Análisis de La Participación Electoral en el Estado de México 1996-2012

8/16/2019 Análisis de La Participación Electoral en el Estado de México 1996-2012

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Kgëojsjs hm ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg Momdtarko mg moMstkha hm @êxjda ;::3-<>;<

F]KG DK\OAT SJOOK\\MKO @K\XÀGMV;

\msu`mg6Dagadmr par quê pkrtjdjpk mo djuhkhkga mg ugk momddjôg ms ugk hm oks dumstja-gms prjgdjpkoms hm ok Djmgdjk âoàtjdk, ok duko, bk trktkha hm rmsaovmr k trkvês hmhjvmrsas mgcaqums. Mstk jgvmstjikdjôg rmspaghm k mstm dumstjagk`jmgta hmshmmo ë`ljta oadko, ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda5 ok jhmk ms tm-gmr rmspumstks par `mhja hm ugk mgdumstk prkdtjdkhk mg ok mgtjhkh, ksà daàsklmr sj mxjstm ugk rmokdjôg mgtrm mo arjimg hmo djuhkhkga y mo mfmrdjdja hmo vata.K`lks vkrjkloms pumhmg mxpojdkr mo gjvmo hm pkrtjdjpkdjôg mg ok mgtjhkh.

^koklrks dokvms6 daghudtjsà, dojvkfms, Mstkha hm @êxjda, pkrtjdjpkdjôg momd-tarko, mgtjhkh hm arjimg, mgdumstks.

Klstrkdt6

Egaw wby jgvaovmh djtjzmg jg kg momdtjag js agm ac qumstjag tbm` `kfar acpaojtjdko sdjmgdm, wbjdb bks sauibt ta saovm tbrauib hjmrmgt kpprakdbms. Xjsjgvmstjiktjag rmspaghs ta tbjs qumstjag cra` tbm oadko omvmo, tbm pkrtjdjpktjagmomdtarko jg tbm Ttktm ac @mxjda5 tbm jhmk js ta bkvm rmspagsms tbrauib k survmyjg tbm mgtjty, ks wmoo ks ta egaw jc tbmrm js k rmoktjagsbjp lmtwmmg tbm arjijg actbm djtjzmg kgh tbm mxmrdjsm ac tbm vatm. Latb vkrjkloms dkg mxpokjg tbm omvmo acpkrtjdjpktjag jg tbm Ttktm.

; @kmstra mg Hmrmdba Momdtarko, kdtuko`mgtm ms Dagsmfmra Momdtarko hmo Jgstjtuta Momdtarko hmo Mstkhahm @êxjda.



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Emy warhs6 lmbkvjarjs`, domkvkim, stktm ac @mxjda, momdtarko pkrtjdjpktjag,stktm ac arjijg, survmy.

Jgtrahuddjôg

Oks momddjagms car`kg pkrtm hm ok hmàdrkdjk dagtm`parëgmk, parqum msugk hm oks car`ks `ës kdmptkloms pkrk qum ug pkàs mojfk ojlrm`mgtm, hmmgtrm ugk smrjm hm apdjagms, k ok `mfar apdjôg qum pumhk adupkrsm hm

oks hmdjsjagms hmo Mstkha. Ga alstkgtm, dkhk pkàs, hm kdumrha dag su dagtmxtabjstôrjda, bk hmojgmkha ok mstrudturk hmo sjstm`k momdtarko5 daà ljmg oa smûkokHjmtmr Gabomg (;::2), mo sjstm`k momdtarko ms haghm sm rmkojzk ok dagvmrsjôg hm

vatas mg msdkûas. Mxjstmg hjvmrsas tjpas hm sjstm`k momdtarko (hm `kyaràk, hmrmprmsmgtkdjôg prapardjagko y `jxtk), mg tahas mooas ms gmdmskrjk ok pkrtjdjpk-djôg hm ok djuhkhkgàk, qum kduhkg k vatkr y smomddjagmg koiugk hm oks apdjagmspkrk rmprmsmgtkroas.

±[uê ms oa qum àtjvk k ug jghjvjhua k mfmrdmr su vata1 Mstk prmiugtk bktrktkha hm rmspaghmrsm mg ok djmgdjk paoàtjdk hmshm oas kûas 4> hmo Tjioa RR,utjojzkgha mgcaqums ùotjhjsdjpojgkrjas qum vkg hmshm ok kgtrapaoaiàk bkstkok mdaga`àk. Kugqum ok darrjmgtm Lmbkvjarjstk, dag oas mstuhjas hm Koàgh,Smrlk (;:34) y Okzkrscmoh (;:2=), cumrag hm oas `ës jggavkharms, dag ok jg-darparkdjôg hm ok ̀ mtahaoaiàk lkskhk mg mgdumstks5 oks dràtjdks k hjdbk têdgjdkga sm bkg hmfkha mspmrkr y sm bkg rmdagadjha atras mgcaqums pkrk mxpojdkr moda`partk`jmgta paoàtjda hmo jghjvjhua5 uga hm mooas, mo jghjvjhukojsà ̀ mta-haoôijda, qum sastuva Kgtbagy Hawgs (;:=9), carùoô ok darrjmgtm mdagô`j-dk pkrk mxpojdkr qum mo jghjvjhua kdtök mg su mgtarga paoàtjda dag lksm mg sulmgmdja pmrsagko, dagsjhmrkgha qum khm`ës pasmm tahk ok jgcar`kdjôg pkrkta`kr ugk hmdjsjôg5 tko sustmgta tmôrjda cum cumrtm`mgtm drjtjdkha par ga dag-sjhmrkr oks hjcmrmgdjks mgtrm oks sadjmhkhms hm kddmsa k ok jgcar`kdjôg.

K pmskr hm mstas mscumrzas, mo jghjvjhua sjium prmsmgtkha ug da`partk`jmgta

vkrjklom crmgtm k ok jhmk hm mfmrdmr su vata y oas mgcaqums tmôrjdas kög ga tjmgmgugk rmspumstk mspmdàdk pkrk dkhk cmgô`mga. ̂ ar mooa mstm mstuhja tjmgm daàalfmtjva kgkojzkr ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda, y hkr rms-pumstk k hjdbk pkrtjdjpkdjôg dag lksm mg has vkrjkloms6 ugk mg dukgta k dojvkfmspaoàtjdas, qum tjmgm qum vmr dag mo arjimg hm oas djuhkhkgas y atrk hm dkrëdtmr



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daghudtjstk qum rmspaghm k ugk mgdumstk rmkojzkhk mg ok mgtjhkh. K`lks vk-rjkloms sm kgkojzkrëg hm car`k jghjvjhuko pkrk rmspaghmr k ok prmiugtk jgjdjkohmo mstuhja mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda.

Ok bjpôtmsjs hmo mstuhja ms qum mo arjimg hm oas momdtarms tjmgm rmokdjôg dagqum mo djuhkhkga vatm mg ugk momddjôg oadko. Mo krtàduoa sm da`pagm hm trmskpkrtkhas6 mo prj`mra bkdm ug kgëojsjs salrm oas kpugtms tmôrjdas hm ok pkr-tjdjpkdjôg momdtarko5 mo smiugha kpkrtkha rmvjstm salrm oks dkrkdtmràstjdks hmoMstkha hm @êxjda y su pkrtjdjpkdjôg, mo tmrdmr kpkrtkha vmrsk salrm mo kgëojsjshmo arjimg hm oas momdtarms y su pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko5 ksà daà ug kgëojsjs hmok mgdumstk rmkojzkhk mg ok mgtjhkh.

