erovnuli saswavlo olimpiada

b i o l o g i a

2 0 1 0

S e s a v a l i

olimpiadis mizania gamorCeuli codniTa da niWiT dajildoebuli

moswavleebis gamovlena, maTi waxaliseba da saswavlo procesis

stimulireba. moswavleebs moeTxovebaT rogorc sagnis faqtobrivi codna,

aseve cocxali organizmebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebisa da

biologiuri procesebis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgena.

2010 biologiaSi erovnuli saswavlo olimpiada Catarda sam etapad,

romelSic monawileobdnen IX, X da XI_XII klasebis moswavleebi. mocemul

krebulSi warmodgenilia biologiaSi erovnuli saswavlo olimpiadis

yvela asakobrivi jgufis rogorc I, aseve II da III etapis davalebebi da

maTi pasuxebi.

IX klasi I turi

1. mikroorganizmebi warmoadgenen mcire zomis cocxal arsebebs, romelTa danaxva mxolod mikroskopiTaa SesaZlebeli. daasaxeleT mikroorganizmi,( TiTo warmomadgeneli) romelic: 1. erTujrediani cxovelia; 2. erTujrediani mcenarea; 3. Seicavs birTvs, Semofarglulia ujredis kedliT da ar Seicavs qlorofils; 4. erTujrediania da ara aqvs citoplazmisagan garsiT gamijnuli birTvi; 5. ar aqvs ujreduli agebuleba da Seicavs mxolod nukleinis mJavasa da cilebs; pasuxi 1. ameba; 2. qlamidomonada; 3. safuari soko; 4. baqteria; 5. virusi  2. daasaxeleT da aRwereT naxSirwylebisa da cximebis sami saerTo funqcia ujredSi. pasuxi es funqciebia struqturuli, energetikuli da samarago. 1. struqturuli _ cximi Sedis ujredis membranis SemadgenlobaSi, xolo naxSirwyali (celuloza) ujredis kedlis SemadgenlobaSi. 2. energetikuli _ orive nivTierebis daSlisas gamoiyofa garkveuli raodenobis energia, romelic xmardeba ujredSi Mmimdinare cxovelqmedebis procesebs. 3. samarago _ orive nivTiereba maragis saxiT grovdeba ujredebSi da gamoiyeneba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. 3. 1. ra qmnis adamianis organizmis Sinagan garemos ? 2. aRwereT sisxlis ujredebis agebuleba. 3. daasaxeleT am ujredebis funqciebi. pasuxi 1. adamianis organizmis Sinagan garemos qmnis sisxli, limfa da qsoviluri siTxe. 2. sisxlis ujredebia: eriTrocitebi – ubirTvo wiTeli feris ujredebi, romlebic Seicaven hemoglobins, Trombocitebi _ sislis firfitebi da leikocitebi _ ufero, birTviani ujredebi.

3. a) eriTrocitebi monawileoben Jangbadisa da naxSirorJangis transportSi. b) Trombocitebi xels uwyoben sisxlis Sededebas. g) leikocitebi axorcieleben damcvelobiT funqcias. (gamoimuSaveben antisxeulebs da axorcieleben fagocitozs) 4. adamianis organizmSi oTxi saxis qsovilia. 1. daasaxeleT es qsovilebi. 2. daasaxeleT, romeli qsovili monawileobs Semdegi ZiriTdi funqciebis

ganxorcielebaSi; a) satransporto; b) informaciis gadacemis; g) moZraobiTi; d) damcvelobiTi. pasuxi 1. es qsovilebia: epiTeluri, kunTovani, SemaerTebeli da nervuli. 2. a) SemaerTebeli qsovili monawileobs satransporto da damcvelobiTi

funqciebis ganxorcielebaSi. b) nervuli qsovili _ informaciis gadamuSavebisa da gadacemis funqcias asrulebs.

g) kunTovani qsovili moZraobis funqcias. d) epiTeluri qsovili asrulebs damcvelobiT funqcias. 5. CamoTvaleT eukariotuli da prokariotuli ujredis agebulebis sami

saerTo niSani. pasuxi prokariotuli da eukariotuli ujredebis agebulebis sami saerTo niSania _ plazmuri membranis, citoplazmisa da ribosomebis arseboba.

6. mocemul teqstSi gamotovebulia sityvebi da maT adgilas Cawerilia

cifrebi. gadaiwereT mxolod cifrebi da gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi terminebi. magaliTad: 1 _ avtotroful

producentebi kvebis tipis mixedviT ... 1 ... organizmebs miekuTvnebian. maT mier sinTezirebuli nivTierebebiT ikvebebian ... 2 ... romlebsac ... 3 ... kveba axasiaTebs. ... 4 ... moqmedebis Sedegad niadagSi warmoiqmneba mineraluri marilebi, romlebsac kvlav producentebi iyeneben ... 5 ... nivTierebebis sinTezisaTvis. pasuxi 2 _ konsumentebi; 3 _ heterotrofuli; 4 _ reducentebis; 5 _ organuli.

II turi

1. 1. CawereT CamoTvlilTagan romel sisxlZarRvebSi miedineba venuri da romelSi arteriuli sisxli? 1) saZile arteria; 2) qveda Rru vena; 3) filtvis arteria; 4) filtvis vena;

5) RviZlis karis vena. 2. didi wris romel sisxlZarRvebSia maqsimaluri da romelSi minimaluri sisxlis wneva? 3. romeli grafiki asaxavs sworad sisxlis dinebis siCqaris cvlilebas sisxlZarRvebSi Semdegi mimarTulebiT: aortaarteriaarteriolikapilarivenaRru vena?

