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Revista de noticias sobre Biología, Biotecnología, Medioambiente, Neurociencias, etc. Elaborado por la Biblioteca de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad de Salamanca
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Universidad de Salamanca Facultad de Biología
Biblioteca
Bionoticias Julio (2ª) de 2014
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índice
Biología 4
Biomedicina 18
Biotecnología 25
Neurociencia 41
.Biología
Descubren una avispa que amuralla con hormigas muertas las “cunas” de sus crías
Un equipo de investigación germano-chino ha descubierto una rara avispa que para proteger a sus larvas recurre a una insólita estrategia, la cual, hasta donde se sabe, ningún otro animal posee: Las hembras de esta avispa, encontrada en los bosques del sudeste de China, no se
La asombrosa faceta de los escorpiones como arquitectos
Una investigación sobre escorpiones que viven en el desierto del Negev en Israel revela que las madrigueras que excavan no son simples agujeros donde esconderse sino que responden a un diseño sofisticado, constando de dos “habitaciones” separadas, dispuestas de tal modo que cada una tenga una...
Descubren una nueva y exótica especie de insecto palo
Muchos animales poseen habilidades únicas de camuflaje, pero los insectos palo están entre los maestros del disfraz en el mundo animal. Durante un estudio de campo en Guangxi, China, Ho Wai-chun George, de la Sociedad Entomológica de Hong Kong, descubrió una nueva especie de este enigmático grupo...
¿Comer insectos contribuyó al desarrollo cerebral de los primeros humanos?
Cuando la comida escasea, los alimentos vegetales ya no dan más de sí, y las presas de buen tamaño son muy inferiores en número a las de tamaño minúsculo, comer insectos puede ser el único modo factible de nutrirse de carne. Sin embargo, los insectos, por su pequeño tamaño, no son fáciles de...
Atacar en vez de huir, rasgo femenino de conducta en los escorpiones
En una investigación se ha explorado un intrigante rasgo de conducta en escorpiones, al menos en los del tipo estudiado, del género Centruroides: Cuando se sienten en peligro, los escorpiones machos tienden más a huir que las hembras, las cuales más a menudo optan por atacar a la fuente de la...
La música que más les gusta a los chimpancés
Aunque la música tal como la entendemos es un arte creado por humanos para humanos, algunos animales lo bastante inteligentes muestran a veces agrado hacia ella, pero no hacia cualquier tipo de música. Una investigación revela ahora qué tipo de música les gusta más a los chimpancés, al menos a...
La Enfermedad de Lyme es más antigua que la especie humana La Enfermedad de Lyme, causada por una bacteria que es el único ser vivo conocido que no necesita hierro, se transmite al Ser Humano a través de la picadura de algunas garrapatas. Esta dolencia, a menudo difícil de diagnosticar y que solo es conocida como tal desde 1975, encierra más misterio de...
Investigan actinobacterias con alto potencial industrial
Aislar actinobacterias desde ambientes extremos para la búsqueda de actividad enzimática con alto potencial industrial, es el principal objetivo del proyecto desarrollado por Valentina González y Fernanda Claverías, que trabajan en el Centro de Biotecnología y Departamento de Química de la...
Sintetizan el primer antagonista de la hormona jasmonato
Científicos del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del CSIC han desarrollado un antagonista de la hormona jasmonato que potencia las defensas de las plantas y reduce la infección por diversos tipos de microorganismos patógenos.
La latencia de las semillas se daba ya hace 360 millones de años
Un equipo internacional de científicos, coordinado por un investigador de la Universidad de Granada, ha descubierto que la latencia de las semillas –una propiedad que les permite no germinar en momentos poco adecuados– es una característica que ya tenían las primeras semillas, hace 360 millones de años.
Reconstruyen la dieta del águila perdicera con el análisis de isótopos
El análisis de los isótopos estables del carbono, el nitrógeno y el azufre en las plumas es una técnica efectiva para reconstruir la dieta del águila perdicera durante el periodo de cría. Así se desprende de un artículo publicado en la revista The Ibis, firmado por investigadores de la Universidad de Barcelona con la colaboración de la Universidad de Exeter (Reino Unido).
¿Un salto inminente en la investigación microbiológica?
Las bacterias están por todas partes, pero es muy difícil verlas. Los científicos estiman que pueblan el mundo entre 10 y 1.000 millones de especies microbianas diferentes, de las cuales sólo un porcentaje modesto corresponde a especies identificadas. ¿Por qué? Porque la enorme mayoría de...
Nuevas revelaciones sobre el Archaeopteryx, el pájaro más primitivo
Un siglo y medio después de su descubrimiento y transcurridos unos 150 millones de años desde que vivió, el controvertido Archaeopteryx aún guarda sorpresas: El espécimen número once descubierto hasta ahora de este icónico animal, al que muchos consideran un eslabón entre
El ave más grande de la historia evolutiva podía volar
Un investigador de la Universidad Estatal de Carolina del Norte (EE UU) revela que Pelagornis sandersi, el ave más grande conocida hasta la fecha –extinta hace más de 25 millones de años– podía volar. El hallazgo, publicado en la revista PNAS, ha refutado varias teorías...
Las ranas han desarrollado rápidas defensas contra el cangrejo rojo americano
La rana común es uno de los anfibios con mayor distribución en la península ibérica. Se reproduce preferentemente en zonas de aguas permanentes, donde entra en contacto con el cangrejo rojo americano, que es depredador de sus larvas. Una investigación en la que participa el
El ave más grande de la historia evolutiva podía volar
A pesar de alcanzar los siete metros de envergadura, el ave más grande conocida hasta el momento era capaz de planear y volar a lo largo de cientos de kilómetros, según sostiene un estudio realizado en los EE UU, lugar donde fueron hallados los restos fósiles de este animal que vivió hace más de 25 millones de años.
Las hembras de piquero pardo montan a los machos durante el cortejo
El 12% de las hembras de piquero pardo estudiadas en una colonia de México realizaron “monta inversa”, es decir, las hembras montaron a los machos durante el cortejo sexual.
