Citation preview
<3132C0CFB9DDB3EDB9AE2831292E687770>1.
. 19 1937
.
1990
.
1)
. (1956), (1980), Adami(1982)
.2)
1) , (1992:84-85), (2004:15-18) ‘’, ‘’, ‘’,
‘’ 1920 .
: , koin , , , , koiné, Koryeo-mal, deportation, Central Asia, the
Russian Far East, Yukcin dialect
58(2007), pp. 231~272
232 58 (2007)
(1986a,b, 1987)
. J.R.P. King
.
.3) J.R.P. King(1987)
.
19 20
.
. 1874
, G.J. Ramstedt
.
(language
island) ,
,
, koiné
. 1990
(, : 1992,
: 2000).
2) .
L. Koncevich & (1971), (1971), J.R.P.
King(1991a,c) . Akademija Nauk SSSR, ordena trudovogo
kpasnogo
znameni institut Vostokovedenija, Bibliografija Korei 1917-1970,
Izdateljstvo Nauka, Moskva,
1981.
3) J.R.P. King
. 2003 1(). Russian Sources on Korean Dialects,
V.1 : Amateur Sources.
.
.
.
.
2.
1863 (Tizinhe,
)4) 1910
10 .
1874
Opyt Russko-Korejskago
4) Opyt Russko-Korejskago Slovarja(S. Peterburg: 1874), Predislovie
iv
Russko-Korejskie Razgovory(Kazan: 1904), Predislovie i . ,
‘’
. , , , (), 2 3 1(49) ‘’
‘’ (, (, 1996), pp.34-36
.). “ ,
, ( )
······”. () 1864 .
1863 .
234 58 (2007)
/ 409 (:18b)
/ 359 (:15b)
/ 427 (:42a)
/ 287 (:18a)
/ 321 (:13a)
/ 273 (:14b)
// 385 (:6b)
Slovarja()(S. Peterburg: 1874) .5)
. Medhurst A Comparative Vocabulary of Chinese,
Corean and Japanese (Batabia: 1834)() 6),
.
.
.
5) (1931), (1977), (1980), (1988, 2006), Ross King(1991a)
, .
Pjyankov .(V Polyzu Korejskix shkolj Yuzhno-Ussrjskago
Kraja, Korejskaya Azbuka, (Litograf Korejtsa, obuchavshagosja V
Missionerskoj Shkolu, Izdal
Dejstviteljnyj Permskago gubernskago statisticheskago Komissii
Korejskij Missioner,
Svjashchennik. Vasilij Gr. Pjyankov, S-Peterburg. 1874.
6) p.vii, ()
. , ,
(:1988).
/ 235
.
(: 1988, 2006).
. ‘/’ ‘’
, ‘’ .
‘’ . : →,
→ . ‘’
.
. ,
‘’()
, ‘’ ‘ ’
. ‘’() ‘>’
. , , (
) .
.7) : , , , , , , , , 8),
, , , 9), ().
.
7) . , ‘, , , ’
‘, , , ’ .
8) ‘’ ‘’ . ‘’ .
.
236 58 (2007)
/ 617 (:11b)
// 293 ( :27a)
// 447 (:17a)
// 259 (:23b)
/ 257 (:44a)
/ 123 (:24a)
/ 37 (:13b)
// 231 (:20a)
// 159 (:12a)
, ,
.
.
, ,
, , .
(Pravoslavnoe
Missionerskoe Obshchestvo) . 20 ,
(Kazanskaja Uchiteljskaja Seminarija)
.10)
10) Y.H. Toibonen(1950: 5-6), G.J. Ramstedt
/ 237
.
Pervonachaljnyj Uchebnik Russkago Jazyka dlja Korejtsev, 1901.
[URK]
Azbuka dlja Korejtsev, 1902. [ADK]
Russko-Korejskie Razgovory, 1904. [RKR]
Opyt Kratkago Russko-Korejskago Slovarja, 1904. [RKS]
(Tizinhe, Adimi, Sidimi,
Yanchihe )
.
