Callanta Notes

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Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

TITLE ONECRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY

Crimes against national security

1. Treason (Art. 114);

2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason (Art. 115);

3. Misprision of treason (Art. 116); and

4. Espionae (Art. 11!).

Crimes against the law o nations

1. "ncitin to #ar or i$in moti$es for reprisals (Art. 11%);

2. &iolation of ne'trality (Art. 11);

3. Correspondin #it ostile co'ntry (Art. 12*);

4. +lit to enemy,s co'ntry (Art. 121); and

5. -iracy in eneral and m'tiny on te i seas (Art. 122).

Te crimes 'nder tis title can e prosec'ted e$en if te criminal act or acts #ere committed o'tside te -ilippineterritorial /'risdiction. 0o#e$er prosec'tion can proceed only if te offender is #itin -ilippine territory or ro'tto te -ilippines p'rs'ant to an etradition treaty. Tis is one of te instances #ere te e$ised -enal Code may ei$en etraterritorial application 'nder Article 2 (5) tereof. "n te case of crimes against the law of nations teoffender can e prosec'ted #ene$er e may e fo'nd eca'se te crimes are rearded as committed aainst'manity in eneral.

Article !!"TREASON

ELEMENTS#a. That the offender owes allegiance to the Government of the Philippines

b. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved

c. That the offender either

1) Levies war against the government,1. reec of alleiance2. act'al assemlin of men3. for te p'rpose of eec'tin a treasonale desin

2) Adheres to the enemies, giving them aid and comfort1. reec of alleiance2. aderence3. i$in aid or comfort to te enemy

Re$uirements o le%ying war1) Act'al assemlin of men;

2) To eec'te a treasonale desin y force;

3) "ntent is to deli$er te co'ntry in #ole or in part to te enemy; and

4) Collaoration #it forein enemy or some forein so$ereinSuccess is not important. at matters is te act'al assemly of men and te eec'tion of treasonale desin yforce.

a!s of proving treason"

a. 2 witnesses testif!ing to same overt act

Te testimonies m'st refer to te same act place and moment of time. Treason cannot e pro$ed y circ'mstantial

e$idence or y etra/'dicial confession.

Example 7 sa# arms landed in 8a 9nion and loaded into a motor $eicle. At tis stae not s'fficient to

con$ict yet. : later sa# te arms 'nloaded in a #areo'se. ill 7 : e s'fficient #itnesses to con$ict. ?eca'se te la# re@'ires tat 2 #itnesses see te AME >&ET ACT.

&' #onfession of the acc$sed in open co$rt' Arrainment pretrial trial B >.

1. "f e as pleaded =>T 'ilty already d'rin arrainment e can still confess in open co'rt y statin tepartic'lar acts constit'tin treason.

2. D'rin trial simply sayin "Fm 'iltyG is not eno'.

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3. itdra#in plea of not 'iltyG d'rin arrainment not necessary

4. "f d'rin arrainment e pleads 'ilty co'rt #ill asH if te acc'sed 'nderstands is plea. 'mission ofaffida$it d'rin trial e$en if assisted y co'nsel is not eno'.

Treason"reac of alleiance to te o$ernment committed y a person #o o#es alleiance to it. Alleianceoliation of fidelity and oedience. "t is permanent or temporary dependin on #eter te person is a citiIen oran alien.

E$ident premeditation s'perior strent and treacery are circ'mstances inherentin treason and are tereforenot ara$atin.

Treason cannot e committed in times of peace only in times of war B act'al ostilities. ?'t no need fordeclaration of #ar

%ot Treasono$s"a. Acceptance of p'lic office and discare of official d'ties 'nder te enemy does not constit'te per se

te felony of treason (exception:#en it is policy determinin)

. er$in in a p'ppet o$ernment (ministerial f'nctions) and in order to ser$e te pop'lace is =>Ttreasono's. But it is treason if a) tere is discretion in$ol$ed; ) inflicts arm on +ilipinos; c) it isdisad$antaeo's to tem.

c. -'rpose of offender to deli$er te -ilippines to enemy co'ntry; if merely to cane officials B nottreason

&n #iti'enshipa. +ilipino citiIens can commit treason o'tside te -ilippines. ?'t tat of an alien m'st e committed in

te -ilippines.

. >nly +ilipino citiIens or permanent resident aliens can e eld liale

c. Alien"#it permanent resident stat's from te ?"D B it is neiter te lent of stay in te -ilippinesnor te marriae #it a +ilipino tat matters.

Act'al ostilities may determine te date of te commencement of #ar

=o s'c tin as attempted treason; mere attempt cons'mmates te crime

Giving aid or comfortB material element enances forces of te enemy co'ntry.

Acts #ic strenten or tend to strenten te enemy in te cond'ct of #ar aainst te traitorFs co'ntry or tat#ic #eaHen and tend to #eaHen te po#er of te same.

Example +inancin arms proc'rement of enemy co'ntry. ?'t i$in of selter is not necessarily i$in aid andcomfort.G

Adherence and giving aid or comfort must concur together.

Adherence"#en a citiIen intellect'ally or emotionally fa$ors te enemy and arors con$ictions disloyal to isco'ntryFs policy. ?'t memersip in te police force d'rin te occ'pation is =>T treason.Example Ji$in information to or commandeerin foodst'ffs for te enemy.

Adherence ma! be proved b! (1) one #itness; (2) from te nat're of te act itself; (3) from te circ'mstancess'rro'ndin te act.

en tis aderence or sympaties are con$erted into aid and comfort only ten tey taHe material forM. Tis

material form is no# #at is made p'nisale. "t is 's'ally manifested y te offender in i$in information

commandeerin foodst'ffs ser$in as spy and s'pplyin te enemy #it #ar materials.

Treason is a CONTN!N" C#$E%E$en after te #ar offender can e prosec'ted.

Treason is a contin'in offense. "t can e committed y a sinle act or y a series of acts. "t can e committed in one

sinle time or at different times and only one criminal intent. "n constr'in te pro$isions relatin to te commission of

se$eral acts te same m'st e done in p'rs'ance or f'rterance of te act of treason.

=o matter o# many acts of treason are committed y te offender e #ill e liale for only one crime of treason.

"f yo' con$ict a person for treason y reason of irresistile force or 'ncontrollale fear yo' may 'se Art.12. No

treason through negligence

"n te imposition of te penalty for te crime of treason te co'rt may disreard te presence of mitiatin and

ara$atin circ'mstances. "t may consider only te n'mer nat're and ra$ity of te acts estalised d'rin te trial.

Te imposition of te penalty rests larely on te eercise of /'dicial discretion.

(eenses that may &e a%aile) o &y the accuse)'

1. D'ress or 'ncontrollale fear of immediate deat; and

2. 8a#f'l oedience to a de factoo$ernment.

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en Hillins and oter common crimes are cared as o$ert act of treason tey cannot e rearded as (1)separate crimesor (2) as complex with treason%

"n te act of le$yin #ar or i$in aid or comfort to te enemy m'rder roery arson or falsification may ecommitted y te offender. ?9T te offender does not commit te crime of treason compleed #it common crimeseca'se s'c crimes are inerent to treason ein an indispensale element of te same.

Treason )istinguishe) rom Re&ellion'

The manner in which &oth crimes are committed in the same . "n treasono#e$er te p'rpose of te offender is todeli$er te o$ernment to te enemy co'ntry or to a forein po#er. "n rebellion te p'rpose of te reels is tos'stit'te te o$ernment #it teir o#n form of o$ernment. =o forein po#er is in$ol$ed.

Treason )istinguishe) rom Se)ition'

"n treason te offender rep'diates is alleiance to te o$ernment y means of force or intimidation. 0e does notreconiIe te s'preme a'tority of te tate. 0e $iolates is alleiance y fitin te forces of te d'ly constit'teda'torities.

"n sedition te offender disarees #it certain policies of te tate and seeHs to dist'r p'lic peace y raisin acommotion or p'lic 'prisin.

Article !!*CONS+IRACY TO COMMIT TREASON

ELEMENTS#a. (n time of war

b. 2 or more persons come to an agreement to

1. lev! war against the government, or

2. adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort,

c. The! decide to commit it

L*%T+ & P-&P&+AL T& #&**(T T-A+&%a. (n time of war

b. A person who has decided to lev! war against the government, or to adhere to the enemies and togive them aid or comfort, proposes its eec$tion to some other person/s.

Mere areement and decisions to commit treason is p'nisale

Mere proposal e$en #ito't acceptance is p'nisale too. "f te oter accepts it is already conspiracy.

ile Treason as a crime so'ld e estalised y te t#o#itness r'le te same is not oser$ed #en te crime

committed conspiracy to commit treason or #en it is only a proposal to commit treason.

Article !!,

MIS+RISION O- TREASON

ELEMENTS#a. That the offender m$st be owing allegiance to the government, and not a foreigner

b. That he has 0nowledge of an! conspirac! to commit treason) against the government

c. That he conceals or does not disclose and ma0e 0nown the same as soon as possible to thegovernor or fiscal of the province or the ma!or or fiscal of the cit! in which he resides

'hile in treason( even aliens can commit said crime &ecause of the amendment to the article( no such amendmentwas made in misprision of treason% $isprision of treason is a crime that may &e committed only &y citi)ens of the*hilippines%

>ffender is p'nised as an accessory to te crime of treason

TaHe note tat te offender is a principal to te crime of misprision of treason yet e is penaliIed only as an

accessory. "n te imposition of te penalty te co'rt is not o'nd y te pro$isions of Article 63 and 64 referrin toindi$isile penalties. "n te presence of mitiatin and ara$atin circ'mstances te offender is p'nised t#o

derees lo#er tan te penalty for te crime of treason.

The criminal lia&ility arises if the treasonous activity was still at the conspiratorial stage

Tis crime does not apply if te crime of treason is already committed

Crime of omission

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This is a felony &y omission although committed with dolo( not with culpa%

To report within a reasona&le timeG B depends on time place and circ'mstance B te -C did not fi time.

-C states 4 indi$id'als #at if yo' report to some oter iranHin o$ernment official< E. -=- Directorfficer m'st a$e proale ca'se to elie$e ased on personal Hno#lede of facts and circ'mstances tatte person proaly committed te crime

>or escaped prisonerB no need for #arrant

Example:: #as Hilled y 'nHno#n assailant. >fficers ot a tip and arrested 7. 7 $ol'ntarily admitted to teofficers tat e did it alto' e #as not asHed. 7 #as detained immediately. Accordin to te C tere #as =>aritrary detention. y< ?eca'se once 7 made a confession te officers ad a rit to arrest im.

