BYDAVID GUTIERREZCHEMISTRY TEACHER ATMISSION HIGH SCHOOLMISSION CISDBASED IN THE RESEARCH PROJECT OF DR. TIMOTHY JACOBSADVANCED ENGINE RESEARCH LABORATORYMECHANICAL ENGINEERINGBiodiesel Combustion and its Influences in NOx Emissions

Biodiesel CombustionBiodiesel fuel has gained public appeal for its promise to contribute toward a sustainable energy system and reduce the emission of carbon into the atmosphere. A potential challenge for biodiesel fuel, particularly in the transportation sector, is called biodiesel NOx penalty. NOx or nitric oxides, are harmful, toxic, combustion generated pollution that lead to troposphere ozone, smog, and acid rain. Several researchers have observed increases in NOx with the use of biodiesel fuel, compared to petroleum diesel.

Biodiesel CombustionDr. Timothy Jacobs Research ProjectThe objective of this research project is to evaluate the physical mechanisms that cause differences in NOx emissions with biodiesel (relative to petroleum diesel fuel) in diesel engines including two specific objectives 1. Identify the root causes of differences in NOx and other emissions from biodiesel fueled engines and petroleum diesel fueled engines.2. Determine how energy resources in Texas can be used to produce qualifying fuels. The research is conducted both experimentally and analytically using a 4.5L medium-duty diesel engine as the test apparatus.

Biodiesel combustionOBJECTIVES: The Learners Will Apply in classroom what Mechanical and Chemical Engineers do Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable fuels How substitution of biodiesel fuel for petroleum biodiesel benefits the environmentThe major differences between gasoline and diesel enginesHow an engine makes powerThe three way catalyst exhaust carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons , and nitric oxidesHow determine density, evaporation point and other physical properties of biodiesel

Biodiesel CombustionThe definition of a renewable fuelHow biodiesel fuel is made from new and used vegetable oilThe chemical analyses necessary to determine the biodiesel efficiency and qualityHow to assess the finished products from the biodiesel reaction How to evaluate the efficiency of biodieselHow to evaluate the impact in local and US economy

Biodiesel combustionA conventional reciprocatinginternal combustion engine iscomposed of cylinders, pistons,crankshafts, camshafts, valves,and other necessary mechanicallinkages.The stroke of the enginerefers to the pistons up anddown motion within thecylinder.A four-stroke engine indicatesthe pistons motion for onecomplete mechanical cycle.

Biodiesel CombustionGASOLINE ENGINE and PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASESWhen the piston in cylinder is down the volume of air-gas mixture is largeWhen the piston in cylinder is raised the air-gas mixture is compressed, the spark plug releases a spark the gasoline mixture explodes and forces the piston down first position and repeats turning the drive shaft and the car moves.The size of the cylinder is called displacement. If each cylinder is 0.5L and you have 8 cylinders you have a 4.0L engine that may have about 200HP

Biodiesel CombustionGasoline versus DieselAside from the type of fuels used, the major differences between gasoline and diesel engines include:1. Diesel engines use compression ignition, as opposed to spark ignition (sparkplugs).2. Diesel engines control their load (power production) by metering the amount of fuel, as opposed to the amount of air (throttle).

Biodiesel CombustionBiodiesel background informationDr. Rudolf Diesel first demonstrated his diesel engine, which ran on peanut oil, to the world in the early 1900s. The high compression of diesel engines creates heat in the combustion cylinder, and thus does not require a highly flammable fuel such as that used in gasoline engines. The diesel engine was originally promoted to farmers as one for which they could grow their own fuel. Diesels, with their high torque, excellent fuel efficiency, and long engine life are now the engine of choice for large trucks, tractors, machinery, and some passenger vehicles. Diesel passenger vehicles are not presently common in the United States due to engine noise, smoky exhaust, and cold weather starting challenges. However, their use is quite normal in Europe and Latin America, and more diesel are starting appear to appear in the US market

Biodiesel Combustion Stock Photo - Diesel engine: internal combustion engine invented by Rudolph Diesel in 1897 (c1910)

