Ceballos: Java 2 - Interfaces Gráficas y Aplicaciones para Internet 4Ed

7/23/2019 Ceballos: Java 2 - Interfaces Grficas y Aplicaciones para Internet 4Ed

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Fmvm

Jntgrembgs krejbms y

mpajbmbjcngs pmrm Jntgrngt


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Fmvm6 Jntgrembgs krejbms y mpajbmbjcngs pmrm Jntgrngt,


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Mygr gs djstcrjm, immnm un ijstgrjc y

dcy gs un rgkmac, pcr gsc sg aamim prgsgntg.

Lgljbc gstm chrm

m Imrm lga Bmrign, ij gspcsm,

y m ijs djfcs Ermnbjsbc y Fmvjgr.


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BCN\GNJLCPXACKC.............................................................................................................. TTJ

BMP\WAC =. IJ PXJIGXM MPAJBMBJN .................................................... =

ECXIWAMXJCR ................................................................................................ 2HJHAJC\GBM FEB .............................................................................................. 7

GR\XWB\WXM LG WNM MPAJBMBJN .......................................................... 5

Bcipjamr y gfgbutmr am mpajbmbjn ................................................................... =0

LJRGC LG AM JN\GXEMV KXEJBM ........................................................... =8Brgmr un bcipcngntg Rwjnk .......................................................................... =8

Bcipcngntgs Rwjnk is bciungs ........................................................... =8Bcntgnglcrgs .................................................................................................. =2Mlijnjstrmlcrgs lg ljsgc ............................................................................. =


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UJJJ FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

BMP\WAC 8. FEB (R[JNK) ............................................................................... 8;

BCIPCNGN\GR R[JNK ................................................................................. 84MX]WJ\GB\WXM ICLGAC-UJR\M-BCN\XCAMLCX ............................... 2=

IMNGFMLCXGR LG GUGN\CR LG R[JNK .................................................. 22FGXMX]WM LG BCIPCNGN\GR LG WNM MPAJBMBJN ......................... 25BMFMR LG \GT\C, G\J]WG\MR Z HC\CNGR ............................................. 2;

Lgsmrrcaac lg am mpajbmbjn ............................................................................. 2;Chfgtcs ...................................................................................................... 24Gvgntcs ...................................................................................................... 24Pmscs m sgkujr lurmntg ga lgsmrrcaac .......................................................... 24Ga ecriuamrjc, acs bcipcngntgs y sus prcpjglmlgs ................................... 2:

\gbam lg mbbgsc .........................................................................................


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BCN\GNJLC JT

Wtjajzmr jikgngs gn hctcngs ......................................................................... 47Ljsgc lg unm hmrrm lg dgrrmijgntms ............................................................. 45

HMXXM LG GR\MLC ........................................................................................ 4:Ljsgc lg unm hmrrm lg gstmlc ........................................................................ 4:

LGRMXXCAAC LG WN GLJ\CX LG \GT\CR ............................................... :8Bmfm lg tgxtc iuatjangm ................................................................................. :2Pmnga lg lgspamzmijgntc ................................................................................ :2Ljsgc lga gljtcr ............................................................................................ :


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T FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

HC\CNGR LG CPBJN .................................................................................... =


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BCN\GNJLC TJ

Hcrrmr tclcs acs nclcs .............................................................................. 8=


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TJJ FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

Hcrrmr rgkjstrcs lg unm tmham ..................................................................... 84


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BCN\GNJLC TJJJ

Cpgrmbjcngs gn bmsbmlm ............................................................................ 25=Bjbac lg vjlm lg unm gntjlml .......................................................................... 258Gvgntcs lurmntg ga bjbac lg vjlm lg unm gntjlml ............................................ 252Agnkumfg lg Bcnsuatm lg Pgrsjstgnbjm gn Fmvm ............................................... 25;

Bamsgs lg gntjlml m pmrtjr lg unm HHLL gxjstgntg ......................................... 2;0Bmlgnm lg bcngxjn .................................................................................. 2;0Iclgac lg gntjlmlgs ................................................................................. 2;=Wnjlml lg pgrsjstgnbjm .............................................................................. 2;


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TJU FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

]u gs D\IA ................................................................................................


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BCN\GNJLC TU

Brgmr unm mnjimbjn ......................................................................................


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TUJ FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

Brgmbjn lg am mpajbmbjn wgh ........................................................................ 7


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BCN\GNJLC TUJJ

Ncrims lg ljsgc ........................................................................................... 7::Brgmr y utjajzmr un bcipcngntg FmvmHgmn ...................................................... 50=Gstmhagbgr y chtgngr ga vmacr lg ams prcpjglmlgs............................................ 508Jnstmambjn gn ga sgrvjlcr ............................................................................... 502

HJHAJC\GBM GR\NLMX LG G\J]WG\MR .................................................. 50


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TUJJJ FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

Mpajbmbjn Fmvm bcic bajgntg lg un sgrvjbjc wgh .......................................... 558Lgsbuhrjijgntc lg sgrvjbjcs wgh TIA .................................................... 55


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BCN\GNJLC TJT

Umacr eugrm lg rmnkc ................................................................................. ;25Ignsmfg pgrscnmajzmlc .............................................................................. ;25

Jnjbjmbjn lg ams prcpjglmlgs lg un hgmn ....................................................... ;2;Embgagts ........................................................................................................... ;24

Brgmr ga prcygbtc ....................................................................................... ;2:Lgsmrrcaamr acs hgmns lg mpcyc ................................................................. ;


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TT FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

BMP\WAC =5. RPXJNK ....................................................................................... 48;

MBCPAMIJGN\C GN\XG BCIPCNGN\GR ................................................. 420GAJIJNMX GA MBCPAMIJGN\C GN\XG BCIPCNGN\GR ....................... 42 Ngw Prcfgbt(Mrbdjvc > Nugvc Prcygbtc). Rg iugstrm am vgntmnm

Ngw Prcfgbt.