Aritrary detention can e committed tr' simple impr'dence or nelience. People vs. *isa)

+erio)s o (etention /enalie)#

1. Detention not eceedin tree days;

2. Detention for more tan tree days 't not more tan 15 days;

3. Detention for more tan 15 days 't not more tan 6 monts; and

4. Detention for more tan 6 monts.

Continuing crime is different from a continuous crime

-amos v. nrile#eels later on retire. Accordin to te C once yo' a$e committed reellion and a$e noteen p'nised or amnestied ten te reels contin'e to enae in reellion 'nless te reels reno'nce isaffiliation. Arrest can e made #ito't a #arrant eca'se tis is a contin'in crime.

(istinction &etween ar&itrary )etention an) illegal )etention

!' In ar&itrary )etention >>

The principal offender must &e a pu&lic officer% Civilians cannot commit the crime of ar&itrary detentionexcept when they conspire with a pu&lic officer committing this crime( or &ecome an accomplice oraccessory to the crime committed &y the pu&lic officer. and

The offender who is a pu&lic officer has a duty which carries with it the authority to detain a person%

6' In illegal )etention >>

The principal offender is a private person% But a pu&lic officer can commit the crime of illegal detentionwhen he is acting in a private capacity or &eyond the scope of his official duty( or when he &ecomes anaccomplice or accessory to the crime committed &y a private person%

The offender( even if he is a pu&lic officer( does not include as his function the power to arrest and detain aperson( unless he conspires with a pu&lic officer committing ar&itrary detention%

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'hether the crime is ar&itrary detention or illegal detention( it is necessary that there must &e an actual restraint ofli&erty of the offended party% f there is no actual restraint( as the offended party may still go to the place where hewants to go( even though there have &een warnings( the crime of ar&itrary detention or illegal detention is notcommitted% There is either grave or light threat%

;owever( if the victim is under guard in his movement such that there is still restraint of li&erty( then the crime ofeither ar&itrary or illegal detention is still committed%

(istinction &etween ar&itrary )etention an) unlawul arrest

879 As to offender

n ar&itrary detention( te offender is a p'lic officer possessed #it a'tority to maHe arrests.

n unlawful arrest te offender may e any person%

8,9 As to criminal intent

n ar&itrary detention te main reason for detainin te offended party is to deny im of is lierty.

n unlawful arrest te p'rpose is 1) to acc'se te offended party of a crime e did not commit; 2) to deli$erte person to te proper a'tority; and 3) to file te necessary cares in a #ay tryin to incriminate im.

'hen a person is unlawfully arrested( his su&se+uent detention is without legal grounds%

Article !6*(ELAY IN T8E (ELI4ERY O- (ETAINE( +ERSONS

ELEMENTS#

a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee

b. That he has detained a person for some legal gro$nds

c% That he fails to deliver s$ch person to the proper 7$dicial a$thorit! within"1. 12 ho$rs if detained for crimesLoffenses p'nisale y light penalties or teir e@'i$alent2. 1: ho$rs for crimesLoffenses p'nisale y correctional penalties or teir e@'i$alent or3. < ho$rs for crimesLoffenses p'nisale y capital p$nishment or afflictive penalties or teir

e@'i$alentArticle 125 co$ers sit'ations #erein te person detained as een arrested #ito't a #arrant 't is arrest is

noneteless la#f'l. "t is a felony committed y omission eca'se of te fail're of te offender to deli$er te detained

person to te proper /'dicial a'tority #itin 12 o'rs 1% o'rs and 36 o'rs as te case may e.

At te einnin te detention is leal since it is in te p'rs'ance of a la#f'l arrest. 0o#e$er te detention ecomesaritrary #en te period tereof eceeds 12 1% or 36 o'rs as te case may e dependin on #eter te crime isp'nised y lit correctional or afflicti$e penalty or teir e@'i$alent.

eally means delay in filin necessary information or carin of person detained in co'rt.

$ay &e waived if a preliminary investigation is as0ed for%

9nder te e$ised 'les of Co'rt #en te person arrested is arrested for a crime #ic i$es im te rit topreliminary in$estiation and e #ants to a$ail is rit to a preliminary in$estiation e #o'ld a$e to #ai$e in#ritin is rits 'nder Article 125 so tat te arrestin officer #ill not immediately file te case #it te co'rt tat#ill eercise /'risdiction o$er te case. "f e does not #ant to #ai$e tis in #ritin te arrestin officer #ill a$e tocomply #it Article 125 and file te case immediately in co'rt #ito't preliminary in$estiation. "n s'c case te

arrested person #itin fi$e days after learnin tat te case as een filed in co'rt #ito't preliminaryin$estiation may asH for preliminary in$estiation. "n tis case te p'lic officer #o made te arrest #ill no lonere liale for $iolation of Article 125.

Does not contemplate act'al pysical deli$ery 't at least tere m'st e a complaint filed. D'ty complied #it'pon te filin of te complaint #it te /'dicial a'tority (co'rts prosec'tors B to' tecnically not a /'diciala'tority for p'rposes of tis article eFs considered as one.)

Deli$ery of detained person consists in maHin care of filin a compliant aainst te prisoner #it te proper /'diciala'tority. "t does not in$ol$e te pysical deli$ery of te prisoner efore te /'de +a!o vs. #hief of Police).

Te filin of te information in co'rt does not c're illeality of detention. =eiter does it affect te leality ofte confinement 'nder process iss'ed y te co'rt.

To escape from tis officers 's'ally asH acc'sed to eec'te a #ai$er #ic so'ld e 'nder oat and #itassistance of co'nsel. 'c #ai$er is not $iolati$e of te acc'sed constit'tional rit.

hat is length of waiver< ?ight offense B 5 days. Serious and less serious offenses B ! to 1* days. (K'de-imentel)

Article does not apply #en arrest is $ia a #arrant of arrest

;' itin #at period so'ld a police officer #o as arrested a person 'nder a #arrant of arrest t'rn o$erte arrested person to te /'dicial a'torityrdinance re@'ires permits for

meetins in p'lic places. But if police stops a meeting in a private place &ecause theres no permit( officer isliale for stoppin te meetin.

2istinctions &etween prohi&ition( interruption( or dissolution of peaceful meetings under Article 747( and tumults andother distur&ances( under Article 734

879 As to the /artici/ation o the /u&lic oicer

n Article 747 te p'lic officer is not a participant. As far as te aterin is concerned te p'lic officeris a tird party.

"f te p'lic officer is a participant of te assemly and e proiits interr'pts or dissol$es te sameArticle 734 is violated if the same is conducted in a pu&lic place%

8,9 As to the essence o the crime

n Article 747( te offender m'st e a p'lic officer and #ito't any leal ro'nd e proiits interr'ptsor dissol$es a peacef'l meetin or assemly to pre$ent te offended party from eercisin is freedom ofspeec and tat of te assemly to petition a rie$ance aainst te o$ernment.

n Article 734( te offender need not e a p'lic officer. Te essence of te crime is tat of creatin aserio's dist'rance of any sort in a p'lic office p'lic 'ildin or e$en a pri$ate place #ere a p'licf'nction is ein eld%

Article !:6INTERRU+TION O- RELIGIOUS 2ORS8I+

ELEMENTS#a. That the officer is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee

b. That religio$s ceremonies or manifestations of an! religion are abo$t to ta0e place or are going on

c. That the offender prevents or dist$rbs the same

Circumstance $ualiying the oense#if committed with violence or threats

eadin of ?ile and ten attacHin certain c'rces in a p'lic plaIa is not a ceremony or manifestation ofreliion 't only a meetin of a reliio's sect. But if done in a private home( its a religious service

-eligio$s orship"people in te act of performin reliio's rites for a reliio's ceremony; a manifestation ofreliion. E. Mass aptism marriae

7 a pri$ate person oed a priest #ile te priest #as i$in omily and #ile te latter #as malinin a relati$eof 7. "s 7 liale< 7 may e liale 'nder Art 133 eca'se 7 is a pri$ate person.

en priest is solemniIin marriae e is a person in a'tority alto' in oter cases eFs not.

Article !::O--EN(ING RELIGIOUS -EELINGS

ELEMENTS#a. That the acts complained of were performed

1. in a place devoted to religio$s worship, or for this element( no need of religious ceremony( only theplace is material)

2. d$ring the celebration of an! religio$s ceremon!

b. That the acts m$st be notorio$sl! offensive to the feelings of the faithf$l deli&erate intent to hurt thefeelings)

c. The offender is an! person

d. There is a deliberate intent to h$rt the feelings of the faithf$l, directed against religio$s tenet

"f in a place de$oted to reliio's p'rpose tere is no need for an onoin reliio's ceremony

ample of religio$s ceremon!(acts performed o'tside te c'rc). -rocessions and special prayers for 'ryindead persons 't =>T prayer rallies

Acts m'st e directed aainst reliio's practice or doma or rit'al for te p'rpose of ridic'le as mocHin orscoffin or attemptin to damae an o/ect of reliio's $eneration

Tere m'st e delierate intent to 'rt te feelins of te faitf'l mere arroance or r'deness is not eno'

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"n determinin #eter an act is offensi$e to te feelins of te faitf'l te same m'st e $ie#ed or /'ded from testandpoint of te offended reliion and not from te point of $ie# of te offender People vs. >aes, 'tsiders

"f not y p'lic officer t'm'lts

(nterr$ption of-eligio$s orship12)

Crime aainst tef'ndamental la# of testate

-'lic officers>'tsiders

"f y insider 'n/'st $eation"f not reliio's t'm'lt or alarms"f not notorio'sly offensi$e 'n/'st$eation

&ffending the-eligio$s eeling1)

Crime aainst p'lic order -'lic officerspri$ate personso'tsiders

"f not t'm'lts alarms and scandal"f meetin illeal at onset incitin to sedition or reellion

TITLE T8REECRIMES AGAINST +UBLIC OR(ER

Crimes against /u&lic or)er

1. eellion or ins'rrection (Art. 134);

Co'p dF etat (Art. 134A)

2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit reellion (Art. 136);

3. Disloyalty to p'lic officers or employees (Art. 13!);

4. "ncitin to reellion (Art. 13%);

5. edition (Art. 13);