Biodiesel CombustionOver time, the practice of running the engines on vegetable oil became less common as petroleum diesel fuel became cheap and readily available. Today, people are rediscovering the environmental and economic benefits of making fuel from raw and used vegetable oils.Biodiesel is a renewable fuel now accepted by the federal government as an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum diesel, biodiesel is in use throughout the world

Biodiesel Combustion All Sources of Bio-Diesel on the West Coast

Biodiesel CombustionPublic PumpsB100Yes! You can drive from Mexico to Canada on Biodiesel

Biodiesel CombustionBiodiesel benefits compared to petroleum dieselUsing a waste product as an energy sourceClean burning: lower in carbon monoxide, and carcinogensLower in sulfur compoundsSignificant carbon dioxide reductions: less impact on global climate changeDomestically available: 30 million gallons of waste restaurant grease are produced annually in US

Biodiesel Combustion

Biodiesel CombustionBiodiesel benefits compared to petroleum dieselBiodiesel can be readily mixed with diesel fuel in any proportion. For example B100 contains 100% biodiesel, B20 contains 20%Biodiesel can be run in any unmodified engineBiodiesel is less flammable than diesel. It will get at a higher temperature (typically around 20F) and thus should be mixed with petroleum fuel in cold weather

Biodiesel CombustionHow does an engine make power?The power producing capabilities of an internal combustion engine lie in the combustion process.Near the top dead center position, the fuel and air mixture ignite and combust during the combustion process.C8H18 + 12.5(O2 + 3.76N2) 8CO2 + 9H2O + 47N2A stoichiometric mixture is one where there is a chemically correct amount of air to combust the fuel.A lean mixture has an excess of air. A rich mixture has an excess of fuel

Biodiesel CombustionEmissions formationA continued technical challenge for internal combustion engines is exhaust emissions.Before, the ideal combustion reaction for iso-octane was given as:C8H18 + 12.5(O2 + 3.76N2) 8CO2 + 9H2O + 47N2In reality, however, the products of combustion look something like:C8H18 + 12.5(O2 + 3.76N2) aCO2 + bH2O + cCO + dH2 + eNO + fHC + sootCO Regulated, toxicNO Contributes to local ozone formation (SMOG) and acid rainHC Unburned fuel, works to NO to form local ozoneSoot Particulate matter, potentially carcinogenicCO2 Global warming gas

Biodiesel CombustionHow does an Engine Make Power ?Gasoline SI= Spark IgnitionDiesel CI= Compression IgnitionCompression IgnitionAtomization: Mixing mechanisms with air obtaining an ignitable air/fuel mixture rate 5/10 means 5 parts of air/10 parts of fuel Vaporization: Pressure and temperatureWait: Chemical bond separationIgnitionCombustion:C8H18 + 12.5(O2 + 3.76N2) 8CO2 + 9H2O + 47N2

Biodiesel CombustionIn reality the products of combustion look like C8H18 + 12.5(O2 + 3.76N2) aCO2 + bH2O + cCO + dH2 + eNO + fHC + sootThe engines exhaust three way catalystCO carbon monoxideHC Unburned fuels CH4 methaneNOx Nitric oxide

Biodiesel CombustionIS THIS CHEMISTRY?Yes! Automotive engineers have to take Chemistry in college automobile/car/truck/tractor/tires all contain air pressure orTHEY ARE FLATSince pressure and volume are indirectly proportional (opposite).Boyles Law V1P1=V2P2 if the pressure of an ideal gas increases the volume decreases

Biodiesel CombustionBibliography file:///H:/Biodiesel%20Formula.htmwww.biodieselamerica.comwww.biodiesel.orghttp://www3.science.tamu.edu/CMSE/activities/index.asphttp://teachersummit.tamu.edu/resourcesA and B Scott Organic Chemistryhttp://members.ophnet.com.au/scottsoftb/

BIodiesel CombustionBibliographyHOLT, RINEHART and WINSTON MODERN CHEMESTRY Texas EditionLabs and Demonstrationshttp://www.google.com/top/science/chemistry/education/Labs_and_Demostrations/

Biodiesel CombustionThank youE3 Teacher Summer Research Program Dr. Timothy Jacobs The Dwight Look College of Engineering Texas A&M University The Texas Engineering Experiment Station The National Science Foundation

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