177155912 Curs Lingvistica Generala Cerkez

8/13/2019 177155912 Curs Lingvistica Generala Cerkez

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Universitatea Petrol-Gaze din Ploieti

Facultatea de Litere i tiine

Matei Cerkez

Elemente de lingvistic general

NOTE DE CURS PENTRU STUDENII NSCRII N

PROGRAMUL DE NVMNT LA DISTAN I FRECVEN REDUS

Ploieti


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2008

Cuprins

IntroducereUn"t#te# de $n%&'#re nr ( L")*# c# o*"ect de cercet#re # +"n,%"-t"c"" .Un"t#te# de $n%&'#re nr / L")*& 0" ,1nd"re E%o+u'"# conce2'""+or (3Un"t#te# de $n%&'#re nr ! Un"t&'"+e +")*""Un"t#te# de $n%&'#re nr 5 Metode de cercet#reUn"t#te# de $n%&'#re nr . Se)nu+ +"n,%"-t"cUn"t#te# de $n%&'#re nr 6 L"n,%"-t"c# 2o-t-#u--ur"#n&Un"t#te# de $n%&'#re nr 3 Se)#nt"c#Un"t#te# de $n%&'#re nr 7 Se)"ot"c& 0" 2r#,)#t"c&9"*+"o,r#:"e ,ener#+&

Introducere

Stimate Cursant, De +# *un $nce2ut; $'" dore-c *"ne #" %en"t +# -tud"u+ cur-u+u" Introducere n Lingvistica General.2


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Pentru # te :#)"+"#r"


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Unitatea de nvare nr.1

Limba ca obiect de cercetare a lingvisticii

1.1 Obiective vizate

L# -:1r0"tu+ un"t&'"" de $n%&'#re %e" :" c#2#*"+ -& de:"ne0t" +")*# c# o*"ect de cercet#re= eB2+"c" re+#'"# d"ntre +")*& 0" +")*#@= eB2+"c" +#tur# -oc"#+& # +")*""

"dent":"c" :unc'""+e +")*#@u+u" $ntr un teBt +"ter#r 0" $n "nter#ct"un" -2ont#n co)ente


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un ,ru2 de o#)en"un nu)&r de re,u+" de con%"e'u"reun nu)&r de co)2ort#)ente; de #t"tud"n" 0" de %#+or" co)une )e)*r"+or

,ru2u+u"Limba ; +# r1ndu+ e" re2re


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1.$.1. Structur# co)un"c&r"" # :o-t de-cr"-& $n d"%er-e )odur" Un# d"ntre-c e)e+e ce+e )#" cuno-cute 0" )#" de- :o+o-"te # :o-t e+#*or#t& de Ro)#nH# o*-on( Con:or) #ce-tu"#; :"ec&ru"# d"ntre :#ctor"" con-t"tut"%" #"co)un"c&r"" $" core-2unde; c1te un# d"ntre :unc'""+e :und#)ent#+e #+eco)un"c&r""

1.&. Com#onentele comunicrii i "unciile a"erente

A%1nd $n %edere :#ctor"" co)un"c&r"" u)#neconte't, mesa(, transmitor ;destinatar ; contact,cod 2ot :" "dent":"c#te :unc'""+ere"erenial, #oetic,emotiv, conativ, "atic, metalingvistic

I#t& cu) -e ordone#rece2tor =

"uncia emotiv re:+ect& -t&r"+e "nterne #+e e)"'&toru+u") contact )ed"u+ )#ter"#+ de tr#n-)"tere # )e-#@u+u" >%oce; -cr"-; -e)n#+e+u)"no#-e etc -#u +e,&tur# 2-" o+o,"c& d"ntre tr#n-)"'&tor 0" de-t"n#t#r"uncia "atic #re $n %edere contro+u+ c#n#+u+u" de co)un"c#re 0" #-",ur#re# *une" deru+&r" # co)un"c&r""

) cod -"-te)u+ de -e)ne 0" de re,u+" de :o+o-"re # #ce-tor#; cuno-cut; tot#+ -#u 2#r'"#+; #t1t de c&tre tr#n-)"'&tor c1t 0" de c&tre de-t"n#t#r >+")*# ,er)#n&;-"-te)u+ Mor-e etc) "uncia metalingvistic #re $n %edere :#2tu+ c& 2#rtener"" de co)un"c#rede'"n 0" ut"+"-#u 2er-u#-"%& -#u retor"c& #re $n %edere "nten'"# de #"n:+uen'# rece2toru+ 2r"n "nter)ed"u+ )e-#@u+u" tr#n-)"-

1Ro)#n H# o*-on; Lingvistic i poetic A2rec"er" retro-2ect"%e 0" con-"der#'"" de 2er-2ect"%&;

tr#d M" #" N#-t#; $n Pro*+e)e de -t"+"-t"c&; 9ucure0t"; Ed t""n'":"c&; (465; 2 772

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1.*. Contribuia lui +a obson