8. Rgagbbjcng Fmvm gn am ajstm Bmtgkcrjgs (Bmtgkcrms), y gn am ajstm Prcfgbts(Prcygbtcs) sgagbbjcngFmvm Mppajbmtjcn(Mpajbmbjn Fmvm). Lgspus dmkm bajbgn ga hctnNgxt(sjkujgntg). Rg iugstrm am vgntmnmNgw Fmvm Mppajbmtjcn.

2. Gsbrjhm ga ncihrg lga prcygbtc (Prcfgbt Nmig)? gn nugstrc bmsc sgr Dcam-Iunlcy, m bcntjnumbjn, sgagbbjcng am bmrpgtm lcnlg qujgrg kumrlmrac.


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM 4;;

5. Pmrm ejnmajzmr dmkm bajb gn ga hctn Ejnjsd. Ga rgsuatmlc sgr ga sjkujgntg6

Ga GLJ brgm am bmrpgtm GfgipacsQMpgnSMQDcamIunlc gn am qug kumrlmr gaprcygbtc bcipugstc gn gstg bmsc pcr un scac ejbdgrc,DcamIunlc.fmvm, qug maim-bgnm ga bljkc bcrrgspcnljgntg m am bamsgDcamIunlc.

Gn am vgntmnm icstrmlm gn am ejkurm mntgrjcr ljstjnkujics ctrms trgs vgntmnms,makunms lg gaams, bcn vmrjcs pmngags. Am qug gst gn am pmrtg supgrjcr lgrgbdm gsticstrmnlc ga pmnga lg gljbjn pmrm ga bljkc eugntg lg nugstrm mpajbmbjn y tjgngcbuatc ga pmnga lg jnjbjc. Am qug gst gn am pmrtg supgrjcr jzqujgrlm iugstrm ga pm-


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4;4 FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

nga lg prcygbtcs? gstg ajstm ga ncihrg lga prcygbtc y ga ncihrg lg acs ejbdgrcs qugbcipcngn ga prcygbtc. Chsgrvg ga ejbdgrcDcamIunlc.fmvm? bcntjgng ga bljkc lgams mbbjcngs qug tjgng qug aagvmr m bmhc nugstrm mpajbmbjn. \mihjn ljstjnkujicsun gagigntcAjhrmrjgsqug dmbg rgegrgnbjm m ams hjhajctgbms qug puglgn sgr ngbgsm-rjms pmrm bcipjamr am mpajbmbjn. Ejnmaigntg, am vgntmnm qug dmy lghmfc lg am lg

prcygbtcs pgrijtg nmvgkmr pcr ga bljkc lga prcygbtc. Puglg vjsumajzmr ctrms vgn-tmnms lgslg ga ign [jnlcw? pcr gfgipac, am vgntmnm Cutput, qug sgr utjajzmlm

pmrm icstrmr acs rgsuatmlcs lg am bcipjambjn y lg am gfgbubjn.

Wnm vgz brgmlc ga gsqugagtc lg am mpajbmbjn, gljtmics ga bljkc lg am ijsim.Gn nugstrc bmsc, sjipagigntg dmy qug bcipagtmr ga itclc imjnbcic sg jnljbm mbcntjnumbjn6

puha j b st mt j b vcj l imj n( Rt r j nk_ Y mr ks){

Rystgi. cut . pr j nt a n( "Dca m iunlc! ! ! ") ?}

Ga pmsc sjkujgntg gs bcnstrujr ga ejbdgrc gfgbutmhag (ejbdgrc DcamIun-lc.bamss). Pmrm gaac gfgbutg am crlgn Xun > Hujal Prcfgbt, c hjgn puasg am tgbamE==. Rj am bcipjambjn gs bcrrgbtm, puglg pmsmr m gfgbutmr am mpajbmbjn gfgbutmnlcam crlgnXun > Xun Prcfgbt, c hjgn puasmnlc am tgbam E5? chsgrvg ga rgsuatmlc gnam vgntmnm Cutput.

Bumnlc am mpajbmbjn ngbgsjtg is lg un ejbdgrc, ga prcbgsc gs jkuma lg sgnbj-aac. Mmljr ctrc ejbdgrc m unm mpajbmbjn, pcr gfgipac un nugvc ejbdgrc qug maim-bgng unm nugvm bamsg, supcng dmbgr bajb bcn ga hctn lgrgbdc lga rmtn schrg gancihrg lga prcygbtc, gagkjr am crlgn Ngwy sgagbbjcnmr lga ign bcntgxtuma qugsg vjsumajzm ga tjpc lg gagigntc qug sg lgsgm mmljr.

LGPWXMX WNM MPAJBMBJN BCN NG\HGMNR

Pcr qu sg lgpurm unm mpajbmbjn3 Pcrqug acs rgsuatmlcs qug gstmics chtgnjgnlcbcn am ijsim nc scn bcrrgbtcs y nc smhgics pcr qu. Ga prcbgsc lg lgpurmbjnbcnsjstg gn gfgbutmr am mpajbmbjn pmsc m pmsc, jnljstjntmigntg pcr sgntgnbjms c pcritclcs, bcn ga ejn lg chsgrvmr ga eaufc sgkujlc lurmntg su gfgbubjn, ms bcic acsrgsuatmlcs jntgrigljcs qug sg vmn subgljgnlc, bcn am ejnmajlml lg lgtgbtmr amsmncimams qug prclubgn un rgsuatmlc ejnma grrngc.

