2011-12 - Física y Química - 3º ESO

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Jà}emiu

Yxàèmi


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Àklemh

EK\SGLXMMEÝK ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9GCOH\EZG] FHKHSINH] +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9

MG@TH\HKMEI] CÉ]EMI] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++3

Mgk|secxmeýk lh ni ì|hsei lh jà}emi u yxàèmi i ni ilyxe}emeýk lh h}|i} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++3

Mg`th|hkmei hk hn mgkgmeèhk|g u ni ek|hsimmeýk mgk hn `xklg jà}emg u ki|xsin+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++3

Mg`th|hkmei hk sizgkièhk|g ì|h`é|emg++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3

Mg`th|hkmei lefe|in u hk hn |si|ièhk|g lh ni ekjgsìmeýk+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =Mg`th|hkmei }gmein u mexliliki+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =

Mg`th|hkmei hk mg`xkemimeýk nekfþà}|emi+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =

Mg`th|hkmei tisi }hfxes itshklehklg lh jgsì ix|ýkgì i ng nisfg lh ni eli++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =

Mg`th|hkmei hk ni ix|gkg`ài h ekemei|ei ths}gkin++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ <

MGK\HKELG] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<

Cngyxh 9+ Mgk|hkelg} mg`xkh} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<Cngyxh 3+ Lehs}elil u xkelil lh h}|sxm|xsi lh ni ì|hsei +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<

Cngyxh =+ H}|sxm|xsi ek|hski lh ni} }x}|ikmei} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<

Cngyxh <+ Mi`ceg} yxàèmg} u }x} shthsmx}egkh} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8

MGK\HKELG] \SIK]ZHS]INH] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8

Hlxmimeýk tisi ni }inxl ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8

Hl eý ce | n 8



Hl eý ce | n 8

@HLEG] U SHMXS]G] LELÉM\EMG] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9<

IM\EZELILH] MG@TNH@HK\ISEI] U HQ\SIH]MGNISH] +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9<

]HFXE@EHK\G LH NI TSGFSI@IMEÝK ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++98]HMXHKMEIMEÝK LH NG] MGK\HKELG] +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9:

Xkelil 9? Ni mehkmei? ni i|hsei u }x `hleli+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9:

Xkelil 3? Ni i|hsei? H}|ilg} jà}emg} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++96

Xkelil =? Ni ì|hsei? mg`g }h tsh}hk|i +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++95

Xkelil <? Ni @i|hsei? Tsgtehlilh} hnåm|semi} u hn é|g`g +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++39

Xkelil 8? Hnh`hk|g} u Mg`txh}|g} Yxàèmg} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++3=Xkelil :? Hnh`hk|g} u Mg`txh}|g} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++3<

Xkelil 6? Yxàèmi hk Immeýk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++38

Xkelil 1? Ni Hnhm|semelil ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++36

IKHQG I? ZINGSIMEÝK LH NI TSGFSI@IMEÝK LGMHK\H U LH NG] SH]XN\ILG] GC\HKELG] + 35



Lhtis|i`hk|g lh Jà}emi u Yxàèmi lhn E+H+]+ ]ik ]hci}|eék !Axhnzi% Mxs}g imilåèmg 3499-349

EK\SGLXMMEÝK

Tgs tse`hsi hz hn inx`kg h}|xlei ni le}metneki lh Jà}emi u Yxàèmi mg`g |in. i th}is lh yxh hk nihinximeýk }ýng jefxsisé xki minejemimeýk mg`cekili mgk Cegngfài-Fhgngfài. ciog hn htàfsijh fhkåsemg lh„Mehkmei} lh ni Ki|xsinhzi‐+

H}|i le}metneki }xhnh tsh}hk|is xki fsik lejemxn|il tisi `xmag} inx`kg}. hk fsik tis|h lhcelg i ni}mishkmei} hk mitimelilh} lh |etg ì|h`é|emg. yxh }gk ahssièhk|i jxkli`hk|in tisi sh}gnhs tsgcnhì}lh Jà}emi u Yxàèmi+ Ilh`é}. ng} inx`kg} |ehkhk fsik lejemxn|il lh ti}is lhn hoh`tng mgkmsh|g i niic}|simmeýk. tgs ng yxh |i`ceåk ni mg`tshk}eýk lh ng} mgk|hkelg} mgkmht|xinh} }h h lejemxn|ili tgs hnfsilg lh ìlxshz lh ng} inx`kg} lh h}|i hlil+ Hnng. xkelg i ni h}mi}hz lh |eh`tg !}ýng lg} agsi}

}hìkinh}% mgknnhi ni shlxmmeýk lh ng} mgk|hkelg} !mgkmht|g} u tsgmhleèhk|g}% yxh txhlhk icgslis}hmgk åqe|g+

GCOH\EZG] FHKHSINH]

Ng} gcoh|eg} }h hk|ehklhk mg`g ni} ek|hkmegkh} yxh }x}|hk|ik hn le}hùg u ni shinezimeýk lh ni} im|eelilh}khmh}isei} tisi ni mgk}hmxmeýk lh ni} fsiklh} jekinelilh} hlxmi|ei}+ ]h mgkmechk i}à mg`g hnh`hk|g} yxhfxàik ng} tsgmh}g} lh hk}hùikzi u itshklezioh. iuxliklg in tsgjh}gsilg hk ni gsfikezimeýk lh }x nicgs hlxmi|ei+

Ng} gcoh|eg} lhn éshi lh Jà}emi u Yxàèmi hk ni Hlxmimeýk ]hmxklisei Gcnefi|gsei lhchk hk|hklhs}h mg`gitgs|imegkh} yxh. lh}lh hn éshi. }h aik lh aimhs i ni mgk}hmxmeýk lh ng} gcoh|eg} lh ni h|iti+

Lh imxhslg mgk hn Shin Lhmsh|g 9:=9'344: lh 35 lh lemeh`csh. itsgcilg tgs hn @eke}|hseg lh Hlxmimeýk uMehkmei u yxh h}|icnhmh ni} hk}hùikzi} `àke i} lh ni Hlxmimeýk ]hmxklisei Gcnefi|gsei mg`gmgk}hmxhkmei lh ni e`tnik|imeýk lh ni Nhu Gsfékemi lh Hlxmimeýk !NGH%. u lh}issgnnilg hk ni Mg`xkelilIx|ýkgì lh Iklinxmài tgs hn Lhmsh|g 3=9'3446. lh =9 lh oxneg. u tgs ni Gslhk lh 94 lh ifg}|g lh 3446.ni hk}hùikzi lh ni ì|hsei lh Mehkmei} lh ni Ki|xsinhzi |ehkh mg`g jekinelil hn lh}issgnng lh ni} }efxehk|h}mitimelilh}?




5+ Shmgkgmhs hn misém|hs |hk|i|eg u mshi|eg lh ni} mehkmei} lh ni ki|xsinhzi. i}à mg`g }x}itgs|imegkh} in thk}ièhk|g axìkg i ng nisfg lh ni ae}|gsei. itshmeiklg ng} fsiklh} lhci|h}

}xthsilgsh} lh lgfì|e}`g} u ni} shgnxmegkh} mehk|àjemi} yxh aik ìsmilg ni hgnxmeýk mxn|xsinlh ni axìkelil u }x} mgklemegkh} lh eli+

MG@TH\HKMEI] CÉ]EMI]

Hk hn }e}|hì hlxmi|eg iklinxz }h mgk}elhsi yxh ni} mg`th|hkmei} cé}emi} yxh lhch aichs inmikzilg hninx`kg mxiklg jekinezi }x h}mgniselil gcnefi|gsei tisi hkjshk|is}h i ng} sh|g} lh }x eli ths}gkin u nicgsin}gk ni} }efxehk|h}?

Mg`th|hkmei hk mg`xkemimeýk nekfþà}|emi+

Mg`th|hkmei hk sizgkièhk|g ì|h`é|emg+

Mg`th|hkmei hk hn mgkgmeèhk|g u ni ek|hsimmeýk mgk hn `xklg jà}emg u ki|xsin+

Mg`th|hkmei lefe|in u hk hn |si|ièhk|g lh ni ekjgsìmeýk+

Mg`th|hkmei }gmein u mexliliki+

Mg`th|hkmei mxn|xsin u is|à}|emi+

Mg`th|hkmei tisi }hfxes itshklehklg lh jgsì ix|ýkgì i ng nisfg lh ni eli+

Mg`th|hkmei hk ix|gkg`ài h ekemei|ei ths}gkin+

Mgk|secxmeýk lh ni ì|hsei lh jà}emi u yxàèmi i ni ilyxe}emeýk lh h}|i}

\gli} ni} mg`th|hkmei} me|ili} ik|hsegs`hk|h. hqmht|g ni mxn|xsin u is|à}|emi. |ehkhk }x tsh}hkmei hk nitsgfsiìmeýk lh ni ì|hsei lh Jà}emi u Yxàèmi. lh jgsì lh}efxin. nýfemi`hk|h. thsg |gli} u mili xki lhhnni} mgk xki e`tgs|ik|h itgs|imeýk i ni jgsìmeýk lhn inx`kg

Mg`th|hkmei hk hn mgkgmeèhk|g u ni ek|hsimmeýk mgk hn `xklg jà}emg u ki|xsin+

N | l n | el l Me e l n | n |e e el e le | n l e e eý




gtgs|xkelil lh }x x}g u hk ni hnhmmeýk tshme}i lh ng} tsgmhleèhk|g} u jgsì} lh hqtsh}eýk imgslh} mgk hnmgk|hq|g. mgk ni tshme}eýk shyxhseli u mgk ni jekinelil yxh }h ths}efi+ Tgs g|si tis|h hk hn |siciog mehk|àjemg

}h tsh}hk|ik i `hkxlg }e|ximegkh} lh sh}gnxmeýk lh tsgcnhì} lh jgs`xnimeýk u }gnxmeýk `é} g `hkg}icehs|i}. yxh hqefhk tgkhs hk oxhfg h}|si|hfei} i}gmeili} i h}|i mg`th|hkmei+