Potr"%"t conce2'"e" +u" H# o*-on; ce+e 0#-e :unc'"" "dent":"c#te 0" de:"n"tcoeB"-t& 2r#ct"c $n or"ce co)un"c#re D":er"t& nu)#" de +# c#< +# c#2r"n cee# ce -e 2etrece $n 2-" "cu+"nd"%"du+u" %or*"tor Sc ")*&r"+e -unt ")2u-e de #nu)"te nece-"t&'" deco)un"c#re 2e c#re 0e -")te "nd"%"du+ #r+ Vo-+er con-"der& c& nu eB"-t&,r#n"'e $ntre +")*" 0" d"#+ecte= eB"-t& do#r "nd"%"


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0" #re c# re2re,1nd"re #:ect"%& -e-"


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conce2e +")*# c# o -tructur& cu dou& 2+#nur" 2+#nu+ :on"c; #+c&tu"t d"n :one)e0" d":eren'e :ono+o,"ce 0" 2+#nu+ -e)#nt"c; #+c&tu"t d"n -en-ur" Structur#+"-)u+ 2r#, e< cree#Cercu+ +"n,%"-t"c de +# Co2en #,# cree#


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Lingvistica generativ)trans"ormaional -#u ,r#)#t"c"+e ,ener#t"% tr#n-:or)#'"on#+e de-co2er& +")"te+e )ode+u+u"-tructur#+ 0" #re "nten'"# de # re#+"


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For)# @udec&'"" +o,"ce e-te #cee#0" 2retut"nden" $n %re)e ce 2ro2o


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No'"une# e-te :or)# +o,"c& de re:+ect#re r#'"on#+& # e-en'e" +ucrur"+or Acre:+ect#re e-te re


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$. ;laborai un re"erat n care s urmrii evoluia conce#telor

des#re limb i g:ndire n secolul al ??)lea

Fo+o-"'"; 2entru r&-2un-; -2#'"u+ +"*er d"n c en#r

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Surse su#limentare9 Ho n L on-; Intro,$cere 0n #ingvistica teoretic; Ed"tur# t""n'":"c&; 9ucure0t";(44.

Unitatea de nvare nr. $

Unitile limbii

$.1 Obiective vizate 9

Du2& 2#rcur,ere# #ce-tu" cur- %e" :" c#2#*"+ -& 29


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"dent":"c" un"t&'"+e co)2onente #+e unu" enun' +"n,%"-t"c=eB2+"c" conce2te+e de :one); )or:e); +eBe); #+o:on; #+o)or:; #+o+eBe)=eB2+"c" 2r"nc"2""+e de de-co)2unere # enun'u+u" $n e+e)ente+e co)2onente="nter2rete


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Ace#-t& "er#r "un# -"n,ur&-#u )#" )u+te Structur# +")*"" -e 2re


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:unc'"on#+ de un"t&'"+e "n:er"o#re Ier#r "


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Fone)u+ e-te ce# )#" )"c& un"t#te -onor& # +")*""; c#re #re :unc'"une# de #d":eren'"# cu%"nte+e -#u :or)e+e ,r#)#t"c#+e #+e #ce+u"#0" cu%1nt ?one e#e-unt un"t&'" ne-u-ce2t"*"+e de # :" d"-oc"#te $n un"t&'" )"c" )#" -")2+e Fonere2re*#t

Fone)e cu %#+o#re ,r#)#t"c#+& c#-& >& c#-e >e

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Recuno#0tere# "n%#r"#nte+or -e :#ce 2r"n )etod# co)ut&r"" 2otr"%"t c&re"#;d#c& -e 2roduce o -c ")*#re +# n"%e+u+ :or)e" -e )od":"c& 0" con'"nutu+ EBd#c& $n cu%1ntu+ pat -e $n+ocu"e0te p cu . ; -#ut cu r #tunc" -e )od":"c& $n-&0"-tructur# cu%1ntu+u" o*'"n1nd :"e.at ; :"e par1D#c& $n-& un %or*"tor ro-te0te 2ee d"n Ene $n dou& :e+ur" d":er"te; nu -e %#o*'"ne un #+t cu%1nt

n 2+#nu+ con'"nutu+u"; un"t&'"+e; +# r1ndu+ +or; -unt #+c&tu"te d"n tr&-&d"-t"nct"%e -e)#nt"ce >-e)e Pentru # de-e)n# #ce-te un"t&'" c# :#-c"cu+e de-e)e; -e :o+o-e0te #de-e# ter)enu+ de -e)#nte) n t")2 ce :one)e+e -unt )#")u+t -#u )#" 2u'"n 2e #ce+#0" 2+#n; c# n#tur& 0" c# )od de or,#n"to2"c# / O un"t#te -e)#nt"c& de t"2 ,r#)#t"c#+ d"n as con'"ne dou&

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)or:e)e -"n,u+#r 0" no)"n#t"%! Sec%en'& :on"c& )"n")#+& dot#t& cu -en- -#u un"t#te#)"n")#+& # +")*"" dot#t& cu :unc'"# de -e)n un cu%1nt -ede-co)2une :&r& re-t $n )or:e)e

D"n 2unct de %edere 2#r#d",)#t"c; )or:e)e+e -unt $n re+#'"e de o2o#+o)or:e +"*ere 0" 2o