Pcr gfgipac, pmrm lgpurmr unm mpajbmbjn utjajzmnlc ga lgpurmlcr lga gntcrnclg lgsmrrcaacNgtHgmns, lghg gstmhagbgr un puntc lg pmrmlm jnjbjma. Pmrm gaac dmkm

bajb bcn ga hctn lgrgbdc lga rmtn schrg am sgntgnbjm m pmrtjr lg am buma qujgrg gfg-butmr ga bljkc lg su mpajbmbjn pmsc m pmsc y gfgbutg am crlgn \ckkag Ajng


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM 4;:

Hrgmopcjnt (pcngr un puntc lg pmrmlm) lga ign bcntgxtuma qug sg vjsumajzm, cdmkm bajb gn am zcnm scihrgmlm m su jzqujgrlm6

Lgspus gfgbutg am crlgn Lghuk > Lghuk Prcfgbt, c hjgn puasg am tgbamBtra+E7pmrm jnjbjmr am lgpurmbjn. Bcntjng am gfgbubjn pmsc m pmsc utjajzmnlcams rlgngs lga ign Lghuk c acs hctcngs bcrrgspcnljgntgs lg am hmrrm lg dgrrm-ijgntmsLghuk(pmrm smhgr ga sjknjejbmlc lg bmlm hctn, pcnkm ga puntgrc lga rm-tn schrg bmlm unc lg gaacs).

Lg ecrim rgsuijlm, ams rlgngs ljspcnjhags pmrm lgpurmr unm mpajbmbjn scnams sjkujgntgs6

Lghuk Prcfgbtc Btra+E7. Jnjbjm am gfgbubjn lg am mpajbmbjn gn iclc lgpu-rmbjn dmstm gnbcntrmr un puntc lg pmrmlm c dmstm ga ejnma sj nc dmy puntcs lg

pmrmlm.

\ckkag Ajng Hrgmopcjnt c Btra+E4. Pcng c qujtm un puntc lg pmrmlm gn am a-ngm schrg am qug gst ga puntc lg jnsgrbjn.

Ejnjsd Lghukkgr RgssjcncImys+E7. Lgtjgng ga prcbgsc lg lgpurmbjn.

Rtgp Jntcc E;. Gfgbutm am mpajbmbjn pmsc m pmsc. Rj am angm m gfgbutmr bcjnbj-lg bcn unm aamimlm m un itclc lgejnjlc pcr ga usumrjc, ljbdc itclc tmi-

hjn sg gfgbutm pmsc m pmsc.

Rtgp Cvgrc E4. Gfgbutm am mpajbmbjn pmsc m pmsc. Rj am angm m gfgbutmr bcjn-bjlg bcn unm aamimlm m un itclc lgejnjlc pcr ga usumrjc, ljbdc itclc nc sggfgbutm pmsc m pmsc, sjnc lg unm scam vgz.

Rtgp Cutc Btra+E;. Bumnlc un itclc lgejnjlc pcr ga usumrjc dm sjlc jnvc-bmlc pmrm gfgbutmrsg pmsc m pmsc, utjajzmnlc gstm crlgn sg puglg ejnmajzmr sugfgbubjn gn un scac pmsc.

Xun tc Burscrc E


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440 FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

Pmrm vgr acs vmacrgs jntgrigljcs qug vmn tcimnlc ams vmrjmhags pcnkm ga bur-scr schrg gaams, c hjgn utjajbg ams vgntmnms Umrjmhag, gtb., lga ecnlc lga GLJ. Pmrmmmljr c qujtmr vgntmnms, gfgbutg am crlgn [jnlcw > Lghukkjn.

UMXJMHAG BAMRRPM\D

Am cpbjn bamsspmtdlga bcipjamlcr lghg jnbaujr ams rutms lg tclms ams bmrpgtmslcnlg sg lghgn husbmr ams bamsgs ngbgsmrjms pmrm bcipjamr unm mpajbmbjn. Makunmslg gstms bamsgs pclrmn, jnbausc, gnbcntrmrsg gipmqugtmlms gn un ejbdgrc .fmr.

Bumnlc ngbgsjtg gspgbjejbmr gstms rutms6

=. Ljrfmsg ma pmnga lga prcygbtc, dmkm bajb bcn ga hctn lgrgbdc lga rmtn schrgga ncihrg lga ijsic y sgagbbjcng am crlgn Prcpgrtjgslga ign bcntgxtumaqug sg vjsumajzm. Rg iugstrm ga ljackc sjkujgntg6

8. Rgagbbjcng ga nclcAjhrmrjgs. Dmkm bajb gn am pgstmm Bcipjagy lgspus gn gahctnMll Prcfgbt.


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM 44=

2. Rgagbbjcng am bmrpgtm bcrrgspcnljgntg ma prcygbtc y, gn ga ljackc qug sg vj-sumajzm, chsgrvg am ajstm Prcfgbt FMX Ejags(ejbdgrcs FMX lga prcygbtc)? iugs-trm acs ejbdgrcs FMX qug puglgn sgr mmljlcs ma prcygbtc. Chsgrvg qug sgiugstrm tmihjn ga ejbdgrc FMX bcrrgspcnljgntg m nugstrm mpajbmbjn. Gstg ej-bdgrc sg brgm unm vgz qug dmymics bcipjamlc y gfgbutmlc ga prcygbtc.

Ngw Prcfgbt(Mrbdjvc > Nugvc Prcygbtc). Rg iugstrm am vgntmnm NgwPrcfgbt.


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8. RgagbbjcngFmvmgn am ajstm Bmtgkcrjgs, y gn am ajstm Prcfgbtssgagbbjcng FmvmMppajbmtjcn(Mpajbmbjn Fmvm). Lgspus dmkm bajb gn ga hctnNgxt(sjkujgntg).Rg iugstrm am vgntmnmNgw Fmvm Mppajbmtjcn.

2. Gsbrjhm ga ncihrg lga prcygbtc (Prcfgbt Nmig)? gn nugstrc bmsc sgrMpajbm-bjcnNgtHgmns? y, m bcntjnumbjn, sgagbbjcng am bmrpgtm lcnlg qujgrg kumrlmrac.


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM 442

Wnm vgz brgmlc un prcygbtc vmbc, ga pmsc sjkujgntg bcnsjstjr gn mmljr unmnugvm bamsg lgrjvmlm lg FErmig qug ncs sjrvm bcic bcntgnglcr lg am jntgremzkrejbm.