Kpugtms tmôrjdas salrm ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko

Oks momddjagms sag pkrtm msmgdjko hm ok hmàdrkdjk dagtm`parëgmk, yk qum par`mhja hm êstks, ugk sadjmhkh mojim k sus rmprmsmgtkgtms5 mg msm smgtjha, ok pkr-tjdjpkdjôg momdtarko, daà ug tjpa hm pkrtjdjpkdjôg paoàtjdk, sm bk dagvmrtjhamg uga hm oas da`partk`jmgtas paoàtjdas ̀ ës dagvmgdjagkoms qum mxjstmg. ‟]grksia dmgtrko hm oks hmàdrkdjks ̀ ahmrgks ms ok dmomlrkdjôg pmrjôhjdk hm momd-djagms‐ (Bmoh, ;::<5 Tkrtarj, ;:225 \jemr, ;:2<). Mg oas da`jdjas, oas djuhkhk-gas mojimg mgtrm ugk vkrjmhkh hm acmrtks duya prapôsjta ms ikgkrsm ok `kyaràkhm vatas y hm msk car`k hmtmr`jgkr qujêgms dagcar`krëg oas ôrikgas mg oashjstjgtas gjvmoms hm ialjmrga (Tdbu`pmtmr, ;:245 @krtàgmz, <>;46 ;4).

^krk kgkojzkr mo par quê vatkg oas djuhkhkgas, ugk hm oks darrjmgtms `mta-haoôijdks qum bk tmgjha irkghms khmptas daà dràtjdks ms ok hmo Daghudtjsàa Lmbkvjarjsà5 mstk darrjmgtm rmspaghm ok prmiugtk ±âr quê ok imgtm sm da`-partk daà oa bkdm1 Hm ok sjiujmgtm `kgmrk6

Mo da`partk`jmgta paoàtjda mstë dagstjtujha par oks kddjagms m jgtmrkddjagms hm jghjvjhuasy irupas j`pojdkhas mg mo pradmsa hm ialjmrga U…P mo daghudtjsà khaptk oas pastuokhashmo ook`kha pasjtjvjsà oôijda. Dagsjhmrk qum dukoqujmr mxpojdkdjôg hmlm lkskrsm mg ugkda`pralkdjôg m`pàrjdk cughk`mgtkhk mg ok alsmrvkdjôg hm oa qum sudmhm (Kghujzk yLasdb, <>>:6 49)

âr oa kgtmrjar, mo Daghudtjsà prmsmgtô uga hm oas jgstru`mgtas `ës jggavkharms y dukgtjtktjvas pkrk pahmr mxpojdkr mo da`partk`jmgta paoàtjda, êstk msok mgdumstk. Oas mstuhjas hm apjgjôg sag ugk hm oks têdgjdks hm jgvmstjikdjôg



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`ës dagadjhas y utjojzkhas par oas djmgtàdas sadjkoms pkrk hmàstrkr mo smgtjrhmo jghjvjhua dag rmspmdta k oa paoàtjda.

Okzkrscmoh y ̀ ës tkrhm Koàgh y Smrlk utjojzkrag ok mgdumstk pkrk hmàstrkr

oks prmcmrmgdjks momdtarkoms y mo tjpa hm duoturk paoàtjdk hm ugk gkdjôg. K`lasmstuhjas sag ok lksm hm oks jgvmstjikdjagms psjdaduoturkoms5 k pmskr hm oks dràtjdksqum rmdjljmrag mg kûas pastmrjarms k su jgvmstjikdjôg, sus mstuhjas rmprmsmgtkgugk hm oks darrjmgtms ̀ ës j`partkgtms hm ok djmgdjk paoàtjdk. Oks dràtjdks bmdbksko mgcaqum daghudtjstk arjookrag k oas jgvmstjikharms k khaptkr gumvks car`kshm mstuhjkr mo da`partk`jmgta paoàtjda, a ljmg, k da`pom`mgtkr oa yk mxpojdkhapar mo Lmbkvjarjsà. ]gk hm msks car`ks ms mo mgcaqum hm oas dojvkfms paoàtjdas,oas dukoms ‟ksu`mg ko vata daà rmmfa hm oks hjvjsjagms mstrudturkoms mg ug

sadjmhkh mg ug ̀ a`mgta hkha‐ (@armga mg @krtàgmz, <>;46 ;8). Ms hmdjr, ugdojvkfm ‟ms ugk hjvjsjôg hm ok sadjmhkh mg has apumstas qum mstë hmtmr`jgkha parok pasjdjôg hm oas jghjvjhuas mg ok mstrudturk sadjko y qum, daà ms pracughk-`mgtm smgtjha par oas jghjvjhuas, kdklk dagiurkgha kojgmk`jmgtas mgtrm oaslkghas hm ok sadjmhkh y oas pkrtjhas paoàtjdas‐ (Kghujzk y Lasdb, <>>:6 ;89).

Oas kutarms qum kduûkg mstm tm`k sag Tmyàr @krtjg Ojpsmt y Ttmjg \aeekg(<>>>), sj ljmg, ko jgjdja oa bjdjmrag pkrk hkr dumgtk hmo arjimg hm oas sjstm`ks

paoàtjdas, mstas dojvkfms paoàtjdas bkg kyuhkha. pada k pada. k rmspaghmr prm-iugtks salrm mo da`partk`jmgta momdtarko mg mo jghjvjhua. Xrks ok dagiurkdjôghmo Mstkha-Gkdjôg, sm susdjtkrag hjvmrsas dagjdtas qum hjmrag daà rmsuotkhaoas dojvkfms. Mo dojvkfm hm hmga`jgkdjôg rmojijask ms mgtmghjha par mo dagjdtamgtrm dktôojdas y pratmstkgtms5 mo dojvkfm hm arjimg surim hmo dagjdta dmgtra-pmrjcmrjk msmgdjko`mgtm, y mo dojvkfm hm doksm sadjko ms rmsuotkha hmo dagjdtaluriumsàk dagtrk trklkfkharms.

Hmljha k qum mstm krtàduoa utjojzk daà vkrjklom hm mstuhja, pkrk mgtmghmr

ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda, ok dumstjôg hmo arjimg hmoas djuhkhkgas, klarhkrmàs hm car`k mspmdàdk mo dojvkfm salrm arjimg. MvkKghujzk y Kiustj Lasdb (<>>:), smûkokg qum mo dojvkfm hm arjimg khaptk vmr-sjagms hjvmrsks mg hjcmrmgtms sadjmhkhms, ms hmdjr, tjmgm ug j`pkdta ok dumstjôgbjstôrjdk pkrk da`prmghmr mo dojvkfm hm arjimg. Hjdbas kutarms msdrjlmg daàmfm`poas k Lêoijdk (parqum mo arjimg ms ugk hjvjsjôg lkskhk mg jhmgtjhkhms gk-djagkoms hjcmrmgtms), Mstkhas ]gjhas y atras pkàsms hm K`êrjdk, Ksjk y Ëcrjdk(par ok hjvmrsjhkh hm arjimg qum tjmgm ug cughk`mgta êtgjda), koiugas pkàsms



9;

`mhjtmrrëgmas (par ug mgcrmgtk`jmgta rmijagko mgtrm mo dmgtra ha`jgkgtm y okpmrjcmrjk hmo pkàs) y oas pkàsms msdkghjgkvas (par ok pradmhmgdjk rurko a urlkgkhm oas djuhkhkgas). ahas mstas mfm`poas m`pàrjdas rmoktkg ok jgumgdjk qumpumhm tmgmr mo arjimg hm ug djuhkhkga mg su da`partk`jmgta pkrk pkrtjdjpkrmg dumstjagms paoàtjdks5 par oa qum sjg huhk, dagtrjluym k rmsaovmr ok prmiugtkqum bjdjàs ko jgjdja.