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#%e) # :#ce cu o re#+"


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:+eB"*"+e cu -en- +eB"c#+ de2+"n Mor:e)e+e -e co)*"n&; dec"; $ntre e+e# :or)# cu%"nte c# un"t&'" de r#n, -u2er"or A0# cu) un )or:e) 2o#te :" :or)#td"ntr un -"n,ur :one) -#u d"n )#" )u+te; tot #0#; cu%1ntu+ 2o#te :" :or)#t d"ntrun -"n,ur )or:e) -#u d"n )#" )u+te >tot; tot#+"


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Mor:e)e+e -e co)*"n& $ntre e+e 2entru # :or)# cu%"nte c# un"t&'" de r#n,-u2er"or EB"-ten'# cu%1ntu+u" c# un"t#te -tructur#+& de -"ne -t&t&to#re # :o-)u+t d"-cut#t& De0" nu eB"-t& o de:"n"'"e un"t#r&; +"n,%"0t"" cont"nu& totu0":o+o-e#-c& #ce-t ter)en A0# cu) un )or:e) 2o#te :" :or)#t d"ntr un -"n,ur:one) -#u d"n )#" )u+te; tot #0# eB"-t& cu%"nte #+c&tu"te d"ntr un -"n,ur)or:e) > pat -#u d"n )#" )u+te > pre#$crase Mor:e)e+e; $n c#dru+cu%1ntu+u"; -e re#+"


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! 3 =ivelul enunutului. >artea de #ro#oziie

e-te un cu%1nt -#u un ,ru2 de cu%"nte d"n #+c&tu"re# une" 2ro2o


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Pro*+e)# n"%e+u+u" -u2er"or cu%1ntu+u" e-te :o#rte contro%er-#t& S # 2ro2uc# un"t#te -u2er"o#r& -"nt#,)#; d#r -tructur# *"n#r& # -"nt#,)e" contr# are> ,iapa&oane> a a are> vr$# t$> Ion scrie ,e &or Fo+o-"'"; 2entru r&-2un-; -2-'"u+ +"*er d"n c en#r

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Surse su#limentare9

Ho n L on- Introducere $n +"n,%"-t"c# teoret"c&; Ed t""n'":"c&; 9ucure0t";

Unitatea de nvare nr. &

etode de cercetare

&.1. Obiective educaionale

Du2& 2#rcur,ere# #ce-tu" cur- %e" :" c#2#*"+ -& "nter2rete


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eB2+"c" 2rocedeu+ de reducere # %#r"#nte+or &.2. Conce#tul de metod

n or"ce 0t""n'&; de)er-u+ de cercet#re ur)e#


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0t""n'&; 2entru c& #re c# o*"ect nu)#" -2ecu+#'"# r#'"on#+& #-u2r# 2r"nc"2""+o")u#*"+e 0" ,ener#+e #+e +")*#@u+u" n #ce-t :e+; 0t""n'# ,r#)#t"c#+& e-#nter"o#r& tuturor +")*"+or #:"r)#'"e c#re tre*u"e #2ro2"#t& de ten -2r"@"nu+ +"n,%"-t"c"" )#te)#t"ce - # #du- 0"#r,u)entu+ c& #2+"c#re# )etode+or )#te)#t"c"" +# -tud"u+ +")*"" e o cond"'"e # 2ro,re-u+u" $n +"n,%"-t"c&; deo#rece )#te)#t"c# e 2r"n eBce+en'& o 0t""n'&deduct"%&

Recon-truc'"# cu%"nte+or ne#te-t#te; 2orn"nd de +# +e,"+e de e%o+u'"e 0"

core-2onden'& :onet"c&; ")2+"c& :o+o-"re# )etode" deduct"%e A-t&


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)oderne -e c&ut#u -")"+"tud"n" de or,#n"


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#c'"une +")"t#t& #-u2r# co2"+u+u" :""nd concur#t de #+te co)2onente #+e unu"-t")u+ co)2+eB; #2o" co)2onentenever.a#e>,e-tur"+e; )")"c#; -"tu#'"# etctrec 2e 2+#nu+ -ecund; "#r co)2onentu+ %er*#+ -e $nt&re0te 21n& c1nd cu%1ntude%"ne un -e)n#+ "nde2endent

Sunete+e %or*"r"" -unt cercet#te cu #@utoru+ #2#r#te+or d"n 2unctu+ de %edere #rt"cu+&r"" 0" #+ c#+"t&'"+or +or #cu-t"ce A2#r#tur# ut"+"r#


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ce+ )#" +#r,; e-te unana#ogonc#re -e -u*-t"tu"e o*"ectu+u" cercet&r""= 2r"n)ode+#re o*"ectu+ #ce-t# >nu)"torigina#-e -u2u- une" "n%e-t",#'"" $n )od)"@+oc"t 2r"n $n+ocu"re# +u" cu #+t o*"ect >nu)"to,e#-1Mode+u+ e-te un o*"ect-#u o con-truc'"e >)#ter"#+"