Bcntgnglcrgs

Acs bcntgnglcrgs scn bcipcngntgs Rwjnkutjajzmlcs pmrm uhjbmr ctrcs bcipcngn-tgs. Pcr gfgipac, am ejkurm sjkujgntg, bcrrgspcnljgntg m am jntgremz krejbm lg ammpajbmbjn qug qugrgics lgsmrrcaamr, gxpajbm bic sg mbciclmn acs bcipcngntgsgn unc lg gstcs bcntgnglcrgs.

Pmrm mkrgkmr bcipcngntgs m unm vgntmnm gs mbcnsgfmhag utjajzmr un bcntgnglcrjntgrigljc? gstc embjajtmr am rgmajzmbjn lg ctrms cpgrmbjcngs pcstgrjcrgs, bcic,

pcr gfgipac, mmljr un hcrlg marglglcr lg acs bcipcngntgs. Rjgiprg qug sgm ng-bgsmrjc, un bcntgnglcr puglg bcntgngr m ctrcs bcntgnglcrgs, ac qug lmr aukmr munm fgrmrqum lg bcntgnglcrgs qug embjajtmr am ljstrjhubjn lg acs bcipcngntgs.Am rmz lg gsm fgrmrqum gs ga bcntgnglcr lga njvga supgrjcrlgejnjlc pcr am vgntm-nm. Ams bamsgs FErmig, FLjmacky FMppagtscn bcntgnglcrgs lga njvga supgrjcr.

Pmrm mmljr unm vgntmnm imrbc (chfgtc FErmig) ma prcygbtc, dmkm bajb schrgga ncihrg lga ijsic, utjajzmnlc ga hctn lgrgbdc lga rmtn, y sgagbbjcng lga ignbcntgxtuma qug sg vjsumajzm am crlgnNgw > FErmig Ecri....

hctn

gtjqugtm

pmnga

imrbc


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44< FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

Rg vjsumajzmr unm vgntmnm gn am qug puglg gagkjr ga ncihrg pmrm am nugvm bam-sg lg chfgtcs qug vmics m mmljr. Gn nugstrc bmsc, gagkjrgics bcic ncihrg, pcrgfgipac, BMpajbmbjcn.

Pmrm bcntjnumr, dmkm bajb gn ga hctn Ejnjsd. Rg vjsumajzmr am vgntmnm icstrm-lm m bcntjnumbjn, gn am qug chsgrvmics qug am bamsg BMpajbmbjcnmaimbgnmlm gnga ejbdgrc BMpajbmbjcn.fmvmgs am qug lm aukmr m am vgntmnm imrbc, tmihjn aamim-lm ecriuamrjc, qug sg vjsumajzm gn ga bgntrc lga GLJ (chfgtc FErmig).


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM 447

Chsgrvg tmihjn qug gnbjim lga ecriuamrjc dmy unm hmrrm lg dgrrmijgntmsbcn unm sgrjg lg hctcngs. Acs lcs prjigrcs (Rcurbgy Lgsjkn) ag pgrijtjrn matgr-

nmr gntrg ga pmnga lg gljbjn (ga qug iugstrm ga bljkc eugntg lg am bamsg BMpajbm-bjcn) y ga pmnga lg ljsgc (ga qug sg gst icstrmnlc).

\mihjn, m am lgrgbdm lga ecriuamrjc, sg chsgrvmn ctrms lcs vgntmnms6 unmiugstrm vmrjms pmagtms lg dgrrmijgntms (am qug sg gst icstrmnlc gs am pmagtm lgbcipcngntgs Rwjnk? sj nc sg iugstrm gfgbutg [jnlcw > JLG \ccas > Pmagttg) y amctrm gst icstrmnlc ga pmnga lg prcpjglmlgs bcn ams prcpjglmlgs lga ecriuamrjc.Am prjigrm ag iugstrm acs bcntrcags c bcipcngntgs qug puglg sgagbbjcnmr y bcac-bmr schrg ga ecriuamrjc? chsgrvg qug, mlgis lg am pmagtm lg bcipcngntgs Rwjnk,dmy ctrms bcic M[\ (ojt lg dgrrmijgntms lg vgntmnms mhstrmbtms) y Hgmns(bcipcngntgs rgutjajzmhags)? y am sgkunlm ag pgrijtg icstrmr y gljtmr ams prcpjg-lmlgs lga bcipcngntg sgagbbjcnmlc (tmimc, bcacr, eugntg...), acs imngfmlcrgs lggvgntcs (hctnGvgnts), gtb.

M am jzqujgrlm lga ecriuamrjc, lghmfc lga pmnga lga prcygbtc, dmy ctrm vgntmnmbcn ga nmvgkmlcr (Nmvjkmtcr). Ga nmvgkmlcr pgrijtg nmvgkmr pcr acs bcipcngntgsscetwmrg lg am mpajbmbjn (bcntrcags, bamsgs, itclcs, gtb.).

Gn ga pmnga lg gljbjn lg bljkc (bajb gn ga hctn Rcurbg) sg puglg chsgrvmr

qug sg dm kgngrmlc unm bamsg BMpajbmbjcn, bcn un bcnstrubtcr phajbc y unm sgrjglg itclcs. Gn acs pmscs sjkujgntgs mmljrgics acs bcipcngntgs ma ecriuamrjc,


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utjajzmnlc ga pmnga lg ljsgc, y ga bljkc ngbgsmrjc pmrm qug am mpajbmbjn rgmajbgac lgsgmlc.

Gfgbutmr am mpajbmbjn

Rj mdcrm bcipjamics y gfgbutmics gstm mpajbmbjn, pmrm ac buma tgnlrgics quggagkjr am crlgnXun Prcfgbt(E5) lga ignXun, c hjgn dmbgr bajb gn ga hctn bc-rrgspcnljgntg lg am hmrrm lg dgrrmijgntms lga GLJ, mpmrgbgr schrg am pmntmaam amvgntmnm lg am ejkurm icstrmlm m bcntjnumbjn y pclrgics mbtumr schrg bumaqujgrmlg sus bcntrcags (ijnjijzmr, imxjijzmr, icvgr, mfustmr ga tmimc, gtb.).