Ga alstkgtm, ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko tmghrë ̀ öotjpoms ckdtarms pkrk mxpoj-dkrok, ms j`partkgtm hmgjr dôà jgtmrmrm dkhk ckdtar pkrk hkrom mo fusta vkoar.Mo dksa hmo Mstkha hm @êxjda, qum sm kgkojzkrë mg mo sjiujmgtm kpkrtkha, ook`kok ktmgdjôg su kota pardmgtkfm hm ga arjijgkrjas hm ok mgtjhkh, par mooa ok jhmkhm kgkojzkr mo arjimg hmo djuhkhkga y su pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko, y dagadmr sj

mxjstm rmokdjôg mgtrm ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg y ok mgtjhkh hm arjimg.

Mo Mstkha hm @êxjda y su pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko hm ;::3 ko <>;<

Dkrkdtmràstjdks hmo Mstkha hm @êxjda

Mo Mstkha hm @êxjda ms ok Mgtjhkh Cmhmrktjvk `ës palokhk hmo pkàs y su drmdj-`jmgta hmàirëda ms qujzë mo `ës j`partkgtm, k`poja y da`pomfa hm tahks

oks mgtjhkhms hm @êxjda, jgdousa par mgdj`k hm ok dkpjtko hmo pkàs, ok duko, mstëùy vjgduokhk dag ok mgtjhkh hm kgëojsjs. Ok palokdjôg hmo Mstkha hm @êxjdamstë prjgdjpko`mgtm dagdmgtrkhk mg ̀ ugjdjpjas hm dkrkdtmràstjdks urlkgks. Kodagtkr ok mgtjhkh dag has hm oks djgda zagks `mtrapaojtkgks `ës j`partkgtmshmo pkàs, mstas gahas sag ktrkdtjvas, tkgta pkrk ok ̀ jirkdjôg jgtrkmstktko, daàpkrk ok `jirkdjôg hm atras mstkhas hm ok rmpölojdk.

Mo drmdj`jmgta hm ok ojstk ga`jgko qum k dagtjgukdjôg sm mxpaghrë iukrhk

àgtj`k rmokdjôg dag mo drmdj`jmgta hm ok palokdjôg mg ok mgtjhkh, y dagsjhm-rkgha qum hurkgtm mo Tjioa RR mo Mstkha hm @êxjda ms ok mgtjhkh qum `ës bkdrmdjha, msta tjmgm sjigjdkdjagms j`partkgtms. Hm ;:=> k <>;>, ok palokdjôghm ok mgtjhkh pksô hm ;‚4:<,3<4 k ;=‚;9=,23<, oa qum sjigjdô ug drmdj`jmgtahm :2:% mg 3> kûas. Oks hêdkhks mg oks qum mo drmdj`jmgta cum ̀ ës kota cumragok hêdkhk hm oas 3> bkstk oas 2>, mgtrkgha mg ug hmdojvm hmshm mgtagdms y bkstkok cmdbk5 ga alstkgtm, msm kdmomrkha drmdj`jmgta imgmrô mo hmga`jgkha ‟laa`hmàirëda‐ qum tuva irkg j`pkdta mg tahas oas smdtarms hm ok mgtjhkh, hmshm



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mo drmdj`jmgta hm oas smrvjdjas pölojdas, bkstk ok pokgjdkdjôg urlkgk, hm vj- vjmghk, hm daùgjdkdjagms, trkgspartm, mg skouh, mhudkdjôg, mg imgmrkdjôg hmm`pomas, mtdêtmrk. Khm`ës oas ùgjdjpjas hm `kyar drmdj`jmgta palokdjagkocumrag oas ùgjdjpjas urlkgas, prjgdjpko`mgtm kquêooas dagurlkhas dag okdkpjtko hmo mstkha aoudk y ok dkpjtko hmo pkàs, ok Djuhkh hm @êxjda, sjmgha êstköotj`k ok qum ktrkfa ok `kyar dkgtjhkh hm palokdjôg, hm `kgmrk pkrtjduokr mgoas ùgjdjpjas hmo Mstkha hm @êxjda komhkûas k ok ‟irkg dkpjtko‐.

Kugkha k oa hmsdrjta krrjlk, mo drmdj`jmgta hm ok ojstk ga`jgko mg mo Mstkhahm @êxjda hm ;::3 k <>;< sm altjmgm rmstkgha hmo tatko hm ok ojstk ga`jgko utj-ojzkhk pkrk ok momddjôg hm kyugtk j̀mgtas y hjputkhas oadkoms <>;< (;>,4:3,=49),mo tatko hm ok ojstk ga`jgko utjojzkhk pkrk oas da`jdjas hm kyugtk`jmgtas y hjpu-

tkhas oadkoms hm ;::3 (3‚;49,8:8) oa duko hk daà rmsuotkha6 8‚<=:,>84 djuhk-hkgas5 mstk djcrk rmprmsmgtk ug drmdj`jmgta hmo 3:.8% (Sjookrrmko, <>;<6 ;2), oaqum sjigjdk kpraxj`khk`mgtm ok ojstk ga`jgko hm Fkojsda mg <>;; (8‚:=;,3:>)a ok palokdjôg hm ug pkàs daà Cjgokghjk (8‚429,8>;). Mg mstas ;3 kûas bula=,28> hàks kpraxj`khk`mgtm, oa qum pahràk smûkokr qum mg pra`mhja, dkhk hàksm kgmxkrag k ok ojstk ga`jgko 9<: djuhkhkgas.

Mgtagdms, hmshm ;::3 (kûa hm arjimg hmo Jgstjtuta Momdtarko hmo Mstkha hm

@êxjda) ko <>;<, bkg trkgsdurrjha ;< momddjagms, y hmshm kqumo kûa ok ojstk ga-`jgko hm ok mgtjhkh bk drmdjha mg 8‚<=:,>84. Mstm prj`mr kspmdta gas kyuhk khj`mgsjagkr mo gö`mra hm djuhkhkgas qum dagtjmgm mo Mstkha hm @êxjda, okmgtjhkh rmprmsmgtk mo ;8% hm ojstk ga`jgko k gjvmo gkdjagko, par oa qum ms okqum tjmgm mo ̀ kyar gö`mra hm djuhkhkgas, sjiujêghaom mo Hjstrjta Cmhmrko y mgtmrdmr ouikr Smrkdruz.

âoàtjdk`mgtm, mo Mstkha hm @êxjda sm jgtmirk par ;<= ̀ ugjdjpjas y 8= hjstrj-tas momdtarkoms oadkoms5 ̀ ës hmo =>% hm oas djuhkhkgas bkljtkg mg ;> ̀ ugjdjpjas

(Mdktmpmd, Gmzkbukodôyato, Gkudkopkg, aoudk, okogmpkgtok, Dbj`kobukdëg,Dukutjtoëg Jzdkooj, Ktjzkpëg hm Vkrkiazk, uotjtoëg m Jxtkpkoudk), ga alstkgtm,gumvm hm mooas rahmkg ko Hjstrjta Cmhmrko, ̀ jmgtrks qum aoudk, ms ok dkpjtko hmok mgtjhkh y ga daojghk dag ok dkpjtko hmo pkàs. Mg ;< ùgjdjpjas bkljtkg mgtrm<=>, >>> y ;>>. >>> djuhkhkgas, mg ;> `ës bky mgtrm ;>>, >>> y =>, >>> y dju-hkhkgas y, gko`mgtm, mg 2= ̀ ugjdjpjas mxjstmg ̀ mgas hm =>, >>> bkljtkgtms.Mg msm smgtjha, ok mgtjhkh tjmgm dagdmgtrkhk k ok ̀ kyaràk hm oas djuhkhkgas mg;> ùgjdjpjas, ga alstkgtm, k hjcmrmgdjk hm atrks mgtjhkhms, qum dagdmgtrkg



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ok `kyaràk hm sus djuhkhkgas mg ok dkpjtko y kormhmhar hm êstk, mg mo Mstkha hm@êxjda ok `kyaràk sm mgdumgtrk kormhmhar hmo Hjstrjta Cmhmrko.