11) 20
.
19
.
12)
.
. ,
.
11) (1986a,b, 1987, 1988, 1991/1994), J.R.P. King(1991a)
.
12) URK, Predislovie, p. 3 .
Grammaire Coréenne et exercices gradués - par les missionnaires de
Coree de la société des
missions étrangéres de Paris. Iokohama, 1881.()
Dictionaire Coréenne-français, Iokohama, 1880.()
Manuel de la langue Coréenne parlée, à l’usage des français, par M.
Camille Imbault-Huart,
Paris, 1889.
238 58 (2007)
,
, , 1
.
.
‘’ , #njV-, #ni-
sjV-(V=) , (form)
. .
G.J. Ramstedt
‘’(restoration)
. 13) ‘N.K.’(=North Korean)
RKS .
.
URK(1901)
.14)
Kazan
. ,
() , () , , ()
.
. ‘’, ‘’, ‘’
. ,
13) “Remarks on Korean Language”(MSFOu 58, 1928), Studies in Korean
Etymology(I. MSFOu 95,
1949, II. 1953), A Korean Grammar(MSFOu 82, 1939), Einführung in
die Altaische
Sprachwissenschaft(II. Formenlehre, 1952. I. Lautlehre, 1957)
14) 1 .
N. Kuzmin, Elementarnoe Posobie k Izcheniju Korejskago Jazyka, s
grammaticheskimi
nravilami I Frazami dlja Uprazhnenij, g. Xabarovsk, 1900.
/ 239
.
.
ADK(1902) ‘ ’(), ‘ ’
.
, .
(minimal pairs) .
.
. 91 .
K.F. () ( )
.
L.N. Tolstoj Novaja Azbuka ,
.
, , ,
.
) . ‘, ,
, , ’ .
10 ‘(+, =)’ .
K.F. () (
) .
RKS(1904) 6 .
A.K. Hana()
(, ) .
.
L.N. Tolstoj Novaja Azbuka(24, Moskova, 1900)
240 58 (2007)
.
( ,
, , ) ( ,
, ,
, ,
(Osnovnoj padezh) (Imeniteljnyj padezh)
, ,
, ‘-k’e’ ,
, ,
,
,
(diacritic mark)
, , 6
) .
.
.
.
.
SRK(1904) RKR RKR ‘’
RKR
. (, )
/ 241
.
20 .
.
. .
Razvedchiku v Koree(Russko-Korejskij Slovarj), S. Peterburg:
Izdanie
Voenno-Statisticheskago Otdela Glavnago Shtava, 1904.
M. Xlynovski, Russko-Japonsko-Korejskij Voennyj Perevodchik,
Irkutsk, 1904.
Razvedchiku v Koree( )
. (Iuzhnoe Narechie)
(Severnoe Narechie)
.
15).
15) 17 782( (1896) 11 27) ,
. “
.”( ). ,
. 1897
. .
Kim, Pn-ok, Korejskie Teksty, Sankt-Peterburg, 1898, 62pp.
Kim, Pn-ok, Posobie k izucheniju korejskogo jazyka, Lekcii,
sostavlennyja Kim, Pn-okom.
prepodovatelem pri Impertorskom S.Peterburskom Universitete,
Faculjtete vostochnyx jazykov,
242 58 (2007)
. ‘’
. , npta(,
49), sulguy(, 58), namu-pat(, 49), kan-e(-, 49), t-poo(-,
50), muthu(, 43) tshwan(<, 49),
taduptsh(<?, , 47), thudza(<, , 43), thandza
(<, , 44) ()
.
.
.
.
. ,
. Kazan
. Kazan ,
(broad transcription) .
M. Xlynovski --
Razvedchiku v Koree .
.
Razvedchiku v Koree .
(i-ii), (i-iv), (, , 1-3),
(4-14), (15-152), -- (153-224), -
(225-259), - (260-298) .