Gstm gs am pmrtg qugNgtHgmnsrgmajzm pcr ncsctrcs y pmrm ncsctrcs? pruhgac.Pmrm ejnmajzmr, dmkm bajb gn ga hctn pmrm bgrrmr am vgntmnm.

Chsgrvg gn ga pmnga lg prcpjglmlgs qug ga vmacr lg am prcpjglml lgemuatBac-sgCpgrmtjcngsGTJ\SCNSBACRG. Gstc jnljbm qug ma dmbgr bajb gn ga hctn amvgntmnm sg bgrrmr y am mpajbmbjn ejnmajzmr jnvcbmnlc ma itclc gxjt.

Gljtmr ga bljkc eugntg

Rupcnkmics mdcrm qug lgsgmics mmljr un ttuac m am vgntmnm y ejfmr su tmimcjnjbjma. Wnm ecrim lg dmbgr gstc gs prcpcrbjcnmr tmntc ga ttuac bcic ga tmimc gnga icigntc lg brgmr ga chfgtc FErmig. Gstc qujgrg lgbjr qug acs itclcs lga ch-

fgtc qug pgrijtmn imnjpuamr gstms prcpjglmlgs lghgn sgr jnvcbmlcs lgslg ga bcns-trubtcr BMpajbmbjcn. Ga itclc qug pgrijtg gstmhagbgr ga ttuac gs sgt\jtag y gaqug pgrijtg gstmhagbgr ga tmimc gs sgtRjzg.

Wnm ecrim rpjlm lg sjtumrsg gn ga gljtcr schrg un lgtgrijnmlc itclc pmrmicljejbmrac gs acbmajzmrac gn ga nmvgkmlcry dmbgr lchag bajb schrg a. Pcr ac tmn-


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM 44;

tc, iugstrg ga pmnga lg gljbjn (bajb gn ga hctn Rcurbg), ljrfmsg ma nmvgkmlcrydmkm lchag bajb schrg BMpajbmbjcn? gstm mbbjn bcacbmr ga puntc lg jnsgrbjn sc-

hrg ga bcnstrubtcr BMpajbmbjcn. Icljejqug gstg bcnstrubtcr sgkn sg iugstrm mbcntjnumbjn6

puha j b BMpa j bmbj cn( ){

j nj t Bcipcngnt s( ) ?sgt \j t a g( "Mpa j bmbj n") ? / / gst mha gbgr ga t t ua c lg a m vgnt mnmsgt Rj zg( 200, 800) ? / / e j f mr ga mnbdc y ga ma t c lg a m vgnt mnm

}

\mihjn pclrm gstmhagbgr ga ttuac lg am vgntmnm m trmvs lga pmnga lg prcpjg-lmlgs lga ecriuamrjc? gstc gs, gstmnlc gn ga pmnga lg ljsgc, sgagbbjcnmics gaecriuamrjc, ncs ljrjkjics ma pmnga lg prcpjglmlgs y msjknmics m am prcpjglml tjtagga vmacr Mpajbmbjn.

Chsgrvg qug ga bcnstrubtcr jnvcbm m jnjtBcipcngntspmrm gfgbutmr ams cpgrm-bjcngs lg jnjbjmbjn rgqugrjlms pmrm acs bcipcngntgs lg am mpajbmbjn. Lgspusdgics mmljlc lcs angms6 unm pmrm gstmhagbgr ga ttuac lg am vgntmnm y ctrm pmrm ej-

fmr su tmimc. Chsgrvg tmihjn qug jnjtBcipcngntsdmhm gfgbutmlc ga itclcpmbopmrm mfustmr ga tmimc lg am vgntmnm ma tmimc prgegrjlc c ma injic qug

pgrijtm vjsumajzmr tclcs sus bcipcngntgs. Gstm bmrmbtgrstjbm quglm mdcrm mnuamlm

pcr sgtRjzg(am aamimlm ma itclc pmbosg puglg qujtmr lgslg ga pmnga Bclggn amvgntmnm lg prcpjglmlgs). Ctrm matgrnmtjvm pmrm gstmhagbgr ga tmimc lga ecriuamrjcgs ejfmrac schrg am pamntjaam lg ljsgc dmbjgnlc lchag bajb schrg ga hcrlg bumnlc gaburscr lga rmtn tcim am ecrim qug pgrijtg rgljignsjcnmr am ijsim.

Mmljr acs bcipcngntgs ma bcntgnglcr

Nugstrc chfgtjvc gs ljsgmr unm mpajbmbjn qug iugstrg unm vgntmnm prjnbjpma bcnun hctn y unm gtjqugtm6


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Bumnlc ga usumrjc dmkm bajb gn ga hctn, am gtjqugtm icstrmr ga ignsmfgDcam iunlc!!!. Am ejkurm mntgrjcr iugstrm ga mspgbtc lg gstm vgntmnm. Gn gaamsg puglg chsgrvmr qug ga hctn puglg mbtjvmrsg, mlgis lg bcn un bajb lga rmtn,utjajzmnlc ams tgbamsMat+b, y qug tjgng mscbjmlm unm hrgvg lgsbrjpbjn.

Acs bcipcngntgs, tmags bcic bmfms lg tgxtc, hctcngs, gtjqugtms, imrbcs, ajstmsc tgipcrjzmlcrgs, scn chfgtcs krejbcs qug pgrijtgn jntrclubjr c gxtrmgr lmtcs. Gabcntgnglcr is acs bcipcngntgs lmn aukmr ma ecriuamrjc qug dmbg lg jntgremz cigljc lg bciunjbmbjn bcn ga usumrjc.

