cfb >117.
Cfb tfst` vfcd`c` h`rcoto o grotfro lo pr`dfttkzo`cf pfr dbo flohogo
fsp`sto kb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` f bf jft`l`b`dof lo kckboso pfr
vfrohogkrf sf tkbo flohogo sokc` oc drkl` ` jfc` lo sunorf lkcco spr`p`sotkto
rospftt` kbbk gkusk sgktfckctf.
B` sg`p` procgopkbf lfbbk DWK qufbb` lo h`rcorf ko pr`dfttosto dbo
strujfcto cfgfsskro pfr bk roluzo`cf lfb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` cfbbf
strutturf lo cu`vk pr`dfttkzo`cf f o jft`lo lo kckboso pfr bk vkbutkzo`cf lfb
rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` cfbbf strutturf fsostfcto.
Bk c`rjk c`c spfgohogk qukbo s`c` bf kzo`co fggfzo`ckbo g`ctr` bf
qukbo bk strutturk lfvf rfsostfrf (o.f. kttkggeo tfrr`rostogo lockjotkrlo), nfcs so
g`cgfctrk subbk r`nustcfss gef `dco strutturk lfvf p`ssflfrf pfr p`tfr
g`ctrkstkrf o hfc`jfco lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`.
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GKQO\@B@>BOCFF DVOLK DWK G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
>.> Kckboso stktogk bocfkrf sfg`cl` DWK
Bk DWK prfvflf gef bkckboso strutturkbf vfcdk fhhfttuktk kttrkvfrs`
bkckboso stktogk bocfkrf kb pkss` lfb j`lfbb` g`c kddo`rckjfct` jkcukbf
lfbbk jktrogf lo rodolfzzk lfbbk strutturk.
Bk g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` kbbk qukbf so s`tt`p`cf boctfrk strutturk
g`s lfhocotk=
B`kl : > ( LB + 1,>6 BB )
l`vf=
LB : gkrogeo pfrjkcfcto
BB : gkrogeo vkroknobo
jfctrf ob hktt`rf > rkpprfsfctk ob hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lockjog` lfb
gkrog` lfrovkctf lkbbkppbogkzo`cf lo uc gkrog` ojpubsov` kbbk strutturk.
Qksso lk sfduorf pfr bkckboso=
so gkrogk bk strutturk g`jf vost` prfgflfctfjfctf
so pr`gflf kbbk roj`zo`cf ostkctkcfk lo uc fbfjfct` lo
supp`rt` vfrtogkbf kb proj` pokc` g`jf j`strkt` oc hodurk (so fbojock
uck g`b`cck kbbk v`btk bucd` o luf bkto lfbbk strutturk, cfbbkcd`b` f kb
gfctr`).
Hodurk ;. Kppr`ggo` g`rftt` fl ocg`rrftt` pfr bk roj`zo`cf lfbbf g`b`ccf
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GKQO\@B@>BOCFF DVOLK DWK G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
>6
Hodurk >. ]`cf lo roj`zo`cf lfdbo fbfjfcto lo supp`rt` vfrtogkbf
so fhhfttuk bkckboso lfbbk strutturk
so vfrohogk qukbo fbfjfcto strutturkbo fggfl`c` ob LG^ f so j`lohogk bk
jktrogf lo rodolfzzk lfbbk strutturk g`s g`jf spofdkt` lo sfduot`=
sf ob LG^ lo uc fbfjfct` supfrk ob vkb`rf jkssoj` k gkusk lo
s`bbfgotkzo`co tkdbokcto bfbfjfct` vofcf g`csolfrkt` hkbbot`9 sf ob LG^
vofcf supfrkt` k gkusk lo s`bbfgotkzo`co hbfsso`ckbo so ocsfrosgf uck
gfrcofrk f vofcf kppbogktk uck g`ppok lo j`jfcto pkro k qufbb` rfsostfctf
lfbbfbfjfct`
Wo robkcgok bkckboso hoc` k gef cfssuc fbfjfct` c`c fggflf ob LG^.
Ob rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` vofcf fhhfttukt` vkbutkcl` bf lojfcso`co
lfbbf pkrto lfbbk strutturk gef c`c ekcc` rfsostot` kbbk roj`zo`cf ostkctkcfk lo
uc fbfjfct` lo supp`rt` vfrtogkbf. Bk strutturk so tr`vk cfbbk g`clozo`cf lo
nkss` rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` sf ob lkcc` strutturkbf c`c fggflf
lftfrjocktf lojfcso`co h`rcotf lkbbk c`rjk g`jf j`strkt` oc hodurk=
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GKQO\@B@>BOCFF DVOLK DWK G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
>8
Hodurk 7. Lojfcso`co jkssojf lfbbf krff gef p`ss`c` lkccfddokrso k sfduot` lfbbk roj`zo`cf lo
uck g`b`cck
Bk vkbutkzo`cf lfbbf gkpkgot rfsostfcto lfdbo fbfjfcto strutturkbo vofcf
fhhfttuktk jflokctf ob LG^ (Lfjkcl Gkpkgoty ^kto`) gef rkpprfsfctk ob
rkpp`rt` trk bk rfsostfczk rogeofstk f qufbbk gef bfbfjfct` strutturkbf pu
h`rcorf.
Kttrkvfrs` ob LG^ so vkbutk sf uc fbfjfct` strutturkbf pu g`csolfrkrsooctfdr`, hkbbot` ` pkrzokbjfctf hkbbot`. Vc fbfjfct` vofcf g`csolfrkt` c`c
oc drkl` lo kss`bvfrf kbbk suk huczo`cf qukcl` fggflf ob vkb`rf lo LG^
h`rcot` lkbbk c`rjk.
Ob vkb`rf lo LG^ vkrok oc nksf kb top` lo strutturk (g.k. ` kggoko`) fl oc nksf
kb top` lo fbfjfct` strutturkbf.
Cfb gks` lo g.k. ob LG^ vkbf > pfr bf strutturf gef p`ss`c` fssfrf g`csolfrktf
topogef jfctrf vkbf ;,6 pfr bf strutturf gef c`c p`ss`c` fssfrf g`csolfrktf
g`jf topogef.
