Apuntes Generales Nivel 9

CARRERA Ingeniería Industrial y en Sistemas

MATERIA LEI9

CLAVEUNIDAD 1 A 8

Salvador Padilla VargasFebrero 2011

Content

1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................................3

2. THE PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST......................................................................................................4

2.1. DEFINITION...............................................................................................................................................................42.1.1. The structures......................................................................................................................................................42.1.2. Their different use...............................................................................................................................................5

3. PRACTICAL ENGLISH 1.............................................................................................................................................6

4. PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE...................................................................................................................................7

4.1. THE PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE STRUCTURE............................................................................................................74.1.1. The use of the perfect passive structure..............................................................................................................7

5. PRACTICAL ENGLISH 2 PHRASAL VERBS...........................................................................................................8

6. MODAL AUXILIARIES SUPPOSITIONS AND ASSUPMTIONS..........................................................................9

6.1. MODAL AUXILIARIES IN SUPPOSITIONS IN THE PRESENT........................................................................................96.2. MODAL AUXILIARIES IN SUPPOSITIONS IN THE PAST............................................................................................10

7. BASE AND STRONG ADJECTIVES.........................................................................................................................10

7.1. CLASSIFICATION OF BASE AND STRONG ADJECTIVES............................................................................................107.1.1. Adverbs for Base and Strong Adjectives...........................................................................................................11

8. PRACTICAL ENGLISH 3. THE PHRASE “I THINK”..........................................................................................11

9. PRACTICAL ENGLISH 4. PHONE LANGUAGE...................................................................................................11

9.1.1. Título Nivel 3.....................................................................................................................................................129.1.1.1. Título Nivel 4.............................................................................................................................................................12

9.2. TÍTULO NIVEL 2.....................................................................................................................................................12

10. CONCLUSIONES.........................................................................................................................................................13

11. RECOMENDACIONES...............................................................................................................................................14

12. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS........................................................................................................................14

13. Apéndices y anexos.........................................................................................................................................................15

Lista de tablas y figuras

Figura 1. Ejemplo figura uno.....................................................................................................2

Tabla 1. Present Perfect Structure............................................................................................4Tabla 2. The Simple Past Structure..........................................................................................5Tabla 3. Present Perfect vs Simple Past Contrast....................................................................6Tabla 4. The use of SO DO I AND NEITHER DO I...................................................................6

Salvador Padilla Vargas i

Table 5. Present Perfect Passive..............................................................................................7Table 6. Phrasal Verb Samples.................................................................................................8Table 7. Modal Auxiliaries in Present Suppositions...................................................................9Table 8. Modal Auxiliaries in Past Suppositions......................................................................10Table 9. Strong and Base Adjectives......................................................................................10Table 10. Adjectives for Strong and Base Adjectives..............................................................11Table 10. Phone Phrases........................................................................................................11Tabla 1. Ejemplo tabla uno......................................................................................................12Tabla 2. Ejemplo tabla dos......................................................................................................13

1. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of these notes and grammatical references is to provide help for extra clarification of the topics covered in the course in a more direct way. However, it must be clarified that the subject is not a theory based subject and as a consequence the memorization or knowledge of the material contained in this notes does not guarantee the abilities necessary to communicate in a second language. Then, the purpose of these notes is to provide a solid foundation and help for topics that would need more clarification because of their complexity as a source of notes to review and study the theory part of the course.

Figura 1. Ejemplo figura uno

Salvador Padilla Vargas 3

2. THE PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST The next section will consider the structures of the simple past and present perfect and their different uses making a contrast between them.

2.1. Definition The present perfect is in essence a present tense that shows the results of past actions or conditions. It expresses an action that has some effect in the present, but it does not specify the exact time when the past action or condition occurred because the attention is on the effects of this action or condition in the present tense. On the other hand, the past tense focuses primarily in the past action and condition specifying the exact time or season when the action or condition occurred.

2.1.1. The structuresThe structure of the present perfect is explained in the nest chart:

Tabla 1. Present Perfect Structure


Affirmative/Negative/Interrogative

IYouWeThey

have‘ve (contracted form)

Have nothaven’t (contracted form)

watched this movie before. (regular verb: watch)

seen this film before.(irregular verb: seen)

HeSheIt

Has‘s (contracted form)

Has notHasn’t (contracted form)

watched this movie before. (regular verb: watch)

seen this film before.(irregular verb: seen)

Have IYouWeThey

watched this movie before?(regular verb: watch)

seen this film before?(irregular verb: seen)

Has HeSheIt

watched this movie before?(regular verb: watch)

seen this film before?(irregular verb: seen)

The structure of the simple past is explained in the next chart:

Tabla 2. The Simple Past Structure

2.1.2. Their different useIn many languages there is little or no difference in the use of the present perfect; however, for the content of this course we will make a differentiation the use each tense.

Look at the following chart that contrasts the uses of both tenses:

Present Perfect Simple Past We use it for actions started in

the past that continue into the present.

