SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT

Local names and uses. Bolivia: chima, chonta,chonta de castilla, huanima (Chacabo), tembi, woy(Chimane). Brazil: pupunha. Colombia: chontadura,corozo. Costa Rica: pejibaye, pejivalle. Ecuador:chonta pala (Quichua). Honduras: pejibaye, supa.Panama: nalup (Kuna), pisbacilla. Peru: pijuayo, uwi(Mayna Jfvaro). Nicaragua: pijibaya. Venezuela:pijiguao, pijiwau. The fruits of Bactris gasipaes arean important part of the diet in many parts of tropicalAmerica. Historically they were much more impor­tant to indigenous peoples, not only as a source of foodbut also in rituals and ceremonies (e.g., Reichel­Dolmatoff, 1989). Currently fruits and palm hearts areimportant commercially. A wealth of information onthis variety is given in Mora Urpf et al. (1993).

Bernal (1989) proposed conservation of Bactrisgasipaes Kunth against the older, overlooked nameMartinezia ciliata Ruiz & Pavon, and his proposal wasaccepted (Brummitt, 1993). The holotype of M. ciliataconsists of a leaf fragment and two endocarps. Oneof these is ellipsoid and 1.6-1.7 em long, the othersubglobose and 1.2 em diameter (R. Bernal, pers.comm.). It is possible that one endocarp belongs tovar. gasipaes and the other to var. chichagui, but it isnot possible to be sure.

27b. Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. chichagui (H.Karsten) Henderson, comb. nov. Bactris speciosa(Martius) H. Karsten var. chichagui H. Karsten,Linnaea 28: 402. 1857. Guilielma gasipaes (Kunth)L. H. Bailey var. chichagui (H. Karsten) Dahlgren,Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. ser. 14: 185. 1936("chicagui"). Type: "in collibus influentium in Mag­dalenam et Caucam usque ad altitudinem 1000metroram." Holotype. Unknown. Colombia. Valledel Cauca: Mun. La Victoria, 3 km N of Corozalon rd. to Miravalles, 1240 m, 5-6 Apr 1989, R.Bernal & W. Devia 1543 (neotype, here designated,COL). Fig. 27-3

Guilielma macana Martius in d'Orbigny, Voy. Ameriquemer. 7(3). Palmiers 74. 1844. Bactris macana(Martius) Pittier, Manual Plant. Usual. Ven. 276.1926. Type. Venezuela. Zulia: Maraicabo, s.d., F.Plee s.n. (holotype, M).

Bactris caribaea H. Karsten, Linnaea 28: 403. 1857.Guilielma caribaea (H. Karsten) H. Wendland inKerchove, Palmiers 246. 1878. Type: "ad pedemmontis glacialis St. Marthae in planitie sicca et calidaMaracaibensi et St. Marthensi." Holotype unknown.

Guilielma mattogrossensis Barbosa Rodrigues, PalmaeMattogrossenses 33. 1898. Bactris coccinea BarbosaRodrigues, Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 4: 110.1907. Type. Barbosa Rodrigues, Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio

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de Janeiro 4: t. 24c. 1907 (lectotype, designated byGlassman, 1972).

Guilielma microcarpa Huber, Bol. Mus. Paraense Hist.Nat. 4: 476. 1906, non Bactris microcarpa Spruce(1871). Bactris dahlgreniana Glassman, A Revisionof B. E. Dahlgren's Index of American Palms 34.1972. Type. Not designated. Brazil. Acre: Rio JurUll,above Cruzeiro do Sui, near Natal, 8°20'S, 72°15'W,8 Feb 1992, A. Henderson et af. 1663 (lectotype, heredesignated, INPA; isolectotypes, AAU, NY).

Fruits subglobose to obovoid, rarely ovoid, 1.2­2.3 x 1.1-1.8 em, orange.

Distribution and habitat. Colombia (Antioquia,Bolfvar, Guajira, Norte de Santander, Risaralda,Sucre, Valle del Cauca), Venezuela (Barinas, Zulia),Ecuador (Manabf, Pichincha), and the western Ama­zon region of Peru (Cusco, Madre de Dios, Pasco),Brazil (Acre, Mato Grosso, Rondonia) and Bolivia(Santa Cruz) (Fig. 29B); on Andean slopes and adja­cent lowlands, in lowland or montane rain forest onterra firme, at lOG-I 100 m elevation.