Hallan en Teruel dos ejemplares de escarabajos del Cretácico que convivieron con los dinosaurios
Han descubierto dos especies de escarabajo del Cretácico Arra legalovi y Actenobius magneoculus en Teruel. Sus características se han descrito gracias al estudio realizado por investigadores de la Universidad de Barcelona en colaboración con científicos de Kansas y Kentucky (EEUU).
Guerra submarina entre virus y bacterias
A más de kilómetro y medio bajo la superficie del océano, en un sector del fondo marino donde oscuras nubes de agua rica en minerales emanan de los manantiales de aguas calientes del fondo del mar, conocidos como fumarolas hidrotermales, se libran batallas titánicas entre virus y bacterias desde...
Los tomates de campo contienen más vitamina E
La mejor manera de obtener los 30mg diarios de vitamina E que componen la dosis diaria recomendada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) es a través del consumo de alimentos ricos en ella como frutas, verduras de hoja verde, cereales integrales y semillas. Por su alto
Un equipo del CNIO reduce el tamaño del genoma humano a 19.000 genes
Cómo se metabolizan los nutrientes o se comunican las neuronas en el cerebro son solo algunos de los mensajes contenidos en las 3.000 millones de letras que constituyen el genoma humano. La detección y caracterización de los genes presentes en esta gran masa de información
Descubiertos dos nuevos géneros de plantas: ‘Memoremea’ y ‘Nihon’
Un equipo de investigadores liderado por el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) en España ha descrito dos nuevos géneros de Boragináceas, una de las familias de plantas con flor más diversas del mundo. Los nombres escogidos por los científicos son
El IEO evalúa los efectos de la contaminación en 2.500 kilómetros de litoral español
El Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), en colaboración con la Universidad de Vigo, ha analizado la contaminación de más de 2.500 kilómetros de litoral en la costa norte y noroeste española El trabajo ha analizado las respuestas bioquímicas y fisiológicas de poblaciones
Los corales del Caribe podrían desaparecer en los próximos 20 años
El Caribe alberga el 9% de los arrecifes de coral del mundo y es uno de los ecosistemas más diversos que genera un beneficio de más de tres mil millones de dólares anuales. Un informe revela que su declive –más de un 50% desde 1970– se podría detener si se aplican medidas para proteger la población de erizos de mar y peces loro. Si no se toman
Activación artificial del proceso celular de autoorganización que da forma a un embrión humano
Aproximadamente siete días después de la concepción, sucede algo notable en el grupo de células que acabará convirtiéndose en un nuevo ser humano: Éstas empiezan a especializarse. Adoptan características que comienzan a dar pistas sobre su destino definitivo como células de
Los tibetanos se han adaptado a las alturas gracias a sus genes denisovanos
Las adaptaciones evolutivas han permitido a los tibetanos vivir sin problemas a 4.000 metros de altura. Cómo han logrado adaptarse a este duro ambiente de hipoxia –falta de oxígeno– es un tema que atrae a los científicos. El Instituto de Genómica de Pekín (BGI, por sus siglas en inglés)...
Los carnívoros no causaron la acumulación de restos humanos en la Sima de los Huesos
La acumulación de cadáveres humanos en la Sima de los Huesos, en la Sierra de Atapuerca (España), es una de cuestiones que suscita más interés entre los investigadores. En este yacimiento se han localizado restos de al menos 28 individuos de hace cerca de 430.000 años, según
Cada turista genera 14 kg de CO2 al día en Menorca por la energía que consume
Investigadores de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona han analizado el consumo energético del turismo en la isla de Menorca. Se trata del primer estudio de este consumo en una isla teniendo presente el metabolismo energético completo de los núcleos turísticos. El estudio lo ha publicado la revista Energy Policy.
Descubiertos dos nuevos géneros de plantas: ‘Memoremea’ y ‘Nihon’
Un estudio coordinado por investigadores del CSIC ha revelado dos nuevos géneros de Boragináceas, familia de plantas con las flores más diversas del mundo. La investigación se enmarca en el Proyecto Cero sobre especies amenazadas. Sus nombres significan "recuérdame" y "Japón".
Un científico del CNB, entre los más citados del mundo
Un botánico del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del CSIC es uno de los 47 investigadores españoles que se encuentran entre el 1% más destacado de los científicos más citados del mundo.
Relacionada científicamente la inyección de gas de Castor y los terremotos frente a Castellón
Un análisis científico relaciona la secuencia de terremotos en el área de la plataforma Castor, frente a las costas de Castellón, con la inyección de gas en las rocas bajo el fondo marino del campo petrolífero de Amposta, ya agotado. Esta inyección era una de las primeras pruebas del Proyecto Castor, que planeaba almacenar una gran reserva
Los tibetanos se han adaptado a las alturas gracias a sus genes denisovanos
Un equipo liderado por investigadores del Instituto de Genómica de Pekín y la Universidad de California ha explicado que la adaptación a la altura de los habitantes del Tíbet se debe al cruce con los homínidos de Denisova, ya extintos. El trabajo arroja nueva luz sobre la adaptación
Desvelados los circuitos neuronales que utilizan las moscas hembras para decidir aparearse
Tres estudios complementarios explican cómo la Drosophila hembra integra las señales externas de los machos y la información sobre su estado interno al tomar una decisión para responder al cortejo de un pretendiente. El proceso está controlado por al menos tres grupos de
Un nuevo sistema mejora la productividad de los invernaderos a partir de la combustión de su propia biomasa
Un nuevo modelo desarrollado por la Universidad de Almería y la Estación Experimental Las Palmerillas propone nuevas formas de manejo y procesado de los residuos vegetales que proceden de este tipo de cultivos bajo plástico y permite, además, el ahorro de un 15% de energía respecto al resto de técnicas industriales empleadas hasta el
Técnica para rastrear el origen de cada célula
Unos investigadores han desarrollado una estrategia para rastrear la historia biológica de células individuales hasta sus orígenes en el óvulo fertilizado. Mediante la observación de la copia del genoma humano presente en células sanas, han conseguido construir un retrato del desarrollo de cada...