Example: John has worked here for 5 years (John continues working here).

We use it for finished actions.

Example: John worked here for 5 years (John does not work here anymore).

For actions that occurred sometime (unspecific) in the past.

We use it for finished actions in a specific time in the past.


Affirmative/Negative/Interrogative

IYouHeSheIt They We

watched

saw

this movie last weekend. (regular verb: watch)

this film last weekend.(irregular verb: see)

IYouHeSheIt They We

did not watchdidn’t watch(contracted form)

did not seedidn’t see (contracted form)

this movie last weekend. (regular verb: watch)

this film last weekend.(irregular verb: see)

Did

IYouHeSheIt They We

this movie last weekend? (regular verb: watch)

this film last weekend?(irregular verb: see)

Example: My brother has traveled by plane many times.My sister has never traveled by plane.

Example: Lisa traveled by plane yesterday to Japan.

For actions in the past that have a present result.

Example: Kayla has not finished her homework.

The results of the actions stay in the past.

Example: Kayla did not do her homework.

Tabla 3. Present Perfect vs Simple Past Contrast

3. PRACTICAL ENGLISH 1This section presents pieces of the language useful in common every day communication. In this unit we will consider a common response to agree with people in a positive or negative way. Observe the next chart that presents the structures:

Example StructurePositive Agree John: I like vanilla ice-cream

Lisa: So do I.

Peter: I went to the movies last night.John: So did I

So + auxiliary+ person

Negative Agree John: I don’t like vanilla ice-creamLisa: Neither do I.

Peter: I didn’t go to the movies last night.John: Neither did I

Neither + auxiliary+ person

Note: The auxiliary verb changes according to the tense of the initial statement (present: do or does; past: did; present perfect: have or has; etc.).

Tabla 4. The use of SO DO I AND NEITHER DO I


4. PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE

The present perfect passive follows the rules previously covered for the passive voice and the present perfect. So, we will first take a look at the passive voice structure and the application to the present perfect.

4.1. The present perfect passive structure

As we remember, the passive voice has two basic elements: a form of the verb to be, and the past participle of a verb, example: The bank is opened at 9 am, but yesterday it was opened at 10 am.

Verb to be + verb in past participle

The same rule applies to the present perfect tense when we apply the passive voice to it. The structure conjugates the form of the verb to be necessary for the passive voice.

Have or has + been

So, after the conjugation of the verb to be, we only need to add the verb of our sentence in the past participle form.

IYouWeThey

have been included

in the list.HeSheIt

has been included

Table 5. Present Perfect Passive

4.1.1. The use of the perfect passive structureThe use of this structure is the same as the use of the present perfect with an emphasis in the passive voice. It means that the focus or attention is on the object or person receiving the action and not on the person doing the action.

Examples:

Active My mechanic has always fixed

this car. We have considered him part of

the family since the first day.

Passive My car has always been fixed

here. He has been considered part of

the family since the first day.


5. PRACTICAL ENGLISH 2 PHRASAL VERBS

Phrasal verbs in English are verbs that are composed of a verb and a preposition usually. These phrasal verbs have the characteristic of having a literal and a figurative meaning.

Example:

Robert came up to the second floor after to see his room. (Literal meaning-to go up a place).

Robert came up with an excellent idea for the party. (Figurative meaning-to find an idea).

Many times the preposition with the verb indicates the position or direction of the action. However, this is not always the case. A very important aspect to understand the meaning of phrasal verbs used in a figurative way is to pay attention to the context of each sentence.

Some of the phrasal verbs are separable (you can put a person or object between verb and preposition), others are optionally separable (you can or not separate them) and some are inseparable (you can never separate them). There are some examples of phrasal verbs:

Literal FigurativeTake out John takes out the trash

at home. Maria is taking her husband to a restaurant. (go on a date)

Put away I need to put away all the groceries (To put in their assigned place).

I am putting away money for a new car. (to save something).

Keep on My son keeps his sweater on all the time in school. (Not to remove clothes or accessories).

I must keep on working for 2 more hours (To continue doing something).

Wash up My car needs to be washed up because it’s all dirty. (Wash with water).

Carlos was all washed up after the game. (tired or exhausted).

Table 6. Phrasal Verb Samples


6. MODAL AUXILIARIES SUPPOSITIONS AND ASSUPMTIONS

In situations when we do not have all the information to predict or describe a situation 100% sure of the facts, we make assumptions or suppositions. The words that will help us do this are the same auxiliaries that helped us express rules and obligations.

Must Could May Might Can’t (cannot)

Examples:

This bag is not mine. I think it could belong to Martha The door was open in the morning. John must have forgotten to close it.

We can make assumptions and suppositions about situations, states or actions in the past or present. The structure will depend on the tense of the situation.