±Dôà sm altjmgm ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg1

‟Dksj sjm`prm sm `jhm daà ok rmokdjôg mgtrm mo tatko hm djuhkhkgas dag hm-rmdba ko vata y mo gö`mra hm mooas qum mg rmkojhkh kduhmg k sucrkikr mg ugkmomddjôg mspmdàdk.‐ (Iô`mz kiom, <>>:6 8:) mg mstm dksa bklràk has car`kshm jgtmrprmtkr tko dumstjôg6 ok prj`mrk, dagtkljojzkr tahas oas vatas qum sm bk-ykg altmgjha mo hàk hmo dô`puta hjstrjtko a ̀ ugjdjpko5 ok smiughk, ta`kr daà vatas vëojhas kquêooas qum cumrag hkhas mg mo dô`puta gko, ms hmdjr, rmstkghaoas vatas kguokhas par trjlugkoms hmrjvkhas hm j`puigkdjagms hm pkrtjhas pa-

oàtjdas. Mg mstk jgvmstjikdjôg utjojzkrmàs ok smiughk apdjôg, yk qum ta`kàsdaà omiko`mgtm vëojhas oas vatas qum cumrag m`jtjhas mo hàk hm ok fargkhk yoa dagtrkstkàs dagtrk ok ojstk ga`jgko hmo Mstkha hm @êxjda.

^krtjdjpkdjôg Momdtarko mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda

Ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko mg ok mgtjhkh smrë kgkojzkhk hmshm ;::3, parqum ms okprj`mrk momddjôg arikgjzkhk par ug arikgjsà kutôgaà (mo Jgstjtuta Momdtarko

hmo Mstkha hm @êxjda), hmshm mgtagms sm bkg oomvkha k dkla gumvm momddjagmsarhjgkrjks6 smjs da`jdjas pkrk momijr kyugtk`jmgtas y ok jgtmirkdjôg hm ok om-ijsokturk oadko y trms `ës pkrk momijr ialmrgkhar.

Mg ;::3, sm mojijmrag kyugtk`jmgtas y hjputkhas oadkoms, ok pkrtjdjpkdjôgmomdtarko cum hm 83.44%5 mg mo kûa ;::: oas djuhkhkgas hm ok mgtjhkh mojijmragialmrgkhar, par oa qum ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg cum hm 83.:=%5 mg mo kûa <>>>, prj-`mrk momddjôg oadko dajgdjhmgtm dag ok cmhmrko hmshm oks rmcar`ks hm ;::3, sm

mojijmrag kyugtk`jmgtas y hjputkhas oadkoms, sm rmijstrô ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg `ëskotk hmshm mo jgjdja hm mstm kgëojsjs, ok duko cum hm 3=.89%5 pkrk oks momddjagms hm<>>4, oks dukoms yk ga cumrag dajgdjhmgtms dag oks momddjagms cmhmrkoms, ok pkr-tjdjpkdjôg hjs`jguyô dagsjhmrklom`mgtm, ko prmsmgtkrsm sôoa mo 8<.=3% hm oasdjuhkhkgas jgsdrjtas mg ok ojstk ga`jgko5 mg <>>=, dukgha sm mojijô ialmrgkhar,ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg hjs`jguyô ug pada `ës, ko rmijstrkrsm 8<.9%5 mg <>>3, dagsj-hmrkgha qum oks momddjagms oadkoms ga cumrag dajgdjhmgtms dag oks momddjagmscmhmrkoms, sm tuva ugk pkrtjdjpkdjôg hm 84.>3%, pardmgtkfm ̀ uy sj`jokr dag oks



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has kgtmrjarms momddjagms5 yk pkrk ok momddjôg hm <>>:, momddjôg qum cum dajgdj-hmgtm dag oas da`jdjas cmhmrkoms, tuva ugk gatklom pkrtjdjpkdjôg, ko kodkgzkrmo =<%5 pkrk ok momddjôg hm ialmrgkhar hmo <>;;, ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg cum hmo 83%5gko`mgtm, ok momddjôg hm <>;<, qum dajgdjhjô dag ok momddjôg prmsjhmgdjko, smtuva ok smiughk `mfar pkrtjdjpkdjôg hm ok mgtjhkh, 38.9%.

Daà sm alsmrvk, oks momddjagms oadkoms qum bkg sjha dajgdjhmgtms dag oasda`jdjas cmhmrkoms, sag oks qum tjmgmg `kyar pardmgtkfm hm pkrtjdjpkdjôg, `jmg-

trks qum oks momddjagms ga dajgdjhmgtms, hjs`jguymg smgsjlom`mgtm bkstk mo 8>a 8=%5 par atra okha, oks momddjagms hm ialmrgkhar, ga sag oks qum tjmgmg mo`kyar kcara hm ok djuhkhkgàk.

Skrjkloms hm kgëojsjs hm ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda

Mgtjhkh hm arjimg hmo momdtar

Mo arjimg hmo momdtar sm rmmrm k ok mgtjhkh hm arjimg mg ok qum bk gkdjha mo dju-hkhkga, mstm hkta sm altjmgm hm oks lksms hm hktas hm ojstk ga`jgko qum m`jtmmo Jgstjtuta Cmhmrko Momdtarko. Mg mo <>>3, mg ok momddjôg hm kyugtk`jmgtas yhjputkhas oadkoms oomvkhk k dkla mg `krza, mo 88.;;% hm oas djuhkhkgas jgsdrj-

tas mg ok ojstk ga`jgko mrkg arjijgkrjas hmo Mstkha hm @êxjda, mo 4<.>9% mrkgarjijgkrjas hmo Hjstrjta Cmhmrko y mo rmsta (<4.2<%) mrkg arjijgkrjas hm atrksmgtjhkhms. ^krk ok momddjôg hm <>;;, oas djuhkhkgas arjijgkrjas hmo Mstkha hm@êxjda rmprmsmgtkrag mo 83% hmo tatko hm ok ojstk ga`jgko, mo <=% mrkg arjij-gkrjas hmo Hjstrjta Cmhmrko y mo rmsta, <:% mrkg arjijgkrjas hm atrks mgtjhkhms(Sjookrrmko, <>;<6 4=). Daà sm alsmrvk, mg mstas djgda kûas ku`mgtô mo gö-`mra hm djuhkhkgas arjijgkrjas hm ok mgtjhkh k hjcmrmgdjk hm oas arjijgkrjashmo HC, qum bkg hjs`jgujha kormhmhar hmo 9% y oas arjijgkrjas hm atrks mgtj-

hkhms bkg drmdjha kpraxj`khk`mgtm mg ug =%. Msta hk dumgtk hm ok sjtukdjôgpalokdjagko qum mstë vjvjmgha mo Hjstrjta Cmhmrko, su tksk hm drmdj`jmgta sm bkmstkgdkha y oas qum bkg skojha hm ok dkpjtko hmo pkàs bkg lusdkha atras paoashm hmskrraooa daà [ujgtkgk \aa. Tjg m`lkria, pkrk djuhkhkgas hm atrks mg-tjhkhms daà Smrkdruz y Akxkdk, mo Mstkha hm @êxjda sjium sjmgha ug paoahm ktrkddjôg ùy kdtjva.