Pmrm mmljr un bcipcngntg m un bcntgnglcr, prjigrc vjsumajzmrgics ga pmngalg ljsgc. Pmrm gaac dmkm bajb gn ga hctnLgsjkn. Lgspus ncs ljrjkjrgics m am pm-

agtm lg bcipcngntgs pmrm sgagbbjcnmr ga lgsgmlc. Am ejkurm sjkujgntg iugstrm ampmagtm lg bcipcngntgs Rwjnkprcpcrbjcnmlm pcrNgtHgmns6

Bmlm gagigntc lg am pmagtm brgm un njbc bcipcngntg. Pmrm smhgr lg qubcipcngntg sg trmtm, iugvm ga rmtn gnbjim lga bcipcngntg y gspgrg m qug sgiugstrg am lgsbrjpbjn mscbjmlm. Bcic pclr chsgrvmr, gstcs bcipcngntgs gstn

bamsjejbmlcs gn krupcs? pcr gfgipac6

Rwjnk. Krupc lg bcipcngntgs lg jntgremz krejbm lg usumrjc jnlgpgnljgntgslg am pamtmecrim pcr gstmr gsbrjtcs gn Fmvm. Gstcs bcipcngntgs cergbgn is yigfcrgs eunbjcngs qug acsM[\.

M[\. Krupc lg bcipcngntgs lg jntgremz krejbm lg usumrjc (JKW) qug sg dmnjipagigntmlc utjajzmnlc vgrsjcngs lgpgnljgntgs lg am pamtmecrim, sustjtujlcgn krmn igljlm pcr ga krupc lg bcipcngntgs Rwjnk.

Hgmns. Bcipcngntgs scetwmrg rgutjajzmhags gn bumaqujgr prckrmim. Ijgntrmsqug acs bcipcngntgs mntgrjcrgs scn jntrnsgbcs m Fmvm, gstcs ctrcs gxjstgn bc-


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM 44:

ic ejbdgrcs jnlgpgnljgntgs bcn gxtgnsjn .fmr. Rg trmtm lg prckrmims Fmvm qugncsctrcs ijsics pclgics brgmr bcn unm eunbjcnmajlml gspgbejbm, bcn am jn-tgnbjn lg jnsgrtmracs pcstgrjcrigntg gn ctrcs prckrmims.

Amycuts. Mlijnjstrmlcrgs lg ljsgc pmrm crkmnjzmr acs bcipcngntgs qug sgmmlgn m un bcntgnglcr. Pmrm vjsumajzmracs, dmkm bajb bcn ga hctn lgrgbdc lgarmtn schrg ga ecriuamrjc y sgagbbjcng Rgt Amycutgn ga ign bcntgxtuma.

Ljhufmr acs bcipcngntgs

Mmljr unc c is lg gstcs bcipcngntgs m un bcntgnglcr jipajbm lcs cpgrmbjcngs6sgagbbjcnmr un mlijnjstrmlcr lg ljsgc pmrm ljbdc bcntgnglcr y ljhufmr schrg a

acs bcipcngntgs rgqugrjlcs.

Pcr gfgipac, vcavjgnlc m am mpajbmbjn qug gstmics lgsmrrcaamnlc, ljrfmsg manmvgkmlcr lg bcipcngntgs(Nmvjkmtcr) y chsgrvg qug ga bcntgnglcr lga ecriuam-rjc (FErmig) nc tjgng mscbjmlc un mlijnjstrmlcr lg ljsgc.

Pcr cijsjn, acs nugvcs ecriuamrjcs brgmlcs utjajzmn un gsqugim lg ljsgcajhrg (Ergg Lgsjkn) qug pgrijtg ljstrjhujr acs bcipcngntgs ajhrgigntg usmnlc

unms angms kum qug mutcitjbmigntg sukjgrgn am majngmbjn y ga gspmbjmlc ptj-ic pmrm acs ijsics, tclc gstc sjn rgqugrjr un mlijnjstrmlcr lg ljsgc lg acs lgej-njlcs gn Fmvm. Gstc gs ms pcrqug Ergg Lgsjknutjajzm ga mlijnjstrmlcr lg ljsgcKrcupAmycutgspgbjmaigntg bcnstrujlc pmrm sgr utjajzmlc bcn ga JLG NgtHgmnslg ecrim tctmaigntg trmnspmrgntg pmrm embjajtmr ga ljsgc lg ecriuamrjcs.

Msjknmr un mlijnjstrmlcr lg ljsgc

Wn mlijnjstrmlcr lg ljsgc lgtgrijnm ga tmimc y am pcsjbjn lg acs bcipcngntgs

lgntrc lg un bcntgnglcr. Rwjnk prcpcrbjcnm vmrjcs mlijnjstrmlcrgs lg ljsgc6EacwAmycut, KrjlHmkAmycut, HcrlgrAmycut, BmrlAmycut, KrjlAmycut,HcxAmycut, gtb.


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM 4:=

mbtumaigntg pmrm vjsumajzmr ga ljackc qug ag pgrijtjr gagkjr ga tjpc lg eugntg,ms bcic su gstjac y tmimc.

;. Bmihjg ga vmacr lg am prcpjglml tgxtm gtjqugtm.

Ga trmhmfc rgmajzmlc dm kgngrmlc gn am bamsg BMpajbmbjcnga sjkujgntg bljkc,ac qug puglg bciprchmr m trmvs lga gljtcr.

pr j vmt g f mvmx. swj nk. F Amhga f Gt Rma ulc?/ / . . .

f GtRma ulc 9 ngw f mvmx. swj nk. F Amhga ( ) ?/ / . . .

f GtRma ulc. sgt Ecnt ( ngw f mvm. mwt . Ecnt ( "Lj ma ck", =, =4) ) ?f GtRma ulc. sgt Dcr j zcnt ma Ma j knignt ( f mvmx. swj nk. Rwj nkBcnst mnt s. BGN\GX) ?f GtRma ulc. sgt \gxt ( "gt j qugt m") ?/ / . . .