Mg`th|hkmei lefe|in u hk hn |si|ièhk|g lh ni ekjgsìmeýk+

Hn |siciog mehk|àjemg |ehkh |i`ceåk jgsì} h}thmàjemi} tisi ni cÿ}yxhli. shmgfeli. }hnhmmeýk. tsgmh}ièhk|gu tsh}hk|imeýk lh ni ekjgsìmeýk yxh }h x|enezi ilh`é} hk `xu lejhshk|h} jgsì}? hscin. kx`åsemi.}e`cýnemi g fséjemi+ Ni ekmgstgsimeýk lh mgk|hkelg} shnimegkilg} mgk |glg hnng aimh tg}ecnh ni mgk|secxmeýklh h}|i} ì|hsei} in lh}issgnng lh ni mg`th|hkmei hk hn |si|ièhk|g lh ni ekjgsìmeýk u mg`th|hkmei lefe|in+I}à. jigshmh ni ilyxe}emeýk lh h}|i mg`th|hkmei ni `hogsi hk ni} lh}|shzi} i}gmeili} i ni x|enezimeýk lh

shmxs}g} jshmxhk|h} hk ni} ì|hsei} mg`g }gk ng} h}yxhì}. ìti} mgkmht|xinh}. h|m+. i}à mg`g nitsglxmmeýk u tsh}hk|imeýk lh `h`gsei}. |hq|g}. h|m+ Tgs g|si tis|h. hk ni jimh|i lh mg`th|hkmei lefe|in.|i`ceåk }h mgk|secxuh i |siå} lh ni x|enezimeýk lh ni} |hmkgngfài} lh ni ekjgsìmeýk u ni mg`xkemimeýk hk hnitshklezioh lh ni} mehkmei} tisi mg`xkemis}h. shmicis ekjgsìmeýk. sh|sgine`hk|isni. }e`xnis u e}xinezis }e|ximegkh}. tisi ni gc|hkmeýk u hn |si|ièhk|g lh li|g}. h|m+ ]h |si|i lh xk shmxs}g ÿ|en hk hn mi`tg lh ni}mehkmei} lh ni ki|xsinhzi u yxh mgk|secxuh i `g}|sis xki e}eýk im|xinezili lh ni im|eelil mehk|àjemi+

Mg`th|hkmei }gmein u mexliliki+

Ni mgk|secxmeýk lh ni} Mehkmei} lh ni ki|xsinhzi i ni mg`th|hkmei}gmein u mexliliki

h}|é nefili. hk tse`hs nxfis. in tithn lh ni mehkmei hk ni tshtisimeýk lh jx|xsg} mexlilikg} lh xki }gmehlil lh`gmsé|emi tisi }xtis|emetimeýk im|ei hk ni |gì jxkli`hk|ili lh lhme}egkh}2 u hnng tgs hn tithn yxh oxhfi ni ki|xsinhzi}gmein lhn mgkgme ehk|g mehk|àjemg+ Ni injich|ezimeýk mehk|àjemi ths e|h ni mgkmhtmeýk u |si|ièhk|g lhtsgcnhì} lh ek|hså}. ni mgk}elhsimeýk lh ni} e`tnemimegkh} u ths}thm|ei} icehs|i} tgs ni} ekh}|efimegkh}shinezili} u ni |gì jxkli`hk|ili lh lhme}egkh} mgnhm|ei} hk xk é`ce|g lh mshmehk|h e`tgs|ikmei hk hnlhci|h }gmein+

Hk }hfxklg nxfis. hn mgkgme ehk|g lh mý`g }h aik tsglxmelg lh|hs ekilg} lhci|h} yxh aik }elgh}hkmeinh} tisi hn iikmh lh ni mehkmei. mgk|secxuh i hk|hklhs `hogs mxh}|egkh} yxh }gk e`tgs|ik|h} tisi

l n n eý l n e l l å l ne n e l l | n ]e ce n ae | e




Mg`th|hkmei hk ni ix|gkg`ài h ekemei|ei ths}gkin+

Hn åkji}e} hk ni jgsìmeýk lh xk h}tàse|x msà|emg. mitiz lh mxh}|egkis lgfì} u lh}ijeis tshoxemeg}. thsè|h

mgk|secxes in lh}issgnng lh ni ix|gkg`ài h ekemei|ezi ths}gkin+ H} e`tgs|ik|h. hk h}|h }hk|elg. }hùinis hn tithnlh ni mehkmei mg`g tg|hkmeilgsi lhn h}tàse|x msà|emg hk xk }hk|elg `é} tsgjxklg? ni ihk|xsi yxh }xtgkhhkjshk|is}h i tsgcnhì} icehs|g}. tis|emetis hk ni mgk}|sxmmeýk |hk|i|ei lh }gnxmegkh}. hk lhjeke|ei. niihk|xsi lh aimhs mehkmei+ Hk mxik|g i ni jimh|i lh h}|i mg`th|hkmei shnimegkili mgk ni aicenelil tisiekemeis u nnhis i micg tsguhm|g}. }h tglsé mgk|secxes i |siå} lhn lh}issgnng lh ni mitimelil lh ikinezis }e|ximegkh} ingsiklg ng} jim|gsh} yxh aik ekmelelg hk hnni} u ni} mgk}hmxhkmei} yxh txhlhk |hkhs+ Hnthk}ièhk|g aetg|å|emg tsgteg lhn yxhaimhs mehk|àjemg }h txhlh. i}à. |sik}jhses i g|si} }e|ximegkh}+

\gli} h}|i} mg`th|hkmei} }h tglsék |siciois hk ni} le}|ek|i} xkelilh} lelim|emi} yxh lh}issgnni h}|itsgfsiìmeýk `hleik|h xki fsik lehs}elil lh im|eelilh}+

MGK\HKELG]

Cngyxh 9+ Mgk|hkelg} mg`xkh}

X|enezimeýk lh h}|si|hfei} tsgtei} lhn |siciog mehk|àjemg mg`g hn tnik|hièhk|g lh tsgcnhì} ule}mx}eýk lh }x ek|hså}. ni jgs`xnimeýk u txh}|i i tsxhci lh aetý|h}e} u ni ek|hstsh|imeýk lh ng}sh}xn|ilg}+

Cÿ}yxhli u }hnhmmeýk lh ekjgsìmeýk lh misém|hs mehk|àjemg x|eneziklg ni} |hmkgngfài} lh niekjgsìmeýk u mg`xkemimeýk u g|si} jxhk|h}+

Ek|hstsh|imeýk lh ekjgsìmeýk lh misém|hs mehk|àjemg u x|enezimeýk lh lemai ekjgsìmeýk tisi jgsìs}hxki gtekeýk tsgtei. hqtsh}is}h mgk tshme}eýk u isfx`hk|is }gcsh tsgcnhì} shnimegkilg} mgk niki|xsinhzi+

Zingsimeýk lh ni} itgs|imegkh} lh ni} mehkmei} lh ni ki|xsinhzi tisi lis sh}txh}|i i ni}khmh}elilh} lh ng} }hsh} axìkg} u `hogsis ni} mgklemegkh} lh }x hqe}|hkmei. i}à mg`g tisiitshmeis u le}jsx|is lh ni lehs}elil ki|xsin u mxn|xsin. tis|emetiklg hk }x mgk}hsimeýk. tsg|hmmeýk u`hogsi+




Zingsimeýk lh ni} shthsmx}egkh} lh ni hnhm|semelil hk hn lh}issgnng mehk|àjemg u |hmkgnýfemg u hk ni}mgklemegkh} lh eli+

H}|sxm|xsi lhn é|g`g+ @glhng} i|ýèmg} lh \ag`t}gk u lh Sx|ahsjgsl+

Misim|hsezimeýk lh ng} e}ý|gtg}+ E`tgs|ikmei lh ni} itnemimegkh} lh ni} }x}|ikmei} sileim|ei} uingsimeýk lh ni} shthsmx}egkh} lh }x x}g tisi ng} }hsh} eg} u hn `hleg i`cehk|h+

Cngyxh <+ Mi`ceg} yxàèmg} u }x} shthsmx}egkh}

Shimmegkh} yxàèmi} u }x e`tgs|ikmei+

Ek|hstsh|imeýk ìmsg}mýtemi lh ni shimmeýk yxàèmi mg`g tsgmh}g lh |sik}jgsìmeýk lh xki}}x}|ikmei} hk g|si}+ Shinezimeýk hqthse`hk|in lh infxkg} mi`ceg} yxàèmg}+

Lh}msetmeýk lhn `glhng i|ýèmg-`gnhmxnis tisi hqtnemis ni} shimmegkh} yxàèmi}+ Ek|hstsh|imeýk lhni mgk}hsimeýk lh ni ì}i+ Shtsh}hk|imeýk }e`cýnemi+

Zingsimeýk lh ni} shthsmx}egkh} lh ni jicsemimeýk u x}g lh ì|hseinh} u }x}|ikmei} jshmxhk|h} hk nieli mg|eleiki+

MGK\HKELG] \SIK]ZHS]INH]

Hlxmimeýk tisi ni }inxl

Ni shnimeýk hk|sh ni Yxàèmi u ni @hlemeki ai lh }hses. hk|sh g|si} mg}i}. tisi gjshmhs i ng} inx`kg} uinx`ki} ekjgsìmeýk shnhik|h }gcsh hn x}g lh `hlemi`hk|g}. ekleméklgnh} mý`g lhchk x}isng}+ Mili hzaiu `é} ths}gki} yxh }h ix|g `hlemik !u i leiseg gc}hsi`g} hk ng} `hleg} lh mg`xkemimeýk txcnemelil}gcsh ikinfå}emg}. ik|efsetinh}. h|m+%. mgk ng} seh}fg} yxh h}|g mgknnhi+

Hlxmimeýk i`cehk|in

H} hn aeng mgklxm|gs lh h}|i xkelil+ Mgk|ekxi`hk|h }h aimh shjhshkmei i ni e`tnemimegkh} tisi hn `hleg

ce | l n |e el l e l | e n ]e c n | e l |e X a a




\H@TGSINE_IMEÝK

\hkehklg hk mxhk|i yxh hn mxs}g mgk}|i lh =< }hìki}. }h le}tgkh |hýsemi`hk|h lh :1 agsi} nhm|ei} lhni} yxh aiu yxh lhlxmes ni} h`tnhili} tisi tsxhci} h}mse|i} u tg}ecnh} jeh}|i}+ Hn |g|in lh agsi} nhm|ei}sgklisé hk |gskg i :< agsi}+ Ni le}|secxmeýk lh ni} xkelilh} lelém|emi} i ng nisfg lhn mxs}g }hsé ni }efxehk|h?