6. Conspiracy to commit sedition (Art. 141);

!. "ncitin to sedition (Art. 142);

%. Acts tendin to pre$ent te meetin of Conress and similar odies (Art. 143);

. Dist'rance of proceedins of Conress or similar odies (Art. 144);

1*. &iolation of parliamentary imm'nity (Art. 145);

11. "l leal assemlies (Art. 146);

12. "l leal associations (Art. 14!);

13. Direct assa'lts (Art. 14%);

14. "ndirect assa'lts (Art. 14);

15. Disoedience to s'mmons iss'ed y Conress its committees etc. y te constit'tional commissions itscommittees etc. (Art. 15*);

16. esistance and disoedience to a person in a'tority or te aents of s'c person (Art. 151);

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1!. T'm'lts and oter dist'rances of p'lic order (Art. 153);

1%. 9nla#f'l 'se of means of p'lication and 'nla#f'l 'tterances (Art. 154);

1. Alarms and scandals (Art. 155);

2*. Deli$erin prisoners from /ails (Art. 156);

21. E$asion of ser$ice of sentence (Art. 15!);

22. E$asion on occasion of disorders (Art. 15%);

23. &iolation of conditional pardon (Art. 15); and

24. Commission of anoter crime d'rin ser$ice of penalty imposed for anoter pre$io's offense (Art. 16*).

Article !:"REBELLION OR INSURRECTION

ELEMENTS#

a. That there be

1. p$blic $prising and

2. ta0ing arms against the government forceviolence)

b. That the p$rpose of the $prising or movement is either

1. to remove from the allegiance to said government or its laws 98 i. the territor! of the Philippines or an! part thereof, orrtea saysleislators #ant to p'nis tese common crimes independently of reellion. &rtega cites no case overt$rning nrilev. +ala'ar.

0o#e$er illeal possession of firearms in f'rterance of reellion is distinct from te crime of reellion.

Te offense of illeal possession of firearm is a mal'm proiit'm in #ic case ood fait and asence of criminalintent are not $alid defenses.

+'rtermore it is a contin'in crime s'c alon #it te crime of conspiracy or proposal to commit s'c

A private crime may &e committed during re&ellion. Eamples Hillin possessions of firearms illeal associationare asored. ape e$en if not in f'rterance of reellion cannot e compleed

"f Hillin roin #ere done for pri$ate p'rposes or for profit #ito't any political moti$ation te crime #o'ld

e separately e p'nised and #o'ld not e emraced y reellion People v. ernando)

-erson deemed leader of re&ellionin case e is 'nHno#n Any person #o in fact

a. directed te oters. spoHe for temc. sined receipts and oter doc'ments iss'ed in teir named. performed similar acts on ealf of te reels

(istinctions &etween re&ellion an) se)ition

879 As to nat$re

n re&ellion( tere m'st e taHin 'p or arms aainst te o$ernment.

n sedition it is s'fficient tat te p'lic 'prisin e t'm'lt'o's.

8,9 As to p$rpose

n re&ellion( te p'rpose is al#ays political.

n sedition te p'rpose may e political or social. Eample te 'prisin of s@'atters aainst +ores parHresidents. Te p'rpose in sedition is to o aainst estalised o$ernment not to o$ertro# it.

Article !:">ACOU+ (9 ETAT

ELEMENTS#a. +wift attac0

b. Accompanied b! violence, intimidation, threat, strateg! or stealth

c. irected against"

1. d$l! constit$ted a$thorities

2. an! militar! camp or installation

. comm$nication networ0s or p$blic $tilities

9. other facilities needed for the eercise and contin$ed possession of power

d. +ingl! or sim$ltaneo$sl! carried o$t an!where in the Philippines

d. #ommitted b! an! person or persons belonging to the militar! or police or holding an! p$blicoffice or emplo!ment3 with or witho$t civilian s$pport or participation

e. ith or witho$t civilian s$pport or participation

f. P$rpose of sei'ing or diminishing state power

Te essence of the crime is a s#ift attacH 'pon te facilities of te -ilippine o$ernment military camps andinstallations comm'nication net#orHs p'lic 'tilities and facilities essential to te contin'ed possession ofo$ernmental po#ers% t may &e committed singly or collectively and does not re+uire a multitude of people%

The o&6ective may not &e to overthrow the government &ut only to desta&ili)e or paraly)e the government

through the sei)ure of facilities and utilities essential to the continued possession and exercise of governmentalpowers. t re+uires as principal offender a mem&er of the A>* or of the *N* organi)ation or a pu&lic officer with

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or without civilian support% +inally it may &e carried out not only &y force or violence &ut also through stealth(threat or strategy%

6ow do !o$ disting$ish between co$p dCetat and rebellionD

#e&ellionis committed y any person #eter a pri$ate indi$id'al or a p'lic officer #ereas in coup detat( teoffender is a memer of te military or police force or oldin a p'lic office or employment.

"n re&ellion te o/ect is to alienate te alleiance of a people in a territory #eter #olly or partially from ted'ly constit'ted o$ernment; in coup detat( te o/ect or p'rpose is to seiIe or diminis state po#er.

"n ot instances te offenders intend to s'stit'te temsel$es in place of tose #o are in po#er.

Treason

co'p dFetat e$en if conspiracy as a means to commit te crime is estalised te principal of criminal liaility 'nder

Article 1! of te e$ised -enal Code is not follo#ed.

(n Government +ervice %ot in Government +erviceAnyone #o leads directs commands oters to 'ndertaHe aco'p.

Anyone #o participates or in an manner s'pports financesaets aids in a co'p.

erio's $iolence is tat inflicted 'pon ci$ilians #ic may res'lt in omicide. "t is not limited to ostilities aainst

te armed force.

Di$ertin p'lic f'nds is mal$ersation asored in reellion

NOTES#a. -'lic officer m'st taHe acti$e part eca'se mere silence or omission not p'nisale in reellion

. "t is not a defense in reellion tat te acc'sed ne$er tooH te oat of alleiance to or tat tey ne$erreconiIed te o$ernment

c. eellion cannot e compleed #it m'rder and oter common crimes committed in p'rs'ance of temo$ement to o$ertro# te o$ernment

'$ersion /'st liHe te crimes of reellion conspiracy or proposal to commit te crimes of reellion or s'$ersion andcrimes or offenses committed in f'rterance tereof constit'te direct assa'lts aainst te tate and are in te nat'reof contin'in crimes Emil vs. -amos).

d. illin roin etc for pri$ate persons or for profit #ito't any political moti$ation #o'ld e separatelyp'nised and #o'ld not e asored in te reellion.

Article !:,CONS+IRACY TO COMMIT COU+ (9 ETAT0 REBELLION OR INSURRECTION

ELEMENTS#

a. 2 more persons come to an agreement to rise p$blicl! and ta0e arms against the government

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b. or an! of the p$rposes of rebellion

c. The! decide to commit it

+RO+OSAL TO COMMIT COU+ (9 ETAT0 REBELLION OR INSURRECTION

ELEMENTS#

a. A person who has decided to rise p$blicl! and ta0e arms the government

b. or an! of the p$rposes of rebellion

c. Proposes its eec$tion to some other person/s

>raniIin a ro'p of soldiers solicitin memersip in and solicitin f'nds for te oraniIation so# conspiracyto o$ertro# te o$Ft

Te mere fact of i$in and renderin speeces fa$orin Comm'nism #o'ld not maHe te acc'sed 'ilty ofconspiracy if tereFs no e$idence tat te earers ten and tere areed to rise 'p in arms aainst te o$Ft

Conspiracy m'st e immediately prior to reellion

"f it is d'rin te reellion ten it is already taHin part in it.

Article !:.(ISLOYALTY O- +UBLIC O--ICERS AN( EM+LOYEES

ACTS +UNIS8E(#a. ailing to resist rebellion b! all the means in their power

b. #ontin$ing to discharge the d$ties of their offices $nder the control of rebels

c. Accepting appointment to office $nder rebels

-res'pposes eistence of reellion

M'st not e in conspiracy #it reels or co'p plotters

"f tere are means to pre$ent te reellion 't did not resist it ten tereFs disloyalty. "f tere are no means nofa'lt

"f position is accepted in order to protect te people not co$ered y tis

Te collaorator m'st not a$e tried to impose te #ises of te reels on te people.

Disloyalty as a crime is not limited to reellion alone 't so'ld no# incl'de te crime of coup detat% #e&ellion isessentially a crime committed y pri$ate indi$id'als #ile coup detat is a crime tat so'ld e classified as a crimecommitted y p'lic officers l iHe mal$ersation riery dereliction of d'ty and $iolations of te antiJraft and Corr'pt-ractices Act.

"f te p'lic officer or employee aside from ein disloyal does or commits acts constit'tin te crime of reellion orcoup detat( e #ill no loner e cared for te simple crime of disloyalty 't e sall e proceeded aainst for tera$e offense of reellion or coup detat%

Article !:3INCITING TO REBELLION OR INSURRECTION

ELEMENTS#a. That the offender does not ta0e arms or is not in open hostilit! against the government

b. That he incites others to the eec$tion of an! of the acts of rebellion

c. That the inciting is done b! means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, banners or otherrepresentations tending to the same end

"ntentionally calc'lated to sed'ce oters to reellion

Tere m'st e 'prisin to taHe 'p arms and rise p'licly for te p'rposes indicated in Art 134

>ne #o promotes maintains or eads a reellion and #o act at te same time incites or infl'ences oters to /oin

im in is #ar efforts aainst te d'ly constit'ted o$ernment cannot e eld criminally liale for te crime of incitin

to reellion eca'se as te principal to te crime of reellion te act of incitin to commit a reellion is inerent to

te ra$er crime of reellion.

+ro/osal to Commit Re&ellion

=ot re@'ired tat te offender as decided to commitreellion.

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Te person #o proposes te eec'tion of te crime'ses secret means.

Te incitin is done p'licly.