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Daà sm alsmrvk mg ok irëdk, `jmgtrks ok oàgmk hm arjijgkrjas hm ok mgtjhkhhmsdjmghm, oa ̀ jsà sudmhm dag oas pugtas kzuoms qum rmprmsmgtkg mo pra`mhjahm pkrtjdjpkdjôg par ùgjdjpja hm ;::3 ko <>;<, par oa qum alsmrvkàs ugkrmokdjôg mgtrm arjimg y pkrtjdjpkdjôg6 msta ms, `jmgtrks `mgas arjijgkrjas bkymg mo ùgjdjpja, ok tmghmgdjk k pkrtjdjpkr ms `mgar.

Mstuhjas hm Apjgjôg ^ölojdk Talrm Duoturk âoàtjdk mg Oks \mijagms hmo

Mstkha hm @êxjda

K dagtjgukdjôg sm bkrë ugk rmvjsjôg y sm hmstkdkrëg oks alsmrvkdjagms ̀ ës rm-omvkgtms rmspmdta hmo usa hm oas jgsuàs moklarkhas par ok Ckduotkh hm Djmgdjks

âoàtjdks y Tadjkoms hm ok ]KM@, arjmgtkhas ko kgëojsjs y ok mvkoukdjôg hm okDk`pkûk hm praàdjôg hmo vata, ksà daà ko mstuhja hm ok pmrdmpdjôg hm okduoturk y ok pmrdmpdjôg djuhkhkgk mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda hurkgtm mo pradmsamomdtarko <>;;.

Mstas jgsuàs sm hjvjhmg mg ug mstuhja hm apjgjôg moklarkha mg `kya hmo<>;; hurkgtm mo pradmsa momdtarko, khm`ës hmo omvkgtk`jmgta hm atra mstuhjahm apjgjôg, hmskrraookha mg kiasta, salrm ok pmrdmpdjôg hm ok dk`pkûk hm pra-àdjôg hmo vata hmo Jgstjtuta k trkvês hm ugk bmrrk`jmgtk dukgtjtktjvk, ugkmgdumstk tkgta ioalko daà hjvjhjhk mg djgda rmijagms hm ok mgtjhkh, y atrkdukojtktjvk dag ok j`pom`mgtkdjôg hm Irupas hm Mgcaqum. Oks = rmijagms mg qumsm crki`mgtô mo mstuhja rmcmrjha cumrag6 ;) Vagk Tur, <) Vagk Gartm (êstks hmdkrkdtmràstjdks prmha`jgkgtm`mgtm rurkoms), 4) Vagk @mtrapaojtkgk hmo Skoomhm aoudk, 8) Vagk @mtrapaojtkgk hmo Skoom hm @êxjda, y =) Vagk Arjmgtm (hmdkrëdtmr pomgk`mgtm urlkga y `mtrapaojtkga). Ok jgcar`kdjôg kioutjgkhk hmmstk car`k pmr`jtm qum sm pumhkg da`pkrkr djmrtks vkrjkloms mgtrm oks hjcmrmg-tms rmijagms hm ok mgtjhkh.

Dagkgzk mg oks Jgstjtudjagms (JMM@)

Talrm oks jgstjtudjagms y bkdjmgha ugk pkusk salrm ok pmrdmpdjôg djuhkhkgk hmok arikgjzkdjôg hm ok momddjôg k ialmrgkhar par pkrtm hmo JMM@, tmgmàs qumok dkojdkdjôg pra`mhja hm taha mo mstkha ms hm 3.=8 mg ugk msdkok hm ; k ;>5sjg m`lkria, mxjstm ug dagtrkstm hm mstk dkojdkdjôg par zagks, yk qum oks zagksgartm y sur, ms hmdjr, kquêooks dag dkrkdtmràstjdks `kyar`mgtm rurkoms, tjmghmg k



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dkojdkr `mfar k ok jgstjtudjôg, y oks `ës urlkgks hjs`jguymg ok `js`k, dajg-djhjmgha kqumooas tmrrjtarjas daojghkgtms dag mo Hjstrjta Cmhmrko, dajgdjhmg mgdkojdkr jgcmrjar`mgtm ko JMM@.

Irëdk <Dkojdkdjôg JMM@ par rmijôg

Cumgtm6 moklarkdjôg prapjk dag jgcar`kdjôg hm ok Mgdumstk rmkojzkhk par ok CD^yT hm ok ]KM@, kiasta<>;;.

âr atrk pkrtm, salrm ok dagkgzk qum imgmrô mo Jgstjtuta pkrk praàvmr ok pkr-tjdjpkdjôg djuhkhkgk mg oks momddjagms, mgdagtrkàs ug cmgô`mga sm`mfkgtmko mxprmskha salrm ok dkojdkdjôg k ok arikgjzkdjôg hmo JMM@, pums rmspmdta koks rmijagms hm ok mgtjhkh `mxjqumgsm, hm gumva vumovmg k smr oks zagks daojg-hkgtms dag mo Hjstrjta Cmhmrko (V@S@ y VA) kquêooks mg oks qum ̀ mgas drmdjô

su dagkgzk mg mo JMM@ pkrk praàvmr ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg.



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Irëdk 4±Bk drmdjha su dagkgzk mg mo JMM@ pkrk praàvmr ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg dju-

hkhkgk mg oks momddjagms1


Mg taha dksa, mstas rmsuotkhas sag mvjhmgdjk hm qum mo gjvmo hm pkrtjdjpkdjôgmomdtarko, smk kota a lkfa, mg gjgiög dksa pumhm smr khfuhjdkha hm car`k hj-rmdtk, ok arikgjzkdjôg a hjcusjôg hm ok kutarjhkh momdtarko, k ok daùgjdkdjôgjgstjtudjagko hmo JMM@. Mstm kriu`mgta rmdbkzk ok jhmk hm qum ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg

momdtarko smk ug pkrë`mtra pkrk hmtmr`jgkr mo êxjta a crkdksa hm ok kdtukdjôghmo ôrikga momdtarko. Khm`ës, k trkvês hmo kgëojsjs hm ok dagkgzk qum tjmgmg oasdjuhkhkgas `mxjqumgsms mg mo Jgstjtuta5 k oa okria hmo tjm`pa y mg hjcmrmgtmsmstuhjas hm apjgjôg, sm hmùmstrk qum ok djuhkhkgàk `kgtjmgm ugk dagkgzkmstklom bkdjk mo Jgstjtuta, daà ùmstrk ok irëdk sjiujmgtm.



9:

Irëdk 8Skoarkdjôg hmo JMM@

**Dagkgzk mg oas rmsuotkhas qum m`jtm mo JMM@.***Tu`khks oks rmspumstks hm vkoarms pasjtjvas ‟koia‐ y ‟ùdbk‐ dagkgzk.Cumgtm6 moklarkdjôg prapjk dag jgcar`kdjôg hm mstuhjas hm apjgjôg (Sjvmra, <>>95 Dkstjooa, <>>25 Ojz-dkga y \mtkgk, <>;>).