V

V

aorta Rru vena aorta Rru vena I II

V

V

aorta Rru vena aorta Rru vena III IV pasuxi 1. venuri sisxli miedineba qveda Rru venaSi, filtvis arteriasa da RviZlis karis venaSi. arteriuli ki saZile arteriasa da filtvis venaSi; 2. sisxlis wneva maqsimaluria aortaSi, minimaluria ki Rru venebSi. 3. II grafiki.

2. gamoxdil wyalSi moaTavses eriTrocitebi da ameba. aRwereT da axseniT ra daemarTeba TiToeul ujreds am dros ? Ppasuxi 1. eriTrocitSi garedan osmosiT Sesuli wyali gamoiwvevs ujredis gabervas da gaskdomas. 2. erTujredian organizmebs aqvT mfeTqavi vakuoli. amitomac, amebis organizmSi osmosiT Sesuli wyali gareT gamoidevneba mfeTqavi vakuolis saSualebiT,amitomac misi moculoba ucvlelia.

3. 1. axseniT, ratom aqvs operis momRerals filtvebis sasicocxlo tevadobis maRali maCvenebeli; 2. operis momRerals simReris dros xSirad uwevs bgeris gaxangrZliveba. ra mdgomareobaSia am dros misi diafragma da neknTaSorisi kunTebi? 3. ra ganapirobebs gansxvavebas tenoris, baritonis da banis xmebs Soris?

pasuxi 1. momRerlebs xSirad uwevT Rrma CasunTqva – amosunTqva, amis gamo maTi filtvis sasicocxlo tevadoba gansakuTrebiTaa gazrdili. 2. simRera mxolod amosunTqvis fazaSia SesaZlebeli, am dros ki diafragma da neknTaSorisi kunTebi modunebulia. 3. gansxvavebas tenoris, baritonis da banis xmebs Soris iwvevs mbgeri (saxmo) iogebis sigrZe. rac ufro moklea saxmo iogebi, miT maRalia xmis tembri.

4. daasaxeleT nervuli sistemis is nawili, romelic 1. aregulirebs ConCxis kunTebis muSaobas; 2. Seicavs Tavisa da zurgis tvinidan gamomaval nervebs da nervul kvanZebs; 3. iwvevs RviZlisa da kuWis funqciebis gaaqtiurebas; 4. aanalizebs da amuSavebs Semosul informacias. pasuxi 1. ConCxis kunTebis muSaobas aregulirebs nervuli sistemis somaturi nawili. 2. Tavisa da tvinidan zurgis gamomaval nervebsa da nervul kvanZebs Seicavs nervuli sistemis periferiuli nawili. 3. RviZlisa da kuWis funqciis gaaqtiurebas iwvevs nervuli sistemis avtonomiuri nawili. 4. centraluri nervuli sistema aanalizebs da amuSavebs Semosul informacias.

5. mocemul teqstSi gamotovebulia sityvebi da maT adgilas Cawerilia cifrebi. gadaiwereT mxolod cifrebi da gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi terminebi. Tirkmlis funqciur erTeuls warmoadgens ......1.......... , romelSic mimdinareobs Sardis warmoqmna. TiToeul maTgans sisxli patara .....2........... miewodeba. igi itoteba da warmoqmnis .............3............... , romelic moTavsebulia fialisebr warmonaqmnSi –.........4........... , sadac sisxli ifiltreba. pasuxi 1 – nefroni; 2 _ arterioliT; 3 _ kapilarebis gorgals; 4 _ kafsulaSi.

6. axseniT, ra funqcias asruleben adamianis organizmis TermoregulaciaSi: 1. kanqveSa cximovani ujredisi;

2. saofle jirkvlebi; 3. kanis sisxlZarRvebi. pasuxi 1. kanqveSa cximovani ujredisi icavs organizms siTbos gacemisagan. 2. saofle jirkvlebi monawileoben siTbos gacemaSi. 3. sicxeSi kanis sisxlZarRvebi farTovdeba da xels uwyobs siTbos gacemas, siciveSi ki viwrovdeba da piriqiT ewinaaRmdegeba siTbos gacemas. 7. mocemul teqstSi gamotovebulia sityvebi da maT adgilas Cawerilia cifrebi. gadaiwereT mxolod cifrebi da gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi terminebi. ormagi ganayofierebis dros samtvre parkSi warmoqmnili ori spermiidan erTi anayofierebs ........1...... - Si warmoqmnil kvercxujreds, xolo meore ........2....... -s . pirvel SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba zigota, saidanac ........3.......... viTardeba. meore SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba ujredi, romelic dasabams aZlevs ......4......... da sadac ......5......... maragdeba. pasuxi 1 _ Teslkvirti; 2 _ centraluri ujreds; 3 _ Canasaxi; 4 _ endosperms; 5 _ sakvebi nivTierebebi.