Article !:5SE(ITION

ELEMENTS#

a. That the offenders rise

1. P$blicl! if no pu&lic uprising I tumult and other distur&ance of pu&lic order)

2. T$m$lt$o$sl! vis5J5vis re&ellion where there must &e a ta0ing of arms)

b. That the! emplo! force, intimidation, or other means o$tside of legal methods

c. That the offenders emplo! an! of those means to attain an! of the following ob7ects"

1. to prevent the prom$lgation or eec$tion of an! law or the holding of an! pop$lar election

2. to prevent the national government, or an! provincial or m$nicipal government, or an! p$blicthereof from freel! eercising its or his f$nctions, or prevent the eec$tion of an! administrativeorder

. to inflict an! act or hate or revenge $pon the person or propert! of an! p$blic officer or emplo!ee

9. to commit for an! political or social end, an! act of hate or revenge against private persons oran! social class hence( even private persons may &e offended parties)

8. to despoil, for an! political or social end, an! person, m$nicipalit! or province, or the nationalgovernment of all its propert! or an! part thereof

Se)ition#raisin of commotion or dist'rances in te tate. "ts 'ltimate o/ect is a $iolation of te p'lic peaceor at least s'c meas'res tat e$idently enenders it.

Te crime of sedition is committed y risin p'licly and t'm'lt'o'sly. Te t#o elements m'st conc'r.

The crime of sedition does not contemplate the ta0ing up of arms against the government &ecause the purposeof this crime is not the overthrow of the government% =otice from te p'rpose of te crime of sedition tat te

offenders rise p'licly and create commotion and dist'rance y #ay of protest to epress teir dissent andoedience to te o$ernment or to te a'torities concerned. Tis is liHe te socalled civil diso&edience exceptthat the means employed( which is violence( is illegal%

ifference from rebellionB o/ect or p'rpose of te 'prisin.

>or seditionB s'fficient tat 'prisin is t'm'lt'o's. n re&ellionB tere m'st e taHin 'p of arms aainst teo$ernment.

Sedition B p'rpose may e eiter political or social. n re&ellionB al#ays political

T$m$lt$o$sG is a sit'ation #erein te dist'rance or conf'sion is ca'sed y at least fo'r persons. Tere is nore@'irement tat te offenders so'ld e armed. -re$entin p'lic officers from freely eercisin teir f'nctions

n seditionB offender may e a pri$ate or p'lic person (E. oldier)

-'lic 'prisin and te o/ect of sedition m'st conc'r

;#Are common crimes asored in sedition! $sing force, intimidation, threats, or fra$ds to prevent an! member of #ongress from

1. attending the meeting of the assembl! or an! of its committees, constit$tional commissions orcommittees or divisions thereof, or from

2. epressing his opinions or

. casting his vote

b. >! arresting or searching an! member thereof while #ongress is in a reg$lar or special session, eceptin case s$ch member has committed a crime p$nishable $nder the code b! a penalt! higher than prisionma!or < !ears $p )

Elements#1. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee

2. That he arrests or searches an! member of #ongress

. That #ongress, at the time of arrest or search, is in a reg$lar or special session

9. That the member searched has not committed a crime p$nishable $nder the code b! a penalt!higher than prision ma!or 7GHK constitution: privilege from arrest while congress in session in alloffenses punisha&le &y not more than < years imprisonment).

9nder ection 11 Article &" of te Constit'tion a p'lic officer #o arrests a memer of Conress #o as committeda crime p'nisale y prision mayor (si years and one day to 12 years) is not liale Article 145.

Accordin to eyes to e consistent #it te Constit'tion te prase Ny a penalty ier tan prision mayorN inArticle 145 so'ld e amended to read Ny te penalty of prision mayor or ier.N

Te offender is any person and te offended party #o is a memer of Conress as not committed any crime to

/'stify te 'se of force treat intimidation or fra'd to pre$ent im from attendin te meetin of Conress.

ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES AN( ASSOCIATIONS

Article !",ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES

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a. te oraniIers or leaders of te meetin

. persons merely present at te meetin (ecept #en presence is o't of c'riosity B not liale)

-esponsibilit! of persons merel! present at the meeting

a. if tey are not armed penalty is arresto mayor

&% if tey carry arms liHe olos or Hni$es or licensed firearms penalty isprision correccional

Pres$mptions if person present at the meeting carries an $nlicensed firearm"

a. p'rpose of te meetin is to commit acts p'nisale 'nder te -C

. considered as leader or oraniIer of te meetin

Tose #o incite te a'dience y means of speeces printed matters and oter representation to commit treason

reellion or ins'rrection sedition or assa'lt a person in a'tority sall e deemed leaders or oraniIers of said

meetin.

The gravamen of the offense is mere assem&ly of or gathering of people for illegal purpose punisha&le &y the

#evised *enal Code% ito't aterin tere is no illeal assemly. "f 'nla#f'l p'rpose is a crime 'nder a

special la# tere is no illeal assemly. >or example te aterin of dr' p'sers to facilitate dr' trafficHinis not illeal assemly eca'se te p'rpose is not $iolati$e of te e$ised -enal Code 't of Te Danero's Dr'sAct of 1!2 as amended #ic is a special la#.

Two forms of illegal assembl!

(1) No attendance of armed men( &ut persons in the meeting are incited to commit treason( re&ellion orinsurrection( sedition or assault upon a person in authority. en te illeal p'rpose of te aterin is toincite people to commit te crimes mentioned ao$e te presence of armed men is 'nnecessary. Te mereaterin for te p'rpose is s'fficient to rin ao't te crime already.

(2) Armed men attending the gathering B "f te illeal p'rpose is oter tan tose mentioned ao$e tepresence of armed men d'rin te aterin rins ao't te crime of illeal assemly.

Eample -ersons conspirin to ro a anH #ere arrested. ome #ere #it firearms. 8iale for illealassemly not for conspiracy 't for aterin #it armed men.

istinction between illegal assembl! and illegal association

n illegal assem&ly te asis of liaility is te aterin for an illeal p'rpose #ic constit'tes a crime 'nder tee$ised -enal Code.

n illegal association te asis is te formation of or oraniIation of an association to enae in an 'nla#f'l p'rpose#ic is not limited to a $iolation of te e$ised -enal Code. "t incl'des a $iolation of a special la# or tose aainstp'lic morals. Meanin of p'lic morals inimical to p'lic #elfare; it as notin to do #it decency. not acts ofoscenity.

Article !".ILLEGAL ASSOCIATIONS

ELEMENTS#a. &rgani'ed totall! or partiall! for the p$rpose of committing an! of the crimes in -P#

&rb. or some p$rpose contrar! to p$blic morals

+ersons lia&le#

a. fo'nders directors and president of te association. mere memers of te association

Illegal Assem&ly

"t is te meetin and te attendance at s'c tat arep'nised

Act of formin or oraniIin and memersip in teassociation

-ersons liale leaders and tose present +o'nders directors president and memers

P$blic moralsrefers to crimes p'nised 'nder Title i of te e$ised -enal Code namely amlin ra$e scandalprostit'tion and $arancy.

ASSAULT0 RESISTANCE AN( (ISOBE(IENCE

Article !"3(IRECT ASSAULT

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ELEMENTS O- T8E !ST-ORM O- (IRECT ASSAULT

a. That the offender emplo!s force or intimidation.

b. That the aim of the offender is to attain an! of the p$rposes of the crime of rebellion or an! of theob7ects of the crimes of sedition. victim need not &e person in authority)

c. That there is no p$blic $prising.

Example of the first form of direct assault:

Tree men roHe into a =ational +ood A'tority #areo'se and lamented s'fferins of te people. Tey called onpeople to elp temsel$es to all te rice. Tey did not e$en elp temsel$es to a sinle rain.

The crime committed was direct assault% There was no ro&&ery for there was no intent to gain% The crime is directassault &y committing acts of sedition under Article 74G 839( that is( spoiling of the property( for any political or socialend( of any person municipality or province or the national government of all or any its property( &ut there is nopu&lic uprising%

ELEMENTS O- T8E 6N(-ORM O- (IRECT ASSAULT#a. That the offender a) ma0es an attac0, b) emplo!s force, c) ma0es a serio$s intimidation, or d)

ma0es a serio$s resistance.

b. That the person assa$lted is a person in a$thorit! or his agent.

c. That at the time of the assa$lt the person in a$thorit! or his agent a) is engaged in the act$alperformance of official d$ties motive is not essential), or that he is assa$lted b) b! reason of the pastperformance of official d$ties motive is essential).

d. That the offender 0nows that the one he is assa$lting is a person in a$thorit! or his agent in theeercise of his d$ties with intention to offend( in6ure or assault).

e. That there is no p$blic $prising.

Crime of direct assa'lt can only e committed y means of dolo. "t cannot e committed y culpa.

Always complexed with the material conse+uence of the act (e.. direct assa'lt #it m'rder) except if resultingin a light felony in #ic case te conse@'ence is asored

Te crime is not ased on te material conse@'ence of te 'nla#f'l act % The crime of direct assault punishes thespirit of lawlessness and the contempt or hatred for the authority or the rule of law%

To e specific if a /'de #as Hilled #ile e #as oldin a session te Hillin is not te direct assa'lt 't m'rder.There could &e direct assault if the offender 0illed the 6udge simply &ecause the 6udge is so strict in the fulfillmentof his duty% "t is te spirit of ate #ic is te essence of direct assa'lt.

So( where the spirit is present( it is always complexed with the material conse+uence of the unlawful act . "f te'nla#f'l act #as m'rder or omicide committed 'nder circ'mstance of la#lessness or contempt of a'tority tecrime #o'ld e direct assa'lt #it m'rder or omicide as te case may e. "n te eample of te /'de #o #asHilled te crime is direct assa'lt #it m'rder or omicide.