Izlozhennyja studentom L.Brodjanskim, 1899, Sankt-Peterburg,
48pp.
/ 243
2.1.4. 16)
Tajshin, Russko-Korejskij Slovarj, 1898, Xabarovsk.
Matveev, “Kratkij Russko-Korejskij Slovarj”, Spravochnaja Kniga g.
Vladivostoka,
1900, Vladivostok.17)
Tajshin Russko-Korejskij Slovarj
. Tajshin .
A.V. Starchevskij(1890)
.
. .
.
Matveev ‘’
. , ,
3 , , . -, -,
- . -
. 1-17 609 - , 17
(1-22, 30, 40 … 100), 17-20
. (), (-, -, -)
. ,
16) A.V. Starchevskij
. J.R.P. King(1991: 168-192)
.
juzhnoj, azijatskoj granitse). S.Peterburg, Kolokoljnaja, N.14.
1890.
A.V. Starchevskij, Russkij Morskoj Perevodchik vo vsex portax Azij
na 25 jazykax. Vostochnye
Jazyki. S. Peterburk, 1892.
17) , , , , J.R.P. King(1988) .
244 58 (2007)
. ‘’ [d] ‘’ [b] ,
[dn], [bm] .18)
, 19 .
.19)
.
(1874, ) . ,
. , ( ),
(), ,
.
18) (1980) . (2007)
.
‘’ [d] .
Pervonachaljnyj Uchebnik Russkago Jazyka dlja Korejtsev, (Kazan:
1901),
Predislovie p. 17 . “ ,
([d]) ([n])(*, nybi() dybi , ne()
de ) , ([n])
, ([]) . …”([ ]). Matveev(1900)
‘’ [d] .
. , G.J. Ramstedt(1939) A Korean Grammar, p.12
. “… local dialects with an initial sound between n, l and
d, probably some kind of nasalised l with the tip of the tounge in
the position of d. The
word for 'four', elsewhere ne, was pronounced as ndui, nlui or
duin, luin. the preson I met
seemed not to be able to distinguish between l, n, d and r at the
beginning of a word. …”
19) JRP King(1991: 168-194) .
/ 245
, .
(Tizinhe) ,
.
Yanchihe . 1871 ‘’
Samara .20)
.
Sidimi, Adimi, Fataši .
, N.S. Pak(1995: 26-29)
70 .
. N.S. Pak
.21)
‘D+N1+(…Nn)+S’ , N , D N
, S .
20) (, 85) ‘’
‘’ . Ross King(2001a)
Blagoslovennoe .
, 1881 ‘(Blagoslovennoe)’
. (1996), “1870 103(431
) .
100 . 1872
(Blagoslovennoe, )
.” .
21) .
.
( ), (), (
) 800
. .
246 58 (2007)
).
(2) : ///(+(=)). : , , (), (
).
(3) , , , : , , ([[+]+]+
], ), ([[+]+]22)
(4) : ([[+]+], ), (), (()?)
(5) : ([[()+]+]), ([[[ +]+]+],
)
2. Nn
.
3) () : , .
5) () : , .
7) : ([+[+]])
22) Russko-Korejskie Razgovory pp. 2-3 . p. 64
.
23) .
/ 247
(2)
2) N+N…() : (<++24)), (++),
, , .
+)
1) (, ) : N++. , , .
2) (, ) : N++, (?, =), .
2.1.5.2. ()
Azbuka dlja Korejtsev(1902) Predislovie(=, xv-xvi)
. ‘Razskazy(=
)’ , .
.
.26) (‘cf.’
.)
24) ‘’() ‘’ . ‘>>>’ .
‘>’ . ‘’
‘’ .
25) ‘ 4’ .
26) . (‘-’)
,
. ,
, ‘’ L.N. Tolstoj Novaja Azbuka
.
Kuin-dori() ().
Manšegi() cf. ().
Wngiri()
Mynmi()
Kmani()
Sp pyeri() . .