III turi

1. SeadareT erTmaneTs limfisa da sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemebi:^ 1. ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs sisxli da limfa? 2. ra ganapirobebs sisxlis da ra - limfis moZraobas ZarRvebSi? 3. ra gansxvavebaa sisxlisa da limfis kapilarul sistemebs Soris? 4. wvrili nawlavis xaoebis romel kapilarebSi (limfurSi Tu sisxlis) xdeba glicerinis, cximovani mJavebis, aminomJavebisa da monosaqaridebis Sewova. pasuxi 1. sisxli moZraobs organoebidan gulisaken da piriqiT, gulidan organoebisaken - wriulad; limfa moZraobs mxolod organoebidan gulisaken - calmxrivad . 2. sisxlis moZraobas ZarRvebSi ganapirobebs sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis sxvadasxva ubanze wnevaTa sxvaoba (an gulis parkuWebis SekumSvis Zala), kunTebis SekumSva da sarqvelebi venebSi; limfis moZraobas ki ganapirobebs kunTebis SekumSva da sarqvelebi. 3. sisxlis kapilarebi warmoqmnian kapilarul qsels, limfis kapilarebi ki brmad bolovdebian qsovilur siTxeSi. 4. sisxlis kapilarebSi Seiwoveba aminomJavebi da monosaqaridebi, limfur kapilarebSi - cximebi.

2. Cveni organizmis mudmivi temperaturis SenarCuneba damokidebulia siTbos warmoqmnasa da mis gacemaze. 1. romel organoebSi xdeba SedarebiT didi raodenobiT siTbos warmoqmna? 2. romeli organoidebis simravlea mosalodneli am organoebis ujredebSi? 3. axseniT, romeli organoebi da rogor uzrunvelyofen Warbi siTbos gamoyofas organizmidan.

pasuxi 1. siTbos warmoqmna xdeba ConCxis kunTebsa da RviZlSi; 2. am organoebis ujredebSi mosalodnelia didi raodenobiT mitoqondriebis arseboba. 3. organizmidan Warbi siTbos gamoyofas uzrunvelyofen kani da filtvebi. kani - sisxlZarRvebis gafarToebiTa da oflis gamoyofiT; filtvebi ki haeris amosunTqviT.

3. 1. daasaxeleT cxoveluri organizmebis maregulirebeli sistemebi. 2. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli xorcieldeba TiToeuli maregulirebeli sistemis monawileobiT ? 1. sunTqvis SeCerebisas xdeba uneblie CasunTqva. 2. hidras sxeuli Sexebis sapasuxod swrafad ikumSeba. 3. adrenalinis gavleniT icvleba gulis muSaobis ritmi. 4. sakvebis danaxvisas ZaRls gamoeyofa kuWis wveni. 5. Tu maZRari ZaRlis sisxls SeviyvanT mSieri ZaRlis venaSi, am ukanasknels uxvad gamoeyofa kuWis wveni. pasuxi 1. cxoveluri organizmebSi maregulirebeli sistemebia nervuli da humoruli. 2. humoruli gziT regulirdeba 3 da 5. nervuli gziT ki 2 da 4.

4. aRwereT filtvis, RviZlisa da Tirkmlis sisxliT momaragebis Taviseburebebi.

pasuxi 1. filtvSi arteriiT Sedis venuri da veniT gamodis arteriuli sisxli; 2. RviZlSi _ Sedis rogorc vena (karis vena) ise arteria (RviZlis arteria), gamodis mxolod vena (RviZlis vena). 3. TirkmelSi _ nefronSi gorglis kapilarul qselSi Sesuli arteriuli sisxli ar gardaiqmneba venurad da TiToeul kafsulidan gamosuli arteriola kvlav qmnis kapilarul qsels (anu nefronSi orjer warmoiqmneba kapilaruli qseli: pirvelad xdeba filtracia, xolo Semdeg organos kveba. 5. 1. daasaxeleT da aRwereT RviZlis oTxi funqcia.

2. daasaxeleT RviZlisa da elenTis saerTo funqciebi. pasuxi 1. swor pasuxs Seesabameba nebismieri, RviZlis CamoTvlili funqciebidan: barieruli, naRvelis warmoqmna, eriTrocitebis daSla, sisxlis depo, glikogenis dagroveba, Tboregulacia. 2. eriTrocitebis daSla, sisxlis depo.

X klasi

I turi

1. 1. aRwereT, ra cvlilebebs iwvevs adrenalini: a) gulSi b) RviZlSi g) sasunTq gzebSi. 2. daasaxeleT hormoni, romlis moqmedeba emTxveva adrenalinis erT-erT

funqcias. pasuxi: 1.a) adrenalini iwvevs gulis SekumSvaTa gaZlierebasa da gaxSirebas; b) RviZlSi adrenalini glikogens gardaqmnis glukozad. g) adrenalini afarToebs bronqiolebs. 2. glukagoni, iseve rogorc adrenalini glikogens gardaqmnis glukozad.

2. CamoTvlili nivTierebebidan amowereT mxolod isini, romlebic Seiwoveba ucvlelad saWmlis momnelebel sistemaSi?

1. cilebi 2. glukoza 3. aminomJavebi 4. vitaminebi 5. cximebi 6. saxamebeli. pasuxi: saWmlis momnelebel sistemaSi ucvlelad Seiwoveba glukoza, aminomJavebi

da vitaminebi.

3. mocemul teqstSi gamotovebulia sityvebi da maT adgilas Cawerilia cifrebi. gadaiwereT mxolod cifrebi da gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi terminebi. magaliTad: 1 _ centraluri.

motoruli zona ganlagebulia ... 1 ... Raris win, ... 2 ... wilSi. centraluri Raris ukan, ... 3 ... wilSi moTavsebulia kan-kunTovani zona. mxedvelobis zona ganlagebulia ... 4 ... wilSi, smenis zona ki – ... 5 ... wilSi.

pasuxi: 2 _ Sublis; 3 _ Txemis; 4 _ kefis; 5 _ safeTqlis .