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#d)"-e 2r"n "2ote


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+e,"+e -t#t"-t"ce ,u%erne#nedeter)"n#re# e-te )#" )#re D#c& #2#r"'"# une" #nu)"te un"t&'" >:one))or:e); cu%1nt e-te 2re%"


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50


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etode s#eci"ice

n cercet#re# :eno)enu+u" +"n,%"-t"c; -e :o+o-e-c dou& )etode -2ec":"cemetoda com#arativ)istoric i geogra"ia lingvistic.

etoda com#arativ)istoric

# :o-t cre#t& +# -:1r0"tu+ -eco+u+u" #+ I +e# de c&tre 9o22 0" Co)2#r#t"0t"" "dent":"c& dou& t"2ur" de co)2#r#'"e

-"ncron"c& $ntre ce+e )#" d"%er-e +")*" -e -t#*"+e-c t"2ur" de -tructur& 0" -e :or)u+e#,ener#+e #+e +")*"" eB"-tented"#cron"c& >co)2#r#'"# "-tor"c& ; ur)&r"nd e%o+u'"# une"# -#u )#" )u+te +")*"

Metod# co)2#r#t"% "-tor"c& e-te un #n-#)*+u de 2rocedee 2r"n c#re -e-tud"#


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- r #-t" -#nt"+#t e-t -unt,ot "-t -"nd% -+ "e-t" -#nt"

S # $ncerc#t de+")"t#re# :ondu+u" co)un de e+e)ente tr#n-)"-e d"n +")*# *#


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:onet"c cu2r"nde un nu)&r re+#t"% redu- de e+e)ente c#re -e tr#n-:or)& $n:"ec#re +")*& $n )od re,u+#t; du2& #nu)"te +e,"

L# n"%e+ -e)#nt"c nu -e 2ot -t#*"+" core-2onden'e -tr"cte 2entru c&-c ")*&r"+e -e)#nt"ce nu #2#r c# re,u+" c" -unt c#


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Beogra"ia lingvistic

Metod# ,eo,r#:"e" +"n,%"-t"ce -e ocu2& de -tud"u+ +")*"+or %""; de :or)

d"#+ect#+e #+e +")*"" %or*"te; con-"der#te o %re)e dre2t #*#ter" de +# :o+"ter#r&0" dec"; ,re0e+" Preocu2&r" $n do)en"u+ -tud"u+u" :or)e+or %or*+")*"" $nt1+n") $nc& de +# D#nte; #utor; 2r"ntre #+te+e #+ +ucr&r"" Dee+o]uent"# $n c#re "dent":"c# (5 d"#+ecte #+e +")*"" "t#+"ene M#" t1r


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2e c#re -e note#


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%ipertro'ia semantic

re2re


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Nor)# #r"e" )#" )#r" #de-e# 2&-tre#


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&.*. etode moderne

Seco+u+ #+ +e# -e c#r#cter"


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&.-.


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c#te,or"" ,r#)#t"c#+e >c#2#r#d",)#t"ce 2r"n c#re -e de:"ne0te Sen-u+ :"ec&ru" -e)n e-te $nco@ur#t d"n to#te 2&r'"+e 0de+")"t#t de ce+ #+ -e)ne+or c#re $+ $ncon@o#r& Structur#+"-)u+ "n-"-t& #-u2c#r#cteru+u" ne,#t"% #+ de:"n"'"e" -e)nu+u" Ace-t# e-te de:"n"t 2r"n cee# ce nue-te O2oce+ ,r#de+or de ruden"e ; #0# cu) -e 2rocede#


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Un eBe)2+u de ut"+"


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&. . etoda generativ)trans"ormaional

Ace#-t& )etod& #re c# 2unct de 2+ec#re "dee# c& e-te 2o-"*"+& tr#n-:or)#re#unor enun'ur" $n #+te+e :&r& #+ter#re# -en-u+u" O con-truc'"e #ct"%& 2o#te tr#n-2u-& 2#-"% 2r"n -c ")*#re# d"#teer"ormana denu)e0te #ct"%"t#te# 2ro2r"u


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C o)- )&rtur"-e0te c& nu + "ntere-e#c#re 2ot :" #2+"c#te or"c1t ded":er"te co)*"n&r" O #-t:e+ de re,u+& e-te #cee# de "n-er#re # une" 2ro2o


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"nter2retee i"tor% e itent 0" unasc$#ttor>receptor% ,estinatar Se2#r1nd +")*# de%or*"re S#u--ure -e2#r& cee# ce e-te -oc"#+ de cee# ce e-te "nd"%"du#+; cee# cee-te e-en'"#+ de cee# ce e-te #cce-or"u

*.&. Caracteristicile limbii

L")*# e-te un o*"ect *"ne de:"n"t $n #n-#)*+u+ de


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%or*"re nu )#" %or*") +")*"+e )o#rte >+#t"n# ; d#r +e -tud"e) )ec#n"-)u+"n,%"-t"c Se)ne+e +"n,%"-t"ce; de0" e-en'"#+ 2-" "ce; nu -unt n"0te #*-tr#-oc"#'""+e #cce2t#te de co+ect"%"t#te #%1nd c# #n-#)*+u +")*# -unt re#+"t&$0" #u -ed"u+ $n ,1nd"re