The only time when it is not complexed is when material conse+uence is a light felony( that is( slight physical in6ury.Direct assa'lt asors te liter felony; te crime of direct assa'lt can not e separated from te material res'lt ofte act. So( if an offender who is charged with direct assault and in another court for the slight physical n6ury whichis part of the act( ac+uittal or conviction in one is a &ar to the prosecution in the other%

0ittin te policeman on te cest #it fist is not direct assa'lt eca'se if done aainst an aent of a person ina'tority te force employed m'st e of serio's caracter

Te force employed need not e serio's #en te offended party is a person in a'tority (e. 8ayin of ands)

Te intimidation or resistance m'st e serio's #eter te offended party is an aent only or a person ina'tority (e. -ointin a 'n)

-orce Em/loye) Intimi)ationResistancePerson in A$thorit! =eed not e serio's erio's

Agent M'st e of serio's caracter erio's

+erson in authority#any person directly $ested #it /'risdiction (po#er or a'tority to o$ern and eec'te tela#s) #eter as an indi$id'al or as a memer of some co'rt or o$ernmental corporation oard or commission

A aranay captain is a person in a'tority so is a Di$ision 'perintendent of scools -resident of anitaryDi$ision and a teacer

"n applyin te pro$isions of Articles 14% and 151( teachers( professors( and persons charged with the supervision ofpu&lic or duly recogni)ed private schools( colleges and universities and lawyers in the actual performance of theirduties or on the occasion of such performance( shall &e deemed a person in authority%

Agent#is one #o y direct pro$ision of la# or y election or y appointment y competent a'tority is cared#it te maintenance of p'lic order and te protection and sec'rity of life and property. ( Example% ?arrio

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co'ncilman and any person #o comes to te aid of te person in a'tority policeman m'nicipal treas'rerpostmaster seriff aents of te ?" MalacaQan confidential aent)

E$en #en te person in a'tority or te aent arees to fit still direct assa'lt.

en te person in a'tority or te aent pro$oHedLattacHed first innocent party is entitled to defend imselfand cannot e eld liale for assa'lt or resistance nor for pysical in/'ries eca'se e acts in leitimate selfdefense

Te offended party in assa'lt m'st not e te aressor. "f tere is 'nla#f'l aression employed y te p'lic officerany form of resistance #ic may e in te nat're of force aainst im #ill e considered as an act of leitimatedefense. People vs. 6ernande', 8B Phil. 9)

Tere can e no assa'lt 'pon or disoedience to one a'tority y anoter #en tey ot contend tat tey #erein te eercise of teir respecti$e d'ties.

Te offender and te offended party are ot p'lic officers. Te 'preme Co'rt said tat assa'lt may still ecommitted as in fact te offender is e$en s'/ected to a reater penalty E.+. vs. Falle7o, 11 Phil. 1B)'

en assa'lt is made y reason of te performance of is d'ty tere is no need for act'al performance of isofficial d'ty #en attacHed

n direct assault of the first form( te stat're of te offended person is immaterial% The crime is manifested &y thespirit of lawlessness%

n the second form( yo' a$e to distin'is a sit'ation #ere a person in a'tority or is aent #as attacHed #ileperformin official f'nctions from a sit'ation #en e is not performin s'c f'nctions% f attac0 was done during the exercise of official functions( the crime is always direct assault% "t is eno' tat

te offender Hne# tat te person in a'tority #as performin an official f'nction #ate$er may e te reasonfor te attacH alto' #at may a$e appened #as a p'rely pri$ate affair.

>n te oter andif the person in authority or the agent was 0illed when no longer performing official functions(the crime may simply &e the material conse+uence of he unlawful act: murder or homicide% +or te crime to edirect assa'lt te attacH m'st e y reason of is official f'nction in te past. Moti$e ecomes important in tisrespect. Example( if a 6udge was 0illed while resisting the ta0ing of his watch( there is no direct assault%

"n te second form of direct assa'ltit is also important that the offended 0new that the person he is attac0ing is aperson in authority or an agent of a person in authority( performing his official functions% =o Hno#lede nola#lessness or contempt%

>or example( if t#o persons #ere @'arrelin and a policeman in ci$ilian clotes comes and stops tem 't one of teprotaonists stas te policeman tere #o'ld e no direct assa'lt 'nless te offender Hne# tat e is a policeman.

"n tis respect it is eno' tat te offender so'ld Hno# tat te offended party #as eercisin some form of

a'tority. t is not necessary that the offender 0nows what is meant &y person in authority or an agent of one

&ecause ignorantia legis non excusat%

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To be indirect assa$lt, the person who sho$ld be aided is the agent (not te person in a'tority eca'se it isalready direct assa'lt te person comin to te aid of te person in a'tority ein considered as an aent andan attacH on te latter is already direct assa'lt). Eample. Aidin a policeman 'nder attacH.

The victim in indirect assault should &e a private person who comes in aid of an agent of a person in authority% Teassa'lt is 'pon a person #o comes in aid of te aent of a person in a'tority. Te $ictim cannot e te person ina'tority or is aent.

Ta0e note that under Article 73,( as amended( when any person comes in aid of a person in authority( said person atthat moment is no longer a civilian = he is constituted as an agent of the person in authority% f such person were theone attac0ed( the crime would &e direct assault

Article !*7(ISOBE(IENCE TO SUMMONS

Acts /unisha&le#a. ref$sing witho$t legal ec$se to obe! s$mmons

b. ref$sing to be sworn or placed $nder affirmation

c. ref$sing to answer an! legal in5$ir! to prod$ce boo0s, records etc.

d. restraining another from attending as witness in s$ch bod!

e. ind$cing disobedience to a s$mmons or ref$sal to be sworn

Te act p'nised is ref'sal #ito't leal ec'se to oey s'mmons iss'ed y te 0o'se of epresentati$es or te

enate. "f a Constit'tional Commission is created it sall en/oy te same pri$ilee.

Te eercise y te leislat're of its contempt po#er is a matter of selfpreser$ation independent of te /'dicialranc. Te contempt po#er of te leislat're is inerent and sui generis.

Tepower to punish is not extended to the local executive &odies. Te reason i$en is tat local leislati$e odies are't a creation of la# and terefore for tem to eercise te po#er of contempt tere m'st e an epress rant ofte same.

Article !*!

RESISTANCE(ISOBE(IENCE TO A +ERSON IN AUT8ORITY OR T8E AGENT O- SUC8 +ERSON

Direct assa'lt is committed in 4 #ays B y attacHinemployin force and serio'sly resistin a -"A or isaent.

Committed y resistin or serio'sly disoeyin a -"A or isaent.

9se of force aainst an aent of -"A m'st e serio'sand delierate.

9se of force aainst an aent of a -"A is not so serio's; nomanifest intention to defy te la# and te officersenforcin it.

n &oth resistance against an agent of a person in authority and direct assault &y resisting an agent of a person inauthority( there is force employed 't te use of force in resistanceis not so serio's as tere is no manifest intentionto defy te la# and te officers enforcin it.

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The attac0 or employment of force which gives rise to the crime of direct assault must &e serious and deli&erate ;oter#ise e$en a case of simple resistance to an arrest #ic al#ays re@'ires te 'se of force of some Hind #o'ldconstit'te direct assa'lt and te lesser offense of resistance or disoedience in Article 151 #o'ld entirely disappear.

But when the one resisted is a person in authority te 'se of any Hind or deree of force #ill i$e rise to directassa'lt.

f no force is employed &y the offender in resisting or diso&eying a person in authority te crime committed isresistance or serio's disoedience 'nder te first pararap of Article 151.

Article !*6+ERSONS IN AUT8ORITYAGENTS O- +ERSONS IN AUT8ORITY#

+ersons in AuthorityB any person directly $ested #it /'risdiction #eter as an indi$id'al or as a memer ofsome co'rt or o$ernmental corporation oard or commission.

EFam/les o +ersons in Authoritya. ?aranay captain. ?aranay cairmanc. M'nicipal mayord. -ro$incial fiscale. K'stice of te peace

f. M'nicipal co'ncilor. Teacers. -rofessorsi. -ersons cared #it te s'per$ision of p'lic or d'ly reconiIed pri$ate scools collees and 'ni$ersities/. 8a#yers in te act'al performance of teir professional d'ties or on te occasion of s'c performance

Agent o +erson in AuthorityB any person #o y direct pro$ision of la# or y election or y appointment ycompetent a'tority is cared #it te maintenance of p'lic order and te protection and sec'rity of life andproperty.

EFam/les o agents o +IA a. ?arrio co'ncilman. ?arrio policemanc. ?aranay leaderd% Any person who comes to the aid of persons in authority

Section 4HH of the ?ocal "ovt Codepro$ides tat for p'rposes of te -C te p'non aranay san'nianaranay memers and memers of te l'pon taapamayapa in eac aranay sall e deemed as persons inauthorityin teir /'risdictions #ile oter aranay officials and memers #o may e desinated y la# orordinance and cared #it te maintenance of p'lic order protection and te sec'rity of life property or temaintenance of a desirale and alanced en$ironment and any aranay memer #o comes to te aid ofpersons in a'tority sall e deemedA"ENT of persons in authority%

en te offended party is a person in a'tority and #ile ein assa'lted a pri$ate indi$id'al comes to isresc'e s'c pri$ate indi$id'al y operation of la# mutates mutandis ecomes an aent of a person in a'tority.Any assa'lt committed aainst s'c person is direct assa'lt and not indirect assa'lt. ?'t if te person assa'lted isan aent of a person in a'tority and a pri$ate indi$id'al comes to is resc'e and is imself assa'lted #ile i$inte assistance as earlier disc'ssed te crime committed is indirect assa'lt.

CRIMES AGAINST +UBLIC (ISOR(ERS

Article !*:TUMULTS AN( OT8ER (ISTURBANCES O- +UBLIC OR(ER

TY+ES#a. #a$sing an! serio$s dist$rbance in a p$blic place, office or establishment

b. (nterr$pting or dist$rbing p$blic performances, f$nctions, gatherings or peacef$l meetings, if the act isnot incl$ded in Art 11 and 12 *u&lic Officers interrupting peaceful meetings or religious worship).

c. *a0ing an! o$tcr! tending to incite rebellion or sedition in an! meeting, association or p$blic place

d. ispla!ing placards or emblems which provo0e a dist$rbance of p$blic order in s$ch place

e. >$r!ing with pomp the bod! of a person who has been legall! eec$ted.

"f te act of dist'rin or interr'ptin a meetin or reliio's ceremony is =>T committed y p'lic officers or ifcommitted y p'lic officers #o are not participants terein tis article applies.Art 747 and 74, punishes thesame acts if committed &y pu&lic officers who are NOT participants in the meeting

Te o'tcry is merely a p'lic disorder if it is an 'nconscio's o't'rst #ic alto' reellio's or seditio's innat're is not intentionally calc'lated to ind'ce oters to commit reellion or sedition oter#ise its incitin toreellion or sedition.

Tis article so'ld e distin'ised from incitin to reellion or sedition as disc'ssed 'nder Article 13% and 142. "nteformer te meetin is leal and peacef'l. "t ecomes 'nla#f'l only eca'se of te o'tcry made #ic tendsto incite reellion or sedition in te meetin. "n te latter case te meetin is 'nla#f'l from te einnin andte 'tterances made are delierately artic'lated to incite oters to rise p'licly and reel aainst te

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o$ernment. at maHes it incitin to reellion or sedition is te act of incitin te a'dience to commit reellionor sedition.