4. CamoTvlili funqciebidan: 1. moneleba, 2. nivTierebaTa transporti, 3. cilis sinTezi, 4. ujreduli sunTqva, romels asrulebs a) ribosoma, b) mitoqondria, g) gluvi endoplazmur bade, d) lizosoma? yovel organoids gverdze miuwereT Sesabamisi funqcia. pasuxi: ribosomis funqciaa cilis sinTezi; mitoqondriis _ ujreduli sunTqva; gluvi endoplazmur bade monawileobs nivTierebaTa transportSi; lizosoma _ monelebaSi.

5. 1. qromosomebSi genTa rogori urTierTganlagebis dros aqvs adgili: a) genTa damoukidebel memkvidreobas; b) genTa SeWidul memkvidreobas; 2. riT ganisazRvreba SeWidul jgufTa raodenoba?

pasuxi: 1.a) genTa damoukidebel memkvidreobas adgili aqvs genebis sxvadasxva homologiur qromosomaSi lokalizebis dros. b) genTa SeWidul memkvidreobas adgili aqvs maSin, roca genebi moTavsebulia erTsa da imave homologiur qromosomaSi. 2. SeWidul jgufTa raodenoba Seesabameba individis qromosomebis haploidur ricxvs.

6. ZaRlis bewvis Savi Seferiloba (A)Adominirebs yavisferze (a). monadirem SeiZina Savi feris ZaRli da surs darwmundes, rom es ZaRli ar aris yavisferi Seferilobis genis faruli matarebeli. 1. am problemis gadasaWrelad, genotipurad da fenotipurad rogori ZaRli unda SearCios man Tavis SeZenil ZaRlTan Sesajvareblad? 2. gansazRvreT nayidi ZaRlis genotipi, Tu ZaRlebis mravaljeradi Sejvarebis Sedegad miRebul STamomavlobaSi yvela lekvi aRmoCnda Savi. 3. rogori genotipi eqneba nayid ZaRls, Tu STamomavlobaSi gaCndeboda 3 Savi da 4 yavisferi lekvi?

pasuxi: 1. yavisferi ZaRli genotipiT (aa).

2. monadiris ZaRlis genotipia AA. 3. am SemTxvevaSi misi genotipi iqneboda Aa.

7. bardis Teslis yviTeli feris (A) ganmsazRvreli geni srulad

dominirebs mwvane feris ganmsazRvrel genze (a), xolo gluvi zedapiris (B) ganmsazRvreli geni aseve srulad dominirebs naoWiani zedapiris (b) ganmsazRvrel genze. Teslis ferisa da formis ganmsazRvreli genebi moTavsebulia sxvadasxva homologiur qromosomaSi. erTmaneTs Seajvares AaBb da AAbb genotipis bardis individebi. 1. rogor gametebs warmoqmnian sawyisi formebi? 2. CawereT miRebuli hibridebis genotipebi da TiToeuls gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi fenotipi; 3. dawereT miRebuli fenotipebi da TiToeuls gverdiT miuwereT gamovlenis albaToba. pasuxi : 1. mSoblebis mier warmoqmnili gametebia: AB, Ab, aB, ab da Ab. 2. AABb – yviTeli gluvi, AAbb – yviTeli naoWiani, AaBb – yviTeli gluvi, Aabb – yviTeli naoWiani. 3. yviTeli gluvi _ 1/2, an 50%, yviTeli naoWiani _1/2, an 50%.

II turi

1. drozofilas pirveladi sasqeso ujredSi interfazis dasawyisSi rva qromosoma aqvs. ramdeni qromosoma da dnm-is ramdeni molekulaa aseTi ujredis birTvSi:

1. interfazis bolos? 2. I meiozuri gayofis telofazaSi? 3. II meiozuri gayofis telofazaSi?

pasuxi: 1. interfazis bolos ujredSi rva qromosoma da dnm-is Teqvsmeti molekulaa; 2. I meiozuri gayofis telofazaSi oTxi qromosoma da dnm-is rva molekula; 3. II meiozuri gayofis telofazaSi oTxi qromosoma da dnm-is oTxi

molekula. 2. CawereT, romeli eqskretoruli organodan gamoiyofa CamoTvlili mavne

nivTierebebi: 1. Sardovana 2. Sardis mJava 3. naxSirorJangi 4. mZime metalebi.

pasuxi:

1. Sardovana gamoiyofa TirkmelebiTa da saofle jirkvlebiT; 2. Sardis mJavac TirkmelebiT gamoiyofa; 3. naxSirorJangi gamoiyofa filtvebiT; 4. mZime metalebis gamoyofa xdeba msxvili nawlaviT.

3. X-sasqeso qromosomasTan SeWidulia a recesiuli geni da romelic zigotis daRupvas iwvevs. janmrTeli mamakaci daqorwinda heterozigotur qalze. 1. dawereT mSoblebis gametebi; 2. dawereT STamomavlebis SesaZlo genotipebi; 3. rogori iqneba am ojaxSi gogonebisa da vaJebis dabadebis albaToba? @ pasuxi: 1. mSoblebis gametebia: XA, Xa da XA ,Y. 2. STamomavlebis SesaZlo genotipebia: XA XA, XAXa da XAY, XaY – iRupeba ; 3. gogonebis _ 2/3 da vaJebis _ 1/3.

4. ra Sedegs gamoiwvevs zurgis tvinis nervis: 1. ukana fesvis travma? 2. wina fesvis travma?

pasuxi: 1. ukana fesvis travma iwvevs mgrZnobelobis dakargvas; 2. wina fesvis travma ki moZraobiTi funqciis dakargvas.