*.*. Limba, realitate #si8ic

L")*# nu e-te o re#+"t#te c#re :unc'"one#


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+")*"" D"-2#r"'"# -#u $n+ocu"re# +# un )o)ent d#t #+ unu"# d"ntre ce+e dou&cu%"nte #r :" #%ut ")2+"c#'"" #-u2r# e%o+u'"e" +")*""Te


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un 0"r de -unete; c" o co)un"c#re; un enun' "nte+","*"+ 0" $n'e+e-; d#tor":#2tu+u" c& %or*"tor"" d"-t"n, un nu)&r c+#r de un"t&'" -"nt#,)e

Sintagma

Conce2tu+ de -"nt#,)& e-te $n-& de-tu+ de %#, $ntruc1t e+ 2o#te de-e)n# 0"$ntre, enun'u+ co)2u- d"n dou& 2ro2o)or:o -"nt#ct"c 0" 21n& +# ce+ #+ 2ro2o


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-"nt#ct"ce An-#)*+u+ e-te ce+ c#re con:er& 2&r'"+or "nd"%"du#+"t#te# Ser#ce-te# -unt denu)"te de S#u--ure serii asociative

S#u--ure 2r"%e0te :"ec#re un"t#te +"n,%"-t"c& :o+o-"t& $n %or*"re dre2t centruune" con-te+#'"" +"n,%"-t"ce #+c&tu"te d"n -er"" de #+te un"t&'" -e)#nt"ce; +eB"c,r#)#t"c#+e Ace-te# eB"-t&; $n )od %"rtu#+ $n )"nte# %or*"tor"+or; d#r e+e nu-unt con0t"ent"+eB"c#+e; -e)#nt"ce; )or:o+o,"ce

Ce+e dou& 2r"nc"2"" "dent":"c#te de S#u--ure :unc'"one#ce+e dou&

+#tur" #+e -e)nu+u" -e #:+& $ntr o re+#'"e -e)"ot"c&Ce+e tre" #cce2'"un" #+e ter)enu+u" -unt co)2+e)ent#re

n 2roce-u+ de tr#n-)"tere # "n:or)#'"e"; e+e)ente+e -e)n":"c#t"%e #+e +")*""

-e re#+"


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p#eac $n a$to.$& -unt un"t&'" )"n")#+e cu o #nu)"t& -e)n":"c#'"e E+e 2ot :"nu)"te -e)ne e+e)ent#re >)or:e)e D#c& #) -2unea$to.$&$# p#ecase;:"ec#re -e,)ent e-te #+c&tu"t d"n dou& -e)ne e+e)ent#re 0" -unt -e)neco)2+eBe; #n#+"


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de 2rodu-e; cee# ce #r de2&0" 2o-"*"+"t&'"+e #rt"cu+#tor"" 0" c#2#c"t#te# drece2t#re 2r"n #u2ronun'"e 2re+un,"t&; -curt& etcTr&-&tur"+e c#re d":eren'"#


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;'#licai conce#tul de servitute gramatical


-.&. >ers#ectiva "uncional a "razei

Porn"nd de +# "dee# c& :unc'"# 2r"nc"2#+& # unu" enun' e-te #cee# de # #duce

de-t"n#t#ru+u" o "n:or)#'"e 2e c#re #ce-t# nu o 2o-ed&;%o) c#r#cter"


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n conce2'"# -# )e-#@u+ re2re-#uord"n de :" $n#2o"#t ce%# %or*"toru+u" L"n,%"-tu+ tre*u"e -& -e $nt:unc'"e # @uc#t enun'u+ &n-u0" $n co)un"c#re# #ce-tu" )e-#@Pr"eto #2+"c& )etod# co)ut&r"" deter)"n1nd %#r"#'"" #+e )e-#@u+u" 0" no)od":"c&r"+e c#re cer o -c ")*#re )#ter"#+& # enun'u+u"D#c& cee# ce tre*u"e $n#2o"#t e-tecreion -#ucarte -#u te#efon%-#u :or)e+e de 2+ur#+ #+e #ce-tor# nu #re +oc o -c ")*#re )#ter"#+& # enun'u+u"; cee#$n-e#)n& c& e+e)ente+e cre"on; c#rte; te+e:on -unt nere+e%#nte; un"tne2ert"nente #+e )e-#@u+u" Pert"nent& e-te $n-& c#te,or"# ,r#)#t"c#+ 2er-o#ne" c&c" deter)"n& -c ")*#re##%o%#e% etc

Pr"eto con-"der& c& nu)#" tr&-&tur"+e 2ert"nente -unt +e,#te d"rect de enucee# ce $n-e#)n& c& :unc'"# -e)n#t"c& # enun'u+u" nu -e re+e%& d"rect 2)e-#@e+e de c#re e-te -u-ce2t"*"+& c" 2r"n d":eren'# d"ntre #ce-te )e-#@e 0" #+e #+tor enun'ur"Pr"eto $0" re2rede un"t&'" -e)n":"c#t"%e )"n")#+e )one)etine>