Šugumi() šun hange-( ) [()+]
3)
Nurdwï() nurn-, dwï- . : kazdwï-
. cf. ‘dwï’ ‘-’, ‘kaz’ ‘’ .
/ 249
Ross King(2001a: 140-142) (Blagoslovennoe)
. Azbuka dlja Korejtsev
.
. ‘’, ‘’(),
‘’(), ‘-’(<) ‘’()
. ‘’ .
: , , , , , ,
: , (oinggyndori), mansiandori), ,
(penzatori)
‘’, ‘’, ‘’ .
, ‘, (<, ), (), ()’
,
.
2.2.
2.2.1.
Ross King(1987) .
.27) Ross King
27) (1987) . , (1992),
(2000b), (2000) .
250 58 (2007)
N.S. Pak 10 ‘ ’
. “2007
” () , , , 2,000
2007 12
. , , , , 200
42007 ,
.
. ()
‘ ’ .
2.2.2.
Ross King
(King: 1987). N.S. Pak(1991)
. , (1992)
, ,
. (2000)
.
.
. ‘ ’
.
.
.
. N.S. Pak
, ,
(Pak: 1995) (Pak: 1996), (Pak:
/ 251
1997a), koiné (Pak: 1997a) . N.S. Pak
N.S. Pak(2004) .
(2002)
. koiné
.
50 70
koiné
. ‘’ ‘ ’
, ‘ ’ koiné
.
. Ross King(1992: 202) koiné
“Tashkent koiné” , J.R.P. King(2003)
, . N.S.
Pak.(2001, 2004) . (2004) koiné
.
(2004) .
1)
.
,
. ‘’28)
.
28) ,
. , (2002), .
252 58 (2007)
‘
’. ‘’
.
. ‘>’
‘>, >’ 29)
.
2)
, 30)
.
/31) ()
//33) , ,
.
( ) . ,
29) , , ,
. ‘>’ , ,
. ‘>’ .
‘>’ .
30) (1993) .
31)
33) / / .
/ 253
‘’ ‘’ ‘, , ’ ‘’
. ‘’ //
. . ‘
’
.
(: , ),
.
3) ‘-/-’,
‘-/-’ .
.34)
‘-/-’. ‘-/-’ .
‘-/-’, ‘-/-’ ?
.
34) (1927), “ ‘-’ ‘-’ ,
‘-’ ‘’ . () ()
.” , ‘-’
. (1988),
(1986) . (1986:112) “
.
.” . , (1988:230), “
, ,
, , ,
, , ….”
‘-’ .
,
‘-/-’ .
254 58 (2007)
3.
3.1.
70 ,
.
.
50 .
, .
, , .
.
.
.
.
.
.
, , ,
.
.
.
(socio-historical linguistics) .
, ,
(acculturation) (interference)
/ 255
.
3.2.1. ‘’
‘’ .
‘’
.
.35) ,
. , ‘’
‘’ ‘’ .
.
‘’ ‘’ ‘’
. [ts] []
‘ (= )’, ‘ ’ (
2001, 2005). 2007 8 [ts] []
. [ts] , []
. ‘’ [tši] .
[t] [š] . ‘>’
‘’ ‘’ .36)
35) (2005) .
36) Pervonachaljnyj Uchebnik Russkago Jazyka dlja Korejtsev(1901)
p. 10
. “… , T, (=t’), (=t), (=d)
, (, T [],
[]). , T, . [’], [], []
256 58 (2007)
3.2.2. ‘’
(1986, 1988:148-149, 1991/1994:60-65)
[r]
.37) [r]
[ll] . G.J. Ramstedt(1939),
Xolodovich(1954)38)
.
J.R.P. King(1987, 1988:295-6), ,
(1992), (2000), (2000)
‘’ [] [r]
. 2007 [] [r]
[r] .
, ‘’
(=[]) (: 1998, 2005).
. : [ppt’a/pbára]().
C1 [] .
[] []
[l] . ‘’ []
.