Ac qug gstm gtjqugtm iugstrg lurmntg am gfgbubjn dmhr qug msjknrsgac m suprcpjglml tgxtljrgbtmigntg pcr igljc lg am vgntmnm lg prcpjglmlgs, c jnljrgbtm-igntg m trmvs lg su itclc sgt\gxt6

f GtRma ulc. sgt \gxt ( " Dca m iunlc! ! ! ") ?

Xgljignsjcnmijgntc mutcitjbc

Wn bcntrca puglg sgr mnbamlc mrrjhm y m am jzqujgrlm, mhmfc y m am lgrgbdm, gtb., sg-agbbjcnnlcac, dmbjgnlc bajb schrg a bcn ga hctn lgrgbdc lga rmtn y gajkjgnlc

Mnbdcr > Aget(c Mnbdcr > Hcttci, gtb.) lga ign bcntgxtuma. Ms ijsic, puglgsgr rgljignsjcnmlc dcrjzcntmaigntg y/c vgrtjbmaigntg bumnlc sg rgljignsjcng gaecriuamrjc, dmbjgnlc bajb schrg a bcn ga hctn lgrgbdc lga rmtn y gajkjgnlcMutc

Xgsjzjnk > Dcrjzcntma(cMutc Xgsjzjnk > Ugrtjbma) lga ign bcntgxtuma? tmihjnpuglg utjajzmr acs hctcngs gqujvmagntgs lg am hmrrm lg dgrrmijgntms.

Mmljr un hctn y glj tmr sus prcpjglmlgs

Pmrm mmljr un hctn, puglg rgpgtjr acs pmscs lgsbrjtcs gn ga mpmrtmlc mntgrjcr, chjgn rgmajzmr acs sjkujgntgs6


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4:8 FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

=. Rgagbbjcng am pmagtm lg bcipcngntgsRwjnk Bcntrcas.

8. Dmkm bajb gn ga bcipcngntg Huttcn y lgspus ljrfmsg ma ecriuamrjc y dmkm

bajb gn bumaqujgr pmrtg lga pmnga. Mfustg su tmimc y su pcsjbjn.2. Bmihjg su ncihrg pmrm qug sgmfHtRmaulc.


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM 4:2

2. M bcntjnumbjn dmkm bajb prjigrc gn ga bcipcngntg schrg ga qug cburrjr gagvgntc (gn ga gfgipac, schrg ga hctn) y lgspus gn ga bcipcngntg schrg gaqug sg rgmajzmr am cpgrmbjn (gn ga gfgipac, schrg am gtjqugtm). Puglg dmbgrams cpgrmbjcngs jnljbmlms ljrgbtmigntg schrg acs bcipcngntgs lga ecriuamrjc,c hjgn schrg ga nmvgkmlcr lg bcipcngntgs.

Bumnlc dmym gfgbutmlc gstg puntc,NgtHgmnsmhrg ga msjstgntg qug ag pgrijtjrrgmajzmr am bcngxjn gn lcs c trgs pmscs.

tgxt)6


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4:< FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

5. Pmrm gspgbjejbmr gstm cpgrmbjn, ljspcngics lg trgs cpbjcngs6 gstmhagbgr ga vm-acr lg unm prcpjglml, aamimr m un itclc c gsbrjhjr bljkc.

Rj gajkg gstmhagbgr ga vmacr lg unm prcpjglml, ag sgrn icstrmlms tclms ams

prcpjglmlgs lga bcipcngntg lgstjnc lg am bcngxjn. Rgagbbjcng unm y gnga sjkujgntg pmsc gstmhagzbm su vmacr.

Rj gajkg aamimr m un itclc, ag sgrn icstrmlcs acs pcsjhags itclcs m acsqug puglg jnvcbmr. Rgagbbjcng unc y gspgbjejqug acs pmrigtrcs gn ga sj-kujgntg pmsc.

Rj gajkg gsbrjhjr bljkc, sg mmljr ma prckrmim ga itclc qug lghg rgs-pcnlgr ma gvgntc sgagbbjcnmlc, pgrc sjn bljkc (gn gstg bmsc nc dmy untgrbgr pmsc).

Gn nugstrc gfgipac gagkjrgics am prjigrm cpbjn, munqug tmihjn pclrm vm-agr am tgrbgrm.


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Pmrm gstg gvgntc, tmihjn pclgics mmljr su imngfmlcr dmbjgnlc lchag bajbschrg ga hctnfHtRmaulc.

Gajijnmr un itclc mmljlc pcr ga msjstgntg

Rj qujsjrmics gajijnmr ga itclc mbtjcnPgrecriglmmljlc mntgrjcrigntg, sgagb-bjcnmrmics ga hctn FHtRmaulc, ga pmnga Gvgnts(gvgntcs) gn am vgntmnm lg prc-

pjglmlgs, ga ncihrg lga itclc msjknmlc ma gvgntc mbtjcnPgrecrigl, puasmrmicsam tgbamLga, pmrm hcrrmr ga vmacr mbtuma, y ejnmajzmrmics gstm cpgrmbjn puasmnlcam tgbamGntrmr.

Mmljr ctrc bljkcPmrm ejnmajzmr am mpajbmbjn qug gstmics gsbrjhjgnlc, ljrfmsg m am vgntmnm lg glj-bjn y bcipagtg ga itclc bcic sg jnljbm m bcntjnumbjn bcn ga ejn lg bmihjmr lgecrim magmtcrjm ga bcacr lga tgxtc6

pr j vmt g vcj l f Ht Rma ulcMbt j cnPgr e cr igl( f mvm. mwt . gvgnt . Mbt j cnGvgnt gvt){

e a cmt r cf c 9 ( e a cmt ) Imt d. r mnlci( ) ?e a cmt vgr lg 9 ( e a cmt ) Imt d. r mnlci( ) ?e a cmt mzua 9 ( e a cmt ) Imt d. r mnlci( ) ?

f Gt Rma ulc. sgt Ecr gkrcunl( ngw f mvm. mwt . Bca cr ( r cf c, vgr lg, mzua ) ) ?f Gt Rma ulc. sgt \gxt ( " Dca m iunlc! ! ! " ) ?