Describen la función clave de la proteína JNK en la regeneración de tejidos
Investigadores del Departamento de Genética de la UB y del Instituto de Biomedicina de la Universidad de Barcelona (IBUB), en España, han demostrado el papel fundamental de la proteína JNK durante la regeneración de tejidos en organismos adultos. El estudio, que se ha
Descubren que los olores básicos de todos los alimentos son solo unos 230
¿Cómo somos capaces de reconocer alimentos como fresas, café, carne asada o patatas recién cocidas solo mediante el olor? Los alimentos contienen más de 10.000 sustancias volátiles distintas. Pero solo alrededor de 230 de ellas determinan para nuestra capacidad sensorial el
Mordisqueos celulares
Entrega del podcast Quilo de Ciencia, realizado por Jorge Laborda (catedrático de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, España), en Ciencia para Escuchar, que recomendamos por su interés. La trogocitosis es una nueva manera de "comer". Unos...
Un estudio muestra el riesgo de verter aguas residuales en los humedales
Una investigación en la que participa el CSIC indica que abastecer con aguas residuales los humedales puede facilitar brotes de botulismo aviar. Las bacterias patógenas que abundan en estas zonas pueden ser el desencadenante de los brotes.
Comienza una nueva campaña de excavaciones en Atapuerca
El 2 de julio comenzaron las excavaciones en los yacimientos de la Sierra de Atapuerca (España) dirigidas por Juan Luis Arsuaga, José María Bermúdez de Castro y Eudald Carbonell. Este año la campaña se desarrollará solo durante el mes de julio, por la necesidad de concentrar esfuerzos en la...
La gran biodiversidad de los seres multicelulares más antiguos conocidos de la Tierra
Los resultados de un meticuloso análisis ratifican que unos fósiles descubiertos en sedimentos de arcilla cerca de Franceville, en Gabón, en un antiguo lecho acuático, corresponden a los organismos multicelulares más antiguos que se hayan encontrado hasta hoy, y revelan en toda su magnitud la...
Estructuras biogénicas de hace unos 550 millones de años comparables a arrecifes coralinos
Un nuevo estudio aporta nuevos y esclarecedores datos sobre cómo se formó uno de los más antiguos arrecifes de origen biológico análogos a los de coral, una destacada reliquia de un arcaico ecosistema acuático. El equipo de Rachel Wood, de la Universidad de Edimburgo en Escocia, Reino...
Los "avatares" fósiles están revolucionando la paleontología
Las nuevas técnicas de visualización de fósiles están transformando el conocimiento científico de la historia evolutiva, según las conclusiones de un análisis efectuado por importantes paleontólogos de la Universidad de Bristol en el Reino Unido. Tradicionalmente, la paleontología ha...
.Biomedicina
Encontrada una posible diana para combatir los cánceres de hígado y colon Un estudio de investigadores de España, Inglaterra y EE UU ha descifrado el mecanismo mediante el cual dos proteínas, al juntarse, favorecen la reproducción de las células tumorales en los cánceres de hígado y colon.
Un gel microbicida anti-VIH, probado con éxito en ratones
Una de las herramientas más esperadas en la prevención del VIH son los geles microbicidas. Ahora, investigadores de la Universidad de Alcalá y del Hospital Gregorio Marañón de Madrid han dado un paso más y han conseguido demostrar su eficacia en roedores. Falta probarlo en otra especie animal y, si los resultados fuesen positivos, entraría en la fase de ensayo con humanos.
Hallan una nueva función del gen Cdon en las malformaciones congénitas
Investigadores del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas han descubierto el papel que tiene el gen Cdon en la aparición de defectos de formación de parte del cerebro y en el desarrollo cráneo-facial. Los resultados de esta investigación podrían ayudar a encontrar posibles terapias.
El control glucémico de la diabetes tipo 2 mejora con las bombas de insulina
La revista The Lancet publica un estudio que revela la eficacia de las bombas de insulina en el control de la glucemia en las personas con diabetes tipo 2, una patología que afecta a más de 300 millones de personas en el mundo.
Lideran un estudio para buscar terapias personalizadas en cáncer de pulmón
La Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española contra el Cáncer (aecc) financia una investigación multicéntrica que pretende identificar nuevas dianas terapéuticas y marcadores que mejoren la supervivencia y calidad de vida de las personas enfermas de cáncer de pulmón.
Nuevos microorganismos intestinales distinguen entre personas sanas y enfermas
Gracias a un nuevo enfoque en el análisis bioinformático, un grupo internacional de investigadores ha identificado en la microbiota humana más de 500 especies totalmente desconocidas hasta el momento. Además, se ha ampliado el catálogo de genes microbianos conocidos de 3 a 10 millones. Estos resultados forman parte del proyecto europeo MetaHIT, con una dotación de 11,4 millones de euros.
Nuevo proyecto europeo para mitigar el dolor que aparece después de una amputación
El proyecto europeo EPIONE tiene el objetivo de mitigar el dolor del miembro fantasma, el que sufren las personas con un miembro del cuerpo amputado. Representantes de los doce centros se han reunido en Aalborg (Dinamarca) para establecer los protocolos de los ensayos clínicos.
Identifican una mutación en células progenitoras como origen del colangiocarcinoma
Una nueva investigación describe el origen del colangiocarcinoma, un tipo de cáncer procedente de células progenitoras mutadas. El trabajo, publicado en Nature, abre una nueva vía para el tratamiento de los pacientes, que hasta el momento tenían muy mal pronóstico y para los
La heparina muestra una doble actividad contra la malaria
La heparina, un compuesto anticoagulante, muestra una doble acción antimalárica. Investigadores españoles han publicado un nuevo estudio en la revista Nanomedicine que tiene el objetivo de mejorar el tratamiento de esta enfermedad, endémica en el continente africano.
Un equipo del CNIO reduce el tamaño del genoma humano a 19.000 genes
Más del 99% de los genes humanos –aquellos que producen proteínas– tienen un origen anterior a los primates hace más de 50 millones de años. Un nuevo estudio liderado por investigadores del CNIO pone en duda las anotaciones genómicas de distintas especies realizadas hasta la
Sentarse a pensar sin hacer nada más es una ‘tortura’ para la mayoría de la gente
Cavilar a solas durante quince minutos en una habitación sin más estímulos incomoda a la mayor parte de las personas, según revela un experimento llevado a cabo por científicos estadounidenses. Enfrentarse a los propios pensamientos hizo, incluso, que el 67% los hombres (frente al 25% de las mujeres) prefirieran una descarga eléctrica a cambio de poder escapar de la sala antes de tiempo.