. …” : (, ), (, ), (), (), (),
(), (<, ), ()( )
37) . ,
Pervonachaljnyj Uchebnik Russkago Jazyka dlja Korejtsev(1901) pp.
18-19
Ten .
38) A.A. Xolodovich(1954:9-10), ‘Fonetika severnyx dialektov’
, “
.” .( )
/ 257
. (2007)
[r] [] .
.
.
.
.
(:
1972), .
,
, 19
. ‘’
[]
[l] . [] [l] .
3.3. ()
. immigrant
koiné . N.S. Pak(2001, 2004),
(2004)
. , ,
, ,
.
. .
,
.
,
258 58 (2007)
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
3.4.
.
. .
,
. , , ,
,
.
, 50
300 .39)
, ‘--’
, // /ya/
. : (<, ), (<, ), (<,
), (< , )
.
()>(1-10)>( )>>>
.40)
39) 2007 8 . (52, ) .
/ 259
. 4 ‘’(=),
(, , , ), ‘
’ ‘’, ‘’, ‘’ .
. , ‘’
. ((), , , (), )
‘’ . ‘’ ‘, , , , ······’
‘’ . ‘’, ‘’, ‘’
‘’ .41) ‘ ’, ‘ ’, ‘ ’
. .
,
.
-- .
‘, (<, )’
. .
3.5.
. 19
(1927)
. (1987), Ross King(1996), (1991,
1998a) .
, (2002)
, .
40) (2002), “
.” .
.
260 58 (2007)
,
(
) . ,
‘, , ’ 3 ‘’ ,
“
.” ,
‘mama’, ‘papa’ ,
42),
‘ka’, ‘ka’ ‘-ka’
.
, .
(interference) .
(1) /w/ /v/ , /w/ /v/
43). , v() vr s’áonara( ).
(2) [] /n/ . 4050
() ‘ ’, () ‘ ’ .44) , sansenat’a
(<<()++. ). ( ,
)
(3) ‘’ [] [r] .
(4) 60 ‘’ ‘’ [ï] .
.
42) . .
43) J.R.P. King(1995), (2000), (2002) .
Weinreich(1953) (phonic substitution) .
44) Weinreich(1953) (underdifferenciation) .
/ 261
.
. ‘
’() .
(, ea) ( ).
(, ) ( ).
‘’ ‘’ , ‘’ ‘’
.
.45)
3.6.
, , ‘’
.
, , , .
.
.
. 1938
.
. 60
.
.
45) ‘’ . 1994
, (2002) .
(1990:128) .
262 58 (2007)
.
.
3.6.1.
.
.
.
,
‘’
. “
, .” .
( 2002:139-210) ,
‘’
. ‘()+’ ‘’ ‘ ’
.
2) : ‘ ’ .
‘(=)’ , ‘ ’
. ‘’ ‘()’ .
. : ?
.( ?
.) (
). ( )
46) (), “, ,
. .” .()
/ 263
3) ([[+]+]) :
, . [[
()+-]+suf.]N, [[()+-]+suf.]N ,
. ,
‘’, ‘’(<) .47)
( ) .
.
4) (()+(<)+), (++) : ‘’ ‘’
.
5) , , : , , .
6) : .
3.6.2.
1)
. /w/ /v/, // /n/ .
2) ‘>’
.
3.6.3.
.
1) /48)(=) : ‘’
. ‘’ ‘
47) ‘’ ‘’() .
.
48) . ‘()+()’
.
264 58 (2007)
’ .
2) 49)(<, ()+) : ()
‘’ ‘, ’ .
‘’ . (form) .
. ‘’ . ‘ ’ ‘’ ‘’
.
3) ///
‘’ ‘’ ‘, ,
(=kvartira)’ . ‘’
‘ ’ .
‘’ .
. ( ‘
’ ‘’ ) ‘’()
.
5) : ‘’
. ‘’ .
6) : ‘’(-) ,
. ‘’(=) .