5. andaluziur qaTmebSi bumbulis Seferiloba monogenuri niSania ganisazRvreba erTi wyvili aleluri geniT. Savbumbuliani individis TeTrTan SejvarebiT I TaobaSi miiRes cisferi Seferilobis individebi.

1. dominirebis ra formas aqvs adgili am SemTxvevaSi? 2. CawereT cisferbumbuliani individebis erTmaneTTan SejvarebiT miRebuli wiwilebis genotipebi da TiToeuls gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi fenotipi; 3. CawereT TiToeuli fenotipi da misi gamovlenis albaToba. pasuxi : 1. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs Sualedur memkvidreobas. 2.AAA - Savi, 2Aa - cisferi, aa - TeTri; 3. Savi _ 1/4, cisferi _ 1/2, TeTri _ 1/4.

6. cilis sinTezi mimdinareobs 4 ribosomian polisomaze. 1. erTdroulad i-rnm-is ramdeni nukleotidi monawileobs translaciis procesSi?

2. ramdeni saxis cila dasinTezdeba, Tu i-rnm-ze moxda 5 genis transkripcia? 3. cilis ramdeni molekula dasinTezdeba, Tu i-rnm-is molekulidan moxda 5 genis translacia?

pasuxi: 1. translaciis procesSi monawileobs 24 nukleotidi,radgan ribosomis funqciur centrSi ertdroulad 6 nukleotidi imyofeba. 2. cila dasinTezdeba imdeni saxis, ramdeni saxis genis transkripciac moxdeba anu 5. 3. gvaqvs 4 ribosoma da 5 genidan wamosuli informacia, amdenad dasinTezdeba cilis 20 milekula.

7. moiyvaneT F2 TaobaSi alelur genTa urTierTqmedebis iseTi magaliTi, romlis drosac daTiSva fenotipisa da genotipis mixedviT: 1. emTxveva erTmaneTs; 2. ar emTxveva erTmaneTs.

pasuxi: 1. daTiSva fenotipisa da genotipis mixedviT emTxveva erTmaneTs arasruli dominirebis dros;

2. ar emTxveva erTmaneTs sruli dominirebis dros.

8. Svriis marcvlis Seferilobas gansazRvravs sxvadasxva homologiur qromosomaSi lokalizebuli ori gansxvavebuli geni. A geni – gansazRvravs marcvlis Sav fers; a geni – gansazRvravs marcvlis TeTr fers; D geni - gansazRvravs marcvlis rux fers. d geni _ gansazRvravs marcvlis TeTr fers. cnobilia, rom A geni dominirebs D genze. erTmaneTs Seajvares AaDd da aaDd genotipis mqone individebi.

1. CawereT mSobliuri formebis gametebi; 2. gansazRvreT hibridebis genotipebi da TiToeuls gverdiT miuwereT

misi Sesabamisi fenotipi; 3. CawereT fenotipebi da TiToeuls gverdiT miuwereT misi gamovlenis

albaToba. pasuxi: 1. mSobliuri formebis gametebia: I. AD, Ad, aD, ad da II. aD, ad;

2. AaDD – Savi, 2AaDd – Savi, aaDD – nacrisferi, Aadd – Savi, 2aaDd – nacrisferi, aadd – TeTri; 3. Savi – 1/2, nacrisferi – 3/8, TeTri _ 1/8.

III turi 1. CamoTvlilTagan romeli procesi(procesebi) axasiaTebs anaerobul baqteriebs? 1. mitozi 2. sporebiT gamravleba 3. sporebiT gavrceleba 4. fagocitozi 5. dnm-s replikacia 6. glikolizi 7. ujreduli sunTqva.

pasuxi: anaerobul baqteriebs axasiaTebT sporebiT gavrceleba, dnm-s replikacia, glikolizi.

2. baqteriebi gazardes sakveb areze, romelic Seicavda azotis, gogirdisa da fosforis mZime izotopebs. CawereT da axseniT axlad warmoqmnili baqteriebis romel polimerebSi aRmoCndeba es izotopebi? pasuxi: 1. 15N aRmoCndeba cilebsa da dnm-Si (rnm-Si), radgan maTi monomeruli erTeulebi - aminomJava da nukleotidi Sesabamisad Seicaven aminojgufs da azotovan fuZes. 2. 32P aRmoCndeba dnm-Si (rnm-Si), radgan misi monomeruli erTeuli nukleotidi Seicavs fosformJavas naSTs. 3. 35S aRmoCndeba cilebSi, radgan erT-erTi aminomJavas (cisteinis) radikali Seicavs gogirds.

3. hormoni insulini, romelic Sedgeba ori polipeptiduri jaWvisgan, Seicavs 51 aminomJavur naSTs. isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian ori Ddisulfiduri bmiT.

CawereT da axseniT: 1. ramdeni nukleotidi gansazRvravs am cilis struqturas dnm-is molekulaSi. 2. wylis ramdeni molekula gamoiyofa insulinis erTi molekulis sinTezis dros?

pasuxi : 1. erT aminomJavas Seesabameba sami nukleotidi - 3 x 51 = 153. 2. ori aminomJavis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebisas gamoiyofa erTi molekula wyali. amdenad, 51 aminomJavuri naSTiT agebuli orWimiani polipeptiduri jaWvis sinTezisas gamoiyofa 49 molekula wyali.

4. rogor icvleba sxeulis temperatura, gulis cemis sixSire da nervuli sistemis aqtiuroba 1. hiper - da 2. hipoTireoidizmis dros?

pasuxi: 1. hiperTireodizmis dros izrdeba sxeulis temperatura, gulis cemis sixSire da imatebs nervuli sistemis aqtiuroba. 2. hipoTireoidizmis dros ki temperatura klebulobs, gulis cemis sixSire iklebs da nervuli sistemis aqtiuroba sustdeba.