Cfb gks` lfbbkggoko` ob LG^ vkrok oc huczo`cf lfb top` lo fbfjfct`
strutturkbf gef vofcf fskjockt`, kssujfcl` vkb`ro fbfvkto pfr fbfjfcto
s`tt`p`sto kl kzo`co hbfsso`ckbo f vkb`ro po nksso pfr fbfjfcto s`tt`p`sto k
prfss`-hbfsso`cf. Xkb`ro po lfttkdbokto s`c` rop`rtkto kbboctfrc` lo uck
tknfbbk prfsfctf kbboctfrc` lfbbk c`rjk f gef stktk rflkttk oc nksf kbbf
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GKQO\@B@>BOCFF DVOLK DWK G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
>4
oclogkzo`co gef s`c` prfsfcto cfbbf procgopkbo c`rjf f g`jjfctkro
kjfrogkco.
>.7 Kbtrk top`b`dof lo kckboso sfg`cl` DWK
Bk c`rjk c`c prfgbulf kbtrf top`b`dof lo kckboso g`jf bkckboso stktogk
c`c bocfkrf f bkckboso lockjogk bocfkrf f c`c bocfkrf gef pfrjftt`c` lo
g`dbofrf oc jkcofrk lfgoskjfctf jodbo`rf dbo kspftto pfgubokro gkrkttfrozzkcto
bf strutturf s`tt`p`stf kl kzo`co lo top` lockjog`.
\uttkvok g`csodbokt` bus` lo qufstf kckboso s`b` ko pr`dfttosto po
fspfrto gef sokc` oc drkl` lo c`c ocg`rrfrf oc frr`ro lo j`lfbbkzo`cf.
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
>5
GKQO\@B@ 7
BOCFF DVOLK VHG
Qr`drfssovf g`bbkpsf os k rfbktovfby rkrf fvfct, oc tef Vcotfl Wtktfs kcl `tefr
Tfstfrc ckto`cs, ks ot rfquorfs n`te kc knc`rjkb b`klocd t` ocotoktf tef b`gkb
lkjkdf kcl k strugturf tekt bkgis klfquktf g`ctocuoty, lugtoboty, kcl
rfluclkcgy t` rfsost tef sprfkl h lkjkdf. E`wfvfr, sodcohogkct gksukbtofs gkc
rfsubt wefc g`bbkpsf `ggurs. \eos os obbustrktfl ny tef Kprob ;?, ;??6 n`jnocd
`h tef Kbhrfl Q. Jurrke nuoblocd oc @ibke`jk Goty, oc weoge tef jkm`roty `h
tef ;85 hktkbotofs wfrf luf t` tef pkrtokb g`bbkpsf `h tef strugturf kcl c`t t`
lorfgt nbkst fhhfgts. \ef rfgfct fsgkbkto`c `h tef l`jfstog kcl octfrckto`ckb
tfrr`rost terfkt eks ocgrfksfl tef pr`nknoboty tekt `tefr VW d`vfrcjfct
strugturfs wobb nf kttkgifl wote fxpb`sovfs r tefr vo`bfct jfkcs.
tef sprfkl h kc ocotokb b`gkb hkoburf hr`j fbfjfct t` fbfjfct, fvfctukbby
rfsubtocd oc tef g`bbkpsf h kc fctorf strugturf r k lospr`p`rto`cktfby bkrdf
pkrt `h ot.
7.; G`bbkss` Qr`drfssov` sfg`cl` VHG
Ob l`gujfct` po rfgfctf pfr qukct` rodukrlk bk pr`dfttkzo`cf g`ctr`
ob rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` f b` VHG 7-17 punnbogkt` ob ;< Budbo`
>11? f rfvoso`ckt` ob >4 Dfccko` >1;1. \kbf l`gujfct` h`rcosgf bf bocff
duolk pfr uck pr`dfttkzo`cf jorktk k jocojozzkrf ob rosgeo` lo g`bbkss`
pr`drfssov` cfbbf strutturf gef p`ss`c` fssfrf s`ddfttf kl kzo`co lo ckturk
fggfzo`ckbf. \kbf l`gujfct` pu fssfrf kppbogkt` cfbbk pr`dfttkzo`cf lfbbf
cu`vf g`struzo`co f pfr bklfdukjfct` lo flohogo fsostfcto gef rosubtkssfr`
fssfrf k rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov`. Bf bocff duolk pu fssfrf kppbogktk
kbbf strutturf oc gfjfct` krjkt`, oc kggoko`, oc jurkturk fl oc bfdc`,
h`rcfcl` lfdbo fsfjpo kppbogktovo cfbbf kppfclogo hockbo.
Cfb tfst` vfcd`c` h`rcoto o grotfro lo pr`dfttkzo`cf pfr dbo flohogo
fsp`sto kb rosgeo` lo g`bbkss` pr`drfssov` f bf jft`l`b`dof lo kckboso pfr
vfrohogkrf sf tkbo flohogo sokc` oc drkl` ` jfc` lo sunorf lkcco spr`p`sotkto
rospftt` kbbk gkusk sgktfckctf.
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
>?
7.> Kckboso stktogk bocfkrf sfg`cl` VHG
Bk c`rjk prfvflf bus` lfbbkckboso stktogk bocfkrf pfr tuttf bf strutturf gef
p`ss`c` fssfrf g`csolfrktf g`jf rfd`bkro sfczk bk cfgfssot lo gkbg`bkrf ob
LG^. Cfb gks` oc guo bk strutturk rosubtkssf orrfd`bkrf lfvf fssfrf gkbg`bkt` ob
LG^ pfr `dco sfzo`cf f vfrohogkrf gef fss` c`c sok supfro`rf k >. Cfb gks`
oc guo uck s`bk sfzo`cf supfrk ob vkb`rf lo LG^ prfstknobot`, bkckboso stktogk
bocfkrf c`c pu fssfrf usktk.