TumultuousB if ca'sed y more tan 3 persons #o are armed or pro$ided #it means of $iolence (circ'mstance@'alifyin te dist'ranceLinterr'ption) B t'm'lt'o's in caracterG

The essence is creating pu&lic disorder% Tis crime is ro't ao't y creatin serio's dist'rances in p'lic placesp'lic 'ildins and e$en in pri$ate places #ere p'lic f'nctions or performances are ein eld.

>or a crime to &e under this article( it must not fall under Articles 747 8prohi&ition( interruption( and dissolutionof peaceful meetings9 and 74, 8interruption of religious worship9%

"n te act of maHin o'tcry d'rin speec tendin to incite reellion or sedition te sit'ation m'st e distin'isedfrom incitin to sedition or reellion. f the spea0er( even &efore he delivered his speech( already had the criminal intent to incite the listeners to rise

to sedition( the crime would &e inciting to sedition% 0o#e$er if the offender had no such criminal intent( &ut inthe course of his speech( tempers went high and so the spea0er started inciting the audience to rise in seditionagainst the government( the crime is distur&ance of the pu&lic order%

The distur&ance of the pu&ic order is tumultuous and the penalty is increased if it is &rought a&out &y armed men .Te term armedG does not refer to firearms 't incl'des e$en i stones capale of ca'sin ra$e in/'ry.

t is also distur&ance of the pu&lic order if a convict legally put to death is &uried with pomp . 0e so'ld not e

made o't as a martyr; it mit incite oters to atred.

Te crime of dist'rance of p'lic order may e committed in a p'lic or pri$ate place. "f committed in a pri$ate

place te la# is $iolated only #ere te dist'rance is made #ile a p'lic f'nction or performance is oin on.

ito't a p'lic aterin in a pri$ate place te crime cannot e committed.

Article !*"UNLA2-UL USE O- MEANS O- +UBLICATION AN( UNLA2-UL UTTERANCES

TY+ES#

a. P$blishing or ca$sing to be p$blished, b! means of printing, lithograph! or an! other means ofp$blication as news an! false news which ma! endanger the p$blic order, or ca$se damage to theinterest or credit of the +tate.

b. nco$raging disobedience to the law or to the constit$ted a$thorities or b! praising, 7$stif!ing oretolling an! act p$nished b! law, b! the same means or b! words, $tterances or speeches

c. *alicio$sl! p$blishing or ca$sing to be p$blished an! official resol$tion or doc$ment witho$tproper a$thorit!, or before the! have been p$blished officiall!

d. Printing, p$blishing or distrib$ting or ca$sing the same) boo0s, pamphlets, periodicals or leafletswhich do not bear the real printerCs name or which are classified as anon!mo$s.

Te p'rpose of te la# is to p'nis te spreadin of false information #ic tends to ca'se panic conf'sion distr'st

and di$ide people in teir loyalty to te d'ly constit'ted a'torities.

Act'al p'lic disorder or act'al damae to te credit of te tate is not necessary.

Re/u&lic Act No' 6"3proiits te reprintin reprod'ction or rep'lication of o$ernment p'lications and officialdoc'ments #ito't pre$io's a'tority

Te article also p'nises any person #o Hno#inly p'lises official acts or doc'ments #ic are not officiallyprom'lated.

Article !**ALARMS AN( SCAN(ALS

TY+ES#a. ischarging an! firearm, roc0et, firecrac0er, or other eplosive within an! town or p$blic place,

calc$lated to ca$se alarm or danger

b. (nstigating or ta0ing active part in an! charivari or other disorderl! meeting offensive to another orpre7$dicial to p$blic tran5$ilit!

c. ist$rbing the p$blic peace while wandering abo$t at night or while engaged in an! other noct$rnalam$sement

d. #a$sing an! dist$rbance or scandal in p$blic places while intoicated or otherwise, provided the act isnot covered b! Art 18 t$m$lt).

9nderstand te nature of the crime of alarms and scandalsas one tat dist'rs p'lic tran@'ility or p'lic peace."f te annoyance is intended for a partic'lar person te crime is un6ust vexation%

#harivari B mocH serenade or discordant noises made #it Hettles tin orns etc desined to deride ins'lt orannoy

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hen a person discharges a firearm in p$blic( te act may constit'te any of te possile crimes 'nder te e$ised

-enal Code

879 Alarms and scandals if te firearm #en discared #as not directed to any partic'lar person;

8,9 llegal discharge of firearm under Article ,3 if te firearm is directed or pointed to a partic'lar person #en

discared 't intent to Hill is asent;

849 Attempted homicide( murder( or parricide if te firearm #en discared is directed aainst a person andintent to Hill is present.

"n tis connection 'nderstand tat it is not necessary tat te offended party e #o'nded or it. $ere discharge offirearm towards another with intent to 0ill already amounts to attempted homicide or attempted murder orattempted parricide% t can not &e frustrated &ecause the offended party is not mortally wounded%

"nAraneta v. #o$rt of Appeals it #as eld tat if a person is sot at and is #o'nded te crime is a'tomaticallyattempted omicide. ntent to 0ill is inherent in the use of the deadly weapon%

(49 "rave Threats ="f te #eapon is not discared 't merely pointed to anoter

(5) Other ?ight ThreatsB "f dra#n in a @'arrel 't not in self defense

at o$erns is te res'lt not te intent

CRIME Nature o Crime 2ho are Lia&leT'm'lts and oter Dist'rances (153) Crime aainst -'lic >rder -ri$ate persons o'tsiderAlarms and candals (155) Crime aainst -'lic >rder -ri$ate persons o'tsider

Article !*,(ELI4ERING +RISONERS -ROM ?AILS

ELEMENTS #a. That there is a person confined in a 7ail or penal establishment.

b. That the offender removes therefor s$ch person, or helps the escape of s$ch person if the escapee isserving final 6udgement( he is guilty of evasion of sentence).

c. &ffender is a private individ$al

-risoner may e detention prisoner or one sentenced y $irt'e of a final /'dment

E$en if te prisoner is in te ospital or asyl'm or any place for detention of prisoner as lon as e is classified as a

prisoner tat is a formal complaint or information as een filed in co'rt and e as een officially cateoriIed as a

prisoner tis article applies as s'c place is considered etension of te penal instit'tion.

A policeman assined to te city /ail as 'ard #o #ile offd'ty released a prisoner is liale ere

E$en if te prisoner ret'rned to te /ail after se$eral o'rs te one #o remo$ed im from /ail is liale.

"t may e committed tro' nelience

#irc$mstances 5$alif!ing the offenseB is committed y means of $iolence intimidation or riery.

*itigating circ$mstanceB if it taHes place o'tside te penal estalisment y taHin te 'ards y s'rprise

correlate te crime of deli$erin person from /ail #it infidelity in te c'stody of prisoners p'nised 'nder Articles223 224 and 225 of te e$ised -enal Code% n &oth acts( the offender may &e a pu&lic officer or a private citi)en% Do not tinH tat infidelity in te c'stody of prisoners can only e committed y a p'lic officer and deli$erin

persons from /ail can only e committed y pri$ate person. ?ot crimes may e committed y p'lic officers as#ell as pri$ate persons.

"n ot crimes the person involved may &e a convict or a mere detention prisoner%

Te only point of distinction et#een te t#o crimes lies on #eter te offender is te c'stodian of te prisoner ornot at te time te prisoner #as made to escape. f the offender is the custodian at that time te crime is infidelity in te c'stody of prisoners. But if the

offender is not the custodian of the prisoner at that time e$en to' e is a p'lic officer te crime ecommitted is deli$erin prisoners from /ail.

Liabilit! of the prisoner or detainee who escapedB en tese crimes are committed #eter infidelity in tec'stody of prisoners or deli$erin prisoners from /ail te prisoner so escapin may also a$e criminal liaility and tisis so if te prisoner is a con$ict ser$in sentence y final /'dment. Te crime of evasion of service of sentence iscommitted &y the prisoner who escapes if such prisoner is a convict serving sentence &y final 6udgment.

f the prisoner who escapes is only a detention prisoner e does not inc'r liaility from escapin if e does not Hno#of te plan to remo$e im from /ail. But if such prisoner 0nows of the plot to remove him from 6ail and cooperatestherein &y escaping( e imself ecomes liale for deli$erin prisoners from /ail as a principal y indispensalecooperation.

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f three persons are involved = a stranger( the custodian and the prisoner = three crimes are committed

(1) "nfidelity in te c'stody of prisoners;

(2) Deli$ery of te prisoner from /ail; and

(3) E$asion of ser$ice of sentence.

(t is possible that several crimes ma! be committed in one set of facts. +or instance ass'min tat -edro te /ail#arden areed #it K'an to allo# Maria to escape y not locHin te ate of te city /ail. -ro$ided tat K'an comesacross #it -5***.** pesos as rie money. Te arranement #as not Hno#n to Maria 't #en se noticed te'nlocHed ate of te city /ail se tooH ad$antae of te sit'ation and escaped. +rom te facts i$en tere is no@'estion tat -edro as te /ail #arden is liale for te crime of infidelity in te c'stody of te prisoner. 0e #ill alsoe ale for te crime of riery. K'an #ill e liale for te crime of deli$erin a prisoner from /ail and for corr'ption ofp'lic official 'nder Art. 212. "f Maria is a sentenced prisoner se #ill e liale for e$asion of ser$ice of sentence'nder Article 15!. if se is a detention prisoner se commits no crime.

E4ASION O- SENTENCE OR SER4ICE

vasion of service of sentence has three forms"

879 ?y simply lea$in or escapin from te penal estalismentunder Article 73K.

8,9 +ail're to ret'rn #itin 4% o'rs after a$in left te penal estalisment eca'se of a calamityconflaration or m'tiny and s'c calamity conflaration or m'tiny as een anno'nced as already passedunder Article 73H.

849 &iolatin te condition of conditional pardonunder Article 73G%

Article !*.E4ASION O- SER4ICE O- SENTENCE

ELEMENTS #

a. That the offender is a convict b! final 7$dgment.

b. That he is serving his sentence which consists in deprivation of libert! destierro included)

c. That he evades the service of his sentence b! escaping d$ring the term if his sentence. fact ofreturn immaterial).