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Pe de #+t& 2#rte; -2une) c& #+e,er"+e )#" )#r" -unt :&cute $n )o)entu+ #+e,er"")one)e+or; dec" d":eren'# de -en- $ntrea 0ncep$t ,$p tine0"a 0ncep$t ,$prevo#$"ie'"ne de d":eren'# de -en- d"ntre )one)e+etine0"revo#$"ie1

A+e,er"+e ce+e" de # dou# #rt"cu+&r" nu )#" #t"n, un"t&'" d"-t"nct"%e :one)e # c&ror un"c& :unc'"e e-te #cee# de # d"-t"n,e )one)e+e A-t:e+ #+e,ere# +u"td"ntine nu '"ne $n )od d"rect de o "nten'"e de -e)n":"c#re; c" nu)#" "nd"rect; $n)&-ur# $n c#re e-te cerut de #+e,ere# )one)u+u"tinec#re + d"-t"n,e deineC1nd M#rt"net %or*e0te de-2re #+e,ere# :one)e+or; o :#ce d"n 2er-2ect"%##-cu+t&toru+u" Ace-t# nu de^-c":re#


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#+te+e Une+e :eno)ene de #cord nu -unt +u#te $n con-"der#'"e $n #n#+"-e re:er& ; 2e c#re-e)n":"c&; re2reor","n#r

Pr"nc"2"u+ tr#n-:eru+u" de -en- eB2+"c& eB"-ten'# )et#:ore" c# tro2 *#2o+"-e)"# D"-t"nc'"# d"ntre -e)nu+ )u+t"2+u0" o)on")"e e-te #r*"tr#r& n d"c'"on#re :or)e+e c+#-":"c#te dre2t o)on")e -unt

$nre,"-tr#te c# :""nd cu%"nte d":er"te= "#r -en-ur"+e )u+t"2+e -e $nre,"-tre#


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2er-o#n# c#re $ntre*u"n'e#%er*#+ M Ur*#n6 d"-t"n,e $ntreconte+t$# i,io atic> -ec%en'# $n c#dru+c&re"# #2#re cu%1ntu+ 0"conte+t$# vita#-#u ,e sit$a"ie%c#re co"nc"de cu

-"tu#'"# +u" 9#++ = $n 2+u-; recuno#0te$nivers$# ,e ,isc$rs0" ")2ort#n'# +u"3;d#r nu + de+")"te#


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*ituaia

Pr"n -"tu#'"e tre*u"e -& $n'e+e,e) ce%# )u+t )#" +")"t#t 0" )#" 2u'"n #)*",uudec1t cee# ce $n )od curent -e $n'e+e,e; 0" #nu)e nu)#" c"rcu)-t#n'e+e 0"

re+#'""+e -2#'"o te)2or#+e c#re -e cree#


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do)en"u -#u c# #)*"ent#+ ; 2e +1n,& c& dence%#; $0" e%oc& 0" )ed"u+ d#c& -e :o+o-e0te $n #+te )ed""

n 2#rt"cu+#r; deo-e*"re# d"ntrec$vinte $&$a#e0" c$vinte te)nice con-t&"nte,r#+ $n deo-e*"re# d"ntre


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cu to#t& +")*#; cu to#te cuno0t"n'e+e "d"o)#t"ce #+e %or*"tor"+or Or"ce -e)nre#+"


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0.0. =edeterminarea sensului

Sen-u+ unu" cu%1nt e-te cee# ce -e)n":"c& e+ 0" cee# ce -e)n":"c& -e tr#n-:e>$ntr un #nu)"t -en- de +# %or*"tor +# #-cu+t&tor $n 2roce-u+ de co)un"c#r

0. . Sens G semni"icare

De0" -2une) c& 2ro2ocu%1ntue-te un"t#te# -e)n":"c#t"%& )"n")#+& # +")*""A :" -e)n":"c#t"% 2re-u2une #cce2t#*"+"t#te tot#+&; re+#t"% +# to#te conte 2#rt"cu+#re c#r#cter"-t"ce enun'ur"+or 0" re+#t"% +# conteBte re-tr1n-e ,ener#+"-u*-t#nt"%u+; #d@ect"%u+#d%er*u+ #u $n'e+e- $n -en- de2+"n= e+e -e)n":"c& conce2te+e de-2re c#-u-'"ne c& #+c&tu"e-c )#ter"#+ d"-cur-u+u" Ce+e+#+te 2&r'" de %or*"re co+# $n'e+e-u+ tot#+ #+ 2ro2o


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nu)&r= d":eren'# d"ntre 2ro2o-u*"ectu+= o*"ectu+ =-en-u+ #-oc"#t cu no'"un" >)od#+"t&'" de enun'#re

>recizai di"erena dintre sensul le'ical i cel gramatical


Sc8imbarea sensului

-e re#+"


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re-tr1n,ere# -en-u+u" n +#t"n# #1rDe #-e)ene#; cu%1ntu+ prost $n-e)n# o si p#$ >$n cron"c# +u" Necu+ce e-te de-cr"-& %"