5. kuWqveSa jirkvlis normaluri funqcionirebis da sisxlSi insulinis normaluri koncentraciis miuxedavad adamians SeiZleba ganuviTardes diabeti (e.w. meore tipis diabeti). 1. ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi? 2. ra darRvevebia mosalodneli am daavadebis dros nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebSi? pasuxi: 1. ujredis plazmur membranaze moTavsebuli cila-receptori ver aRiqvams insulins; 2. am daavadebis dros ar xdeba glukozis gardaqmna glikogenad da (an) ar xdeba glukozis SeTviseba ujredebis mier da misi Jangva; aseve Seneldeba cilebisa da cximebis sinTezi.

6. CawereT sisxlis romeli jgufobriobis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos adamiani:

1. homozigoturi alelebis matarebeli? 2. heterozigoturi alelebis matarebeli? 3. rogorc homozigoturi aseve heterozigoturi alelebis matarebeli?

sisxlis romeli jgufis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili: 4. kodominantobas ? 5. genTa srul dominirebas? 6. romeli alelebis urTierTqmedebas aqvs adgili kodominantobis dros? pasuxi : 1. I, II, III. 2. II, III, IV. 3. II da III. 4. IV. 5. II da III. 6. dominanturi aleluri

7. kbilebis gamuqeba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos autosomuri dominanturi (A)

AgeniT an X-sasqeso qromosomasTan SeWiduli dominanturi (B) geniT. mSobelTagan erT-erTis muqkbilianoba gamowveulia mxolod X

qromosomaSi lokalizebuli dominanturi geniT, xolo meorisa autosomaSi lokalizebuli dominanturi geniT. muqkbilebian mSoblebs SeeZinaT TeTrkbilebiani gogona.

gansazRvreT: 1. gogonas genotipi; 2. mamis genotipi; 3. dedis genotipi; 4. mSoblebis gametebi; . 5. am ojaxSi janmrTeli (TeTrkbilebiani) bavSvis dabadebis albaToba.

pasuxi : 1. gogonas genotipia: aaXbXb ; 2. mamis genotipia: AaXbY; 3. dedis genotipia: aaXBXb; 4. mSoblebis gametebia: dedis aXB , aXb ; mamis AXb , AY , aXb , aY 5. am ojaxSi janmrTeli bavSvis dabadebis albaToba 1/4.

XI - XII klasi

I turi 1. amowereT, CamoTvlilTagan romeli organoidebi gvxvdeba rogorc

cxovelur, aseve mcenareul ujredebSi? plastidi, ribosoma, ujredis kedeli, mitoqondria, lizosoma, centrioli.

pasuxi: es organoidebia: ribosoma, mitoqondria, lizosoma, centrioli.

2. ujreduli ciklis romel fazaSi:

1. iSleba birTvis garsi da qromosomebi gadadian citoplazmaSi? 2. ixsneba centromeri da ra rols asrulebs is? 3. Sordebian erTmaneTs erTi qromosomis qromatidebi? 4. ormagdeba dnm? 5. iqcevian qromatidebi damoukidebel qromosomebad?

pasuxi: 1. birTvis garsi iSleba profazaSi. 2. centromeri akavSirebs erTmaneTTan wyvil qromatidebs. agreTve mas emagreba TiTistaras Zafebi. centromeri ixsneba anafazaSi dros. 3. anafazaSi dros, erTmaneTs Sordebian wyvili qromatidebi.

4. dnm-s gaormageba xdeba interfazaSi. 5. anafazaSi TiToeuli qromatida qromosomas warmoadgens. 3. daasaxeleT mcenareuli da cxoveluri ujredebis yvela organoidi, romelSic gvxvdeba dnm. pasuxi: es organoidebia mitoqondriebi da plastidebi.

4. CamoTvlilTagan amowereT organizmTa is jgufebi, romelTa gareSec SeuZlebelia ekosistemis arseboba? producentebi, pirveli rigis konsumentebi, meore rigis konsumentebi, reducentebi. pasuxi: es organizmebia producentebi da reducentebi. 5. 1. CamoTvaleT naxSirbadis wrebrunvis sami procesi. 2. axseniT rogor monawileoben mcenareebi naxSirbadis wrebrunvaSi. pasuxi: 1. es procesebia sunTqva, fotosinTezi, wva. 2. mcenareebi sunTqvis dros gamoyofen naxSirorJangs. fotosinTezis procesSi ki STanTqaven naxSirorJangs. 6. xoWo - naZvis didi lafniWamia naZvis lafans Zlier azianebs da xeebis gaxmobas iwvevs. saqarTveloSi is ucxoeTidan Semotanil kedaris morebs Semohyva. am xoWos swrafad gavrcelebas aseve introducirebulma (garedan Semoyvanilma) ciyvma Seuwyo xeli. man jer adgilobrivi ciyvi gandevna da Semdeg kodalebisa da sxva frinvelebis budeebis ganadgureba daiwyo. axseniT, rogor Seuwyo xeli naZvnaris ganadgurebas introducirebulma ciyvma? pasuxi: kodalebi naZvis didi lafanWamia xoWos ZiriTadi mtrebi iyvnen. ciyvebma mospes maTi kvercxebi, amitom mkveTrad daiklo kodalebis ricxvma, xoWos gamravlebas aRaraferi uSlida xels, aman ki Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia tyeebis ganadgureba.