LG^
Qfr ob gkbg`b` lfb LG^ so grfk uc j`lfbb` trolojfcso`ckbf lfbbk strutturk, so
fhhfttuk bkckboso stktogk bocfkrf f so gkbg`bkc` o vkb`ro lo LG^ pfr `dco
socd`b` fbfjfct`=
LG^ : [VLBoj/[GF
l`vf=
[GF: bk rfsostfczk lfbbfbfjfct`
[VLBoj : bkzo`cf cfbbffbfjfct` l`vutk ko gkrogeo
GK^OGEO
Bk strutturk lfvf fssfrf vfrohogktk oc luf g`clozo`co lo gkrog` lohhfrfcto= ;)
g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` k g`ctr`bb` lo lfh`rjkzo`cf9 >) g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` k
g`ctr`bb` lo h`rzf.
Cfb gks` lo g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` k g`ctr`bb` lo lfh`rjkzo`cf bk
g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` bk sfdufctf=
Qfr bf krff vogoc` bfbfjfct` lo supp`rt` vfrtogkbf roj`ss` f qufbbf kb lo
s`prk lo fssf so ek=
DBL: BLY(1.? ` ;.>) L + (1.6 B ` 1.> W)Z
L`vf=
DBL: gkrogeo drkvotkzo`ckbo ocgrfjfctkto pfr bkckboso stktogk bocfkrf
k g`ctr`bb` lo
lfh`rjkzo`co
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
71
L : gkrogeo pfrjkcfcto
B : gkrogeo vkroknobo
W : gkrog` lk cfvf
BL : hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lockjog` pfr bkckboso stktogk bocfkrf k
g`ctr`bb` lo lfh`rjkzo`co
Qfr bf rfstkcto pkrto lfbbk strutturk bk g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` bk sfdufctf=
D : (1.? ` ;.>) L + (1.6 B ` 1.> W)
l`vf D : gkrogeo drkvotkzo`ckbo
Cfb gks` lo g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` k g`ctr`bb` lo h`rzf bk g`clozo`cf logkrog` bk sfdufctf=
Qfr bf krff vogoc` bfbfjfct` lo supp`rt` vfrtogkbf roj`ss` f qufbbf kb lo
s`prk lo fssf so ek=
DBH: BHY(1.? ` ;.>) L + (1.6 B ` 1.> W)Z
L`vf=
DBH: gkrogeo drkvotkzo`ckbo ocgrfjfctkto pfr bkckboso stktogk bocfkrf k
g`ctr`bb` lo h`rzf
L : gkrogeo pfrjkcfcto
B : gkrogeo vkroknobo
W : gkrog` lk cfvf
BH : hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lockjog` pfr bkckboso stktogk bocfkrf k
g`ctr`bb` lo h`rzf
Qfr bf rfstkcto pkrto lfbbk strutturk bk g`clozo`cf lo gkrog` bk sfdufctf=
D : (1.? ` ;.>) L + (1.6 B ` 1.> W)
l`vf D : gkrogeo drkvotkzo`ckbo
Qfr tfcfrf oc g`ct` bk stknobot cfo g`chr`cto lfo gkrogeo bktfrkbo f dbo fhhftto Q-
oc fctrkjno o gkso so kppbogk kl `dco hkggoktk lfbbflohogo`, pfr `dco
lorfzo`cf procgopkbf (uck pfr v`btk), bk sfdufctf qukctot=
1.11>
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
7;
L`vf=
-BBK\gkrogeo bktfrkbo
-Q W`jjk lfo gkrogeo vfrtogkbo (Lfkl f Bovf) kdfcto kl `dco pokc`, kb cftt`
lfb LOH.
HK\\@^F LO OCG^FJFC\@ LFB GK^OG@
Ob hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lockjog` lfb gkrog` h`rcot` lkbbk c`rjk kttrkvfrs`
bk sfdufctf tknfbbk=
L`vf jboh ob joc`rf lfdbo j lfbboctfrk strutturk. Dbo j s`c` gkbg`bkto
kttrkvfrs` bk tknfbbk sfdufctf=
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
77
[GF: rfsostfczk lfbbfbfjfct`
Qfr ob sostfjk k g`ctr`bb` lo h`rzf so lfvf vfrohogkrf gef=
[GB[VH
L`vf=
[VH: kzo`cf lfrovkctf lkbbkckboso stktogk bocfkrf
[GB: rfsostfczk lfbbfbfjfct`
: hktt`rf lo roluzo`cf lfbbk rfsostfczk lfb jktfrokbf
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
7
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
76
W`prkttutt` oc qufst` kjnot`, qufbb` lfo gkrogeo lo ckturk fggfzo`ckbf,
lovfctk ojp`rtkctf vkbutkrf fl oclkdkrf qukbo sokc` bf fhhfttovf ros`rsf lfbbk
strutturk pfr hkr hr`ctf kl kzo`co lo ckturk kc`jkbk, ros`rsf gef c`c p`ss`c`
fssfrf jfssf oc bugf lk uck kckboso fbkstogk bk qukbf c`c p`tfczokbjfctf oc
drkl` lo sfduorf bfv`buzo`cf lfb g`jp`rtkjfct` f bk g`csfdufctf
rolostronuzo`cf lfo gkrogeo.
7.7.; J`lfbb` Kckbotog`
Qfr j`lfbbkrf,kckbozzkrf f vkbutkrf uc flohogo`, cfgfsskro`
utobozzkrf uc j`lfbb` trolojfcso`ckbf, c`c s`c` ochktto pfrjfsso j`lfbbo
pokco. Bkckboso pu fssfrf sv`btk trksgurkcl` ob g`ctronut` lfdbo fbfjfcto
sfg`clkro, tuttkvok kclr vfrohogkt` k p`stfro`ro bk g`jpktonobot lfbbk
rogeofstk lfh`rjktovk lfdbo stfsso.