La OMS se propone acabar con la tuberculosis en 2050
Eliminar la tuberculosis es el objetivo que se marca la Organización Mundial de la Salud para 2050, pasando por una primera fase para 2035 en la que los nuevos casos de tuberculosis deben reducirse a menos de 10 por millón de habitantes y año. El ambicioso plan se centra en 33 países en los que la enfermedad tiene una baja incidencia en la actualidad.
Asocian bajos niveles de una proteína del cerebro con la neurodegeneración
Un nuevo estudio, publicado en Science Translational Medicine, revela que las personas con niveles reducidos de la proteína TREM2 podrían tener un mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades neurodegenerativas como alzhéimer o demencia frontotemporal. Desde hace unos años se conoce que las mutaciones en TREM2 causan unas raras y agresivas patologías neurodegenerativas.
Para que los niños vayan andando al colegio hay que concienciar a sus padres
Los beneficios de que los niños vayan andando al colegio son numerosos. Ahora un estudio, en el que participan investigadores españoles, sostiene que es necesario realizar campañas para convencer a los padres de dichas virtudes. Este trabajo señala, además, la
Cinco investigadores del IDIBAPS entre los científicos más citados
50 científicos españoles de diferentes áreas de las ciencias experimentales y sociales aparecen en la lista de los investigadores más citados en publicaciones científicas de Thomson Reuters. Cinco de ellos
Descubren por qué los pacientes con alzhéimer no pierden memoria al principio
Un nuevo estudio, publicado en la revista Molecular Neurobiology, revela como el sistema nervioso envía, de manera natural, una respuesta protectora para intentar reprimir el alzhéimer. Esta patología es la forma de demencia más común y aparece con mayor frecuencia en la población mayor de 65 años.
El ácido oleico promueve la migración de las neuronas y la formación de sinapsis
El ácido oleico promueve la migración de las neuronas y esto a su vez facilita la formación de sinapsis, el contacto entre estas células que permite transmitir los impulsos nerviosos. Un equipo de investigación del Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL) de la Universidad de Salamanca explica este hallazgo en un artículo publicado en la revista Brain Research.
Se demuestra el mecanismo que regula la migración de células implicadas en el desarrollo cerebral
Un equipo internacional de científicos ha descrito por primera vez el mecanismo molecular que regula la migración de las células Cajal-Retzius en los primeros estadios del desarrollo de la corteza cerebral, la capa más superficial del cerebro. Estas células fueron descubiertas por Ramón y Cajal a finales del siglo XIX.
Es necesario concienciar a los padres para que sus hijos vayan andando al colegio
Los beneficios de que los niños vayan andando al colegio son numerosos. Ahora un estudio, en el que participan investigadores españoles, sostiene que es necesario realizar campañas para concienciar a los padres de dichas virtudes. Este trabajo señala, además, la conveniencia de que las distintas administraciones públicas promuevan el desplazamiento activo entre los niños y sus familias.
La inhibición de una proteína abre una vía para tratar el cáncer de páncreas
Investigadores del Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas han identificado una nueva proteína, la galectina-1, como posible diana terapéutica del cáncer de páncreas. Los resultados han mostrado un aumento de la supervivencia de un 20%. Además, podría tratarse de una diana terapéutica sin efectos adversos.
.Biotecnología
Sintetizan el primer antagonista de la hormona jasmonato Científicos del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del CSIC (CNB) han desarrollado un antagonista de la hormona jasmonato que potencia las defensas de las plantas y reduce la infección por diversos tipos de
Wake-up call for more research into cell metabolism More scientific research into the metabolism of stromal support cells and immune cells -- and the role of the metabolism of these cell types in the development of diseases -- could open new therapeutic avenues for diabetes, inflammatory conditions and cancer, scientists conclude.
Human cells' protein factory has an alternate operating manual: Process may help body rein in disease-fighting side effects
Working with a gene involved in HIV infection, researchers discovered some human genes have an alternate set of operating instructions written into their protein-making machinery, which can quickly alter the proteins' contents, functions and ability to survive. The study is the first to demonstrate the phenomenon of programmed ribosomal frameshifting in a human gene. Frameshifting helps regulate t
'Yin and yang' of malaria parasite development
A ‘Herculean study’ into malaria parasite development is completed – bringing scientists closer to disrupting the life-cycle of this highly efficient parasite. Scientists searching for new drug and vaccine targets to stop transmission of one of the world's deadliest diseases believe they are closer than ever to disrupting the life-cycle of this highly efficient parasite.
Tiny DNA pyramids enter bacteria easily -- and deliver a deadly payload
Bacterial infections usually announce themselves with pain and fever but often can be defeated with antibiotics -- and then there are those that are sneaky and hard to beat. Now, scientists have built a new weapon against such pathogens in the form of tiny DNA pyramids.
Rotten egg gas holds key to healthcare therapies
It may smell of flatulence and have a reputation for being highly toxic, but when used in the right tiny dosage, hydrogen sulfide is now being being found to offer potential health benefits in a range of issues, from diabetes to stroke, heart attacks and dementia. A new compound (AP39) could hold the key to future therapies, by targeting delivery of very
DNA 'replication fork' reconstituted for the first time
While scientists have had an idea of the molecular tools that cells use to replicate DNA -- the enzymes that unzip the double-stranded DNA and create 'daughter' copies -- they did not have a clear picture of how the process works. Now, researchers have built the first model system to decipher what goes on at the 'replication fork' -- the point where DNA is
Sugar protects cells from bacterial invasion
No admission for bacteria: Scientists have succeeded in preventing Pseudomonas bacteria from entering host cells with the help of a sugar complex that binds the bacterial protein LecA. This protein enables the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa to invade human lung cells. Among other things, the hospital germ Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause
Transgender algae reveal evolutionary origin of sexes
Throughout evolution, living things have repeatedly developed physically distinct sexes, but how does this actually happen? A discovery in the multicellular green alga, Volvox carteri, has revealed the genetic origin of male and female sexes, showing how they evolved from a more primitive mating system in a single-celled relative. A team
New compounds that could affect circadian rhythm uncovered in study
A surprising new role has been found for a pair of compounds that have the potential to alter circadian rhythm, the complex physiological process, present in most living things, that responds to a 24-hour cycle of light and dark. At least one of these compounds could be developed as a chemical probe to uncover new therapeutic approaches to a range of disorders, including diabetes and obesity.
