X-Rayweb.hallym.ac.kr/~hkwon/lectures/2005-2/xrd-chap2.pdf · 2006-09-07 ·...

Preview:

Citation preview

X-Ray

파장과 에너지와의 관계

Neutron 0.3 ~ 3 Å

Electron 0.1 ~ 1 Å

X-ray 0.1 ~ 10 Å

eV 0.081A ,)(

28.0)( ⇒==eVEp

hAλ

)(4.12)(

keVEhcA

E==λ

144eV1A ,)(

12)( ⇒==eVEp

hAλ

X-선

X-선

X-선

X-선

X-선

X-선

http://www.matter.org.uk/diffraction/x-ray/x_ray_diffraction.htm

X-ray absorption

X-선

브랙 조건

Bragg Law

X-선

X-선 diffraction methods

Experimental diffraction methods

Laue methodhttp://www.matter.org.uk/diffraction/x-ray/laue_method.htm

Rotating crystal methodhttp://www.matter.org.uk/diffraction/x-ray/rotating_crystal_method.htm

Powder methodhttp://www.matter.org.uk/diffraction/x-ray/powder_method.htm

Rotating crystal methodhttp://www.matter.org.uk/diffraction/xray/rotating_crystal_method.htm

Laue method http://www.matter.org.uk/diffraction/x-ray/laue_method.htm

Powder method http://www.matter.org.uk/diffraction/x-ray/powder_method

Powder method http://www.matter.org.uk/diffraction/x-ray/powder_method.htm

Fourier Analysis

Fourier analysisn(r + Tnlm) = n(r)

주기성 → Fourier analysis

n(r) : the electron number density

Fourier Analysis

또는

주기성 a를 갖는 1차원 함수 n(x)

np = complex number,

n(x)=real number ,

so np* = np , (np* = np 의 complex conjugate)

Fourier analysis

integer2 i.e. ,1 ×=•=• πTGTGieρρρρ

?=Gρ

역격자 Reciprocal Lattice

역격자 - 다음과 같은 조건을 만족하는 모든 wave vector 들의 집합

integer2)( i.e. ,integer2 332211 ×=+•×=• + ππ alalalGTG ρρρρρρ

,3 32 21 1

lattice reciprocalin point A

bvbvbvGρρρρ

++= lattice reciprocalin vector primitive : 3,2 ,1

interger : 3 ,2 ,1

bbb

vvvρρρ

3 2)3 32 21 1(

2 2)3 32 21 1(

1 2)3 32 21 1(3,2,1 ,

3

2

1

족하는 만 식을 다음

vbvbvbva

vbvbvbva

vbvbvbva

bbb

π

π

π

=++•

=++•

=++•

ρρρρ

ρρρρ

ρρρρ

ρρρ

Reciprocal lattice vectors

,3 32 21 1

latticereciprocalin point A

bvbvbvGρρρρ

++=

3 basis vectors in reciprocal lattice for a given Bravais lattice

integer2 i.e. ,1 ×=•=• πTGTGieρρρρ

예제 SC

SC

FCC

BCC

1 차원

2차원

정리

모든결정은 real space에서병진대칭을가진격자를가지고있고또한reciprocal space 에서퓨리에성분(Fourier components)으로만들어진격자를가지고있다.

역 격자 는 다음과 같이 정의 되어진다

어떤 주기 함수도 다음과 같이 나타내어 질 수 있다

,3 32 21 1

lattice reciprocalin point A

bvbvbvGρρρρ

++= lattice reciprocalin vector primitive : 3,2 ,1

interger : 3 ,2 ,1

bbb

vvvρρρ

Scattering

Scattering and Fourier Analysis

Laue Condition

Elastic Scattering

Scattering amplitude Gk

ρρ=Δ

Diffraction Condition

Laue Condition

Ewald 구

Bragg Condition

Laue 회절 –Ewald Sphere

Laue 회절 –Ewald Sphere

Bragg회절조건 –기하학적 의미

Brillouin Zones

회절과 Brillouin Zone

BCC

FCC

서로 다른 격자에 따른 회절의 비교

Powder method http://www.matter.org.uk/diffraction/x-ray/powder_method

분말 회절 (실험)

예제 –Powder method

예제 –Powder method??-FCC

11.362.733.644.095.276.366.6489

FCC11.342.663.674.05.33

3/0.11=27.3 을 곱한다.

답: FCC, a~4.03 A

숙제 -실험데이터

Fourier Analysis of Basis

Fourier Analysis of Basis

Atomic Form factor

Atomic Form Factor

Structure factor of BCC

BCC

bcc

Structur factor of FCC

x-선

Bragg law

cf.) elastic :

inelastic : elastic wave를 excite 시켜 phonon 에너지를 흡수

하나 이상의 양자방출을 통해 바닥상태를 넘어섬

빛 (300nm∼700nm) →결정에서 elastically scattering -- refraction,

복사의 파장이 격자상수와 유사한 경우 diffraction 조건 형성

2d sinθ = nλ 보강간섭조건

Ewald sphere

Ewald Sphere

Ewald Sphere

DATA-Powder Method

Recommended