7.7.> G`jnockzo`co lo gkrog`
Bkckboso vofcf fhhfttuktk sfg`cl` bf sfdufcto g`jnockzo`co lo gkrog`=
Gkrogeo vfrtogkbo ocgrfjfctkto pfr bf krff lo pokc` kb lo s`prk lfbbf g`b`ccf
roj`ssf ` lfbbf pkrftoBkrfk k guo khhfrosg`c` tuttf bf gkjpktf ojjfloktkjfctf klokgfcto
kbbfbfjfct` roj`ss` f bf g`rrosp`clfcto ko pokco suggfssovo lfv`c` fssfrf
gkrogkto g`c uc vkb`rf jkddo`rkt` lfo gkrogeo fsprfss` lkbbk sfdufctf=
C1.? ` ;.> L 1.6 B ` 1.> W
L`vf=
DCvkb`rf ocgrfjfctkt` lfo gkrogeo vfrtogkbo pfr bkckboso stktogk c`c bocfkrf
L pfs` pr`pro` lfdbo fbfjfcto strutturkbo ocgbus` ob s`vrkggkrog` pfrjkcfctf
B gkrog` vkroknobf
W gkrog` lk cfvf
C Lyckjog Ocgrfksf Hkgt`r (LOH) hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lfb gkrog` pfr
tfcfrf g`ct` lfdbo fhhftto lockjogo gef sfdu`c` kbbk roj`zo`cf lo uc
fbfjfct` p`rtkctf f kgg`jpkdckc` ob rokrrkcdokjfct` strutturkbf.
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
78
Gkrogeo vfrtogkbo pfr bf z`cf b`ctkcf lkbbk g`b`cck ` pkrftf roj`ssk
\uttf bf gkjpktf, kl `dco pokc`, c`c ojjfloktkjfctf klokgfcto kbbfbfjfct`
roj`ss` lfv`c` fssfrf gkrogktf g`c uck g`jnockzo`cf lo gkrogeo vfrtogkbo D
pkro k=
1.? ` ;.> L 1.6 B ` 1.> W
Oc guo ob sodcohogkt` lfo tfrjoco kckb`d` k qukct` fsp`st` oc prfgflfczk.
B` sgefjk lo gkrog` vofcf jfss` oc fvolfczk lkbb` sgefjk sfdufctf trktt`
lkbbVHG >1;1
Hodurk;=Wgefjklogkrog`rfbktov`kbbkroj`zo`cf(octfjposfpkrkto)louckg`b`cckgfctrkbfflo
uckpfrojftrkbf
Gkrogeo Bktfrkbo Kppbogkto kbbk strutturk.
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
74
Qfr tfcfrf oc g`ct` bk stknobot cfo g`chr`cto lfo gkrogeo bktfrkbo f dbo fhhftto Q-
so kppbogk kl `dco hkggoktk lfbbflohogo`, pfr `dco lorfzo`cf procgopkbf
(uck pfr v`btk), bk sfdufctf qukctot=
1.11>
L`vf=
-BBK\gkrogeo bktfrkbo
-Q W`jjk lfo gkrogeo vfrtogkbo (Lfkl f Bovf) kdfcto kl `dco pokc`, kb cftt`
lfb LOH.
Qr`gflurk lo gkrog`
O gkrogeo lftfrjockto lfv`c` fssfrf kppbogkto uskcl` uck st`rok lo gkrog` kl
ocgrfjfcto g`stkcto oc cujfr` jocoj` pkro k ;1. Kl `dco pkss` ob s`htwkrf
kckbozzkt` lfvf fssfrf oc drkl` lo tr`vkrf bk g`cvfrdfczk trk stkt`
lfh`rjktov` fl fquobonro` g`o gkrogeo fstfrco.
7.7.7 Hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lockjog` (LOH)
Ob hktt`rf lo ocgrfjfct` lockjog` tofcf oc g`ct` lfdbo fhhftto l`vuto
kbbkppbogkzo`cf ostkctkcfk lfb gkrog` g`csfdufctf bk roj`zo`cf lo uc
fbfjfct` p`rtkctf. \kbf gkrog` pr`prokjfctf qufbb` gef g`jpftfvk oc
g`clozo`co `rlockrof kbbfbfjfct` roj`ss`.
Oc jfrot` k go bk vfrso`cf >116 lfbbVHG f bf DWK >117 lkvkc` uc
vkb`rf lo C pkro k >. Cfbbk vfrso`cf VHG >1;1 vfcd`c` hkttf lfbbf
g`csolfrkzo`co rospftt` k qufst` vkb`rf f kbbockppr`proktfzzk lo rotfcfrb`
g`stkctf rospftt` kb top` lo strutturk f lo kckboso.
Fskttkjfctf cf vfcd`c` fsp`stf trf cfb G-8.5, gef so rop`rtkc` oc sfduot`=
;. B` stfss` j`btopbogkt`rf > c`c pu fssfrf uskt` sok pfr bkckboso stktogk
bocfkrf sok pfr bkckboso stktogk c`c bocfkrf, oc qukct` bkckboso stktogk c`c
bocfkrf ocg`rp`rk bf c`c bocfkrot9
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
75
>. Vc LOH pkro k > c`c kppr`prokt` pfr bk jkddo`r pkrtf lfbbf kckboso. Ob
jkssoj` sp`stkjfct` `ttfcut` oc gkjp` lockjog` l`vut` kbbkppbogkzo`cf
lo uc gkrog` rfttkcd`bkrf l`ppo` lfbb` sp`stkjfct` gef so `ttofcf sf ob
gkrog` kppbogkt` oc jkcofrk qukso stktogk, f g`csfdufctfjfctf so rfdostrk
uck s`bbfgotkzo`cf jkssojk l`ppok rospftt` k qufbbk s`bbfgotkctf. Cf sfduf
gef sf bk strutturk rfstkssf oc gkjp` fbkstog` bk sgfbtk lo uc LOH pkro k >
p`trfnnf rotfcfrso kppr`proktk . \uttkvok, oc sotukzo`co lo gkrog` fstrfjf
g`jf qufbbf op`tozzktf, bk strutturk topogkjfctf skr ojpfdcktk, f vfrr lo
g`csfdufczk pr`dfttktk, pfr rosp`clfrf oc gkjp` c`c bocfkrf.