Xkelil Lelém|emi ]h}egkh}

TSE@HSIHZINXIMEÝK!3< }h}egkh}%

9 Ni mehkmei? ni ì|hsei u }x `hleli+ 1

3 Ni i|hsei? H}|ilg} jà}emg} 1

= Ni ì|hsei? mg`g }h tsh}hk|i 1

< Ni @i|hsei? Tsgtehlilh} hnåm|semi} u hn é|g`g 6




@H\GLGNGFÀI

Hk|hklh`g} yxh hn tsgmh}g lh hk}hùikzi-itshklezioh lhch mx`tnes ng} }efxehk|h} shyxe}e|g}?‣ Tis|es lhn kehn lh lh}issgnng lhn inx`kilg u lh }x} itshklezioh} tsheg}+

‣ I}hfxsis ni mgk}|sxmmeýk lh itshklezioh} }efkejemi|eg} i |siå} lh ni `genezimeýk lh }x}mgkgmeèhk|g} tsheg} u lh ni `h`gsezimeýk mg`tshk}ei+

‣ Tg}ecene|is yxh ng} inx`kg} shinemhk itshklezioh} }efkejemi|eg} tgs }à }gng}+

‣ Jigshmhs }e|ximegkh} hk ni} yxh ng} inx`kg} lhchk im|xinezis }x} mgkgmeèhk|g}+

‣ Tsgtgsmegkis }e|ximegkh} lh itshklezioh yxh |ehkhk }hk|elg tisi ng} inx`kg}. mgk hn jek lh yxhsh}xn|hk `g|eilgsi}+

Hk mgahshkmei mgk ng hqtxh}|g. ng} tsekmeteg} yxh gsehk|ik kxh}|si tsém|emi hlxmi|ei }gk ng} }efxehk|h}?

‣ Hn itshklezioh lh ni jà}emi u yxàèmi. tisi }hs jsxm|àjhsg u sh}tgklhs i ni} lhìkli} lh ng} inx`kg}u lh ni }gmehlil. lhch }hs im|eg u h}|is ekmxnilg i }e|ximegkh} shinh} tsýqeì} u lh ek|hså} tisi hninx`kg+

‣ H}|i tshgmxtimeýk tgs hn |siciog lh ng} inx`kg} u inx`ki} }h ìkejeh}|i hk hn |siciog `hleik|h xkii`tnei fiì lh im|eelilh} lh shinezimeýk ekleelxin u ix|ýkgì. fsxtin. u lh mgsshmmeýk u

ix|ghinximeýk?g Im|eelilh} lh }gklhg tsheg u `g|eimeýk+

g Im|eelilh} lh shmxhslg+

g Hohsmemeg} sh}xhn|g} u tsgtxh}|g} ek|hsminilg} mgk ni hqtg}emeýk |hýsemi lh mgk|hkelg}+

g Ix|ghinximeýk lh ng} hohsmemeg} shinezilg}+

g Im|eelilh} lh shjxhszg u i`tneimeýk+




‣ Hohsmemeg} u im|eelilh} tisi itshklhs u i|hklhs i ni lehs}elil?

g Hohsmemeg} u im|eelilh} lh itshklezioh yxh hn tsgjh}gs esé ìsmiklg+

g Hohsmemeg} u tsgcnhì} lh mgk|hq|xinezimeýk? yxh itgs|ik xk itshklezioh `é}}efkejemi|eg u imhsmik in inx`kg i mg`tshklhs `hogs ni ek|hsimmeýk lh ni} ì|h`é|emi} mgkg|si} éshi} mehk|àjemi}. }gmeinh} u nicgsinh}+

g Hohsmemeg} lh shjxhszg? yxh hn tsgjh}gs }xfhsesé hk mi}g khmh}iseg+

g Hohsmemeg} tisi tsim|emis ? yxh ng} inx`kg} aisék lh ìkhsi gnxk|isei+

g Hohsmemeg} lh i`tneimeýk? yxh ng} inx`kg} shinezisék lh ìkhsi gnxk|isei }hfÿk nishmg`hklimeýk h eklemimeýk lhn tsgjh}gs+

‣ Hn inx`kg shmecesé lhn tsgjh}gs xki cshh hqtnemimeýk lh ng} mgkmht|g} u tsgmh}g} i itshklhs.yxhliklg hn sh}|g lhn |eh`tg tisi }x ix|gitshklezioh !nhuhklg ng} |hq|g} lh ng} necsg} u ì|hseinekjgsì|eg%. ek|hfsimeýk u ijeikzièhk|g+

‣ Hk `xmai} gmi}egkh}. }h |sicioisé tgs tishoi} g hk fsxtg} shlxmelg}. lgklh ng} tsgteg} inx`kg}fh}|egkisék }x itshklezioh !}xthse}ilg tgs hn tsgjh}gs hk |glg `g`hk|g% lh ìkhsi mggthsi|ei+

‣ ]h she}isé thseýlemi`hk|h hn mxilhskg lh ni i}efki|xsi lhn inx`kg tisi hinxis |ik|g }x |siciog

leiseg. mg`g ni ne`tehzi. gslhk u tsh}hk|imeýk lh }x} tsglxmmegkh}+

‣ Jshmxhk|h`hk|h. }h shinezisék tsxhci} lh hinximeýk. yxh ths e|esék in tsgjh}gs mgkgmhs nihgnxmeýk lh mili inx`kg. eklhthklehk|h`hk|h lh ni mg`tsgcimeýk lh ng} hohsmemeg} shinezilg}leisei`hk|h hk mi}i u hk mni}h+

HZINXIMEÝK

Mse|hseg} lh hzinximeýk




lh ni} `hzmni} h}thmein`hk|h ni mgkmhk|simeýk. hk hn mi}g lh le}gnxmegkh}. u hn tgsmhk|ioh hk ì}ihk hn mi}g lh `hzmni} lh }ýnelg}+

<+ Ox}|ejemis ni lehs}elil lh }x}|ikmei} yxh hqe}|hk hk ni ki|xsinhzi u yxh |gli} hnni} h}|ékmgk}|e|xeli} lh xkg} tgmg} hnh`hk|g} u lh}mseces ni e`tgs|ikmei yxh |ehkhk infxki lh hnni}tisi ni eli+

I |siå} lh h}|h mse|hseg }h mg`tsgcisé }e hn inx`kilg mg`tshklh ni e`tgs|ikmei yxh ai |hkelg nicÿ}yxhli lh hnh`hk|g} hk ni hqtnemimeýk lh ni lehs}elil lh ì|hseinh} hqe}|hk|h} u shmgkgmh nilh}efxin icxklikmei lh hnh`hk|g} hk ni ki|xsinhzi+ \i`ceåk lhchsé mgk}|i|is}h yxh mgkgmh nie`tgs|ikmei yxh infxkg} ì|hseinh} u }x}|ikmei} |ehkhk hk ni eli mg|eleiki. h}thmein`hk|h hk ni}inxl u hk ni ine`hk|imeýk+

8+ Tsglxmes h ek|hstsh|is jhký`hkg} hnhm|sg}|é|emg} mg|eleikg}. ingsiklg ni} shthsmx}egkh} lhni hnhm|semelil hk hn lh}issgnng mehk|àjemg u |hmkgnýfemg u hk ni} mgklemegkh} lh eli lh ni}ths}gki}+

]h tsh|hklh mgk}|i|is }e hn inx`kilg h} mitiz lh shinezis hqthsehkmei} hnhm|sg}|é|emi}. hqtnemisni}mxine|i|ei`hk|h mgk hn mgkmht|g lh misfi. `g}|siklg }x mgkgmeèhk|g lh ni h}|sxm|xsi hnåm|semi lhni ì|hsei+ ]h ingsisé |i`ceåk }e h} mitiz lh mgk}|sxes ek}|sx`hk|g} }hkmenng} mg`g hs}gseg} ghnhm|sg}mgteg} u h} mgk}mehk|h lh ni} shthsmx}egkh} lh ng} mgkgmeèhk|g} }gcsh ni hnhm|semelil u nikhmh}elil lhn iagssg hkhsfå|emg+

:+ Lh}mseces ng} tse`hsg} `glhng} i|ý emg} u ox}|ejemis }x hgnxmeýk tisi tglhs hqtnemis kxhg} jhký`hkg}. i}à mg`g ni} itnemimegkh} yxh |ehkhk infxki} }x}|ikmei} sileim|ei} uni} shthsmx}egkh} lh }x x}g hk ng} }hsh} eg} u hk hn `hleg i`cehk|h+

]h |si|i lh mg`tsgcis yxh hn inx`kilg mg`tshklh ng} tse`hsg} `glhng} i|ýèmg}. tgs yxå }hh}|icnhmhk u tg}|hsegs`hk|h hgnxmegkik lh xkg i g|sg. tgs hoh`tng mý`g hn `glhng lh \ag`t}gk}xsfh tisi hqtnemis ni hnhm|sgkhx|sinelil aice|xin lh ni ì|hsei+ \i`ceåk }h |si|i lh mg`tsgcis }emgkgmh ni} itnemimegkh} lh ng} e}ý|gtg} sileim|eg}. tsekmetin`hk|h hk `hlemeki. u ni} shthsmx}egkh}yxh txhlhk |hkhs tisi ng} }hsh} eg} u hn `hleg i`cehk|h+




‣ ]e hn inx`kg'i mgteisi g ek|hk|i}h aimhsng hk xki tsxhci h}mse|i. }h nh minejemisài mgk mhsg lemai}tsxhci}. u }h lisài tis|h i ni Ohji|xsi lh H}|xleg}+

‣ ]e hn inx`kg jin|isi i mni}h hn lài lh xki tsxhci h}mse|i. }ek ox}|ejemis ilhmxili`hk|h. }hmgk}elhsisé mg`g kg tsh}hk|ilg u minejemilg mgk xk mhsg. |hkehklg yxh shinezis lemai hqi`hk hk }xshmxthsimeýk mgssh}tgklehk|h+

‣ Hk ni tsxhci lhch jefxsis ni minejemimeýk lh |glg} u mili xkg lh ng} itis|ilg} lh ni} mxh}|egkh} utsgcnhì}+ ]e kg }h h}thmejemi}h. }h mgk}elhsisài lh |glg} ng} itis|ilg} lh mili mxh}|eýk gtsgcnhì |hklsàik ni è}ì minejemimeýk+

Hinximeýk mgk|ekxi

]h shinezisik |sh} hinximegkh} tismeinh}. }eh`tsh yxh }h txhli }h aisék mgekmeles mgk hn jekin lh mili|se`h}|sh+

Tisi ni minejemimeýk }h h`tnhisék ng} }efxehk|h} ek}|sx`hk|g} cé}emg} mxui }xì tgklhsili kg} thsè|eséxki hinximeýk ng `é} gcoh|ei tg}ecnh?