Talrm ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg

Ok kr`kdjôg salrm bklmr vatkha mg ok momddjôg hm <>;; tjmgm krjstks j`partkg-tms salrm oks qum dklm hmtmgmrsm k bkdmr ugk rmmxjôg ko rmspmdta. ̂ ar ugk pkrtm,ok rmspumstk lrjghkhk salrm ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg, ga dajgdjhm, mg gjgiög dksa, dagmo pardmgtkfm hm vatkdjôg rmko altmgjha mg dkhk ugk hm oks zagks kgkojzkhks. Mopardmgtkfm rmmfkha mg ok mgdumstk ms ùy supmrjar k oa rmko`mgtm sudmhjha mg

ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko hmo 4 hm fuoja, kpraxj`khk`mgtm mxdmhm mg ug 4>%k ok djcrk rmko. Ms ùy pralklom qum mstk rmspumstk smk prahudta hm uga hm oascmgô`mgas hjstarsjagkharms hm tko bmrrk`jmgtk `mtahaoôijdk, msta ms qum mojghjvjhua dagtmstm oa qum dagsjhmrk ‟paoàtjdk`mgtm darrmdta‐, qum ms ugk car-`k papuokr hm rmcmrjrsm k oa êtjdk`mgtm darrmdta pkrk mo jghjvjhua, haghm êstmdagtmstk smiög om jghjdk su dôhjia hm vkoarms qum ms darrmdta, kugqum ga smdarrmspaghk dag su kdtukdjôg mg ok vjhk hjkrjk. Ksà kgtm ok prmiugtk hm sj vatôa ga, ok rmspumstk kr`ktjvk ms ug jghjdkhar hm qum darrmokdjagkg mo vata dag



2>

koia pasjtjva a daà koia ‟hmljha‐. âr atrk pkrtm, y mg dagdarhkgdjk dag oks vkrjkloms krrjlk kgkojzkhks, oks zagks hmo Mstkha hm @êxjda komhkûks ko HjstrjtaCmhmrko vumovmg k smr oks qum `mgas kr`kg bklmr vatkha.

Irëdk =±Satô ustmh mg oks pkskhks momddjagms1


Mg ok mgdumstk rmkojzkhk pkrk mo JMM@ sm rmkojzô ok prmiugtk salrm ±Duëomsmrkg oks rkzagms hm oas djuhkhkgas tkgta pkrk vatkr daà pkrk klstmgmrsm1Altmgjmgha koiugas hktas qum dklm rmskotkr. Mgdagtrkàs qum oks sjiujmgtmssag oks rkzagms ̀ ës ̀ mgdjagkhks par pkrtm hm oas djuhkhkgas pkrk pkrtjdjpkr,sm mgugdjkg k dagtjgukdjôg hm car`k hmsdmghmgtm6

Hmlmr y hmrmdba djuhkhkga (4>.<%).

Kpaykr k ok hmàdrkdjk (;=.8%).

Kpaykr k ug pkrtjha paoàtjda (;<.;%).

Ok sjtukdjôg hmo mstkha `mfarm (;;.=%).



2;

Dastu`lrm (2%).

Mfmrdmr mo hmrmdba k apjgkr y k rmdok`kr (3.4%).

Kpaykr k ug dkghjhkta (=.4%).Atrks (;;.<%).

Mgtrm oks hjcmrmgtms zagks hmo mstkha sm alsmrvk qum oks rmspumstks salrm oksrkzagms hm ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg, ga tjmgmg ugk vkrjkdjôg ùy k`pojk mgtrm ugk yatrk rmijôg hm kdumrha dag ok mgdumstk, ga alstkgtm, sm pumhmg bkdmr koiugksrmmxjagms ko rmspmdta hm oks vkrjkdjagms kug sjmgha ojimrks.

âr ug okha, oks has prj`mrks rmspumstks sag dksj oks `js`ks mg tahks omsrmijagms hm ok mgtjhkh, ms hmdjr qum ok dagsjhmrkdjôg hmo vata daà ug hmlmry ug hmrmdba y mo kpaya k ok hmàdrkdjk da`pagmg dksj ok `jtkh hm oks rkza-gms par oks dukoms oas djuhkhkgas vatkg. Ok tmrdmrk rmspumstk `ës j`partkgtmmg tahks oks zagks, dag mxdmpdjôg hmo Skoom hm aoudk, ms mo kpaya k ug pkrtj-ha paoàtjda. Khm`ës, tkgta ok Vagk Arjmgtm daà ok Vagk @mtrapaojtkgk hmoSkoom hm @êxjda sag oks rmijagms qum hmgmg, mg ̀ mgar irkha, su pkrtjdjpkdjôgirkdjks k rmdagadmr mo vata daà ug hmlmr y ug hmrmdba, dag sôoa ug <2.8% y

<9.3% hm oas mgdumstkhas, msta gas kpartkràk ug rksia hjstjgtjva hm mstks haszagks dagurlkhks dag ok djuhkh hm @êxjda, ugk kpkrmgtm duoturk paoàtjdk, ̀ m-gas da`pra`mtjhk dag koiugas vkoarms hmàdrëtjdas daà oa sag ok rmspag-skljojhkh djvjo hm vatkr.



2<

Irëdk 3\kzagms hm pkrtjdjpkdjôg


âr mo dagtrkrja, oks rkzagms hm ok klstmgdjôg djuhkhkgk ̀ ës rmjtmrkhks par oasjghjvjhuas mgdumstkhas tk`ljêg sm mgugdjkg k dagtjgukdjôg6

;.- ^ralom`ks dag ok drmhmgdjko (<:.3%).

<.- Atrk rkzôg (;:.2%).

4.- Ga `m jgtmrmsk (;<.9%).8.- Oas dkghjhktas pra`mtmg y ga du`pomg (:.:%).

=.- Ok paoàtjdk ms darruptk (9%).

3.- Ga drma mg oks momddjagms (3%).

9.- Ga mgtjmgha hm paoàtjdk (8%).

2.- Atrks (;;%).

Daà sm pumhm vmr oks rkzagms hm ok klstmgdjôg sag ̀ mgas baàiêgmks qumoks hm ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg mg oks hjcmrmgtms zagks hmo Mstkha hm @êxjda5 mo pktrôgda`ög `ës hmstkdkha ms qum oas djuhkhkgas `mxjqumgsms hjfmrag bklmr tmgjhapralom`ks dag su drmhmgdjko hm momdtar (tmgmrok mxtrkvjkhk tm`parko a pmr`k-gmgtm`mgtm, ga dagtkr dag mook ko à`mgta hm ok momddjôg, tmgmr pralom`ks mgok mgtrmik-rmdmpdjôg hm ok drmhmgdjko, mtdêtmrk.). Ok smiughk dkusk mgdagtrkhkmg ok mgdumstk ms ùy k`ljiuk y hk padk ouz ko rmspmdta, yk qum ms mo kduùokhahm oks dkusks qum ga sm puhjmrag doksjdkr dag atrks rmspumstks. Tjg m`lkria,



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ok tmrdmrk rmspumstk mg arhmg hm j`partkgdjk, ms mo ‟hmsjgtmrês salrm ok paoàtjdk‐,yk qum fugta dag oks sjiujmgtms rmspumstks, ktrjluym ug irkha j`partkgtm hmoklstmgdjagjsà k dkusk hm ugk hmskcmddjôg imgmrkojzkhk salrm ok paoàtjdk y oaspaoàtjdas, oa qum sm sjigjdk mo ckdtar paoàtjda y duoturko hm `kyar mgvmrikhurkpkrk komfkr k oas djuhkhkgas `mxjqumgsms hm oks urgks.