[uoclo ob LOH, g`fhhogofctf gef vofcf utobozzkt` pfr kppr`ssojkrf bk rosp`stk
fhhfttovk gef so `ttfrrfnnf g`c uckckboso lockjogk c`c bocfkrf, topogkjfctfjoc`rf lo >. Lkbtrk pkrtf ob hktt`rf lo kjpbohogkzo`cf lfb gkrog` BOH pfr uc
kckboso stktogk bocfkrf lfvf fssfrf po drkclf lo >, pfr bk prfsfczk lo fhhftto
lockjogo f c`c bocfkro.
7. Ob hktt`rf kjpbohogktov` lfb gkrog` frk oclopfclfctf lkbbf pfrh`jkcgfs
lfbbflohogo`, `vvfr` rfstkvk ob jflfsoj` sok sf ob drkl` lo lkccfddokjfct`
frk kbt` sok sf lo j`lfstk fctot.
Qfr bk lftfrjockzo`cf lfb LOH lk uskrf cfbbf kckboso cfgfsskro` vkbutkrf bk
gkpkgot r`tkzo`ckbf fsprfssk g`jf ^:(u-y)/y. Ob po pogg`b` rkpp`rt` trk
tutto dbo fbfjfcto projkro (kl fsgbuso`cf lfbbf g`b`ccf) ob pkrkjftr`
jflokctf ob qukbf lftfrjockrf ob LOH sfg`cl` lfbbf fsprfsso`co rop`rtktf oc
tknfbbk=
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
7?
Hodurk>=\knfbbfVHGpfrbklftfrjockzo`cflfbLOH
Hodurk7=LokdrkjjklfbLOHochuczo`cflfbbkr`tkzo`cfpbkstogksuqufbbkkscfrvkjfct
7.7.1;1 qufsto grotfro s`c` stkto roj`sso f s`stotuoto
lk uc` po spfgohog`, `vvfr` gef tutto dbo fbfjfcto lfv`c` fssfrf pr`dfttkto
pfr c`c g`bbksskrf.
Ob rfquosot` pu rotfcfrso s`lloshktt` sf so `ttfcd`c` vkb`ro
g`jpktonobo g`c bk gkpkgot lfh`rjktovk ubtojk lfdbo fbfjfcto. [ufstk
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
W)
L`vf=
DCL: gkrogeo drkvotkzo`ckbf pfr bkckboso lockjogk c`c bocfkrf
L : gkrogeo pfrjkcfcto
B : gkrogeo vkroknobo
W : gkrog` lk cfvf
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GKQO\@B@7BOCFF DVOLK VHG G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\OD K]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?
Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
GKQO\@B@ .7 (l`gujfct` lo rohfrojfct` pfr bVHG)
g`jf ob vkb`rf lo tkdbo` lfrovkt` lkbbocvobupp` lfbbf s`bbfgotkzo`co lfbbf
g`jnockzo`co lo gkrog` sosjogef f drkvotkzo`ckbo. ^ospftt` k tkbf vkb`rf bk
sfzo`cf so pr`dfttk g`csolfrkcl` luf g`ctronuto Xg(l`vut` kb gkbgfstruzz`) f
Xs(l`vut` kbbf stkhhf). Ob rkpp`rt` trk Xs/X uc` lfo pkrkjftro gef sfrvf pfr
vkbutkrf sf uck sfzo`cf G (G`ch`rjf) ` CG (C`c G`ch`rjf) g`c
g`csfdufctf s`stkczokbf lohhfrfczk lfo pkrkjftro lfbbk gfrcofrk pbkstogk.
Bk pr`dfttkzo`cf lfbbflohogo` oc fskjf stktk fhhfttuktk utobozzkcl`
ob grotfro` lo dfrkrgeok lfbbf rfsostfczf pfr ob qukbf ob tkdbo` lo pr`dftt` lfrovk
lorfttkjfctf lkdbo sh`rzo hktto pfr provobfdokrf bf r`tturf luttobo (pfr hbfsso`cf)
rospftt` k qufbbf hrkdobo (pfr tkdbo`) fl s`b` oclorfttkjfctf oc rfbkzo`cf g`c
bfhhfttov` tkdbo` kdfctf9 so kddoucdf oc`btrf gef bk rfsostfczk k tkdbo` lo uck
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
1;1 s`c` tkrkto su gkrkttfrostogef jfggkcogef f
pr`vf spfrojfctkbo su jktfrokbo lohhfrfcto lk qufbbf oc us` cfb c`str` pkfsf.
[ufst` p`trfnnf lfrovkrf kcgef lk stkclkrl lovfrso pfr bk pr`luzo`cf lfdbo
stfsso, g`c g`csfdufctf lovfrs` g`jp`rtkjfct` rf`b`dog` kttfs`. K tot`b` lo
fsfjpo` so p`trfnnf pfcskrf gef dbo stkclkrl lo pr`luzo`cf lfb gkbgfstruzz`
f rfbktovo grotfro lo kggfttknobot,rohbfsso lko c`stro vkb`ro lo gkbg`b` rospftt` k
qufbbo gkrkttfrostogo, sokc` lohhfrfcto.
\frzk g`csolfrkzo`cf
Ob vkb`rf lfb LOH (Lyckjog Ocgrfksf Hkgt`r) pr`p`st` lkbbVHG,
lfrovk lk octfrp`bkzo`co lo rosubtkto lo kckboso lockjogef c`c bocfkro pfr bf
qukbo ek s`b` ojp`rtkczk bk h`rjk lfb lokdrkjjk j`jfct`-r`tkzo`cf (J-).
Ob j`lfbb` lo gfrcofrk pbkstogk C\G15 rogkbgk o pucto gkrkttfrostogo lo qufbbf
gurvf. Lo g`csfdufczk, so rotofcf gef butobozz` lo uck gfrcofrk pbkstogk top`
C\G15 c`c p`ssk ochbufczkrf ob vkb`rf lfb LOH. Qfr ocgos` so spfgohogk gef
kcgef qufstk uc op`tfso, sfppur supp`rtktk lk uc pfcsofr` rkzo`ckbf, gef
kclrfnnf vkbolktk g`c lfbbf kckboso spfgohogef.