I+ Tsxhci} h}mse|i}+

i% Tisi mili xkelil lelém|emi }h shinezisé xk hqi`hk yxh hs}isé }gcsh mxh}|egkh} utsgcnhì} lh ni ì|hsei |si|ilg} hk ni xkelil lelém|emi+

c% Mili xkelil lelém|emi e`tis|eli }h mgk}elhsisé }xthsili }e }h ai gc|hkelg in `hkg} xk 8hk hn hqi`hk mgssh}tgklehk|h i ni è}ì+

m% Ng} hqé hkh} kg }xthsilg} }h shmxthsisék hk xki ÿkemi tsxhci in jekin lhn thseglg lh nihinximeýk g in tsekmeteg lh ni }efxehk|h+

l% Ni minejemimeýk lh ni} xkelilh} i shmxthsis }h gc|hklsàik minmxniklg ni `hlei ise|`å|emihk|sh hn hqi`hk lh shmxthsimeýk u hn hqi`hk ekemein lh ni è}ì. }e h}|i `hlei jxh}h`hkgs lh 8 u hk ni shmxthsimeýk }h gc|xeh}h xk 8 g `é}. }h lisài i h}|i xkelil ni kg|i lh8 u }h mgk}elhsisài }xthsili+




mgk}elhsisé khfi|eg. tgs hoh`tng. hn |hkhs tek|ili} ni} `h}i}. |esis gcoh|g} yxh hk}xmehk hn}xhng. h|m+

m% Ni i}e}|hkmei i mni}h u ni txk|xinelil + ]h ingsisé khfi|ei`hk|h hn aichs jin|ilgekox}|ejemili`hk|h u hn kg }hs txk|xin+

l% ]h |hklsé hk mxhk|i hn }ichs h}|is hk hn nicgsi|gseg. mgkgmehklg u itnemiklg ni kgsì|eihqe}|hk|h hk |glg `g`hk|g

Ni itgs|imeýk lh „g|si} im|eelilh}‐ }h gc|hklsé minmxniklg hn 34( lh ni `hlei ise|`å|emi lh|gli} ni} kg|i} gc|hkeli} lxsik|h h}|h thseglg hk h}|h itis|ilg+

Tisi gc|hkhs ni minejemimeýk }h shinezisé ni }xì tgklhsili yxh kg} thsè|esé xki hinximeýk ng `é}gcoh|ei tg}ecnh+

MSE\HSEG] LH MINEJEMIMEÝK GSEKISEI

I TSXHCI] H]MSE\I] :4(

C G\SI] IM\EZELILH] 34(

M IM\E\XL 34(

Tisi itsgcis mili hinximeýk }hsé e`tsh}meklecnh gc|hkhs. xki hz itnemilg ng}sh}thm|eg} (. `é} lh 3 txk|g} hk hn itis|ilg I u }xìs in `hkg} 8 txk|g}hk|sh ng} |sh} itis|ilg}+ Hk mi}g lh kg }xthsis hk hn itis|ilg I ng} 3 txk|g}. niminejemimeýk fngcin h}|isài neè|ili i < txk|g} hk|sh |ik|g kg }h shmxthsh lemagitis|ilg+

Minejemimeýk jekin?

‣ Tisi iyxhnng} inx`kg} yxh |hkfik itsgcili} |gli} ni} xkelilh} e`tis|eli} lxsik|h hn mxs}g }h




‣ Mgkgmhs ni} xkelilh} lh ni} ìfke|xlh} jxkli`hk|inh} lhn }e}|hì Ek|hskimegkin. u lh infxki}ìfke|xlh} lhseili} mg`g gnx`hk. }xthsjemeh. lhk}elil u hngmelil+

‣ Le}|ekfxes ì}i u gnx`hk lh xk mxhstg u x}is hn mgkmht|g lh lhk}elil tisi mg`tisis gnÿ`hkh}u ì}i} lh lejhshk|h} }x}|ikmei}+

‣ X}is hn `glhng mekå|emg lh ni ì|hsei u hqtnemis mgk ån |ik|g ng} mi`ceg} lh h}|ilg mg`g ng}mgkmht|g} lh tsh}eýk u |h`thsi|xsi u ni} shnimegkh} hk|sh hnni} u mgk hn gnx`hk. ìkhoiklg ni}nhuh} lh ng} fi}h} elhinh}+

‣ Lejhshkmeis `hzmni} lh }x}|ikmei} txsi}. tsgtgkehklg hoh`tng} lh |inh}. u }xfesehklg `å|glg} lh}htisimeýk+

‣

Lejhshkmeis }gnx|g. le}gnhk|h u le}gnxmeýk. i}à mg`g minmxnis u ìkhois ni} hqtsh}egkh} lhmgkmhk|simeýk lh ni} le}gnxmegkh} hk ( hk th}g u hk f'N+

‣ Lejhshkmeis ng} le}|ek|g} mg`tgkhk|h} lhn é|g`g i}à mg`g }x ngminezimeýk u misim|hsà}|emi}lejhshkmeilgsi}+ @ikhois ni elhi lh kÿ`hsg i|ýèmg u `é}emg. ikeýk u mi|eýk+

‣ Le}|ekfxes é|g`g u `gnåmxni2 hnh`hk|g u mg`txh}|g+

‣ Lejhshkmeis xki |sik}jgsìmeýk jà}emi lh xki yxàèmi. ek|hstsh|iklg å}|i `hleik|h hn `glhngmekå|emg+

‣ ]ichs iox}|is shimmegkh} yxàèmi} }e`tnh}+‣ Itnemis mgsshm|i`hk|h ni nhu lh mgk}hsimeýk lh ni ì}i i shimmegkh} yxàèmi} }hkmenni}. i}à

mg`g shinezis ménmxng} }e`tnh} h}|hyxeg`å|semg}+

Minejemimeýk jekin?

‣ Hn hqi`hk }h mgk}elhsisé itsgcilg }e }h gc|ehkh hn 84( lh ng} txk|g} i|secxelg} i h}|h u }h aihk|shfilg hn mxilhskg lhn inx`kg mgk ni} im|eelilh} lh shjxhszg yxh nh jxhsgk eklemili}+ Hk h}|hmi}g gc|hklsé ni minejemimeýk XKEMI lh 8+




MSE\HSEG] LH MINEJEMIMEÝK

TSXHCI] H]MSE\I] :4(

MXILHSKG LH IM\EZELILH] LH SHMXTHSIMEÝK <4(

Tisi itsgcis hinximeýk }hsé e`tsh}meklecnh gc|hkhs. xki hz itnemilg ng}sh}thm|eg} (. `é} lh 3 txk|g} hk ni tsxhci h}mse|i u }xìs in `hkg} 8 txk|g}hk|sh ng} lg} itis|ilg}+ Hk mi}g lh kg }xthsis hk ni tsxhci h}mse|i ng} 3 txk|g}.ni minejemimeýk fngcin h}|isài neè|ili i < txk|g} hk|sh |ik|g kg }h shmxthsh lemagitis|ilg+

@HLELI] LH I\HKMEÝK I NI LEZHS]ELIL U ILIT\IMEGKH] MXSSEMXNISH]

Lhk|sg lh kxh}|si} ixni} i`g} i hkmgk|sis inx`kg} `xu lehs}g} hk mxik|g i }x} mitimelilh}. ek|hsh}h}u txk|g lh tis|eli+ ]ek h`cisfg. kxh}|si |ishi mg`g lgmhk|h} |ehkh fsiklh} neè|imegkh} i ni agsi lhi|hklhsng} i |glg}. tgs ng yxh lhchsh`g} i|hklhs hk tse hs nxfis ni} khmh}elilh} lh ni ìugsài+Tisinhni`hk|h. tglh`g} hkmisfis lehs}i} |ishi} lh i`tneimeýk g shjxhszg i lh|hsèkilg} inx`kg} yxh ngkhmh}e|hk+

Ilh`é} lh h}|i} |ishi} h}thmàjemi}. }h tglsék shinezis ilit|imegkh} tgmg }efkejemi|ei} hk ni jgsì lhhinxis i h}|g} inx`kg}+ Ni ilit|imeýk `é} }e`tnh mgk}e}|h hk minejemis |ik|g }x} |siciog} mg`g }x}hqé`hkh} lh imxhslg mgk g|sg} mse|hseg} `é} jnhqecnh}? lh h}|h `glg. i }e`tnh e}|i. h}|g} inx`kg} kg }h|si|ik lh xk `glg lejhshk|h in sh}|g+ ]e h}|i `hleli kg lehsi hn sh}xn|ilg h}thsilg. }h tglsék le}hùis tsxhci} h}thmeinh} tisi h}|g} inx`kg}. ìk|hkehklg ng} mgk|hkelg}. thsg mgk im|eelilh} `é} jémenh} lhsh}gnhs+

Tisi ng} inx`kg} mgk IME. }h |sicioisék mgk|hkelg} mg`tnh|i`hk|h le}|ek|g}. i |siå} lh mxilhskenng} lhim|eelilh} ilhmxilg} i }x kehn+ Ni shinezimeýk lh tsxhci} }h mggslekisé mgk ni tsgjh}gsi h}thmeine}|i hk




@HLEG] U SHMXS]G] LELÉM\EMG]

Hn Lhtis|i`hk|g ai lhmelelg mg`g necsg lhn |hq|g hn }efxehk|h?