Additional specimens examined. COLOMBIA.ANTIOQUlA: San Rafael, 6°20'N, 75°W, 1100 m, 25 Sep1982, Espinal s.n. (COL). BOLIVAR: Mun. San Jacinto,Cerro de Maco, 600 m, 22 Aug 1984, Cuadros 1902 (US).GUAJIRA: Rd. from Mingueo to San Antonio de PuebloViejo, II ° IO'N, 73°30'W, 20~00 m, 2 Jul 1984, Gentry &Cuadros 47512 (NY); 5 km E of Palomino, l1015'N,73°30'W, 100 m, 2 Jul 1984, Gentry & Cuadros 47507 (MO,NY). NORTE DE SANTANDER: Oru, on Pipeline, 540 m, 17Sep 1946, M. Foster 1731 (COL). RISARALDA: Mun.Balboa, Hacienda Aguas Claras, N of valley of RIO Cauca,940 m, 24 Aug 1989, Silverstone-Sopkin et af. 5547 (NY).SUCRE: 15 km ENE of Tolu, Hacienda La Estanzuela, 100m, 15 Nov 1974, Warner 470 (COL). VALLE DEL CAUCA:Between La Paila and Zarzal, Hacienda EI Medio, 950 m,15 Jan 1989, Silverstone-Sopkin et af. 5045 (NY); 10 Sep1989, Silverstone-Sopkin et af. 5574 (NY); Zarzal, HaciendaLas Pilas, rd. to Guacimal, 1025 m, 10Jun 1991, Silverstone­Sopkin et al. 6163 (NY).

VENEZUELA. BARINAS: Caimital, 8 km S of Barran­cas, 24-25 May 1966, Schulz & Rodrigues 419 (NY); be­tween Barinas and Barinitas, 10 km NW of Barinas, 8°42'N,70018'W, 350 m, 15 Jun 1967, Wessels Boer 1854 (NY);crossing of rd. Barinas-San Crist6bal and RIO Bumbun,8°13'N,70044'W, 16 Jun 1967, Wessels Boer 1860 (NY).ZULlA: Dist. Bolfvar, between EI Pensado and Las TresMarIas, 26 Jul 1980, Bunting 9430 (NY); Dist. Bolfvar,Embalse Burro Negro (Pueblo Viejo), 10 km E ofChuruguarita, 250-300 m, 5-8 Aug 1980, Bunting 9538(NY); Dist. Perija, near Estaci6n Hidrol6gica Aricuaisa,9°35'N, n054'W, 100-250 m, 28 Feb 1982, Bunting et al.10981 (NY); Dist. Catatumbo, 2-4 km S ofCasigua, II Oct1982, Bunting 11777 (NY); rd. Machiques-CoI6n, 50-100m, 22 Aug 1967, Steyermark & Fernandez 99565 (BH, MO,NY); Perija, near Misi6n Los Angeles del Tucuco, 9°50'N,

74

72°50'W, 30Q-400 m, 6 Apr 1968, Wessels Boer 2452 (NY),6 Apr 1968, Wessels Boer 2453 (NY).

ECUADOR. MANARi: Rd. from EI Carmen to Chone,km 54, N of Ricaurte, 0020'S, 79°45'W, 500 m, 26 Mar 1986,Balslev et aL. 62013 (AAU, NY). PICHINCHA: Quito­Esmeralda rd., just outside Santo Domingo de los Colorados,Toachi, 0014'S, 79°8'W, 600 m, 14 Apr 1992, BorglOftPedersen 97674 (AAU, BH, COL, NY).

PERU. Cusco: La Convenci6n, below Echarate, AltoUrubamba, Manguyari, I2047'S, 72°40'W, 670 m, 3 Feb1989, Nunez et al. 10209 (CUZ). MADRE DE Dlos: ProvoTambopata, Rfo Tambopata, Hermosa Chica, 12°50'S,69° I7'W, 22 Nov 1990, Pesha 41 (NY); Manu National Park,Cocha Cashu Biological Station, II °50'S, 71 °25'W, 18 Aug­Sep 1989, Nunez et aL. JJ394 (CUZ, MO, NY). PASCO:Pozuzo, 1005'S, 75°35'W, 5 Feb 1983, Gentry et al. 40077(F, MO, USM).

BRAZIL. ACRE: Seringal Cachoeira, 35 km SSE ofXapuri, 13 Oct 1989, Pinard 845 (NY). RONDONIA: OuroPreto d'Oeste on BR 364, s.d., Clement501-CRC-88 (FTG,INPA).

BOLIVIA. SANTA CRUZ: Provo Nuflo de Chavez, RfoNegro, 14°45'S, 62°47'W, 22 Mar 1990, Bel/eLLa 124 (USZ);Velasco, 14°31 'S, 6\ °21 'W, 250 m, 27 Mar 1994, Guillen etal. 1198 (NY); Provo Nuflo de Chavez, 12 km NW of SanJavier, 16° IO'S, 62°34'W, 768 m, 12 May 1990, Saldias /076(NY, USZ); Provo Nuflo de Chavez, Reserva Rios Blanco yNegro, 15°37'S, 64°42'W, 250 m, 10 Ju11992, Saldias et aL.1544 (USZ); Provo Nuflo de Chavez, San Pablo, ca. 60 kmW of Concepci6n, 300 m, 19 May 1993, Saldias &Mostacedo 2529 (USZ).