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
.11 j lkbb` spoggkt` lfbbf
h`clkzo`co hoc` kbbfstrkl`ss` lfbbubtoj` s`bko`. Bkbtfzzk lo octfrpokc` lo
7.81 j, fggftt` ob proj` bovfbb` gef prfsfctk uckbtfzzk lo
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
=pr`spftt bkt`g`rt`
Hodurk7=Qr`spftt`bkt`bucd`
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
Z
Q:L+;.>B
YIC/j>Z
BBo:;/8*1.11>Q
YICZ
Bovfbb`; ;7.5?
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
>
sy vkb`rf lo scfrvkjfct` lfbbkggoko`
e kbtfzzk utobf lfbbk sfzo`cf
g g`pro hfrr`
Bvbugf lo tkdbo` gef so p`cf pkro k jft bugf lfbbk trkvf
lnlokjftr` jflo` lfbbf nkrrf b`cdotulockbo
Qfr ob gkbg`b` lfbbk r`tkzo`cf ubtojk so utobozzk bk h`rjubk lo `rodocf
spfrojfctkbf rop`rtktk cfbbk G5K.8 =
L`vf=
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO - Collasso Progressivo
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO - Collasso Progressivo
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7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO - Collasso Progressivo
55/88
GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
6;
Hodurk6=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko ;;kbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`
Fbojockzo`cf g`b`cck >=
Hodurk8=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko`KKkbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`
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56/88
GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
6>
Hodurk4=Lfh`rjktktfbko`>>kbj`jfct`lfbg`bbkss`
Fbojockzo`cf g`b`cck 7=
Hodurk5=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko`KKkbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
67
Hodurk?=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko ;;kbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`
Fbojockzo`cf g`b`cck 4=
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
6>kbb`stfphockbf(c`cg`bbksskt`)
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59/88
GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
66
Fbojockzo`cf g`b`cck 5=
Hodurk;>=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko`NNkbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
68
Hodurk;7=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko`>>kbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`
Fbojockzo`cf g`b`cck ?=
Hodurk;
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
64
Hodurk;6=Lfh`rjktklfbtfbko`>>kbj`jfct lfbg`bbkss`
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GKQO\@B@115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
65
j`tovkzo`co procgopkbo gef p`rtkc` kbbk groso bk strutturk p`ss`c` fssfrf g`s
rokssuctf=
;) Bfbojockzo`cf lfbbf g`b`ccf p`rtk kbbk h`rjkzo`cf lo
gkjpktf g`c bugo lo gorgk ;< j g`c g`csfdufctf fbfvkt` ocgrfjfct`
lfbbf s`bbfgotkzo`co hbfsso`ckbo cfbbf sfzo`co lo fstrfjot.
>) Bk g`clozo`cf lo l`ppok bugf p`rtk kbbocvfrso`cf lfb
lokdrkjjk lfb j`jfct` oc g`rrosp`clfczk lfb c`l` l`vf stktk
fbojocktk bk g`b`cck. Q`oge bf trkvo s`c` krjktf oc jkcofrk c`c
sojjftrogk, c`c p`ssofl`c` ros`rsf suhhogofcto pfr g`ctrkstkrf
bocvfrso`cf lfbbk s`bbfgotkzo`cf hbfsso`ckbf vfcutkso k grfkrf.
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GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
6?
GKQO\@B@ 6
OQ@\FWO LO KLFDVKJFC\@
6.; G`csolfrkzo`co prfbojockro
Qfr s`ppfrorf kbbk jkcgkczk lo ros`rsf rfsostfcto lfdbo fbfjfcto struttrkbo
s`ddftto k g`bbkss` so pfcskt` lo rfkbozzkrf uck trkvkturk rftog`bkrf spkzokbf,
p`stk subbk g`pfrturk, oc drkl` lo rflostronuorf oc jkcofrk po `j`dfcfk o
gkrogeo gef cksg`c` oc sfduot` kbbk pfrlotk ostkctkcfk lo uc fbfjfct` lo
supp`rt` vfrtogkbf. Bk sgfbtk lo tkbf s`buzo`cf cksgf lkbbf sfdufcto
g`csolfrkzo`co=
;) Ob sostfjk pr`dfttkt` c`c kbtfrk sodcohogktovkjfctf bf gkrkttfrostogef
lockjogef lfbbk strutturk. Ochktto, bflohogo`, c`c sunosgf vkrokzo`co lo
rodolfzzk bktfrkbf jk s`b` vfrtogkbf. \kbf g`clozo`cf j`lohogk oc
jkcofrk g`jucquf trksgurknobf o pfro`lo lfo j`lo h`clkjfctkbo lo
vonrkzo`cf k gkusk lfbbkujfct` lo jkssk. Lo sfduot` so rop`rtkc` o
rosubtkto lfbbkckboso j`lkbf fhhfttuk oc fctrkjnf bf g`chodurkzo`co
(g`c f sfczk strutturk rftog`bkrf).
Qfro`l`sfczk
rftog`bkrf
Qfro`l`g`c
rftog`bkrf Lohhfrfczk
Ocgrfjfct
pfrgfctukbf
Wfg Wfg Wfg %
; 1,5571 1,5?;< 1,115< 1,?6%
> 1,545< 1,55>5 1,115%
4 1,;5;6 1,;571 1,11;< 1,45%
5 1,;4>< 1,;47< 1,11;1 1,68%
? 1,;87> 1,;86> 1,11>1 ;,>6%
;1 1,;>;> 1,;>;8 1,111< 1,78%
;; 1,;;84 1,;;4; 1,1117 1,>8%
;> 1,;;;1 1,;;>1 1,11;1 1,?7%
J`l`
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GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
81
>) Fssfcl` bk g`pfrturk c`c prktogknobf, tkbf octfrvfct` c`c kpp`rtk
g`csostfcto j`lohogef huczo`ckbo kbbflohogo`.
7)
C`c so rosg`ctrkc` pkrtog`bkro pr`nbfjktogef pfr qukct` rodukrlkbocstkbbkzo`cf lfb sostfjk rftog`bkrf gef rogeoflf s`b` ob j`ctkddo`
lo pokstrf lo kcg`rkddo` oc g`rrosp`clfczk lfo c`lo lo g`pfrturk.