6.1. Modal Auxiliaries in Suppositions in the Present A situation, action or state that is not completely clear or certain allows for a supposition or an assumption. In the present tense we will normally express

Habitual actions States that do not change

The following table explains the degree of certainty expressed with each modal auxiliary and the structure that these statements follow.

Modal Auxiliary Sample Sentences Level of CertaintyMust She is kissing him. He must

be her husband. 90%

Could If he is not her husband, he could be her boyfriend.

50%

May She may not be married. 40%Might She might be thinking about

a wedding. 20%

Can’t He can’t be her brother. 0% Impossible Table 7. Modal Auxiliaries in Present Suppositions

Since they are modal auxiliaries, they follow the same rules as any other modal auxiliary. The most important is the form of the verb that is in front of them. It has to be in base form.

Must be could belong may go might work


6.2. Modal Auxiliaries in Suppositions in the Past. The modal auxiliaries in this context present a situation or action that happened in the past and of which we do not have all the details or are not sure of all the facts. So, we make suppositions or formulate assumptions. The levels of certainty are the same as the suppositions and assumptions in the present tense. The structure presents a new element because the verb in front of the auxiliary verb has to be in the present perfect form.

Karla is crying. She must have broken up wither boyfriend. The floor is wet. It could have rained during the night.

Modal Auxiliary Sample Sentences Level of CertaintyMust He is not here. He must have

stayed late at work.90%

Could He could have had some car problem.

50%

May He may have overslept. 40%Might He might be sick. 20%Can’t He can’t be in his vacations. 0% Impossible

Table 8. Modal Auxiliaries in Past Suppositions

7. BASE AND STRONG ADJECTIVES

In the description of objects, people or situations we use adjectives that can be classified in two groups:

Base (gradable): These adjectives can present several degrees of their description. A person can be very tall, a little tall or somewhat tall.

Strong (non-gradable): These adjectives present the descriptions in terms of absolutes. There are no degrees in their description. A person is correct and not a little correct or very correct; he or she is correct (as an absolute condition).

7.1. Classification of Base and Strong Adjectives. The next table presents examples of some base and strong adjectives:

Base Adjectives Strong AdjectivesBeautiful / big / small / rich / poor / tall / short / tired / long /important / angry/ good / warm / cold / hot / young / strong / weak / deep / narrow / busy / dangerous / noise / terrifying / bad / freezing

awful / excellent / terrified / dead / impossible / boiling / enormous / freezing / perfect / completely / immediately / terrible / unknown / certain / gigantic / huge / black / whole / alive / mortal / dead / correct

Table 9. Strong and Base Adjectives


7.1.1. Adverbs for Base and Strong AdjectivesThe application of the classification of the adjectives in base and strong adjectives has its application in the use of the adverbs that modify each of the groups of adjectives. There are adverbs for each group and they cannot be used for both.

Example: I am very tall ---------- I am absolutely tall

The first option is correct because the adverb “very” is used with base adjectives. The second option is incorrect because the adverb “absolutely” is used only with strong adjectives.

The next table presents a classification of adverbs for each group:

Base Adjectives Strong Adjectivesvery, a little, dreadfully, extremely, fairly, hugely, immensely, intensely, rather, reasonably, slightly, unusually,

Totally, virtually, absolutely, nearly, completely, mainly, almost, essentially, fully, perfectly, primarily, practically.

Table 10. Adjectives for Strong and Base Adjectives

8. PRACTICAL ENGLISH 3. THE PHRASE “I THINK”

The phrase I think in combination with other words can be used to:

Ask for an opinion: in interrogative form. “It is horrible, don’t you think?”

Confirm agreement and information: in affirmative + so. Is she here? I think so.

Express a desire: in affirmative. I think I will go to the movies today.

9. PRACTICAL ENGLISH 4. PHONE LANGUAGE

There are certain established phrases standard in the English language that are used when we speak on the telephone. Here are some of them in a table:

Phrase Use Is Larry in?Is Larry available?

To ask for someone

This is Roberto To introduce oneselfCan I take a message? To take a messageCould I leave a message? To leave a message

Table 11. Phone Phrases


Tabla 12. Ejemplo tabla uno

9.1.1. Título Nivel 3Texto normal, párrafo de nivel 3Texto normal, párrafo de nivel 3Texto normal, párrafo de nivel 3

Viñetas Viñetas Viñetas

9.1.1.1. Título Nivel 4Texto normal, párrafo de nivel 4Texto normal, párrafo de nivel 4Texto normal, párrafo de nivel 4

9.2. Título Nivel 2Texto normal, párrafo de nivel 2Texto normal, párrafo de nivel 2Texto normal, párrafo de nivel 2


10. CONCLUSIONES

Texto normal, párrafo de nivel 1Texto normal, párrafo de nivel 1Texto normal, párrafo de nivel 1

Tabla 13. Ejemplo tabla dos


11. RECOMENDACIONES


12. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS



13. APÉNDICES Y ANEXOS



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Apuntes Generales Nivel 9