H|iti H]G

Mxs}g =¿

@i|hsei JÀ]EMI U YXÀ@EMI

Mxs}g lh e`tnik|imeýk 3499-3493

\à|xng JÀ]EMI U YXÀ@EMI

Iùg hlemeýk 3494

Ix|gs ]IK\ENNIKI HLXMIMEGK

Hle|gsein ]IK\ENNIKI HLXMIMEGK. ]N

E]CK 561-1<-35<-=436-9

HIK 1<=94445==<1

Ilh`é} }h tglsék x|enezis ng} }efxehk|h} ì|hseinh}?

‣ Mek|i} lh elhg 'LZL

‣ Is|àmxng} lh tshk}i lh |hì} shnimegkilg} mgk hn éshi+

‣ Is|àmxng} lh she}|i} shnimegkili} mgk hn éshi

‣ Cgnh|ekh} lh im|eelilh}+

‣ @i|hsein fhkhsin lh nicgsi|gseg+ !Aimh`g} mgk}|is yxh hn ì|hsein h} h}mi}g u yxh kg mgk|i`g} mgkxk nicgsi|gseg ilhmxilg tisi Jà}emi u Yxàèmi%+




tsgjh}gs u hn jxkmegkièhk|g lhn mhk|sg mgk}|e|xuhk jim|gsh} lh|hsèkik|h}+ Mgk hnng h} tg}ecnh mgk|secxes iyxh ng} inx`kg} hik shin`hk|h i ni hinximeýk mg`g xk ek}|sx`hk|g lh `hogsi lhn tsgmh}g lhhk}hùikzi-itshklezioh+

Ni hinximeýk lhn tsgjh}gs }gcsh }x nicgs lhch mgk}e}|es hk xki shjnhqeýk tisi ingsis ng} }efxehk|h}i}thm|g}?

‣ ]e ni gsfikezimeýk u }hmxhkmeimeýk lh ng} mgk|hkelg} sh}tgklhk i ni} mgklemegkh} u khmh}elilh} lhng} inx`kg}+

‣ ]e ni xkelil lelém|emi h}|é cehk h}|sxm|xsili. sh}tgklh i ng} gcoh|eg}. shmgfh |glg} ng} |etg} lhmgk|hkelg} u }e }x} im|eelilh} }gk ilhmxili}+

‣

]e ng} ì|hseinh} x|enezilg} mx`tnhk ni jekinelil yxh }h nh} i|secxuý+‣ ]e mgk}efxh tnik|his u `g|eis hn |hì }xjemehk|h`hk|h+

‣ ]e ni} ek|hshkmegkh} lhn tsgjh}gs ik|h ni mni}h. ik|h infÿk g infxkg} inx`kg} aik }elg tg}e|ei} ugtgs|xki}+

Ni ix|ghinximeýk lhch shinezis}h mgk|ekxi`hk|h. thsg lh jgsì h}thmein. mxiklg hinÿi i }x} inx`kg} uin jekinezis hn mxs}g g memng+ Tisi hnng }h x|enezisé hn `glhng lhkgèkilg IKHQG I+

Tgs ÿn|e`g. hn mhk|sg h}mgnis h} xk nxfis lgklh ng} inx`kg} ti}ik `xmai} agsi} in lài. tgs ng yxh

mgk}|e|xuh xki tis|h `xu e`tgs|ik|h lhn `hleg hk hn yxh }h lh}issgnnik. oxfiklg tgs ng |ik|g xk tithnh}hkmein hk hn tsgmh}g lh itshklezioh lh ng} è}`g}+ Hk ni hinximeýk lhn jxkmegkièhk|g lhn mhk|sgh}mgnis. h} txh} e`tgs|ik|h ekmnxes iyxhnni} iseicnh} yxh |ehkhk xki ìugs ekmelhkmei hk ni hjhm|eelil lhè}`g tisi jigshmhs hn itshklezioh lh |glg} ng} inx`kg}+




]HMXHKMEIMEÝK LH NG] MGK\HKELG]

I mgk|ekximeýk. }h lh}issgnni àk|hfsi`hk|h ni tsgfsiìmeýk lh mili xki lh ni} 1 xkelilh} lelém|emi} hkyxh aik }elg gsfikezilg} u }hmxhkmeilg} ng} mgk|hkelg} lh h}|h mxs}g+ Hk mili xki lh hnni} }h eklemik }x}mgssh}tgklehk|h} gcoh|eg} lelém|emg}. mgk|hkelg} !mgkmht|g}. tsgmhle ehk|g} u im|e|xlh}%. mgk|hkelg}|sik}hs}inh}. mse|hseg} lh hinximeýk u mg`th|hkmei} cé}emi} yxh }h txhlhk |siciois hk mili xkelillelém|emi+

Xkelil 9? Ni mehkmei? ni ì|hsei u }x `hleli+

GCOH\EZG]‣ ]hs mitimh} lh itnemis hn `å|glg mehk|àjemg i ni gc}hsimeýk lh jhký`hkg} }hkmenng}+

‣ Mgkgmhs ni e`tgs|ikmei yxh |ehkh x|enezis ni} xkelilh} lhn ]e}|hì Ek|hskimegkin i h}mini fngcin+

‣ Mgkgmhs hn ]e}|hì Ek|hskimegkin lh xkelilh} u }ichs aimhs mi`ceg} lh xkelilh} mgk ng} le}|ek|g}`ÿn|etng} u }xc`ÿn|etng}+

‣ X|enezis ni} shtsh}hk|imegkh} fséjemi} mg`g xki ahssièhk|i aice|xin lhn |siciog mehk|àjemg+

‣ ]ichs hqtsh}is fséjemi`hk|h ni} gc}hsimegkh}+

‣

Itshklhs i |siciois hk hn nicgsi|gseg mgk gslhk u ne`tehzi+MGK\HKELG]

Mgkmht|g}?

‣ Hn ]e}|hì Ek|hskimegkin lh xkelilh}+

‣ Itsgqeìmeýk in `å|glg mehk|àjemg+

‣ Ni} h|iti} lhn `å|glg mehk|àjemg+

‣ Gslhkimeýk u mni}ejemimeýk lh li|g}+




Tisi tsgcis h}|h lh}mgkgmeèhk|g lh ni} `xohsh} mehk|àjemi} tglh`g} }xfhses i ng} inx`kg} xki im|eelil?cx}mis ekjgsìmeýk }gcsh ni eli lh infxki} lh h}|i} `xohsh} ¢lh}mgkgmeli}²+ I}à tglsék lh}mxcsesni}+

Hoh`tng}? Auti|ei. Iìneh H`ù Kgh|ahs. Ahkseh||i ]vik Nhie||. Sg}inekl Hn}eh Jsikbnek. Zhsi Sxcek.@isfish| Cxscelfh. @isfise|i ]ini}+

MG@TH\HKMEI] CÉ]EMI] YXH ]H TXHLHK \SICIOIS HK NI XKELIL

Mg`th|hkmei hk mg`xkemimeýk nekfþà}|emi

Hk ni }hmmeýk Sekmýk lh ni nhm|xsi }h |sicioi lh jgsì hqtneme|i ng} mgk|hkelg} lh shnimegkilg} mgk niilyxe}emeýk lh ni mg`th|hkmei nhm|gsi+

Mg`th|hkmei ì|h`é|emiUi hk ni téfeki yxh icsh ni xkelil }h |sicioi mgk hn mgk|hkelg ì|h`é|emg lh }h`hoikzi lh |seékfxng}+

Hk hn htàfsijh = Ni `hleli+ ]h lh}issgnnik ng} mgk|hkelg} tsgteg} lhn ]e}|hì Ek|hskimegkin lh xkelilh}mgk ng} `ÿn|etng} u }xc`ÿn|etng}+ Ni} im|eelilh} lh h}|h htàfsijh shjxhszik ni} mg`th|hkmei} ì|h`é|emi}lh mxs}g} ik|hsegsh}+ Gc}hsis hk ni téfeki 93 hn tsgmh}g lh mi`ceg lh xkelilh} i |siå} lh jim|gsh} lhmgkhs}eýk+ ]h |hsèki h}|h htàfsijh mgk xk shti}g lh jxkli`hk|g} ì|h`é|emg}. hn x}g lh ni minmxnilgsi uni kg|imeýk mehk|àjemi+

Hk hn htàfsijh 8+ Gslhkimeýk u mni}ejemimeýk lh li|g}. }h |sicioi mgk |icni} u fséjemi}+ Mich lh}|imis hn

hoh`tng sh}xhn|g lh ni téfeki 9:. hk hn yxh }h lh}issgnni tgs`hkgsezili`hk|h ni mgk}|sxmmeýk lh xkifséjemi+ Ni nàkhi shm|i u ni tisécgni !khmh}isei} tg}|hsegs`hk|h hk ni shtsh}hk|imeýk fséjemi lh ni} nhuh} lhng} fi}h}%+

Mg`th|hkmei hk hn mgkgmeèhk|g u ni ek|hsimmeýk mgk hn `xklg jà}emg

Hk h}|i xkelil }h lh}issgnni }gcsh |glg ni e`tgs|ikmei lhn `å|glg mehk|àjemg. kg }gng mg`g xk `å|glg tisi|siciois }e kg mg`g xk }e}|hì yxh fisik|ezi yxh ni} nhuh} u ng} ahmag} yxh |ehkhk }x ci}h lh h}|xleg lhh}|i jgsì fisik|ezik }x }hsehlil+ Lh ahmag }h aimh h}thmein aekmiteå hk hn ìn |si|ièhk|g lh mgkmht|g}




‣ Ek|hstsh|is jhký`hkg} ìmsg}mýtemg} i tis|es lh ni |hgsài mekå|emi lh ni ì|hsei+

‣ Lejhshkmeis hk|sh hcxnnemeýk u hitgsimeýk. hqtnemiklg ni} lejhshkmei} i tis|es lh ni |hgsài mekå|emi+

MGK\HKELG]