Lfsgrozo`cf lfbbk trkvkturk rftog`bkrf spkzokbf
Bk s`vrkstrutturk rfkbozzktk jflokctf kstf tun`bkro oc kggoko`
g`bbfdktf jflokctf doucto shfrogo k gfrcofrk oc kggoko` n`cohogkt` kb CoGrJ`
rogkvkto jflokctf pr`gflojfct` lo stkjpkddo` k gkbl` f kstf tun`bkro
hobfttktf oc kggoko` kbbf guo fstrfjot s`c` kvvotkto tfrjockbo k tfstk shfrogk.
Hodurk;= C`l`pfrtrkvkturfrftog`bkrolfbbkXFW\^V\
Ob douct` g`stotuot` lk trf fbfjfcto gorg`bkro, luf gkb`ttf fl uck
pokstrk gfctrkbf gef bf rkggeoulf, ucoto ocsofjf lk ucucogk votf= bf luf
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GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
8;
gkb`ttf sojjftrogef s`c` l`tktf lo hfssurf fl kbb`ddokjfcto cfo qukbo so
p`sozo`ckc` o tfrjockbo lfbbf kstf lurkctf ob j`ctkddo`. O tfrjockbo k tfstk
shfrogk s`c` hosskto lk uc g`ctr`lkl` f kvvotkto lorfttkjfctf subbf kstf
rkstrfjktf, oc j`l` lfstr`rs` lk uc bkt`, f socostr`rs` lkbbkbtr`.
Hodurk>=Qkrtog`bkrfc`l`XFW\^V\
Ob douct` shfrog` XFW\^V\ lkb puct` lo vostk stktog` f tfgc`b`dog`,
uck gfrcofrk. L`p` ob nb`ggkddo`, tuttf bf kstf g`cvfrdfcto cfb c`l` ekcc` bk
p`ssonobot lo ru`tkrf oc uc pokc` lfbb` spkzo`. Bk gkrkttfrostogk h`clkjfctkbf
lfb sostfjk XFW\^V\ g`csostf cfb rfkbozzkrf bk gfrcofrk ucolorfzo`ckbf cfb
douct` lo g`cvfrdfczk lfbbf kstf. \kbf pkrtog`bkrot h`clkjfctkbf cfbbf
op`tfso lo vfrohogk stktogk lfbb' octfrk strutturk rftog`bkrf spkzokbf. Ochktto, oc
sflf lo gkbg`b` strutturkbf, o c`lo lo g`cvfrdfczk lfbbf kstf lfb rftog`b`
spkzokbf s`c` op`tozzkto g`jf gfrcofrf pfrhfttf, kb hocf lo bojotkrf bf
gkrkttfrostogef lo s`bbfgotkzo`cf lfbbf kstf kb s`b` sh`rz` c`rjkbf. Oc gks`
g`ctrkro` cfbbop`tfso lo c`lo ocgkstro, so vfrohogefrfnnfr` gkrkttfrostogeflfbbk s`bbfgotkzo`cf kddouctovf cfbbf kstf l`vuto k tkdbo` f j`jfct`
lurkctf dbo knnksskjfcto lfbbk strutturk pfr fhhftt` lfo gkrogeo kggolfctkbo.
\kbf ocg`cvfcofctf kvvofcf qukso oc tutto dbo kbtro g`bbfdkjfcto
trolojfcso`ckbo fsostfcto, oc qukct` fsso s`stkczokbjfctf rkpprfsfctkc` lkb
puct` lo vostk tfgc`b`dog` lfdbo ocgkstro.
Cfb sostfjk XFW\^V\ tuttf bf kstf s`c` s`tt`p`stf fsgbusovkjfctf
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GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
8>
kb s`b` sh`rz` c`rjkbf oc qukbsokso g`clozo`cf lo gkrog`.
Hodurk7=Fspb`s`kss`c`jftrog
\uttf bf kstf s`c` rfd`bknobo projk, lurkctf f l`p` kvfr fhhfttukt` ob
j`ctkddo`, sfczk kbtfrkrf bf tfcso`co kbboctfrc` lfbbk strutturk.
Drkzof kbbk gkrkttfrostogk lfb c`l` gfrcofrk p`ssonobf fhhfttukrf rfd`bkzo`co
lfbbf kstf sok projk lfb j`ctkddo` gef l`p` bk p`sk oc `pfrk lfbbk strutturk.
O tfrjockbo kvvotkto kbbf kstf ekcc` uck hobfttkturk lfstr`rsk lk uc bkt` f
socostr`rsk lkbbkbtr`. Bk rfd`bkzo`cf kvvofcf quoclo jflokctf bk r`tkzo`cf
lfbbf kstf oct`rc` kb pr`pro` kssf l`p` kvfrbf ocsfrotf cfb c`l`. \kbo
rfd`bkzo`co ekcc` b` sg`p` lo= g`rrfddfrf fvfctukbo lohftto lojfcso`ckbo
lfbbf kstf, grfkrf supfrhogo gurvf, rfkbozzkrf g`ctr`hrfggf cfbbk strutturk,
fhhfttukrf gfctrkddo oc g`rrosp`clfczk lfdbo kpp`ddo.
g`csfctot` bkvvotkddo` g`ctfjp`rkcf` cfb c`l` lo jkssoj` ;> kstf
utobozzkcl` ucucogk votf.
W`c` fsgbusf skblkturf pfr bk rfkbozzkzo`cf lo tutto o g`bbfdkjfcto trk o
g`jp`cfcto lfb sostfjk.
Dbo kssfjnbkddo lo tutto o g`jp`cfcto lfb sostfjk XFW\^V\ kvvfcd`c`
sfczk bus` lo skblkturf= ob g`bbfdkjfct` lfb tfrjockbf kbbkstk kvvofcf
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GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
87
jflokctf kvvotkddo` sok lorfttkjfctf sub tun` rkstrfjkt` k gkbl`, sok
kttrkvfrs` uc tkpp` hobfttkt` kvvotkt` kb tun`.