When faced with some sugars, bacteria can be picky eaters
Researchers have found for the first time that genetically identical strains of bacteria can respond very differently to the presence of sugars and other organic molecules in the environment, with some individual bacteria devouring the sugars and others ignoring it. "While this is the first time we've seen such divergent behavior from bacteria regarding sugars, it's consistent with 'bet-hedgi
HIV study leads to insights into deadly infection
New insights into how the HIV virus greatly boosts its chances of spreading infection has been gained by research that also indicates why HIV is so hard to combat. "We now have a better understanding of the role of these protein enhancers in HIV infection. However, it's clear that much more research is needed in this area," one researcher says.
Consuming whey protein before meals could help improve blood glucose control in people with diabetes
Consuming whey protein before a regular breakfast reduces the blood sugar spikes seen after meals and also improves the body's insulin response, a new study has found. Protein consumption is known to stimulate the production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a gut
Scientists probe DNA of 'Evolution Canyon' fruit flies, find drivers of change
Scientists have long puzzled over the genetic differences between fruit flies that live hardly a puddle jump apart in a natural environment known as “Evolution Canyon” in Mount Carmel, Israel. Even with migration, cross-breeding, and near-extinction of whole populations, the environment is the driving force in the fruit-fly gene pool in Evolution
Restored immunity shown for cancer-related fungal infections
Sleeping Beauty and fungal infections -- not two items one would normally associate together, but for immunocompromised cancer patients they may prove to be a helpful combination. A study has used the Sleeping Beauty gene transfer system to modify T cells in hopes of
Mechanism that prevents lethal bacteria from causing invasive disease is revealed
An important development in understanding how the bacterium that causes pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia remains harmlessly in the nose and throat has been discovered by scientists. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a 'commensal', which can live harmlessly in the nasopharynx as part of the body's natural bacterial flora. However, in
High-quality gene catalog of human gut microbiome created
A high-quality gene catalog of human gut microbiome has been developed by researchers, a key to understanding human health and diseases. While the roughly 20,000 genes in the human genome have been available for over a decade, the gene catalog of the microbiome, our much larger "other genome," has to date been much more poorly
Viruses use 'fake' proteins to hide in our cells
Some viruses can hide in our bodies for decades and make 'fake' human proteins that trick our immune cells into believing nothing is wrong. Now researchers have determined the basic structure of one of the two known families of these deceptive proteins.
Revolutionary approach to studying intestinal microbiota
Analyzing the global genome, or the metagenome of the intestinal microbiota, has taken a turn, thanks to a new approach to study developed by an international research team. This method markedly simplifies microbiome analysis and renders it more powerful. The scientists have thus been able to sequence and assemble the complete
DNA origami nano-tool provides important clue to cancer
Researchers have headed a study that provides new knowledge about the EphA2 receptor, which is significant in several forms of cancer. This is important knowledge in itself – but just as important is how this study was conducted. The researchers used the method of DNA origami, in which a DNA molecule is shaped into a nanostructure, and used these structures to test theories about cell signalling.
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New knowledge about intestines uncovered: microorganisms, bacterial viruses in intestinal flora identified
Researchers have identified and mapped 500 previously unknown microorganisms and more than 800 bacterial viruses in our intestinal flora. A discovery which -- in the long term -- can replace antimicrobial
Discovery provides insights on how plants respond to elevated carbon dioxide levels
Biologists have solved a long-standing mystery concerning the way plants reduce the numbers of their breathing pores in response to rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Researchers report the discovery of a new genetic pathway in plants, made up of four genes from three different gene families that control the density of breathing pores—or “stomata”—in plant leaves in response to elevat
Novel protein complex with potential to combat gastric cancer caused by bacterial infection found by researchers
A protein named IL23A is part of our stomach’s defense against bacterial infection which leads to gastric cancer, researchers have discovered. This finding could potentially be used to combat the deadly disease. Every year, some 740,000 people die from gastric cancer
Chip developed for rapid detection of dengue fever
A chip (also known as cDNA microarray) has been developed that allows detection of the RNA strand of the dengue fever virus. The genetic information contained in this scientific tool pinpoints the exact serotype of malaria that an infected person or mosquito is carrying.
Embryology: Unexpected stability and complexity in transcriptional enhancers' interactions
Contrary to what was thought, sequences of DNA called enhancers – which control a gene’s output – find their targets long before they are activated during embryonic development, scientists have found. Their study also reveals that, surprisingly, the degree of complexity of enhancers’ interactions in the ‘simple’ fruit fly Drosophila is
Gene discovered that activates stem cells for organ regeneration in Planarians
Researchers announced the discovery of a gene zic-1 that enables stem cells to regrow a head after decapitation in flatworm planarians. Many species across the animal kingdom have the ability to regenerate, but the mechanisms that connect injuries to stem cell activation and the production of new tissues are not fully understood.
'Work environment' affects protein properties
The function of proteins, which fulfill various tasks inside the cells, is often analyzed in aqueous buffer solutions. However, it is not known, for example in case of pharmaceutical studies, if they work in the same way in those solutions as in their natural environment: the cytoplasm is
How knots can swap positions on a DNA strand
Physicists have been able with the aid of computer simulations to confirm and explain a mechanism by which two knots on a DNA strand can interchange their positions.
Sweet genes: New way found by which metabolism is linked to the regulation of DNA
Scientists have discovered a new way by which metabolism is linked to the regulation of DNA, the basis of our genetic code. The findings may have important implications for the understanding of many common diseases, including cancer.
Rethinking the coral reef: How algal and coral cover affect the microscopic life that call the reef home
Biologists have shown that inhabited coral islands that engage in commercial fishing dramatically alter their nearby reef ecosystems, disturbing the microbes, corals, algae and fish that call the reef home.