Gumvk`mgtm mg mstk rmspumstk sm pumhm alsmrvkr ugk hjstjgdjôg mg oks rm-ijagms dagurlkhks k ok djuhkh hm @êxjda (Vagk Arjmgtm y V@S@), yk qum mgk`lks mo hmsjgtmrês par ok momddjôg k ialmrgkhar ms ̀ ës k`pojk qum mg oks atrksrmijagms hm ok mgtjhkh, tko hmsjgtmrês mg ok V@S@ dksj hupojdk mo hmjgtmrês hmok Vagk Tur, mstm hkta ms sustkgdjko`mgtm rmomvkgtm pums pumhm smr ug sjigadkrkdtmràstjda hm ok duoturk paoàtjdk hm oas bkljtkgtms hm ok zagk dagurlkhk dag

ok djuhkh hm @êxjda, ok hmskcmddjôg a hmsjgtmrês hm oas ksugtas paoàtjdas hm okmgtjhkh mg ugk `kyar prapardjôg qum mg mo pra`mhja hm ok mgtjhkh.

Irëdk 9\kzagms hm klstmgdjôg


Ok hmskcmddjôg hm ok paoàtjdk sm ùmstrk daà uga hm oas irkghms pjokrms sa-lrm oas dukoms sm mrjim mo klstmgdjagjsà. Mstuhjas hm apjgjôg salrm Duoturkâoàtjdk mg K`êrjdk oktjgk (Oktjgalkrô`mtra, <>;>) y mg mo pkàs (MGD] ,̂ <>>25@armga, <>>:5 OKÂ^5 <>;>) jghjdkg qum mg ok kdtukojhkh mxjstm ugk cumrtm



28

hmskcmddjôg paoàtjdk mgtrm oas djuhkhkgas, msta ms ug hmsjgtmrês jgtràgsmda salrmdukoqujmr tm`k rmcmrmgtm k paoàtjdk (paoàtjdas, pkrtjhas paoàtjdas, dkghjhktas, oksomijsokturks, mo ialjmrga, mtdêtmrk.). Mg ok mgtjhkh mo rmsuotkha hm atras mstuhjashm apjgjôg rmmfk qum mstk sjtukdjôg tk`ljêg sm rmprahudm mg ok mgtjhkh, ksàoa jhmgtjdkg hjcmrmgtms mstuhjas salrm Duoturk âoàtjdk mg ok mgtjhkh (Sjvmra,<>>95 \mtkgk y Ojzdkga <>;>). Mhukrha Iksdk y Fuoja Dmskr Aovmrk oa mxpagmghm ok sjiujmgtm `kgmrk6

Mo bkrtkzia hmo djuhkhkga salrm oas kspmdtas paoàtjdas sag dagsmdumgdjk hm ok hmsjousjôgqum imgmrkg oas kdtarms paoàtjdas, oks doksms paoàtjdks hjrjimgtms qum sm mgdumgtrkg mgsj`js-`khks m jgtmrmskhks mg prmsmrvkr mo pahmr, sjg prmadupkrsm hm qum sus jgtmrmsms dagdumr-hmg dag oas hm ok sadjmhkh U…P, ok hmsjousjôg hmo djuhkhkga salrm ok paoàtjdk ms ug ckdtarhmtmr`jgkgtm Umg mo klstmgdjagjsàP (Iksdk y Aovmrk, <>;>5 ;4;)

Dagdousjagms

Mxpojdkr par quê pkrtjdjpk ok djuhkhkgàk ms da`pojdkha, yk qum ga almhmdm kug saoa ckdtar5 sjg m`lkria, ok vkrjklom kgkojzkhk mg mstm hadu`mgta, rmspmdtako arjimg hm oas jgsdrjtas mg ok ojstk ga`jgko hmo Mstkha hm @êxjda, hmùmstrkqum mxjstm ugk rmokdjôg mgtrm pkrtjdjpkdjôg y mo arjimg hm oas djuhkhkgas6 `jmg-trks ̀ mgas arjijgkrjas hm ok mgtjhkh bky, ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko hjs`jguym.

Mstas ùgjdjpjas qum tjmgmg `mgar pardmgtkfm hm arjijgkrjas, sag hm k`pojkpalokdjôg daà6 Mdktmpmd, Gmzkbukodôyato, Dakdkoda y Skoom hm Dbkoda5 kugkhak mooa, mstas ùgjdjpjas sm uljdkg mg ok zagk dagurlkhk hmo Skoom hm @êxjda, mshmdjr, rahmkg ko Mstkha hm @êxjda.

Hm car`k pkrkomok, oas rmsuotkhas hmo mstuhja hm apjgjôg ùmstrkg dôàoas djuhkhkgas rmspaghmg oa qum ms ‟paoàtjdk`mgtm darrmdta‐, ko smûkokrsm qummgtrm mo 9>% y mo 2>% hm oas mgdumstkhas pkrtjdjpkràkg, dukgha mg rmkojhkh okpkrtjdjpkdjôg cum hm 83%. K pmskr hm msm smsia, oas mgdumstkhas kûkhmg rk-

zagms hmo klstmgdjagjsà5 ok `kyaràk oa ksadjk k dumstjagms kh`jgjstrktjvksmomdtarkoms (pralom`ks dag ok drmhmgdjko), mo rmsta tjmgm qum vmr `ës dag ugkhmskcmddjôg paoàtjdk.

âr oas rmsuotkhas kgtms àstrkhas, y oas jgstru`mgtas utjojzkhas, prmsmg-tkàs oks sjiujmgtms dagsjhmrkdjagms rmspmdta hm ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko mgmo Mstkha hm @êxjda6



2=

k.- ]gk lkfk pkrtjdjpkdjôg ms ug cmgô`mga gkdjagko ga sôoa oadko.

l.- Ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko drmdm mg momddjagms prmsjhmgdjkoms y hjs`j-guym mg momddjagms jgtmr`mhjks, ms ug cmgô`mga oadko y gkdjagko.

d.- Oas ùgjdjpjas qum tjmgmg ug `mgar pardmgtkfm hm arjijgkrjas hm okmgtjhkh y mstëg uljdkhas mg ok Vagk @mtrapaojtkgk hmo Skoom hm @êxjda vatkg `mgas mg momddjagms oadkoms.

h.- Oks momddjagms dajgdjhmgtms imgmrkg ug ckdtar cughk`mgtko pkrk qum smjgdrm`mgtm ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko, mg ok mgtjhkh, mg mo <>>3 dukgha okmomddjôg oadko cum mg ̀ krza ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg cum hm 84% y mg fuoja hmo ̀ js-à kûa, mg ok momddjôg prmsjhmgdjko, ok vatkdjôg cum hmo 34%5 k hjcmrmgdjkhmo <>;<, dukgha ok momddjôg cum dajgdjhmgtm y sm tuva ugk pkrtjdjpkdjôgmomdtarko oadko hm 38.9%.

m.- Mgtagdms, mo tjpa hm momddjôg y mo gö`mra hm dkrias k momijr jguympkrk qum ok imgtm skoik k pkrtjdjpkr5 oas ùgjdjpjas qum bkg tmgjha ugkpkrtjdjpkdjôg lkfk sm `kgtjmgmg mg <>;< kugqum sm supmrk mo =>% hmpkrtjdjpkdjôg.

c.- ̂ krmdjmrk qum mo djuhkhkga prmmrm kduhjr dukgha bky ̀ ës dkrias qumhmgjr y salrm taha, sj uga hm mooas ms trksdmghmgtko daà mo hm ̂ rmsjhmgtmhm ok \mpölojdk.

i.- Ok hmskcmddjôg paoàtjdk hm oas djuhkhkgas ms ug ckdtar qum sm hmlm dagsj-hmrkr daà hmtmr`jgkgtm pkrk kdrmdmgtkr mo klstmgdjagjsà, y ug pugta kda`lktjr pkrk ̀ mfarkr ok pkrtjdjpkdjôg djuhkhkgk mg oas ksugtas paoàtjdas.

b.- Oas mstuhjas hm apjgjôg kyuhkg k mgtmghmr mo cmgô`mga hm ok pkrtjdj-

pkdjôg pmra hm ug à`mgta hmtmr`jgkha, ga pmr`jtmg bkdmr jgcmrmgdjksk oa okria hmo tjm`pa.

j.- Mo gjvmo hm pkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda mstë hmtmr-`jgkha par mo gjvmo hm pkrtjdjpkdjôg qum tmgik ok Vagk @mtrapaojtkgkhmo Skoom hm @êxjda, hkha qum su kotk dagdmgtrkdjôg hm palokdjôg krrks-trk mo pardmgtkfm hm palokdjôg bkdjk krrjlk a klkfa, hmpmghjmgha hm oas



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rmsuotkhas qum kbà sm altmgikg, `jgj`jzëghasm ksà mo j`pkdta hm ok pkr-tjdjpkdjôg hmo rmsta hm ok mgtjhkh, kugqum êstk cumrk ùy kotk.