6.7 J`lfbbkzo`cf lfbbk trkvkturk rftog`bkrf
Bk trkvkturk rftog`bkrf stktk j`lfbbktk kb WKQ jflokctf fbfjfcto
nofbbf. O pr`hobo sgfbto pfr bk strutturk s`c` k sfzo`cf gorg`bkrf gkvk. Bk
trkvkturk ek uckbtfzzk pkro k qufbbk lo octfrpokc` (7,8 j). Oc`btrf, kcgef ob
g`bbfdkjfct` trk bk trkvkturk f bk strutturk fsostfctf pu fssfrf kssojobkt` k
qufbb` lo uck gfrcofrk. Wo rop`rtk oc hodurk uck vostk kss`c`jftrogk lfbbk
trkvkturk f locsofjf lfbbk strutturk.
Hodurk
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GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
876 g`c bf gkrkttfrostogef rop`rtktf
cfbbk sfdufctf tknfbbk=
Kggokobkjockto
C`rjkftop`lo
kggoko`
Wpfss`rfc`jockbflfbbkjfjnrkturk
t hyYC/jj>Z huYC/jj
>Z hyYC/jj
>Z huYC/jj
>Z
W>76 >76 781 >;6 781
Bk trkvkturk g`jp`stk lk pr`hobkto gkvo gorg`bkro h`rjkto k gkbl`
g`c bf sfdufcto gkrkttfrostogef=
L
(jj)
s
(jj)
j
(id/j)
K
(gj>)
O
(gj115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
86
Qfr bk vfrohogk lfdbo fbfjfcto g`jprfsso so g`csolfrktk uck
bucdefzzk bonfrk lochbfsso`cf pkro kbbk lostkczk hrk bf gfrcofrf.
6.6 ^osubtkto lfbbf kckboso
W`c` stktf fhhfttuktf 8 kckboso subbk strutturk, uck pfr `dco g`b`cck
fbojocktk. W`c` stkto gkbg`bkto o jkssojk vkb`ro lfbbf s`bbfgotkzo`co sudbo
fbfjfcto strutturkbo utobozzkto suggfssovkjfctf pfr fhhfttukrf bf vfrohogef sok
subbk trkvkturk rftog`bkrf gef subbk strutturk oc gfjfct` krjkt`. Bk
g`clozo`cf lftfrjockctf pfr ob lojfcso`ckjfct` lfbbk trkvkturk qufbbk pfr
bk qukbf vofcf k jkcgkrf ob pobkstr` >.
Lo sfduot` so rop`rtkc` o jkssojo vkb`ro lo sh`rz` c`rjkbf f lo
knnksskjfct` oc g`rrosp`clfczk lfbbk g`b`cck roj`ssk rosg`ctrkto cfbbf 8
g`jnockzo`co=
G`jnockzo`co ; > 7 4 5 ?
Cjkx(trkzo`cf)YiCZ ?8 ;;85 ;>8< >8> 617 6
;45
Knnksskjfct YjjZ >7.> >;.6 >1.5 6.8 4.1 8.6
G`jf so pu c`tkrf lko rosubtkto rop`rtkto oc tknfbbk, bk g`clozo`cf po
drkv`sk so ek pfr bfbojockzo`cf lfbbk g`b`cck >. Lo sfduot` vfcd`c`
rop`rtkto o rosubtkto lfbbf kckboso rotfcuto po sodcohogktovo=
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GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
88
Hodurk8=Lokdrkjjklfbb`sh`rz`c`rjkbfpfrbkg`jnockzo`cf>(r`ss`g`jprfsso`cf,nbu
trkzo`cf)
Hodurk4=XfrohogklfbbktrkvkturkfhhfttuktklkbWKQpfrbkg`jnockzo`cf>
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GKQO\@B@ 6KLFDVKJFC\@ G@BBKWW@ Q^@D^FWWOX@=W\K\@ LFBBK^\F F \FGCOGEF LO JO\ODK]O@CF
G@^W@ LO Q^@DF\\@ LO W\^V\\V^FKCC@ KGGKLFJOG@ >115/>11?Qr`h. Ocd. Fcz` LKJ@^F Wtulfcto= Lofd` N^VGOKH^FLL@ Hrkcgfsg` GKJOCO\O Wkclr` \^@XK\@
84
Hodurk5=Lokdrkjjklfbb`sh`rz`c`rjkbflfbbktrkvkturkcfbbkg`jnockzo`cf?(r`ss`
g`jprfsso`cf,nbutrkzo`cf)
Lkbbf kckboso so fvocgf gef, c`c`stkctf bk prfsfczk lfbbk trkvkturk
rftog`bkrf oc g`pfrturk, bk pfrlotk lo uc fbfjfct` lo supp`rt` vfrtogkbfg`jp`rtk bk pbkstogozzkzo`cf lfbbf trkvo bucd` bk pobkstrktk lkccfddoktk. Ob
bovfbb` lo qufstk pbkstogozzkzo`cf c`c krrovk jko k g`jpr`jfttfrf butobozz`
lfbbflohogo` (c`c vofcf jko rkddouct` ob bojotf lo O@ ojjfloktf
`ggupkcgy h`rcot` lkbbf VHG). Oc`btrf, tkbf g`chodurkzo`cf, p`rtfr kbb`
svobupp` lo h`rzf lo trkzo`cf subbk pobkstrktk stfssk. Vbtfro`ro vfrohogef s`c`
stktf sv`btf pfr kssogurkrso gef bf krjkturf f dbo kcg`rkddo lfbbf nkrrf lfbbf
g`b`ccf tfsf sokc` oc drkl` lo p`rtkrf tkbo sh`rzo. Oc pkrtog`bkrf, fssfcl` dbokcg`rkddo pr`dfttkto oc j`l` tkbf gef bk r`tturk kvvfcdk sfjprf pfr trkzo`cf
subbf nkrrf f c`c pfr shobkjfct`, tkbf vfrohogk rosubtk ojpbogotkjfctf
s`lloshkttk. Khhocge qufst` jfggkcosj` p`ssk svobuppkrso cfgfsskro` gef
o c`lo trkvf g`b`cck c`c sunosgkc` lkcco k sfduot` lfbbfvfct`.
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KBBFDK\O
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KBBFDK\@ K.7 Lfsodckzo`co trkvo
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