Safer, cheaper building blocks for future anti-HIV and cancer drugs
Researchers have developed an economical, reliable and heavy metal-free chemical reaction that yields fully functional 1,2,3-triazoles. Triazoles are chemical compounds that can be used as building blocks for more complex chemical compounds, including pharmaceutical drugs.
Cellular defense against fatal associations between proteins and DNA
DNA -- the carrier of genetic information -- is constantly threatened by damage originating from exogenous and endogenous sources. Very special DNA lesions are DNA-protein crosslinks -- proteins covalently linked to DNA. So far hardly anything was known about repair mechanisms specifically targeting DNA-protein crosslinks. Scientists have now discovered a protease that is able to chop down the pro
New reprogramming method makes better stem cells
Researchers have shown for the first time that stem cells created using different methods produce differing cells. The findings provide new insights into the basic biology of stem cells and could ultimately lead to improved stem cell therapies.
Gene critical to early development of cilia identified
The functions of a gene responsible for anchoring cilia – sensory hair-like extensions present on almost every cell of the body -- have been described by researchers. They show in a mouse model that without the gene Cc2d2a, cilia throughout the body failed to grow, and the mice died during the embryonic stage. The finding adds to an expanding body of knowledge about ciliopathies, a class of geneti
Hair from mummy's clothes provides insights into red deer lineage
Genetic analysis of Neolithic deer hair from Italian Alps mummy's clothes ties deer population to modern day western European lineage, in contrast to the eastern lineage found in the Italian alps today.
Boron tolerance discovery for higher wheat yields
The genes in wheat that control tolerance to a significant yield-limiting soil condition found around the globe – boron toxicity -- have been identified by researchers. They say that in soils where boron toxicity is reducing yields, genetic improvement of crops is the only effective
Upending a cancer dogma: Cyclin D, long believed to promote cancer, actually activates tumor suppressor
A protein essential to regulating cell cycle progression – the process of cell division and replication – activates a key tumor suppressor, rather than inactivating it as previously thought, researchers report. The findings fundamentally change the understanding of G1 cell cycle regulation and the molecular origins of many associated cancers.
How does your garden grow? 3-D root imaging in real time
Growing plants in a microscope is helping scientists to view roots developing in 3-D and in real time. Scientists already know that lateral roots in plants develop from cells deep within the main root, so that the emerging roots must force through multiple layers of tissue to reach the soil. Until now, capturing the cell-division events behind this process
Dairy farmers keep flies guessing by alternating pesticides
Old-fashioned fly swatters may be the most foolproof housefly killer, but for dairy farms, insecticides are the practical choice. Flies spread disease and a host of pathogens that cost farms hundreds of millions of dollars in annual losses. Unfortunately, with the repeated use of the same insecticides, flies develop resistance through genetic mutations that make these products less effective. Ento
For cancer patients, sugar-coated cells are deadly
Every living cell’s surface has a protein-embedded membrane that’s covered in polysaccharide chains – a literal sugar coating. A new study found this coating is especially thick and pronounced on cancer cells – leading to a more lethal cancer. “Changes to the sugar composition on the cell surface could alter physically how receptors are organized,” one researcher said. “That’s really the big thing
Hibernating frogs give clues to halting muscle wastage
Key genes that help burrowing frogs avoid muscle wastage while they are dormant have been discovered by researchers. These genetic insights could help prevent muscle atrophy in bedridden human patients, or even astronauts. For most mammals, including humans, when muscles are inactive over a long period, they lose condition and waste away. However, some animals can remain dormant for several months
Behind a marine creature's bright green fluorescent glow
Probing the mysterious glow of light produced naturally by animals, scientists have deciphered the structural components related to fluorescence brightness in the primitive sea creature known as amphioxus. The study carries implications for a variety of industries looking to maximize brightness of natural fluorescence, including
New compound blocks 'gatekeeper' enzyme to kill malaria
Researchers are homing in on a new target for malaria treatment, after developing a compound that blocks the action of a key 'gatekeeper' enzyme essential for malaria parasite survival. The compound, called WEHI-916, is the first step toward a new class of antimalarial drugs that could cure and prevent malaria infections caused by all species of the parasite, including those resistant to existing
Chinese herbal extract may help kill off pancreatic cancer cells
The herbal extract triptolide has been used on human pancreatic cancer cells and tissue in culture by researchers. Administration of the herb decreased GRP78 protein in the cells, thereby reducing cancer cell survival and facilitating cell death. A diagnosis of pancreatic cancer—the fourth most common cause of cancer death in the U.S.—can be devastating. Due in part to aggressive cell replication
Enlightening cancer cells with optogenetics
The first application of optogenetics to cancer research has been conducted on engineered cell surface receptors activated by light, researchers report. Small algal protein domains serve as synthetic light sensors in human cells.