?y te $ery nat're of te crime it cannot e committed #en te prisoner in$ol$ed is merely a detentionprisoner. ?'t it applies to persons con$icted y final /'dment #it a penalty of destierro%

A detention prisoner even if he escapes from confinement has no criminal lia&ility. T's escapin from is prison cell#en is case is still on appeal does not maHe said prisoner liale for E$asion of er$ice of entence.

n leaving or escaping from 6ail or prison( that the prisoner immediately returned is immaterial. "t is eno' tate left te penal estalisment y escapin terefrom. ;is voluntary return may only &e mitigating( &einganalogous to voluntary surrender% But the same will not a&solve his criminal lia&ility%

A continuing offense.

&ffendersB not minor delin@'ents nor detention prisoners

"f escaped #itin te 15 day appeal period B no e$asion

=o applicale to deportation as te sentence

The crime of evasion of service of sentence may &e committed even if the sentence is destierro(and tis iscommitted if te con$ict sentenced to destierro #ill enter te proiited places or come #itin te proiitedradi's of 25 Hilometers to s'c places as stated in te /'dment.

f the sentence violated is destierro( the penalty upon the convict is to &e served &y way of destierro also( notimprisonment% Tis is so eca'se te penalty for te e$asion can not e more se$ere tan te penalty e$aded.

#irc$mstances 5$alif!ing the offense done thr$)"a. 'nla#f'l entry (y scalinG)

. reaHin doors #indo#s ates #alls roofs or floors

c. 'sin picHlocHs false Heys dis'ise deceit $iolence or intimidation

d. conni$ance #it oter con$icts or employees of te penal instit'tion

A a foreiner #as fo'nd 'ilty of $iolation of te la# and #as ordered y te co'rt to e deported. 8ater on eret'rned to te -ilippines in $iolation of te sentence. 0eld 0e is not 'ilty of E$asion of er$ice of entence aste la# is not applicale to offenses eec'ted y deportation.


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Article !*3E4ASION O- SER4ICE O- SENTENCE ON T8E OCCASION O- (ISOR(ERS0 CON-LAGRATIONS0 EART8;UAES OR OT8ERCALAMITIES

ELEMENTS #

a. That the offender is a convict b! final 7$dgement who is confined in a penal instit$tion.

b. That there is disorder, res$lting from; 1. conflagration, 2. earth5$a0e, or . eplosion, or 9. similar catastrophe, or 8. m$tin! , not participated.

c. That the offender evades the service of his sentence b! leaving the penal instit$tion where he isconfined, on the occasion of s$ch disorder or d$ring the m$tin!.

d. That the offender fails to give himself $p to the a$thorities within 9: ho$rs following the iss$anceof a proclamation b! the chief eec$tive anno$ncing the passing awa! of s$ch calamit!.

Te lea$in from te penal estalisment is not te asis of criminal liaility. t is the failure to return within Hhours after the passing of the calamity( conflagration or mutiny had &een announced% 9nder Article 15% thosewho return within H hours are given credit or deduction from the remaining period of their sentence e+uivalentto 73 of the original term of the sentence% But if the prisoner fails to return within said H hours( an added

penalty( also 73( shall &e imposed &ut the 73 penalty is &ased on the remaining period of the sentence( not onthe original sentence% n no case shall that penalty exceed six months%

Offender must escape to &e entitled to allowance

Tose #o did not lea$e te penal estalisment are not entitled to te 1L5 credit. Only those who left and returnedwithin the H5hour period%

+or s'c e$ent to e considered as a calamity te *resident must declared it to &e so. 0e m'st iss'e aproclamation to te effect tat te calamity is o$er. E$en if te e$ents erein mentioned may e considered ascalamity tere is a need for te Cief Eec'ti$e to maHe s'c anno'ncement. Asent s'c declaration. E$en ifte prisoner #ill ret'rn to te penal instit'tion #ere e #as confined te same is of no moment as in temeantime e as committed a $iolation of te la# not 'nder te present article 't for p're e$asion of ser$ice ofsentence 'nder Article 15!.

*$tin! B oraniIed 'nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer a sedition a re$olt

The mutiny reerre) to in the secon) orm o e%asion o ser%ice o sentence does not incl$de riot' Themutiny reerre) to here in%ol%es su&or)inate /ersonnel rising against the su/er%isor within the /enalesta&lishment' &ne who escapes d$ring a riot will be s$b7ect to Article 1840 that is0 sim/ly lea%ing oresca/ing the /enal esta&lishment'

Disarmin te 'ards is not m'tiny

&iolation attri'ted to te acc'sed is no loner referred to te co'rt for /'dicial in@'iry or resol'tion. Te la# aspro$ided s'fficient 'idelines for te /ail #arden to follo#.

Tis dis@'isition #ill not apply if te offender #o escapes taHin ad$antae of te calamities en'merated erein is

appreended y te a'torities after 4% o'rs from te declaration tat te calamity is o$er. "t is only etended to one

#o ret'rns 't made inside te 4% o'rs delimited y te proclamation. At tis stae te $iolation is not s'stanti$e

't administrati$e in nat're.

Article !*54IOLATION O- CON(ITIONAL +AR(ON

ELEMENTS#

a. That the offender was a convict.

b. That he was granted a conditional pardon b! the chief eec$tive.

c. That he violated an! of the conditions of s$ch pardon.

Condition etends to special la#s B $iolation of illeal $otinTe condition imposed 'pon te prisoner not to e 'ilty of anoter crime is not limited to tose p'nisale 'nder tee$ised -enal Code. "t incl'des tose p'nised 'nder pecial 8a#.


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pardon epressly so pro$ides or te lan'ae of te conditional pardon clearly so#s te intention to maHe tecondition perpet'al e$en eyond te 'nser$ed portion of te sentence% n such case( the convict may &e re+uiredto serve the unserved portion of the sentence even though the violation has ta0en place when the sentence hasalready lapsed%

>ffender m'st a$e een fo'nd 'ilty of te s'se@'ent offense efore e can e prosec'ted 'nder tis Article.?'t if 'nder e$ised Admin Code no con$iction necessary. -resident as po#er to arrest reincarnate offender#ito't trial

Article 73G is a distinct felony% t is a su&stantive crime. +or one to s'ffer te conse@'ence of its $iolation teprisoner m'st e formally cared in co'rt. 0e #ill e entitled to a f'll lo#n earin in f'll en/oyment of is rit tod'e process. >nly after a final /'dment as een rendered aainst im may e s'ffer te penalty prescried 'nderArticle 15 Torres vs. Gon'ales, et al., 182 +#-A 2B2)

4IOLATION O- +AR(ON OR(INARY E4ASION"nfrinement of conditionsLterms of -resident To e$ade te penalty i$en y te co'rts B dist'rs te

p'lic order

Two /enalties /ro%i)e)#a. prision correccional in its minimum periodB if te penalty remitted does not eceed 6 years

. the unexpired portion of his original sentenceB if te penalty remitted is ier tan 6 years

COMMISSION O- ANOT8ER CRIME

Article !,7COMMISSION O- ANOT8ER CRIME (URING SER4ICE O- +ENALTY IM+OSE( -OR ANOT8ER +RE4IOUS O--ENSE>+ENALTY# a$tista,


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1*. +alsification y p'lic officer employee or notary (Art. 1!1);

11. +alsification y pri$ate indi$id'als and 'se of falsified doc'ments (Art. 1!2);

12. +alsification of #ireless cale telerap and telepone messaes and 'se of said falsified messaes (Art.1!3);

13. +alse medical certificates false certificates of merit or ser$ice (Art. 1!4);

14. 9sin false certificates (Art. 1!5);

15. Man'fact'rin and possession of instr'ments or implements for falsification (Art. 1!6);

16. 9s'rpation of a'tority or official f'nctions (Art. 1!!);

1!. 9sin fictitio's name and concealin tr'e name (Art. 1!%);

1%. "lleal 'se of 'niforms or insinia (Art. 1!);

1. +alse testimony aainst a defendant (Art. 1%*);

2*. +alse testimony fa$orale to te defendant (Art. 1%1);

21. +alse testimony in ci$il cases (Art. 1%2);

22. +alse testimony in oter cases and per/'ry (Art. 1%3);

23. >fferin false testimony in e$idence (Art. 1%4);

24. Macinations in p'lic a'ction (Art. 1%5);

25. Monopolies and cominations in restraint of trade (Art. 1%6);

26. "mportation and disposition of falsely marHed articles or mercandise made of old sil$er or oter precio'smetals or teir alloys (Art. 1%!);

2!. 'stit'tin and alterin trade marHs and trade names or ser$ice marHs (Art. 1%%);

2%. 9nfair competition and fra'd'lent reistration of trade marH or trade name or ser$ice marH; fra'd'lentdesination of oriin and false description (Art. 1%).

Te crimes in tis title are in te nat're of fra'd or falsity to te p'lic. Te essence of te crime 'nder tis title istat #ic defra'd te p'lic in eneral. Tere is deceit perpetrated 'pon te p'lic. Tis is te act tat is einp'nised 'nder tis title.

Article !,!COUNTER-EITING GREAT SEAL O- GO4ERNMENT

TY+ES#

a. orging the great seal of the Government

b. orging the signat$re of the President

c. orging the stamp of the President

en te sinat're of te -resident is fored it is not falsification 't forin of sinat're 'nder tis article

inat're m'st e fored oters sined it B not te -resident.

Article !,6USING -ORGE( SIGNATURE OR COUNTER-EIT SEAL OR STAM+

ELEMENTS#a. That the great seal of the rep$blic was co$nterfeited or the signat$re or stamp of the chief

eec$tive was forged b! another person.

b. That the offender 0new of the co$nterfeiting or forger!.

c. That he $sed the co$nterfeit seal or forged signat$re or stamp.

>ffender is =>T te forerLnot te ca'se of te co'nterfeitin

Article!,:MAING AN( IM+ORTING AN( UTTERING -ALSE COINS

ELEMENTS #a. That there be false or co$nterfeited coins need not &e legal tender).

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b. That the offender either made, imported or $ttered s$ch coins.

c. That in case of $ttering s$ch false or co$nterfeited coins, he connives with co$nterfeiters orimporters.