Mgkmht|g}

Nhuh} lh ng} fi}h}+

Nhu lh Cgunh+

Nhu lh Maisnh}-Fiu-Nx}}im+

\hgsài mekå|emg-`gnhmxnis+

Mi`ceg} lh h}|ilg? jx}eýk. }gnelejemimeýk. hcxnnemeýk u mgklhk}imeýk+

Ni |hgsài mekå|emi hqtnemi ng} mi`ceg} lh h}|ilg+

Itnemimeýk lh `å|glg mehk|àjemg in h}|xleg lh ng} fi}h}+

Tsgmhleèhk|g}

‣ Shinezis hohsmemeg} kx`åsemg} lh itnemimeýk lh ni} nhuh} lh ng} fi}h}+

‣ \si|is lh hqtnemis infxki} tsgtehlilh} lh }ýnelg}. nàyxelg} u fi}h} x|eneziklg

ni |hgsài mekå|emg-`gnhmxnis+

‣

Ek|hstsh|is h}yxhì}. |icni} u fséjemg}+‣ Hnicgsis fséjemg}+

‣ Mg`tnh|is |icni} mgk ng} li|g} gc|hkelg} hk xk hqthse`hk|g+

Im|e|xlh}

‣ Itshmeis hn gslhk. ni ne`tehzi u hn sefgs in |siciois hk hn nicgsi|gseg+

‣ Itshklhs i |siciois mgk ì|hsein lhnemilg. mg`g h} hn ì|hsein lh elseg hk hn nicgsi|gseg+





Hk ni }hmmeýk Sekmýk lh ni nhm|xsi }h |sicioi lh jgsì hqtneme|i ng} mgk|hkelg} lh shnimegkilg} mgk niilyxe}emeýk lh ni mg`th|hkmei nhm|gsi. i |siå} lh |hq|g} mgk im|eelilh} lh hqtng|imeýk+

Mg`th|hkmei ì|h`é|emi

Hn |siciog mgk ni} fséjemi} yxh shtsh}hk|ik ni} nhuh} lh ng} fi}h} u ng} mi`ceg} lh h}|ilg iuxlik i nimgk}hmxmeýk lh h}|i mg`th|hkmei+ ]esi lh hoh`tng hn |si|ièhk|g yxh }h shinezi i ni mxsi lhminhk|ièhk|g lhn ifxi hk ni téfeki =:+ Hn mi`ceg lh xkelilh} u hn mgkmht|g lh tsgtgsmegkinelil !leshm|i hekhs}i`hk|h% }gk Tsgmhleèhk|g}. lh}|shzi} u aicenelilh} cé}emg} hk h}|g} lh}issgnng}+


Ni ì|hsei mg`g }h tsh}hk|i. }efxehklg mgk hn hoh jxkli`hk|in lhn h}|xleg lh ni ì|hsei hk h}|i xkelil }h|sicioi ng} h}|ilg} jà}emg} hk ng} yxh }h tsh}hk|i u ng} mi`ceg} lh h}|ilg+ @g}|siklg h}thmein i|hkmeýk inh}|xleg lh ng} fi}h} u }x mg`tgs|i ehk|g jà}emg+ Sh}xn|i e`tsh}meklecnh. hk|hklhs u mgkgmhs ni}tsgtehlilh} lh ni ì|hsei hk }x} le}|ek|g} h}|ilg} tisi mshis ni ci}h mehk|àjemi khmh}isei tisi tg}|hsegsh}mxs}g}+

Mg`th|hkmei }gmein u mexliliki

Hn h}|xleg lh ng} fi}h} u }x mg`tgs|ièhk|g jà}emg h} lh ìkejeh}|i e`tgs|ikmei tisi hn mgkgmeèhk|g lhn

`xklg jà}emg yxh sglhi in inx`kg. }ek h}|g} mgkgmeèhk|g} h} e`tg}ecnh mgkgmhs ni eli u ni} ek|hsimmegkh}lh h}|i mgk hn `hleg yxh nh sglhi. ni sh}tesimeýk. ni i|`ý}jhsi. ni ìketxnimeýk lh }x}|ikmei} fi}hg}i} mgkhn thnefsg yxh h}|g hkmehssi. hn h}|xleg lhn `hlegi`cehk|h+ \glg h}|g }h tgkh lh ìkejeh}|g mgk ni}}hmmegkh} hk ni eli mg|eleiki yxh }intemik hn lh}issgnng lhn |hì. I}à mg`g. ni} im|eelilh} shnimegkili}mgk mxh}|egkh} cé}emi} yxh sglhik i ni shinelil lhn inx`kg+

Mg`th|hkmei tisi itshklhs i itshklhs

I ng nisfg lh |gli ni xkelil }h |sicioik aicenelilh}. hk ni} im|eelilh} g hk hn lh}issgnng. tisi yxh hninx`kg }hi mitiz lh mgk|ekxis itshklehklg lh jgsì ix|ýkgì lh imxhslg mgk ng} gcoh|eg} lh ni xkelil+




Elhk|ejemimeýk u mni}ejemimeýk lh }x}|ikmei} mhsmiki} i ni shinelil lhn inx`kg+

Tsgmhleèhk|g}

Ni ì|hsei u }x} h}|ilg} jà}emg}+

Tsgtehlilh} fhkhsinh} u tsgtehlilh} h}thmàjemi} lh ni ì|hsei+

Tsgtehlilh} fhkhsinh} lh ni ì|hsei? ì}i. gnx`hk u |h`thsi|xsi+

Ni lhk}elil? tsgtehlil misim|hsà}|emi lh ni} }x}|ikmei}+

Mgkmhk|simeýk lh xki le}gnxmeýk+

Jgsì} lh hqtsh}is ni mgkmhk|simeýk lh xki le}gnxmeýk? ì}i'gnx`hk. ( hk th}g+

Ni }gnxcenelil? tsgtehlil misim|hsà}|emi+ \hgsài i|ýèmg-`gnhmxnis lh Lin|gk+

Elhk|ejemimeýk u mni}ejemimeýk lh }x}|ikmei} mhsmiki} i ni shinelil lhn inx`kg+

Im|e|xlh}

‣ Zingsis ni e`tgs|ikmei lh ng} `glhng} |hýsemg} i jek lh tglhs hqtnemis mxinyxehs ahmag mg|eleikg+

‣ Tsgmxsis }hs mxelilg}g} u sefxsg}g} hk ni gc}hsimeýk lh mxinyxehs jhký`hkg hqthse`hk|in+

‣

Tg|hkmeis hn |siciog eklezelxin u hk hyxetg+MGK\HKELG] \SIK]ZHS]INH]


Shmgkgmeèhk|g u ingsimeýk lh ni e`tgs|ikmei lh ni} }x}|ikmei} hk kxh}|si eli+ In mgkgmhs ni mni}ejemimeýklh ni} }x}|ikmei} hn inx`kg txhlh mg`tshklhs ni} `hleli} lh aefehkh u mgk}hsimeýk lh }x}|ikmei}e`tgs|ik|h} tisi ni eli+

MG@TH\HKMEI] CÉ]EMI] YXH ]H TXHLHK \SICIOIS HK NI XKELIL






Ix|gkg`ài h ekemei|ei ths}gkin

Hn mgkgmeèhk|g }gcsh ni ì|hsei u mg`g }h mni}ejemi mgk|secxuh i lh}issgnnis hk hn inx`kg ni}lh}|shzi} khmh}isei} tisi hinxis u h`tshklhs tsguhm|g} ekleelxinh} g mgnhm|eg}+

MSE\HSEG] LH HZINXIMEÝK

‣ ]hùinis mxénh} }gk ni} elhi} jxkli`hk|inh} lh ni |hgsài i|ýèmg-`gnhmxnis lh Lin|gk+

‣

]ichs lejhshkmeis tsgtehlil fhkhsin u tsgtehlil h}thmàjemi+‣ Le}|ekfxes xki }x}|ikmei txsi tgs }x} tsgtehlilh} misim|hsà}|emi}+

‣ Shinezis ménmxng} }hkmenng} mgk ni mgkmhk|simeýk u ni }gnxcenelil lh xki le}gnxmeýk+

‣ Mni}ejemis ni} }x}|ikmei} mg|eleiki}+

Xkelil <? Ni @i|hsei? Tsgtehlilh} hnåm|semi} u hn é|g`g

GCOH\EZG] Mgkgmhs ni ki|xsinhzi hnåm|semi lh ni ì|hsei i}à mg`g ni} hqthsehkmei} yxh ni tgkhk lh ìkejeh}|g+

]ichs `hleik|h yxå `hmike}`g} }h txhlh hnhm|sezis xk mxhstg+

Mgkgmhs ni h}|sxm|xsi ÿn|eì lh ni ì|hsei u }x mgk}|e|xmeýk tgs tis|àmxni} misfili} hnåm|semi`hk|h+

Lejhshkmeis hk|sh mgklxm|gsh} u ie}nik|h} lh ni hnhm|semelil+

Mgkgmhs ng} le}|ek|g} `glhng} i|ýèmg} lh mgk}|e|xmeýk lh ni ì|hsei+

Elhk|ejemis ni} tis|àmxni} }xci|ýèmi} u }x} tsgtehlilh} `é} shnhik|h}+






Elhk|ejemis ng} tsgcnhì} lhseilg} lh ni sileim|eelil+ Thsg |i`ceåk ingsis ni} shthsmx}egkh}tg}e|ei} hk ni `hlemeki u hk ni mehkmei+

MG@TH\HKMEI] CÉ]EMI] YXH ]H TXHLHK \SICIOIK HK NI XKELIL


Hk ni }hmmeýk Sekmýk lh ni nhm|xsi }h |sicioi lh jgsì hqtnàme|i ng} mgk|hkelg} lh shnimegkilg} mgk niilyxe}emeýk lh ni mg`th|hkmei nhm|gsi. i |siå} lh |hq|g} mgk im|eelilh} lh hqtng|imeýk+

Mg`th|hkmei ì|h`é|emi

Hk ng} hohsmemeg} shnimegkilg} mgk hn |iìùg u ni misfi lh ni} tis|àmxni} i|ýèmi} }h |sicioi mgk ni kg|imeýkmehk|àjemi u ni} tg|hkmei} lh lehz+ Hk ni lh|hsèkimeýk lh ni ì}i i|ýèmi |hkehklg hk mxhk|i ni seyxhzi lhn}ge}g|gtg} }h |sicioi ng} tgsmhk|ioh}++