JNK protein's key role in tissue regeneration
The major role that JNK protein plays in tissue regeneration in adult organisms has been identified by researchers. The study used planarians -— a type of worm able to regenerate any part of its body -— to address the question. To date, it has been known that JNK was involved in the control of cell proliferation and death, but little was known about the role it plays in tissue and organ regenerati
'Microbe sniffer' could point way to next-generation bio-refining
A new biosensor could help optimize bio-refining processes that produce fuels, fine chemicals and advanced materials. It works by sniffing out naturally occurring bacterial networks that are genetically wired to break down wood polymer. "Nature has already invented microbial processes to degrade lignin--the tough polymer in wood and plant biomass that currently stymies industrial bio-refining
.Neurociencia
Doctors have ethical obligation to educate, protect athletes from concussion, experts say The American Academy of Neurology (AAN), the largest professional association of neurologists and a leading authority on sports concussion, is releasing a new position paper that states doctors have an ethical obligation to educate and protect athletes from sports concussion and clear them to play only when the athlete is medically ready, standing
L-dopa medication could be helpful in treatment of phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder
A drug used to treat Parkinson's disease could also help people with phobias or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), scientists report. They are currently exploring the effects of psychotherapy to extinguish fears in combination with L-dopa. This drug does not only help movement
Study cracks how brain processes emotions
Although feelings are personal and subjective, the human brain turns them into a standard code that objectively represents emotions across different senses, situations and even people, reports a new study. “Despite how personal our feelings feel, the evidence suggests our brains use a standard code to speak the same emotional language,” one
Discovery of new drug targets for memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease
Reactive astrocytes, which have been commonly observed in Alzheimer's patients, aberrantly and abundantly produce the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and release it through the Best1 channel, researchers have discovered. The released GABA strongly inhibits neighboring neurons to cause impairment in synaptic
Discovery of new means to erase pain
It is possible to relieve pain hypersensitivity using a new method that involves rekindling pain so that it can subsequently be erased, a study by two neuroscientists shows. This discovery could lead to novel means to alleviate chronic pain. The scientists were inspired by previous work on memory conducted some fifteen years ago. These studies had
Why people with bipolar disorder are bigger risk-takers
Circuits in the brain involved in pursuing and relishing rewarding experiences are more strongly activated in people with bipolar disorder, guiding them towards riskier gambles and away from safer ones, researchers report. The study used brain imaging to identify neural pathways that are responsible for the symptoms of the disorder. The findings will help to design, evaluate and monitor therapies
Will genomics soon explain the human brain gain?
Three geneticists at the forefront of human evolutionary genomics assess the changing state of the field and how we are moving closer to understanding the evolution of the human brain.
Cinnamon may be used to halt progression of Parkinson's disease, study suggests
Using cinnamon, a common food spice and flavoring material, can reverse the biomechanical, cellular and anatomical changes that occur in the brains of mice with Parkinson’s disease (PD), neurological scientists have found. “This could potentially be one of the safest approaches to halt disease progression in Parkinson’s patients,” the study's lead researcher said.
Huntington's disease protein helps wire young brain
A surprising new role for the Huntington's disease protein has been uncovered: it helps wire connections in early brain development. Understanding more about how the protein works may help inform treatment for early stages of the disease. Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes a wide variety of
Cognitive assessment provides window into proficiency level of robot-assisted surgeons
Cognitive assessment can effectively measure the expertise of robotic surgeons with varying levels of experience, researchers have determined. For the cognitive testing, the participants’ cognitive engagement, mental workload and mental state were calculated from the measured EEG during each task. When they compared the results of both testing approaches among the three groups, the researchers fou
Drowning remains a top cause of death for children with autism
Many families beat the summer heat with trips to swimming pools, beaches, and water parks; but water safety concerns are particularly heightened for families of children with autism. In fact, drowning remains a leading cause of death in children with autism because they
Contradictory findings about effect of full moon on sleep
According to folklore, the full moon affects human sleep. International researchers are trying to determine whether there is any truth to the belief. Studies have found that people actually sleep 20 minutes less when the moon is full, take five minutes longer to fall asleep and experience 30 minutes more of REM sleep, during which most
Significant step towards blood test for Alzheimer's
Scientists have identified a set of 10 proteins in the blood which can predict the onset of Alzheimer's, marking a significant step towards developing a blood test for the disease. A blood test could be used to identify patients in the early stages of memory loss for clinical trials to find drugs to halt the progression of the disease.
Tremors, shuffling and confusion may not be Parkinson's but Lewy Body Dementia
The importance of an accurate Lewy body dementia diagnosis, which may have life-saving implications, have been highlighted by experts. Affecting more than 1.3 million Americans, Lewy body dementia (LBD) is the most misdiagnosed form of dementia and, following Alzheimer’s disease, is the second most common cause of progressive dementia. It is associated with abnormal protein deposits in the brain,
Retired NFL players may be at risk for hearing loss and tinnitus
Retired NFL players may be at risk for permanent hearing loss and tinnitus, according to an ear surgeon. Many NFL players suffer one or more concussions during their careers. And Leonetti notes that such blunt head trauma has been associated with hearing loss and tinnitus (chronic ringing or buzzing in the ears).
Neuroeconomists confirm Warren Buffett's wisdom: Brain research suggests an early warning signal tips off smart traders
Investment magnate Warren Buffett has famously suggested that investors should try to 'be fearful when others are greedy and be greedy only when others are fearful.' That turns out to be excellent advice, according to the results of a new study that looked at the brain activity and behavior of people trading in experimental markets where price bubbles formed.
Dodging dots helps explain brain circuitry
Neuroscientists looked cell by cell at the brain circuitry that tadpoles, and possibly other animals, use to avoid collisions. The study produced a model of how individual inhibitory and excitatory neurons can work together to control a simple behavior. The basic circuitry involved is present in a wide variety of animals, including people, which is no
Alzheimer's disease: Simplified diagnosis, with more reliable criteria
How many patients receive an incorrect diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease? The answer is a surprisingly high number: over a third, researchers report. To reduce the number of errors, researchers have developed a simplified diagnosis based on the most specific criteria of the disease. A challenge primarily for research, but also for clinical
Sleep deprivation leads to symptoms of schizophrenia, research shows
Twenty-four hours of sleep deprivation can lead to conditions in healthy persons similar to the symptoms of schizophrenia. This discovery was made by an international team of researchers, who point out that this effect should be investigated more closely in persons who have to work
Headbanging: Doctors highlight potential dangers at hardcore rock 'n' roll acts
German doctors highlight the potential dangers surrounding headbanging. Authors detail the case of a man who developed a chronic subdural haematoma after headbanging at a Motörhead concert. "This case serves as evidence in support of Motörhead's reputation as one of the most hardcore rock'n'roll acts on earth, if nothing else because of their music's contagious speed drive and the hazardous p
Burst spinal artery aneurysm linked to Ecstasy use
Taking the street drug Ecstasy could lead to a potentially fatal weakening and rupture of the spinal cord artery, doctors warn. Posterior spinal artery aneurysms -- a blood-filled swelling of the spinal cord artery, caused by a weakening and distension of the vessel wall -- are rare, with only 12 cases reported to date. But all of them caused spinal bleeding which affected the function of the spin
Just 25 minutes of mindfulness meditation alleviates stress, study shows
Mindfulness meditation has become an increasingly popular way for people to improve their mental and physical health, yet most research supporting its benefits has focused on lengthy, weeks-long training programs. New research is the first to show that brief mindfulness meditation practice -- 25 minutes for three consecutive days -- alleviates psychological stress. The study investigates how mindf
A dominant hemisphere for handedness and language?