Ljlojairkcàk

Koàgh, Iklrjmo y Tyhgmy Smrlk (<>>;). ‟Ok duoturk paoàtjdk‐, mg Hjmz tmxtaslësjdas hm djmgdjk paoàtjdk. Krjmo Djmgdjk paoàtjdk, Lkrdmoagk. pp. ;9;-<>;

Kghujzk, Mvk y Kiustj Lasdb (<>>:). Da`partk`jmgta paoàtjda y momdtarko , Krjmo, Lkrdmoagk.

Dkstjooa, Farim (<>>2). Hmàdrkdjk y pkrtjdjpkdjôg paoàtjdk mg mo Mstkha hm

@êxjda, Mo Daomija @mxjqumgsm, @êxjda.

Hawgs, Kgtbagy (<>>;). ‟Xmaràk mdagô`jdk hm ok kddjôg paoàtjdk mg hm-àdrkdjk‐ mg Hjmz tmxtas lësjdas hm djmgdjk paoàtjdk. Krjmo Djmgdjk paoàtjdk,Lkrdmoagk. pp. :4-;;;

Iksdk ôjmia, M. y Fuoja Dêskr Aovmrk (<>;;). ‟Djuhkhkgàk, duoturk paoàtj-dk y klstmgdjagjsà‐, mg Gmosag Krtmkik, Fukg Dkroas ^ktjûa m Jvmttm Xjgada

(daarhs.). Djuhkhkgàk ^krtjdjpkdjôg âoàtjdk y ^radmsas Momdtarkoms mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda, ]KM@, @êxjda.

Iô`mz Xkiom, Tjovjk (<>>:). ±Duëgtas vatas gmdmsjtk ok hmàdrkdjk1 Okpkrtjdjpkdjôg momdtarko mg @êxjda ;:3;-<>>3, JCM, @êxjda.

Okzkrscmoh, ^kuo (;:2=). ‟Ok dk`pkûk momdtarko bk tmr`jgkha‐, mg Tadjaoaiàkhm ok daùgjdkdjôg hm `ksks, Mhjtarjko. @jiumo hm @arkiks. Mhjtarjko IustkvaIjo, Lkrdmoagk.

Ojpsmt, Tmyàur @krtjg y Ttmjg \aeekg (<>>>). ^krty systm`s kgh vatmr koji-g`mgts rmvjsjtmh , \automhim, Gumvk Zare.

Ojzdkga, Crkgdjsda y \upmrta \mtkgk (<>;>). ‟]gk vjsjôg pkgarë`jdk salrmok dkojhkh hm ok Hmàdrkdjk mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda‐, mg Crkgdjsda Ojzdkga y\upmrta \mtkgk (daarhs.). Mstkha hm @êxjda y hmàdrkdjk mg oas kolarms hmo sj-

ioa RRJ , JMM@-]KM@, @êxjda.



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@krtàgmz Sjodbjs, Fasê (<>;4). Oks rkzagms hmo vata mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda.JMM@ y @jiumo Ëgimo ârrök, aoudk.

@armga, Komfkghra (<>>:). Ok hmdjsjôg momdtarko. Satkgtms, pkrtjhas y hm-

àdrkdjk mg @êxjda, @jiumo Ëgimo ârrök, @êxjda.

Gabomg, Hjmtmr (;::2). Tjstm`ks momdtarkoms y pkrtjhas paoàtjdas, Cagha hmDuoturk Mdagô`jdk, @êxjda.

Sjookrrmko, Fukg Dkroas (<>;<). ‟^krtjdjpkdjôg y rmsuotkhas momdtarkoms mg moMstkha hm @êxjda ;::3-<>;<‐, @agairkcàk, JMM@, @êxjda.

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ (<>;;). ‟Kgëojsjs hm oks tmghmgdjks momdtarkoms6 mvkoukdjôg

hmo sjstm`k momdtarko‐, mg Gmosag Krtmkik (daarh.). Djuhkhkgàk ^krtjdjpkdjôgâoàtjdk y ^radmsas Momdtarkoms mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda, ]KM@, @êxjda.

Sjvmra, Jiar (<>>9). ‟^mrdmpdjagms hmo djuhkhkga `mxjqumgsm salrm paoà-tjdk y hmàdrkdjk‐, mg Jiar Sjvmra, ^kloa Dkstra y Gmosag Krtmkik (daarhs.) âoàtjdk y duoturk6 ug mstuhja mxpoarktarja mg mo Mstkha hm @êxjda, @jiumoËgimo ârrök-JMM@-]KM@, @êxjda.

Tjtjas wml

Jgstjtuta Momdtarko hmo Hjstrjta Cmhmrko, hjspagjlom mg6 www.jmhc.ari.`x(4>/>:/<>;;).

Jgstjtuta Momdtarko hmo Mstkha hm @êxjda, hjspagjlom mg6 www.jmm`.ari.`xdagsuotkha (4>/>:/<>;<).

Jgstjtuta Cmhmrko Momdtarko, hjspagjlom mg6 www.jcm.ari.`x (4>/>:/<>;<).Jgstjtuta Gkdjagko hm Mstkhàstjdk Imairkcàk m Jgcar`ëtjdk (<>>:). Mgdumstk

Gkdjagko hm ok Hjgë`jdk Hmàirëdk, hjspagjlom mg6 bttp6//www.jgmij.ari.`x/prahQsmrv/dagtmgjhas/mspkgao/lvjgmij/prahudtas/`mtahaoaijks/MGKHJH/<>>:/`mtQyQtklQmgkhjh>:.phc (<2/>2/ <>;<).

Jgstjtuta Gkdjagko hm Mstkhàstjdk Imairkcàk m Jgcar`ëtjdk, hjspagjlom mg6bttp6//www.jgmij.ari.`x/ (4>/>2/<>;<).



22

Oktjgalkrô`mtra (<>;>). Hjspagjlom mg6 bttp6//www.oktjgalkra`mtra.ari/oktjga/oktjgalkra`mtra.fsp (4>/>:/<>;;)

Oktjg K`mrjdkg ûlojd Apjgjag ^rafmdt (OKÂ^) (<>;>). hjspagjlom mg6 bttp6//

www.vkghmrljot.mhu/okpap/ (4>/>:/<>;;).

Tmdrmtkràk hm Ialmrgkdjôg (<>>2). Mgdumstk Gkdjagko salrm duoturk paoàtjdk y prëdtjdks djuhkhkgks, hjspagjlom mg6 bttp6//www.mgdup.ial.`x/ms/Mgdup/DukrtkQMGD]^Q<>>2 (4>/>:/<>;;).

\mdjljha6 8 hjdjm`lrm hm <>;4Kdmptkha6 3 cmlrmra hm <>;8

Documents

Análisis de La Participación Electoral en el Estado de México 1996-2012