Mgk|ekxiklg mgk hn h}|xleg lh ni ì|hsei. iagsi lh}lh hn txk|g lh e}|i èmsg}mýtemg. h}|i xkelil }hfhkhsi i tis|es lhn lh}issgnng ae}|ýsemg lhn h}|xleg lh ni ki|xsinhzi hnåm|semi lh ni ì|hsei. tisi h}|xleis h}|itsgtehlil }h shmxssh i |sh} itisi|g}? hn hs}gseg. hn tåklxng hnåm|semg u hn hnhm|sg}mgteg+ ]h h}|xlei nihnhm|sezimeýk tgs mgk|im|g u tgs eklxmmeýk+ Lh h}|i jgsì }h tgkh lh ìkejeh}|g ni hqe}|hkmei lh „hnhm|seziltg}e|ei u khfi|ei‐+ I tis|es lh iyxà kg} ilhk|si`g} hk hn h}|xleg lh ni} tis|àmxni} yxh mg`tgkhk hn é|g`g|gìklg }ek inhoiskg} lh ni msgkgngfài lh ng} lh}mxcseèhk|g}+ Ng} `glhng} i|ýèmg} }h |sicioik lh}lhxki lgcnh hs|ehk|h? tse`hsg mg`g mgk|hkelg} tsgteg} lh ni xkelil u }hfxklg mg`g hoh`tng lh |siciogmehk|àjemg+ Lh ahmag hk ni téfeki 1= }h hoh`tnejemi mgk xki enx}|simeýk hn `å|glg h`tnhilg tgs ni mehkmeitisi nnhfis in mgkgmeèhk|g lhn `glhng i|ýèmg im|xin+

\si|ièhk|g lh ni ekjgsìmeýk u mg`th|hkmei lefe|in




Mgkmht|g}

‣ ]e}|hì thseýlemg im|xin+

‣ Ng} hnh`hk|g} yxàèmg} yxh jgsìk ni ì|hsei ei+‣ Ni} ceg`gnåmxni} u }x} jxkmegkh} hk hn gsfike}`g lh ng} }hsh} eg}+

Tsgmhleèhk|g}. lh}|shzi} u aicenelilh}

‣ Elhk|ejemis }à`cgng} lh lejhshk|h} hnh`hk|g} yxàèmg}+

‣ Hkx`hsis ni e`tgs|ikmei lh ng} hnh`hk|g} u mg`txh}|g} `é} e`tgs|ik|h} tisi ni eli+

Im|e|xlh}

‣ Zingsimeýk lhn mgkgmeèhk|g mehk|àjemg mg`g ek}|sx`hk|g e`tsh}meklecnh hk ni eli mg|eleiki+

HLXMIMEÝK HK ZINGSH]


]h txhlh shnimegkis hk h}|i xkelil hn mgkgme ehk|g lh infxkg} hnh`hk|g} yxàèmg} mgk ni khmh}elil yxhlh hnng} |ehkh hn mxhstg axìkg+ \i`ceåk }h txhlhk |siciois mgk ng} inx`kg} ni} mgk}hmxhkmei} yxh|hklsàik }gcsh hn }hs axìkg ni mishkmei lh infxkg lh ng} hnh`hk|g} `hkmegkilg} ik|hsegs`hk|h+ H}|g}mgk|hkelg} }h sh|gìsék hk xkelilh} }efxehk|h} hk h}|h è}`g mxs}g. mxiklg aicnh`g} lh ng} hnh`hk|g}

yxh ek|hsehkhk hk ng} mg`tgkhk|h} gsfékemg}+ H} e`tgs|ik|h lh}|imis yxh. ixkyxh infxkg} hnh`hk|g}yxàèmg} h}|ék tsh}hk|h} hk thyxhùi} mik|elilh}. }gk e`tsh}meklecnh} tisi hn mgsshm|g jxkmegkièhk|g lhngsfike}`g+



I |siå} lh |hq|g} mgk im|eelilh} lh hqtng|imeýk. hk ni }hmmeýk Sekmýk lh ni nhm|xsi }h |sicioi lh jgsì




‣ Lh|hsèkis mxén h} hn mse|hseg lh mni}ejemimeýk lh ng} hnh`hk|g} hk hn }e}|hì thseýlemg+

‣ Le}|ekfxes xk hnh`hk|g yxàèmg lh xk mg`txh}|g+

‣ Mgkgmhs hn kg`csh u hn }à`cgng lh ng} hnh`hk|g} yxàèmg} `é} x}xinh}+‣ Mni}ejemis }x}|ikmei} hk hnh`hk|g} u mg`txh}|g}+

‣ Eklemis ni jxkmeýk tsekmetin lh ng} hnh`hk|g} yxàèmg} `é} icxklik|h} hk hn mxhstg axìkg+

Xkelil :? Hnh`hk|g} u Mg`txh}|g}

GCOH\EZG]

Mgkgmhs hn mse|hseg lh mni}ejemimeýk lh ng} hnh`hk|g} hk hn }e}|hì thseýlemg h elhk|ejemis ng} fsxtg}

`é} e`tgs|ik|h}+ Le}|ekfxes hnh`hk|g u mg`txh}|g yxàèmg+

Mgkgmhs ng} }à`cgng} lh ng} hnh`hk|g}

MGK\HKELG]

Mgkmht|g}

]e}|hì thseýlemg im|xin+

Ng} hnh`hk|g} yxàèmg} yxh jgsìk ni ì|hsei ei+

Ni} ceg`gnåmxni} u }x} jxkmegkh} hk hn gsfike}`g lh ng} }hsh} eg}+

Tsgmhleèhk|g}

‣ Elhk|ejemis }à`cgng} lh lejhshk|h} hnh`hk|g} yxàèmg}+

‣ Hkx`hsis ni e`tgs|ikmei lh ng} hnh`hk|g} u mg`txh}|g} `é} e`tgs|ik|h} tisi ni eli+

Im|e|xlh}

‣ Zingsimeýk lhn mgkgme ehk|g mehk|àjemg mg`g ek}|sx`hk|g e`tsh}meklecnh hk ni eli




Hk ni }hmmeýk Sekmýk lh ni nhm|xsi }h |sicioi mgk is|àmxng} lh tshk}i tisi mgk|hq|xinezis ni ekjgsìmeýk lhni xkelil hk |hì} im|xinh} shnimegkilg} mgk ni eli mg|eleiki lhn inx`kg+ ]h tsgtgkhk infxki} téfeki}vhc ek|hsh}ik|h} yxh shjxhszik ng} mgk|hkelg} |sicioilg} hk ni xkelil+


Mgkgmhs ng} hnh`hk|g} jxkli`hk|inh} tisi ni eli mgk|secxuh i ni ilyxe}emeýk lh lh}|shzi} cé}emi tisilh}hkgnhs}h hk ng} i}thm|g} shnimegkilg} mgk ni kx|semeýk u ine`hk|imeýk u tgs hq|hk}eýk hk ni aicenelillh |gì lh lhme}egkh} u le}hùg lh ni tsgtei leh|i+



Xkelil 6? Yxàèmi hk Immeýk

GCOH\EZG]

Shmgkgmhs ni e`tgs|ikmei yxh |ehkh ni yxàèmi hk kxh}|si }gmehlil+

Mg`tshklhs ni} e`tnemimegkh} yxh |ehkhk le}|ek|i} im|eelilh} axìki} hk hn `hleg i`cehk|h+

]ichs mxénh} }gk ng} tsgcnhì} `hlegi`cehk|inh} `é} fsih} yxh ijhm|ik i ni \ehssi hk h}|h`g`hk|g+

Ek|hk|is hkmgk|sis }gnxmegkh} i ng} tsgcnhì} `hkmegkilg} hk hn txk|g ik|hsegs+

Hk|hklhs ni e`tgs|ikmei yxh hn shmemnilg lh `xmag} ì|hseinh} |ehkh hk ni }gmehlil im|xin+

MGK\HKELG]

Mgkmht|g}

‣ Shimmegkh} yxàèmi} `é} e`tgs|ik|h}? émelg ” ci}h u mg`cx}|eýk+

‣ Yxàèmi u `hleg i`cehk|h

‣ Eklx}|sei} yxàèmi}+ @hlemi`hk|g}+




Hk h}|i xkelil }h aik h}|xleilg infxkg} lh ng} tsgcnhì} `hlegi`cehk|inh} `é} fsih} lhseilg} lh niim|eelil eklx}|sein+ Ni }e`tnh im|eelil axìki |i`ceåk fhkhsi mgk|ièkimeýk hk hn `hleg i`cehk|h. u h}|gtxhlh liskg} teh i shinezis xki e}e|i i xki tnik|i lhtxsilgsi lh ifxi} sh}elxinh}+

Hk h}|i e}e|i. hn inx`kg }h mgkmehkmeisé lh ng} fsiklh} shmxs}g} yxh ni }gmehlil |ehkh yxh h`tnhis tisikg mgk|ièkis ni jixki u ni jngsi lh ng} sàg}+



Hk ni }hmmeýk Sekmýk lh ni nhm|xsi }h |sicioi lh jgsì hqtneme|i ng} mgk|hkelg} lh shnimegkilg} mgk niilyxe}emeýk lh ni mg`th|hkmei nhm|gsi. i |siå} lh |hq|g} mgk im|eelilh} lh hqtng|imeýk+

Mg`th|hkmei hk hn mgkgmeèhk|g u ni ek|hsimmeýk mgk hn `xklg jà}emgHk ni xkelil ik|hsegs ah`g} lh}|imilg hn h}|xleg lh ni} shimmegkh} yxàèmi}. hk h}|i xkelil itnemish`g}ng} mgk|hkelg} h}|xleilg}+ Hk h}|i xkelil }h gc|hklsék ng} mgkgme ehk|g} khmh}iseg} tisi mg`tshklhs hnhk|gskg yxh kg} sglhi. h}|icnhmhsé ni} ci}h} tisi xk `hogs mgkgmeèhk|g lhn hk|gskg u hk lhjeke|ei.mgkgmhs yxh ni immeýk axìki kg }gng |ehkh jim|gsh} khfi|eg} }gcsh hn `hleg i`cehk|h !ix`hk|g lh hjhm|gekhskilhsg. lh}|sxmmeýk lh ni miti lh gzgkg. mgk|ièkimeýk lhn ifxi u lhn iesh% }ekg yxh ni eklx}|seiyxàèmi |i`ceåk }esh tisi `hogsis ni minelil lh eli. }gcsh |glg hk ni ifsemxn|xsi. ine`hk|imeýk u hk hnle}hùg u gc|hkmeýk lh kxhg} ì|hseinh}+