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Se)"ot"c# e-te 0t""n'# -e)ne+or 0" # 2roce-e+or de "nter2ret#re Se)"ot"c#)odern& re"# cercet#re# #-u2r# -e)ne+or #%1nd $n %edere "de# c& ce%# e-te-e)n nu)#" d#c& e-te "nter2ret#t #-t:e+ de c&tre un "nter2ret

F"+o-o:"# 0" +"n,%"-t"c# #)er"c#n& #u $n co)un re:+ec'"" #-u2r# -e)ne+or-t#*"+"ndu -e d":eren'# $ntre re2re


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L")*#@u+ e-te o :or)& de co)2ort#)ent Totu+ $n +")*#@ 2o#te :" 2r"%"t#*"tud"ne; -"-te)u+ :onet"c; re,u+#r"t&'"+e :+eB"on#re; -tructur# 2ro2o-oc"o +"n 2-" o+"n,%"-t"c#; #ntro2o+o,"#

D"ntr o #+t& 2er-2ect"%&; 2r#,)#t"c# -tud"#


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Un 2red"c#t 2o#te :" enun'#t 0" 2entru 2er-o#n# # III #; d#r $n #:#r# re+#'"e"e$ @ t$ A-t:e+; +e,"t")"t#te# #ce-te" :or)e c# 2er-o#n& e-te d"#cut#*"+& Anu)"t# :or)& de 2er-o#n# # tre"# cu2r"nde o "nd"c#'"e de enun' de-2re c"ne%#-#u ce%#; d#r nu r#2ortu+ +# o 2er-o#n& #nu)e L"2-e0te e+e)entu+ %#r"#* 2ro2r"u $n-u)"

2o#te de%en"t$ O #-e)ene# re+#'"e nu e-te 2o-"*"+& $ntre un# d"ntre #ce-t 2er-o#ne 0"e# 2entru c&e# nu de-e)ne#c# :or)#$ste, $n +")*# -2#n"o+& -#uSie $n+")*# ,er)#n&; -#u :or)u+e+e de 2+ur#+ #+ )#"#-t&'"" ; r"d"c1ndu + "nter+ocutor de#-u2r# cond"'"e" de 2er-o#n& 0" de#-u2r# re+#'"e" de +# o) +#

aiestatea sa este .inevenit Per-o#n# #tre"# 2o#te :" ut"+"


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d"-2re'; 2entru # + u)"+" 2e "nter+ocutoru+ c#re nu )er"t& -& " te #dre-ec# 0" 2entrut$ 0" 2entruvoi e -u:"c"ent 2entru # eBc+ude 2ronu)e+ed"n r1ndu+ 2rocedee+or curente de 2+ur#+"


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Non e$ u+ ")2+"c"t 0" nece-#r d"nno" 2o#te 2r")" dou& con'"nutur" d"-t"ncte Noi G e$ i voi :or)# "nc+u-"%&= Noi G e$ i ei :or)# eBc+u-"%&

For)# "nc+u-"%& 0" ce# eBc+u-"%& -unt ce+e c#re d":eren'"#


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Noi $" #d#u,& +u"e$ o ,+o*#+"t#te ned"-t"nct& de #+te 2er-o#ne n trecere# de +#t$ +#voi; co+ect"% -#u de 2o+"te'e; recuno#0te) o ,ener#+"2er-o#n# # tre"# 2+ur#+"


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n 2ro2o( (i*a v&$t vis$# c$ oc)ii "dent":"c&) un enun'; un -u*"ect#+ enun'&r"" r&)#- $n ")2+"c"t 2entru c& re,u+"+e +")*"" o 2er)"t e$ >2ronu)e+ee-te de2endent de"n-t#n'# de d"-cur- = o "n-t#n'& #c'"on#+& $n c#re c"ne%%ede dor"n'e+e $)2+"n"te "n-t#n'# #c'"on#+& e-te #nter"o#r& ce+e" d"-cur-"%0" e# un -u*"ect -u*"ect #c'"on#+

Nu er# 2o-"*"+ c# -u*"ectu+ d"-cur-"%e #+ enun'u+u" >( -& :or)u+urecizai di"erena dintre subiectul acional i cel discursiv

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.*. Categoriile deictice

Or"ce enun' +"n,%"-t"c e-te 2rodu- $ntr un #u)"t +oc 0" +# un #nu)"t )o)ent;#re dec"; o deter)"n#re -2#'"o te)2or#+&; e-te ro-t"t de o 2er-o#n& >%or*"tor#dre-#t #+te" 2er-o#ne >#-cu+t&tor n )od o*"0nu"t %or*"toru+ 0" #-cu+-unt 2er-o#ne d":er"te 0" -e #:+& $n #ce+#0" conteBt -2#'"o te)2or#+ De"B#aarta tr#te#eu e-te tr#n-:er#t dun 2#rt"c"2#nt +# #+tu+ centru+ de"ct"c -e )ut& >eu e-te :o+o-"t de :"ec#re % 2entru # -e re:er" +# -"ne; "#r tu 2entru # + denu)" 2e #-cu+t&tor P#rt"c"2#o -"tu#'"e de co)un"c#re $0" #-u)& nu nu)#" ro+u+ de %or*"tor #-cu+t&tor; e 2ot #:+# $ntr o re+#'"e -oc"#+& re+e%#nt& +"n,%"-t"c >2ro:e-or e+e-u*#+tern= t#t& :"u etc Ro+ur"+e -oc"#+e "nter#c'"one#