#oin is co$nterfeitB if it is fored or if it is not an article of te o$ernment as leal tender reardless if it is ofno $al'e

in)s o coins the countereiting o which is /unishe)

1. il$er coins of te -ilippines or coins of te Central ?anH of te -ilippines;

2. Coins of te minor coinae of te -ilippines or of te Central ?anH of te -ilippines;

3. Coin of te c'rrency of a forein co'ntry.

CountereitingB imitation of leal or en'ine coin (may contain more sil$er different desin) s'c as to decei$ean ordinary person in elie$in it to e en'ine

UtterB to pass co'nterfeited coins deli$er or i$e a#ay

Im/ortB to rin to port te same

?ot -ilippine and forein state coins

Applies also to coins #itdra#n from circ'lation

ssence of article"maHin of coins #ito't a'tority

Acts /unishe)

1. M'tilatin coins of te leal c'rrency #it te f'rter re@'irements tat tere e intent to damae or todefra'd anoter;

2. "mportin or 'tterin s'c m'tilated coins #it te f'rter re@'irement tat tere m'st e conni$ances#it te m'tilator or importer in case of 'tterin.

The first acts of falsification or falsit! are

879 Counterfeiting = refers to money or c'rrency;

8,9 >orgery = refers to instr'ments of credit and oliations and sec'rities iss'ed y te -ilippine o$ernment orany anHin instit'tion a'toriIed y te -ilippine o$ernment to iss'e te same;

849 >alsification = can only e committed in respect of doc'ments.

n so far as coins in circulation are concerned( there are two crimes that may &e committed:

879 #o$nterfeiting coins55 This is the crime of rema0ing or manufacturing without any authority to do so%

"n te crime of co'nterfeitin te la# is not concerned #it te fra'd 'pon te p'lic s'c tat even though the coinis no longer legal tender( the act of imitating or manufacturing the coin of the government is penali)ed. "n p'nisinte crime of co'nterfeitin te la# #ants to pre$ent people from tryin teir inen'ity in teir imitation of te

man'fact're of money.

8,9 *$tilation of coins55 This refers to the deli&erate act of diminishing the proper metal contents of the coineither &y scraping( scratching or filling the edges of the coin and the offender gathers the metal dust thathas &een scraped from the coin%

Re$uisites o mutilation un)er the Re%ise) +enal Co)e

879 Coin m'tilated is of leal tender;

(2) >ffender ains from te precio's metal d'st astracted from te coin; and

(3) "t as to e a coin.

Tere is no epertise in$ol$ed ere% n mutilation of coins under the #evised *enal Code( the offender doesnothing &ut to scrape( pile or cut the coin and collect the dust and( thus( diminishing the intrinsic value of thecoin%

$utilation of coins is a crime only if the coin mutilated is legal tender. "f it is not leal tender anymore no one #illaccept it so noody #ill e defra'ded. ?'t if te coin is of leal tender and te offender minimiIes or decreases teprecio's metal d'st content of te coin te crime of m'tilation is committed.

Te offender m'st delierately red'ce te precio's metal in te coin. Delierate intent arises only #en te offendercollects te precio's metal d'st from te m'tilated coin. f the offender does not collect such dust( intent tomutilate is a&sent( &ut *residential 2ecree No% ,K will apply%

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Article !,"

MULTILATION O- COINS 1 IM+ORTATION AN( UTTERANCE#

This has been repealed b! P 294.


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1. act$all! $ttering, and

2. 0nowledge.

-ossession does not re@'ire leal tender in forein coins

"ncl'des constr'cti$e possession

>n co'nterfeitin coins it is immaterial #eter te coin is leal tender or not eca'se te intention of te la# is top't an end to te practice of imitatin money and to disco'rae anyone #o mit entertain te idea of imitatinmoney People vs. Hong Leon).

Article !,,-ORGING TREASURY OR BAN NOTES 1 IM+ORTING AN( UTTERING

Acts /unisha&le#

a. orging or falsit! of treas$r!/ban0 notes or doc$ments pa!able to bearer

b. (mporting of s$ch notes

c. Ettering of s$ch false or forged obligations and notes in connivance with forgers and importers

-orging B y i$in a treas'ry or anH note or doc'ment payale to earerLorder an appearance of a tr'e anden'ine doc'ment

-alsiication B y erasin s'stit'tin co'nterfeitin or alterin y any means te fi'res and letters #ordssins contained terein

E.. falsifyin B lotto or s#eepstaHes ticHet. Attempted estafa tro' falsification of an oliation or sec'rity ofte -il

*NB chec0s not included hereB itFs falsification of commercial doc'ment 'nder Article 1!2

&bligation or sec$rit! incl$des"onds certificate of indetedness ills national anH notes co'pons treas'rynotes certificate of deposits cecHs drafts for money s#eepstaHes money

"f te falsification is done on a doc'ment tat is classified as a o$ernment sec'rity ten te crime is p'nised 'nder

Article 166. >n te oter and if it is not a o$ernment sec'rity ten te offender may eiter a$e $iolated Article1!1 or 1!2.

Article !,.COUNTER-EITING0 IM+ORTING0 AN( UTTERING INSTRUMENTS NOT +AYABLE TO BEARER

ELEMENTS #a. That there be an instr$ment pa!able to order or other doc$ment of credit not pa!able to bearer.

b. That the offender either forged, imported or $ttered s$ch instr$ments.

c. That in case of $ttering, he connived with the forger or importer.

Article !,3

ILLEGAL +OSSESSION AN( USE O- -ALSE TREASURY OR BAN NOTES AN( OT8ER INSTRUMENT O- CRE(IT

ELEMENTS#

a. That an! treas$r! or ban0 note or certificate or other obligation and sec$rit! pa!able to bearer,or an! instr$ment pa!able to order or other doc$ment of credit not pa!able to bearer is forged or

falsified b! another person.

b. That the offender 0nows that an! of those instr$ments is forged or falsified.

c. That he performs an! of these acts 1. $sing an! of s$ch forged or falsified instr$ment, or2. possessing with intent to $se an! of s$ch forged or falsified instr$ment.

Act so't to e p'nised no#inly possessin #it intent to 'se any of s'c fored treas'ry or anH notes

Article !,5-ORGERY

8ow orgery is committe)#

a. b! giving to a treas$r! or ban0 note or an! instr$ment pa!able to bearer or to order, the appearanceof a tr$e and gen$ine doc$ment

b. b! erasing, s$bstit$ting, co$nterfeiting, altering b! an! means the fig$res, letters or words, or signscontained therein.

if all acts done 't en'ine appearance is not i$en te crime is fr'strated

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>orgery under the #evised *enal Code applies to papers( which are in the form of o&ligations and securities issued &ythe *hilippine government as its own o&ligations( which is given the same status as legal tender. Jenerally te #ordco'nterfeitinG is not 'sed #en it comes to notes; #at is 'sed is forery.G Co'nterfeitin refers to money#eter coins or ills.

=otice tat mere cane on a doc'ment does not amo'nt to tis crime% The essence of forgery is giving a document

the appearance of a true and genuine document. =ot any alteration of a letter n'mer fi're or desin #o'ldamo'nt to forery. At most( it would only &e frustrated forgery%

'hen what is &eing counterfeited is o&ligation or securities #ic 'nder te e$ised -enal Code is i$en a stat's ofmoney or leal tender( the crime committed is forgery%

;uestions Answers

1. "nstead of te peso sin (-) someody replaced it #it a dollar sin (S). as te crime of forerycommittedorgery was not committed% The forged instrument and currency note must &e given the appearance ofa true and genuine document% The crime committed is a violation of *residential 2ecree No% ,K% 'here thecurrency note( o&ligation or security has &een changed to ma0e it appear as one which it purports to &e as genuine(the crime is forgery% n chec0s or commercial documents( this crime is committed when the figures or words arechanged which materially alters the document%

2. An old man in is desire to earn sometin scraped a diit in a losin s#eepstaHes ticHet c't o'ta diit from anoter ticHet and pasted it tere to matc te series of diits correspondin to te #innin s#eepstaHesticHet. 0e presented tis ticHet to te -ilippine Carity #eepstaHes >ffice. ?'t te alteration is so cr'de tat e$ena cild can notice tat te s'pposed diit is merely s'perimposed on te diit tat #as scraped. as te old man'ilty of foreryalsification of a document &y a pu&lic officer( employee or notary pu&lic.

849 >alsification of a pu&lic or official( or commercial documents &y a private individual.

89 >alsification of a private document &y any person.

839 >alsification of wireless( telegraph and telephone messages%

Te crime of falsification m'st in$ol$e a #ritin tat is a doc'ment in te leal sense. Te #ritin m'st e completein itself and capale of etin'isin an oliation or creatin rits or capale of ecomin e$idence of te factsstated terein. 9ntil and 'nless te #ritin as attained tis @'ality it #ill not e considered as doc'ment in te lealsense and terefore te crime of falsification cannot e committed in respect tereto.

(istinction &etween alsiication an) orgery#

>alsificationis te commission of any of te eit acts mentioned in Article 1!1 on leislati$e (only te act of maHinalteration) p'lic or official commercial or pri$ate doc'ments or #ireless or telerap messaes.

Te termforgeryas 'sed in Article 16 refers to te falsification and co'nterfeitin of treas'ry or anH notes or anyinstr'ments payale to earer or to order.

=ote tat forin and falsification are crimes 'nder +oreries.

Article !.7-ALSI-ICATION O- LEGISLATI4E (OCUMENTS

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ELEMENTS #

a. That these be a bill, resol$tion or ordinance enacted or approved or pending approval b! the nationalassembl! or an! provincial board or m$nicipal co$ncil.

b. That the offender an! person) alters the same.

c. That he has no proper a$thorit! therefor.

d. That the alteration has changed the meaning of the doc$ment.

Te #ords Nm'nicipal co'ncilN so'ld incl'de te city co'ncil or m'nicipal oard B eyes.

Acc'sed m'st not e a p'lic official entr'sted #it te c'stody or possession of s'c doc'ment oter#ise Art 1!1applies .

Te falsification m'st e committed on a en'ine tr'e and a'tentic leislati$e doc'ment. "f committed on a

sim'lated sp'rio's or faricated leislati$e doc'ment te crime is not p'nised 'nder tis article 't 'nder Article

1!1 or 1!2.

Article !.!

-ALSI-ICATION O- (OCUMENTS BY +UBLIC O--ICER0 EM+LOYEE0 OR NOTARY OR ECCLESTASTICAL MINISTER

ELEMENTS#a. That the offender is a p$blic officer, emplo!ee, or notar! p$blic.

b. That he ta0es advantage of his official position.

c. That he falsifies a doc$ment b! committing an! of the following acts"

1. #o$nterfeiting o

Documents

Callanta Notes