\si|ièhk|g lh ni ekjgsìmeýk u mg`th|hkmei lefe|in

Hk ni }hmmeýk Sekmýk lh ni nhm|xsi }h |sicioi mgk is|àmxng} lh tshk}i tisi mgk|hq|xinezis ni ekjgsìmeýk lhni xkelil hk |hì} im|xinh} shnimegkilg} mgk ni eli mg|eleiki lhn inx`kg+ ]h tsgtgkhk infxki} téfeki}vhc ek|hsh}ik|h} yxh shjxhszik ng} mgk|hkelg} |sicioilg} hk ni xkelil+ Mich lh}|imis ni e`tgs|ikmei yxh|ehkh ni im|xinezimeýk hk ng} |hì} lh `hleg i`cehk|h. }h txhlh mgk}xn|is i leiseg ng} kehnh} lh fi}h} hkni i|`ý}jhsi lh kxh}|si mexlil. hn kehn lh tgnhk hk ni} åtgmi} tseìhsinh}. hn kehn lh mgk|ièkimeýki`cehk|in h|m+


Xkg lh ng} |hì} `é} e`tgs|ik|h} lh hlxmimeýk mehk|àjemi tisi hn mexlilikg h} hn sh}th|g tgs hn `hleg




‣ Mgkgmhs ng} jim|gsh} yxh ekjnxuhk hk ni sh}e}|hkmei lh xk ì|hsein+

‣ Mgkgmhs u }ichs mgngmis mgsshm|i`hk|h xk i`thsà`h|sg u xk gn|à`h|sg hk xk mesmxe|g+

Mgkgmhs ni} ìfke|xlh} lh ni} yxh lhthklh hn mgk}x`g hkhsfå|emg hk xk itisi|g hnåm|semg+MGK\HKELG]

Mgkmht|g}

‣ Misfi hnåm|semi+ \etg} lh misfi}+

‣ Mesmxe|g} hnåm|semg}+

‣ Ek|hk}elil. |hk}eýk u sh}e}|hkmei hnåm|semi+ Shnimeýk hk|sh hnni}+

‣ Nhu lh Ga`+

‣ Itnemimegkh} lh ni mgssehk|h hnåm|semi

‣ Ni hnhm|semelil hk mi}i+

Tsgmhleèhk|g}

Sh}gnhs tsgcnhì} kx`åsemg} hk ng} yxh itishzmik ni} le}|ek|i} ìfke|xlh} |si|ili} hk nixkelil. mg`g }gk ek|hk}elil lh mgssehk|h. |hk}eýk. sh}e}|hkmei…

Mgk}|sxes u `gk|is le}|ek|g} mesmxe|g} hnåm|semg}+

Im|e|xlh} Zingsis ni e`tgs|ikmei yxh ai |hkelg ni hnhm|semelil hk hn lh}issgnng eklx}|sein u |hmkgnýfemg lh kxh}|si

}gmehlil+

Jg`hk|is aéce|g} lh}|ekilg} in iagssg lh hkhsfài hnåm|semi+


Hlxmimeýk tisi hn mgk}xèlgs

H}|i xkelil h} itsgteili tisi lh}issgnnis hk ng} inx`kg} hn mgkmht|g lh iagssg hkhsfå|emg hk




]ichs mý`g }h fhkhsi ni hnhm|semelil u ni} itnemimegkh} lh h}|i aimh yxh hn inx`kg }h jgs`h hk aicenelilh}tsgtei} lh ni eli mg|eleiki mg`g? mgkhqeýk lh cg`cenni}. mgkgmeèhk|g lh ng} thnefsg} lh ni ìketxnimeýk uménmxng lhn mgk}x`g+ H}|g ÿn|e`g lh}issgnni xki im|e|xl sh}tgk}icnh }gcsh hn mgk}x`g lh hnhm|semelil+

Ilh`é} }h ekmelh hk ng misi yxh h} ni hkhsfài yxh tsgtgsmegkik ni} teni}+ I}à mg`g ni khmh}elil lh x|enezis }eh`tsh hkhsfài} shkgicnh}+


I ng nisfg lh |gli ni xkelil }h |sicioik ni} lh}|shzi} khmh}isei} tisi yxh hn itshklezioh }hi ng `é}ix|ýkg`g tg}ecnh+ Ni} im|eelilh} h}|ék le}hùili} tisi hohsme|is aicenelilh} mg`g? ikinezis. ilyxeses.tsgmh}is. hinxis. }ek|h|ezis u gsfikezis ng} mgkgmeèhk|g} kxhg}+

Ix|gkg`ài h ekemei|ei ths}gkin

Hn mgkgmeèhk|g u ni ekjgsìmeýk mgk|secxuhk i ni mgk}hmxmeýk lh h}|i mg`th|hkmei+

MSE\HSEG] LH HZINXIMEÝK

‣ ]ichs lejhshkmeis mgklxm|gsh} u ie}nik|h}+

‣ Sh}gnhs tsgcnhì} kx`åsemg} yxh shnimegkhk ni} le}|ek|i} ìfke|xlh} |si|ili} hk ni xkelil!ek|hk}elil. |hk}eýk. sh}e}|hkmei hnåm|semi%+

‣ Sh}gnhs tsgcnhì} }hkmenng} mgk mesmxe|g} hnåm|semg}+

‣ Minmxnis hn mgk}x`g lh mxinyxehs itisi|g hnåm|semg i tis|es lh }x tg|hkmei u hn |eh`tg yxh ai h}|ilgjxkmegkiklg+

‣ Hqtnemis mxénh} }gk ng} hnh`hk|g} tsekmetinh} yxh jgsìk ni ek}|inimeýk hnåm|semi |àtemi lh xkieehkli+

‣ Ikinezis xk shmecg lh ni mg`tiùài hnåm|semi. lejhshkmeiklg ng} mg}|h} lhseilg} lhn mgk}x`g lhhkhsfài hnåm|semi lh iyxhnng} yxh mgssh}tgklhk i ni tg|hkmei mgk|si|ili. inyxenhs lh hyxetg} lh`hleli. h|m+



IKHQG I? ZINGSIMEÝK LH NI TSGFSI@IMEÝK LGMHK\H U LH NG] SH]XN\ILG] GC\HKELG]

EKLEMIMGSH] ]E KG I ZHMH] GC]HSZIMEGKH]

9+ Ng} eh csg} lhn lhtis|i hk|g hnicgsik ni tsgfsiìmeýk in ekemeg lh mxs}g+

3+ Hqe}|h xki mgk|ekxi mggslekimeýk lh ni tsgfsiìmeýk hk|sh ng} le}|ek|g} èh csg} lhnlhtis|i`hk|g+

=+ ]h shinezi hn tshmht|eg }hfxe ehk|g hk}xin lh ni tsgfsiìmeýk+

<+ H}|ék mnisi`hk|h shnimegkilg} ng} gcoh|eg} fhkhsinh} lh h|iti mgk ng} gcoh|eg}fhkhsinh} lh éshi+

8+ Ng} mse|hseg} lh hinximeýk h}|ék shjhselg} i ng} gcoh|eg} lh éshi+

:+ Ng} mgk|hkelg} lh ni tsgfsi imeýk }h aik iox}|ilg in mgk|hq|g }gmegmxn|xsin lhn EH]+

6+ ]h ai itnemilg xki h|glgngfài tis|emeti|ei. im|ei u jnhqecnh hk hn ixni+

1+ Hn lhtis|i hk|g ai |hkelg hk mxhk|i ni} le}|ek|i} mg`th|hkmei} tisi shinezis nitsgfsiìmeýk+

5+ ]h aik she}ilg ng} ek}|sx`hk|g} lh hinximeýk+

94+ ]h aik mgk}hk}xilg u mnisejemilg ng} mse|hseg} lh minejemimeýk+

99+ ]h ai |hkelg hk mxhk|i ni i|hkmeýk i ni lehs}elil hk hn ixni `hleik|h shjxhszg} ui`tneimegkh}. }hfÿk ni} mitimelilh} lh ng} inx`kg} u inx`ki}+

93+ ]h tsg`xhhk ng} |siciog} lh ng} inx`kg} hk fsxtg tisi inmikzis ng} gcoh|eg} lhnéshi+

9=+ ]h nh} ekjgsì i ng} inx`kg} mgk éshi} thklehk|h} lh ni} im|eelilh} u hqé`hkh} yxhlhchk shinezis mgk |eh`tg }xjemehk|h+

9<+ ]h aik shinezilg ni} im|eelilh} mg`tnh`hk|isei} u hq|sih}mgnish} tsgfsiìli}+

98+ Ng} ì|hseinh} u shmxs}g} }gk ng} ilhmxilg} g h} khmh}iseg she}isng} u kg|ejemisng}+

9:+ Ng} inx`kg} u inx`ki} aik }elg ekjgsìlg} lh ni} tsxhci} hq|sigslekisei} lh oxkeg u}ht|eh`csh+



EKLEMIMGSH] ]E KG I ZHMH] GC]HSZIMEGKH]

96+ ]h aik shinezilg ilit|imegkh} mxssemxnish} kg }efkejemi|ei} mgk iyxhnng} inx`kg} yxh|ehkhk xk lh}ji}h mxssemxnis+

91+ ]h aik shinezilg ni} ths|ekhk|h} ilit|imegkh} mxssemxnish} }efkejemi|ei} hkmgnicgsimeýk mgk hn lhtis|i`hk|g lh gsehk|imeýk+

95+ ]h ai iox}|ilg ni tsgfsiìmeýk i ng} fsxtg} |si} ni} tsxhci} ekemeinh}+

I}thm|g} lh ni tsgfsiìmeýk yxh kg aik jxkmegkilg?

@hleli} yxh }h ik i ilgt|is?

Documents

2011-12 - Física y Química - 3º ESO