Through an innovative approach using a large psychometric and brain imaging database, researchers have demonstrated that the location of language areas in the brain is independent of left- or right-handedness, except for a very small proportion of left-handed individuals whose right hemisphere is dominant for both manual work and language.
New optogenetic tool for controlling neuronal signalling by blue light
Scientists have developed a new technology in the field of optogenetics that can remotely control specific receptors by light. They have named this new technology “OptoTrk” and it has succeeded with neuronal differentiation inducement.
'Switch' in Alzheimer's and stroke patient brains prevents generation and survival of neurons
A new study finds a modification to the transcriptional protein MEF2 that inhibits the growth of new brain cells and survival of existing cells. The findings show promise for therapeutic intervention for a variety of neurodegenerative disorders.
Urgent need for Alzheimer's drug development identified: 99.6 percent of drug attempts fail
Researchers have conducted the first-ever analysis of clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease, revealing an urgent need to increase the number of agents entering the AD drug development pipeline and progressing successfully towards new therapy treatments.
Using computers to model the human brain
The human brain is the most complex computer in existence. Understanding how it works has been a scientific endeavor for centuries. However, technology has only recently advanced to the point where we can really understand brain function down to the molecular level. By combining the newest advances in computer programming with biochemistry, scientists are helping to create the
Movement disorders in young people related to ADHD
Researchers have identified a particular genetic mutation that may cause Parkinsonism in young people. The mutation interferes with the brain's transport of the important signal substance dopamine and may also plays a role in mental diseases, e.g. ADHD.
Biological basis for magic mushroom 'mind expansion' discovered
New research shows that our brain displays a similar pattern of activity during dreams as it does during a mind-expanding drug trip. The study found that under psilocybin, activity in the more primitive brain network linked to emotional thinking became more pronounced, with
Do not disturb! How the brain filters out distractions
You know the feeling? You are trying to dial a phone number from memory ... you have to concentrate ... then someone starts shouting out other numbers nearby. In a situation like that, your brain must ignore the distraction as best it can so as not to lose vital information from its working memory.Scientists can now give us some insight into just how
Brisk walking may improve symptoms of Parkinson's
People with mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease who regularly walk for exercise may improve their motor function, mood, tiredness, fitness and some aspects of thinking abilities, according to a study. The study included 60 people who took part in sessions of walking at moderate intensity while wearing heart rate monitors three times a week for 45 minutes per session for six months.
New strategy could uncover genes at the root of psychiatric illnesses
Understanding the basis of psychiatric disorders has been extremely challenging because there are many genetic variants that may increase risk but are insufficient to cause disease. Now investigators describe a strategy that may help reveal how such 'subthreshold' genetic risks interact with other risk factors or environmental exposures to affect the development of the nervous system. Their resear
Could boosting brain cells' appetites fight disease? New research shows promise
Deep inside the brains of people with dementia and Lou Gehrig’s disease, globs of abnormal protein gum up the inner workings of brain cells – dooming them to an early death. But boosting those cells’ natural ability to clean up those clogs might hold the key to better treatment for
Tool helps guide brain cancer surgery
A tool to help brain surgeons test and more precisely remove cancerous tissue was successfully used during surgery. The mass spectrometry tool sprays a microscopic stream of charged solvent onto the tissue surface to gather information about its molecular makeup and produces a color-coded image that reveals the location, nature and concentration of tumor
More left-handed men are born during the winter: Indirect evidence of a hormonal mechanism
Men born in November, December or January are more likely of being left-handed than during the rest of the year. While the genetic bases of handedness are still under debate, scientists obtained indirect evidence of a hormonal mechanism promoting left-handedness among men.
Neurodegenerative diseases: Glitch in garbage removal enhances risk
Researchers have identified a pathogenic mechanism that is common to several neurodegenerative diseases. The findings suggest that it may be possible to slow the progression of dementia even after the onset of symptoms.
Who will binge-drink at age 16? Teen imaging study pinpoints predictors
Neuroscientists leading the largest longitudinal adolescent brain imaging study to date have learned that a number of factors -- genetics, brain function and about 40 different variables -- can help scientists
Fruit fly research may reveal what happens in female brains during courtship, mating
What are the complex processes in the brain involved with choosing a mate, and are these processes different in females versus males? It's difficult to study such questions in people, but researchers are finding
Key brain region responds to subjective perception in study of individual neuron activity
When evaluating another person’s emotions – happy, sad, angry, afraid – humans take cues from facial expressions. Neurons in a part of the brain called the amygdala “fire” in response to the visual stimulation as
'Master switch' for myelination in human brain stem cells is identified
The single transcription factor or 'master switch' that initiates the critical myelination process in the brain has been identified by researchers. The identification of this factor, SOX10, in human brain cells, brings researchers closer to the goal of treating multiple sclerosis (MS) by transplanting into patients the brain cells that make myelin.
Study examines neurological outcomes for TBI treatments
In patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI), neither the administration of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) or maintaining a higher hemoglobin concentration through blood transfusion resulted in improved neurological outcome at 6 months, according to a study. Transfusing at higher hemoglobin concentrations was associated with a higher risk of adverse events.
Blind lead the way in brave new world of tactile technology
Imagine feeling a slimy jellyfish, a prickly cactus or map directions on your iPad Mini retina display, because that's where tactile technology is headed. But you'll need more than just an index finger to feel your way
Addiction starts with an overcorrection in brain, study shows
A trio of new studies show how the brain overcorrects to drugs and alcohol in a way that suppresses dopamine long-term, leading to withdrawal symptoms. "Addiction is a brain disease that could be
Insect diet helped early humans build bigger brains: Quest for elusive bugs spurred primate tool use, problem-solving skills
Figuring out how to survive on a lean-season diet of hard-to-reach ants, slugs and other bugs may have spurred the development of bigger brains and higher-level cognitive functions in the ancestors of humans and
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