Local names. Bolivia: chontilla. Brazil: pupunhabrava. Peru: pifayo, pijuayo del monte. Venezuela:macana, pirayi.

Guilielma mattogrossensis was included byHenderson (1995) and Henderson et al. (1995) as asynonym of Bactris riparia. Further study has shownthat it does not belong there but rather under B.gasipaes var. chichagui. Two specimens from Peru,both sterile, also presumably belong here (HUlinuco:Provo Tingo Marfa, Naranjilla, between Tingo Marfaand Rio Tulmayo, I May 1960, Moore et at. 8391(BH); Provo Tingo Marfa, Rfo Cayumba near its jet.with Rfo Huallaga, 700-800 m, I lun 1960, Moore etat. 8557 (BH)).

Within var. chichagu.i it is possible to recognize atleast three different fruit types. The first, from Acreand Rondonia in Brazil, has subglobose fruits with arostrum and ellipsoid endocarps (much like a smallerversion of the endocarp of var. gasipaes). The second,from Venezuela and Colombia, has smaller subglobosefruits and endocarps. The third, from scattered locali­ties in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia haslarger, almost ovoid fruits and ellipsoid endocarps.

FLORA NEOTROPICA

28. Bactris gastoniana Barbosa Rodrigues, VellosiaI: 40. 1888. Pyrenoglyphis gastoniana (BarbosaRodrigues) Burret, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.34: 242. 1934. Type. Barbosa Rodrigues, Sert.palm. brasil. 2: t. 13. 1903 (lectotype designatedby Wessels Boer, 1965). Fig. 30-1

Stems solitary or cespitose, subterranean or aerialand then 5-60 cm tall, 0.8-2 cm diam., covered withpersistent, decaying leaf bases. Leaves 4-8; leaf spineswidely scattered, black, terete, to 5 em long, on sheath,petiole, and proximal part of rachis, sometimes absent;sheath \1-20 em long, persistent, fibrous at apex,sheath, petiole and rachis brown-tomentose; ocrea to10 cm long; petiole 40-75 cm long; rachis 45-55 cmlong; pinnae 8-11 per side, irregularly arranged inclusters of 2-4, spreading in different planes or moreor less in the same plane, sigmoid, aristate, minutelyspiny on the margins; middle pinnae \9-28 x 2.5-4cm. Inflorescences interfoliar; peduncle 13-20 cmlong, straight, spiny or not spiny; prophyll 9-\2 cmlong; peduncular bract 16-25 em long, densely cov­ered with black or brown spines to \.5 em long, gla­brescent; rachis absent; rachilla I, 3-4 em long; tri­ads regularly arranged; staminate flowers to I emlong, persistent; sepal lobes to 1.5 cm long; petals to\ cm long; stamens not seen; pistillate flowers to 6mm long; calyx urceolate, to 3 mm long; corolla ur­ceolate, to 6 mm long, spinulose; staminodial ringadnate to corolla; fruits 2.5-3 x 1.5-2 cm, denselycrowded, ellipsoid or widely ovoid, purple-black;mesocarp juicy; endocarp ellipsoid, the sterile poresdisplaced longitudinally, the fertile pore displacedlatitudinally; endocarp fibers free, numerous, withjuice sacs attached; fruiting perianth with small ca­lyx and tubular, many-lobed corolla, with starninodialring.

Distribution and habitat. Central and easternAmazon region in Suriname, French Guiana, and Bra­zil (Amapa, Amazonas, Para) (Fig. 28B); lowland rainforest on terrafirme, at 87-500 m elevation.

Additional specimens examined. SURINAME. HautLitany, 2°31 'N, 54°45'W, 2 Aug 1993, de Granville et aL.11993 (CAY, K, US); Monts Tumuc Humac, confluence ofLitany-Waamahpann, 2°27'N, 54°31'W, 22 Sep 1994, deGranville 12631 (CAY, K, NY); 50 mi S of Paramaribo, Nov1953, Lindeman 58 (BH); Suriname River, Jodensavanne,Mapane Creek, 8 Jul 1953, Lindeman 4176 (NY); 12 Oct\953, Lindeman 4936 (NY); Coppenam River headquarters,26 Jul 1944, Maguire 24178 (NY); Alalapadu, 8 Jul 1977,Moore et al. 10340 (BH), 10 Jul 1977, Moore et aL. 10346(BH); Paramaka, 10 Oct 1962, Wessels Boer 182 (NY);Namaika, Go1iathberg, 25 Nov 1962, Wessels Boer 296 (NY).

FRENCH GUIANA. Sinnamary River, Saut Tigre, 5°N,53° I'W, 87 m, 8 Sep 1993, Christenson & George 1864