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A+te e+e)ente de"ct"ce -unt 2ronu)e+e de)on-tr#t"%e >de #2ro2"ere; dede2&rt#re 0" #d%er*e+e de +oc 0" de t")2 L# n"%e+u+ +")*"" %or*"re; :or)e+e#dre-#re #u -e)n":"c#'"" de"ct"ce; eB2r")1nd ro+ur"+e -oc"#+e >re+#'"# de#2ro2"ere -#u de de2&rt#re "nt")"t#te non"nt")"t#te EBe)2+e de de"ct"ce-oc"#+e nea% ,o n$% o% .ieteetc

1. ;'#licai conce#tul de deictic. Identi"icai deictice sociale i

conte'tuale n o#era lui Caragiale.

Fo+o-"t"; 2entru r&-2un-; -2#'"u+ +"*er d"n c en#r

2. %acei un re"erat des#re cuvintele #ragmatice


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.-. +o8n


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2e -"ne "nter


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. . Contribuia lui C8arles >ierce

Pentru C #r+e- P"erce; -e)"ot"c# re2re


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#d:"c& un c#< 2#rt"cu+#r +# c#re -e #2+"c& Cu%1ntu+o; de eBe)2+u; -#ua #2#r dec1te%# or" 2e o 2#,"n& de teBt ro)1ne-c E+e -unt de :"ec#re d#t& #ce++e,"-e)n 0" :"ec#re c#< 2#rt"cu+#r $n c#re #2#r con-t"tu"e o re2+"c& Re2+"c-"n-e)n c&c" :"ec#re +e,"-e)n rec+#)& un -"n-e)n= e# nu #r )#" :" -e)n":"c#nt&d#c& nu #r :" +e,e# c#re o -e)n":"c&

Potr"%"t cu /; un -e)n 2o#te :"4 icon% in,ice -#u si .o# Icon un -e)n c#re 2o#te :" -e)n":"c#nt c "#r d#c& o*"ectu+ -&u nu eB"-t&

dun,& :&cut& cu cre"onu+ re2re


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+#tur# 2-" "c& # @udec&'"" c"n#tur# #ce-tu" t"2 de -e)ne c#re #u c# %#r"et#t 2r"nc"2#+& 2ro2o


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o)ono)"e etc Se)nu+ nu e -e)n dec1t d#c& 2o#te :" tr#du- $ntr un #+t -e)n)#" de*#-tonu+ #+* 2e c#re + 2o#ne%&


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! Ho n L on-; Intro,$cere 0n #ingvistica teoretic; Ed"tur# t""n'":"c&;9ucure0t"; (44.5 E)"+e 9en%en"-te; Pro.#e e ,e #ingvistic genera#; Ed"tur# Teor#;9ucure0t"; /888

. L"+"#n# Ione-cu RuB#ndo"u; Li .a! i co $nicare1 E#e ente ,e prag atic#ingvistic; 9ucure0t"; A++ Un"%er-"t#r; /88!

6 Ro)#n H# o*-on; Lingvistic i poetic; tr#d M" #" N#-t#; $n Pro*+e)e de-t"+"-t"c&; 9ucure0t"; Ed t""n'":"c&; (465; 2 773 M#r"#n# Ne'; Lingvistic genera#% se iotic% enta#it"i; 9ucure0t";In-t"tutu+ Euro2e#n; /883

7 C #r+e- P"erce;Se nifica"ie i ac"i$ne; 9ucure0t"; ?u)#n"t#- (4484 E) V#-"+"u Intro,$cere 0n teoria te+t$#$i; Ed t""n'":"c&; 9ucure0t"; (448(8 E)#nue+ V#-"+"u; E#e ente ,e fi#o&ofie a #i .a!$#$i; 9ucure0t"; EdAc#de)"e"; (44.(( Tudor V"#nuSt$,ii ,e sti#istic; Ed D"d#ct"c& 0" Ped#,o,"c&; 9ucure0t";(467

(/ C#r)en V+#dSens$#% ,i ensi$nea esen"ia# a te+t$#$i; Ed D#c"#; C+u@ N#2oc#; (445(! S ?#rr"-;Str$ct$ra# Ling$istics; T e Un"%er-"t o: C "c#,o Pre--; (46((5 Luc"# #+d;Siste e ,e co $nicare $ an; 9ucure0t"; Ed"tur# t""n'":"c&;(43!(. Lud^", "tt,en-te"n; Tractat$s #ogico*p)i#osop)ic$s; 9ucure0t";?u)#n"t#- (44(

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177155912 Curs Lingvistica Generala Cerkez