7) - : ‘’ 1 .
49) RKS, p. 130 . , (1927:6) , , ‘’
. , ‘’(: ()>)
‘’ ‘’ .
( ) , , , ‘’()
. ( 1994: 328-330).
/ 265
. : ( ).
4.
.
.
. , ,
.
.
1937
.
koiné . koiné
.
.
.
. , ,
,
.
(1980), , 169, pp. 193-212.
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Kirillov, A.(1894), Geografichesko-Statisticheskij Slovarj Amurskoj
i Primorskoj Oblastej,
Blagoveshchensk.
Koncevich, L.R.( )(1971), , 144(
42).
Pak, N.S.(1991), “On Korean Dialects in the USSR”, 8.
________(1995), “Tendentsii Razvitija Kore Mar",
Xabarlary-izvestija, Natsionaljnoj
Akademii Nauk Respubliki Kazaxhstan, Serija Obschestvennyx Nauk.
pp. 21-29.
________(1996), “Korean Kinship Terminology(Yukchin Dialect of Kore
mar)”, Izvestija
Koreevedenija Kazaxhstan, Vypusk 1, Almaty, pp. 87-99.
________(1997), “Divergent Processes in Language
Development(Yukchin Dialects)”,
, , pp. 1050-1061.
_______(1997), “Besonderheiten der Kasusformen des Yukchin-dialects
des Koreanischen
in Kazachstan”, 3, .
______(2001), ”Jazyk-Variant Jazyka-koiné-Dialect.” The Second
Kazakhstan- Korean
International Conference, Korean and Central Asian Region N 2.
Almaty.
_______(2004), “Problema Ischeznovenija Minoritarnyx Jazykov”,
Avtoreferat Dissertatsija
na Soiskanie Uchenoj Stepeni, Doctora Filologicheskix Nauk,
Almaty.
Putsillo, M.(1874), Opyt Russko-Korejskago Slovarja, S.
Peterburg.
Siegel, J.(1985), “koinés and koinéization”, Language in Society
143.
Toivonen, Y.H.(1950), “Gustaf John Ramstedt”, Discours Commémoratif
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Ramstedt ,
, pp. 409-427].
/ 271
Vovin, A.V.(1989), “Some Data on the Soviet Korean Language”,
Language Research 25-2,
Seoul National Univ.
Weinreich, U.(1953), Languages in Contact: Findings and problems,
New York: Linguistic
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Xolodovich, A.A.(1954), “Fonetica Severnya dialektov”, Ocherk
Grammatiki Korejskago
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272 58 (2007)
Kwak, Chung-Gu
The some documents compiled in the period of Russian Empire and the
former
Soviet Union show dialects of Koreans which had lived in the
Russian Far East. The
Korean dialects in them are generally Yukcin Dialect in Hamgyeong
North Province.
The Yukcin dialect is so very archaic that it is similar to
phonemic system of the
sixteenth Korean. This Yukcin dialect data is important to study
Korean Language.
The first bilingual dictionary of Korean, Russian-Korean dictionary
compiled by
Putsillo was based on Yukcin dialect spoken in the Russian Far
East. G.J. Ramstedt
used these Yukcin dialect materials for studying history and
genetic relation of
Korean.
After forced deportation to Central Asia from the Russian Far East
in 1937,
Koryeo-mal was isolated and has been developed independently in the
form of language
island. Koryeo-mal which was based on Yukcin dialect was formed by
effect of various
dialects, and experienced levelling and gradually developed to
koiné. Such a koiné
type Koryeo-mal, was no more expanded and is disappearing.
Koryeo-mal including
Yukcin dialect has been studying by some scholars and exposed, but
there are
something to have to study more. Firstly, it needs to survey and
research to Koryeo-mal
taking into consideration of social variables, in other words,
socio-linguistical tasks as
like contrast studying to varieties of Yukcin dialect(Central Asia,
China, North Korea),
language acculturation, disappearing of Koryeo-mal etc.
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