7. cxovelqmedebis procesSi adamianis organizmSi warmoiqmneba nivTierebebi: wyali, amiaki, naxSirorJangi, marilebi, romelTa Warbi raodenobiT dagroveba safrTxes Seuqmnida mis normalur funqcionirebas. 1. romeli organoebis saSualebiT Tavisufldeba organizmi am nivTierebebisagan? 2. romeli organos daavadebis dros SeiZleba dagrovdes siTxe, rasac mohyveba quTuToebisa da kidurebis SeSupeba? pasuxi: 1. am nivTierebebisagan organizmi Tavisufldeba nawlaviT, TirkmliT, kaniTa da filtvebiT. 2. Tirkmelebis daavadebas mohyveba quTuToebisa da kidurebis SeSupeba.

II turi

1. 1. romeli nivTierebebis naSTebis saSualebiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs rnm -is molekulis mezobeli nukleotidebi? 2. dnm-s molekulaSi rogori bmiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs erTi Wimis mezobeli nukleotidebi? 3. rogori bmiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs dnm-s komplementaruli Wimebis nukleotidebi? pasuxi: 1. erTi nukleotidis fosformJavasa da meore nukleotidis ribozas Soris myardeba kavSiri. 2. erTi Wimis mezobeli nukleotidebi kovalenturi bmiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. 3. komplementaruli Wimebis nukleotidebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian wyalbaduri bmebiT.

2. mocemul teqstSi gamotovebulia sityvebi da maT adgilas Cawerilia cifrebi. gadaiwereT mxolod cifrebi da gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi terminebi. nivTierebaTa cvla ori urTierTsapirispiro procesisagan Sedgeba. es procesebia – ujredis uzrunvelyofa axali organuli naerTebiT _ .......1............ da ujredis uzrunvelyofa energiiT _ .........2.......... . organuli naerTebis Jangvisas warmoiqmneba energia, ...........3......... da .....4....... .warmoqmnili energia akumulirdeba .....5........ saxiT. pasuxi: 1 _ plastikuri cvla, 2 _ energetikuli cvla, 3 _ naxSirorJangi 4 _ wyali, 5 _ atf-s saxiT.

3. individis genotipia AaBb. 1. rogor gametebs warmoqmnis aseTi individi:

a. A da B genTa sruli SeWidulobis dros; b. A da B BgenTa arasruli SeWidulobis dros;

g. A da B BgenTa arahomologiur qromosomebSi lokalizebis dros pasuxi: a. 2 saxis gametas - AB , ab;

b. 4 saxis gametas - AB , Ab, aB, ab; g. 4 saxis gametas - AB , Ab, aB, ab;

4. daasaxeleT sami procesi, romelic iwvevs genTa axali kombinaciebis warmoqmnas? pasuxi: genTa axali kombinaciebis warmoqmnas iwvevs: 1. gametebis SemTxveviTi Sexvedra ganayofierebis dros. 2. krosingoveri 3. qromosomebis SemTxveviTi urTierTgadanawileba I meiozuri gayofis anafazaSi.

5. bocvris bewvis feri ganisazRvreba ori wyvili aleluri geniT, romelic sxvadasxva wyvil qromosomaSia moTavsebuli.

C geni gansazRvravs pigmentis sinTezs arsebobas c geni ver gansazRvravs pigmentis sinTezs ar arsebobas A geni ganapirobebs pigmentis araTanabar ganawilebas bewvis mTel sigrZeze

a geni ganapirobebs pigmentis Tanabar ganawilebas bewvis mTel sigrZeze.

pigmentis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi misi - araTanabari ganawilebisas bocveri ruxia - Tanabari ganawilebisas bocveri Savia

pigmentis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi - bocveri TeTria Seajvares I _ CcAa da II _ ccAa genotipis mqone bocvrebi

1. CawereT mSoblebis gametebi; 2. CawereT hibridebis genotipebi da TiToeuls gverdiT miuwereT

Sesabamisi fenotipi; 3. CamowereT fenotipebi da TiToeuls miuwereT gamovlenis albaToba

pasuxi: 1. mSobliuri formebis gametebia: CA, Ca, cA, ca da cA, ca 2. CcAA – ruxi, 2 CcAa – ruxi, Ccaa – Savi , ccAA – TeTri, 2ccAa –TeTri ,ccaa –

TeTri. 3. ruxi _ 3/8, Savi – 1/8, TeTri _ 1/2.

6. ra SemTxvevebSi ganisazRvreba calsaxad individis genotipi misi fenotipiT? moiyvaneT ori magaliTi.

pasuxi: individis genotipi calsaxad ganisazRvreba Sualeduri damemkvidrebisas da recesiuli homozigotis SemTxvevebSi.

6. ra SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli individis fenotipis mixedviT calsaxad misi genotipis gansazRvra? moiyvaneT ori magaliTi.

pasuxi: sruli dominantobis dros, rodesac individebs recesiuli niSani aqvT. arasruli dominantobisas – ki yvela SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan homozigotebi fenotipurad gansxvavdebian heterozigotebisagan.

7. adamianis organizmSi mcxovrebi nawlavis Cxiris baqteriebi: a. Trgunaven paTologiuri mikroorganizmebis gavrcelebas: b. asinTezeben adamianis organizmisTvis saWiro zogierT vitamins.

^ urTierTdamokidebulebis romel formas aqvs adgili:

1. adamiansa da nawlavis Cxiris baqteriebs Soris? 2. adamiansa da paTologiur mikroorganizmebs Soris? 3. nawlavis Cxiris baqteriebsa da paTologiur mikroorganizmebs

Soris? pasuxi: 1. simbiozs 2. parazitizms 3. konkurencias. 8. cilis sinTezi mimdinareobs 5 ribosomian polisomaze. 1. erTdroulad i-rnm-is ramdeni nukleotidi monawileobs translaciis procesSi? 2. ramdeni saxis cila dasinTezdeba, Tu i-rnm-ze moxda 4 genis transkripcia? 3. cilis ramdeni molekula dasinTezdeba, Tu i-rnm-is molekulidan moxda 4 genis translacia?

pasuxi:

1. translaciis procesSi monawileobs 30 nukleotidi, radgan ribosomis funqciur centrSi erTdroulad 6 nukleotidi imyofeba,ribosoma ki 5-a. 2. cila dasinTezdeba imdeni saxis, ramdeni saxis genis transkripciac moxdeba anu 4. 3. gvaqvs 5 ribosoma da 4 genidan wamosuli informacia, amdenad dasinTezdeba cilis 20 milekula.

III turi 1. CawereT romeli Canasaxovani furclidan viTardeba CamoTvlilTagan TiToeuli: 1. badura 2. mxedvelobis nervi 3. Tvalis mamoZravebeli kunTebi 4. Tvalis mkvebavi sisxlZarRvebi.

pasuxi: badura da mxedvelobis nervi viTardeba eqtodermidan. Tvalis mamoZravebeli kunTebi da Tvalis mkvebavi sisxlZarRvebi viTardeba mezodermidan.

2. 1. daasaxeleT ori nivTiereba, romelic warmoqmnis ribosomas; 2. romeli procesebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba TiToeuli maTgani? 3. sad warmoiqmneba ribosomis suberTeulebi? pasuxi: 1. es nivTierebebia cila da r-rnm; 2. cila warmoiqmneba translaciis (transkripciisa da translaciis), r-rnm ki transkripciis Sedegad; 3. ribosomis suberTeulebi warmoiqmneba birTvakSi;

3. Roris gripis gamomwvev virusTan brZola sakmaod gaZnelebulia. msoflioSi iqmneba gripis sawinaaRmdego preparatebi, magram virusi swrafad ganicdis mutacias da medikamentebisadmi mdgrad, axal formebad gardaiqmneba. ra aris virusis aseTi formebis Camoyalibebis mizezi? pasuxi: bunebrivi gadarCevis mamoZravebeli forma.

4. 1. daasaxeleT cxovelis sasqeso jirkvlis zonebi.

2.  ra procesebi mimdinareobs TiToeul maTganSi?  

  

pasuxi: 1. gamravlebis, zrdis, momwifebis. 2. gamravlebis zonaSi _ mitozi, zrdis zonaSi _ zrda, momwifebis zonaSi _ meiozi.

5. 1. homozigoturi ruxi da yviTeli drozofilebis SejvarebiT miRebulia Semdegi Sedegebi: a. ruxi mdedrisa da yviTeli mamris SejvarebiT gaCndnen mxolod ruxi individebi. b. ruxi mamrisa da yviTeli mdedris Sejvarebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom yvela mamri yviTelia, xolo yvela mdedri ruxi. CawereT: 1. mSobliuri formebis genotipebi I Sejvarebisas; 2. STamomavlebis genotipebi I Sejvarebisas; 3. mSobliuri formebis genotipebi II Sejvarebisas; 4. STamomavlebis genotipebi II Sejvarebisas. pasuxi: 1. ruxi mdedri – XAXA, yviTeli mamri – XaY 2. ruxi mdedri – XAXa, ruxi mamri -XAY 3. ruxi mamri – XAY, yviTeli mdedri – XaXa 4. yviTeli mamri – XaY, ruxi mdedri – XAXa

6. virTagvis muqbewvianobis (A) da wiTeli Tvalebis (d) ganmsazRvreli

genebi moTavsebulia erT qromosomaSi, xolo TeTrbalnianobisa (a) da vardisferi Tvalebis (D) – mis homologiurSi. profaza I-is dros sasqeso ujredebis 26%-Si xdeba A da a genebis Sesabamisi monakveTebis gacvla. diheterozigoturi individi Seajvares dihomozigotur TeTrbalnian vardisferTvalebian individs.

1. CawereT mSoblebis genotipebi; 2. CawereT mSoblebSi warmoqmnili gametebi;

3. CawereT hibridebis genotipebi da TiToeuls miuwereT warmoqmnis albaToba procentebSi; 4. CawereT miRebuli genotipebi da TiToeuls miuwereT Sesabamisi fenotipebi; 5. CawereT miRebuli fenotipebi da TiToeuls miuwereT warmoqmnis albaToba procentebSi. pasuxi: 1. AaDd x aaDD 2. AD, Ad, aD, ad da aD 3. AaDD – 13% , AaDd – 37% , aaDD – 37% , aaDd – 13% 4. AaDD – muqi vardisferTvalebiani, AaDd – muqi vardisferTvalebiani,

aaDD – TeTri vardisferTvalebiani, aaDd – TeTri vardisferTvalebiani . 5. muqi vardisferTvalebiani – 50%, TeTri vardisferTvalebiani – – 50%.

AaDd an AaDd 26% 74%

AD ad Ad aD 13% 13% 37% 37%

AaDd aaDD

AD - 13% Ad - 37% aD - 37% ad – 13%aD AaDD – 13% AaDd – 37% aaDD – 37% aaDd – 13%  muqi vardisferTvaleba 50% TeTri vardisferTvaleba 50%