}

Bcipjamr am mpajbmbjn

Wnm vgz ejnmajzmlm am mpajbmbjn, puglg bcipjamram y gfgbutmram. Pmrm bcipjamr ammpajbmbjn, gfgbutg am crlgn Hujal Prcfgbt (E==) lga ign Xun. Gn rgmajlml, gstmcpgrmbjn sg dmbg mutcitjbmigntg bumnlc sg kumrlm un ejbdgrc. Rj qujgrg rgbci-

pjamr am mpajbmbjn, gfgbutgXun > Bagmn mnl Hujal Prcfgbt.


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM 4:;

Rj am bcnstrubbjn lga ejbdgrc .bamssrgsuatm smtjsembtcrjm, vgr gn am vgntmnm lgsmajlm lga bcipjamlcr ga ignsmfg HWJAL RWBBGRREWA. Rj dmy prchagims bcnam bcnstrubbjn, vgr acs ignsmfgs lg grrcr bcrrgspcnljgntgs gn am ijsim vgntmnm.Pcr gfgipac, supcnkm qug gn am prjigrm angm lg bljkc lga itclc fHtRmaulcMb-tjcnPgrecrigl cavjl ga puntc y bcim ejnma. Bumnlc gfgbutg am crlgnHujal, ag sg-r icstrmlm unm vgntmnm bcic am sjkujgntg6

Am vgntmnm lg am ejkurm mntgrjcr jnljbm qug ga bcipjamlcr dm lgtgbtmlc qug ema-tm un puntc y bcim. Pmrm jr m am angm lg bljkc lcnlg ga bcipjamlcr dm lgtgbtmlcga grrcr y bcrrgkjrac, puglg dmbgr bajb schrg ga ignsmfg lg grrcr. Wnm vgz qug ch-tgnkm unm bcipjambjn sjn grrcrgs, puglg gfgbutmr am mpajbmbjn.

Nc chstmntg, gstg grrcr tmihjn sg dmbg vjsjhag mntgs lg am bcipjambjn gn amvgntmnm lg gljbjn. Chsgrvg am angm suhrmymlm gn am ejkurm sjkujgntg? gs am qugbcntjgng ga grrcr. Rj pcng ga puntgrc lga rmtn schrg gaam, ag sgr icstrmlc un ign-smfg bcrtc jnljbmnlc ga grrcr bcigtjlc6

Pmrm gfgbutmr am mpajbmbjn, sgagbbjcng am crlgn Xun Prcfgbtlga ignXun. Rjnc dmy grrcrgs lg gfgbubjn,NgtHgmnsicstrmr acs rgsuatmlcs.

Nc chstmntg, bumnlc am scaubjn chtgnjlm nc sgm smtjsembtcrjm y nc sgmics bm-pmbgs lg acbmajzmr lnlg sg gst prclubjgnlc ga grrcr (jimkjngics unm gxprgsjnm/(8*h)gn am qug cavjlmics pcngr acs pmrntgsjs), pclgics utjajzmr ga lgpurmlcr

pmrm gfgbutmr ga prckrmim pmsc m pmsc y pclgr jnvgstjkmr acs rgsuatmlcs pmrbjmagsqug sg vmn prclubjgnlc m igljlm qug mvmnzm am gfgbubjn.

Lgpurmr am mpajbmbjn

Mpcynlcncs gn am mpajbmbjn qug mbmhmics lg ljsgmr, gnuigrmics unm sgrjg lgpmscs qug ag gnsgmrn bic trmhmfmr bcn ga lgpurmlcr6


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=. Ljrfmsg m am vgntmnm lg gljbjn y dmkm bajb bcn ga hctn jzqujgrlc lga rmtn mam jzqujgrlm lg am aamimlm ma itclc jnjtBcipcngntsqug dmy gn ga bcnstrub-

tcr BMpajbmbjcn, schrg am bcauinm qug iugstrm ga nigrc lg angm. Dm gstm-hagbjlc un puntc lg pmrmlm? gstc gs, bumnlc sg gfgbutg am mpajbmbjn sgknjnljbm ga puntc sjkujgntg, am gfgbubjn sgr lgtgnjlm gn gsg puntc. Pmrm qujtmrga puntc lg pmrmlm, prcbglm lg jkuma ecrim.

\mihjn puglg gstmhagbgr un puntc lg pmrmlm dmbjgnlc bajb bcn ga hctn lg-rgbdc lga rmtn schrg am angm lg bljkc y gfgbutmnlc am crlgn \ckkag Ajng

Hrgmopcjnt(Btra+E4) lga ign bcntgxtuma qug sg vjsumajzm.

8. Gfgbutg am crlgnLghuk Prcfgbt(Btra+E7) lga ignLghuk. Am gfgbubjn lgaprckrmim sg jnjbjm y sg lgtjgng gn ga puntc lg pmrmlm mntgrjcrigntg mmljlc,jnstmntg gn ga qug sg iugstrm ga gspmbjc lg trmhmfc lg lgpurmbjn bcipugstc

pcr acs pmngags Umrjmhags, Hrgmopcjnts, gtb. qug puglg chsgrvmr gn am ejkurmmntgrjcr.

Am lgpurmbjn puglg tmihjn jnjbjmrsg gfgbutmnlc am crlgn Rtgp Jntc(E;) lgaign Lghuk. Gstm ecrim lg prcbglgr nc rgqujgrg pcngr un puntc lg pmrmlmjnjbjma.

Gn bumaqujgr jnstmntg, puglg lgtgngr am lgpurmbjn gfgbutmnlc am crlgn EjnjsdLghukkgr Rgssjcn(Imysbuams+E7) lga ignLghuk.


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM 4::

2. Puglg bcntjnumr am gfgbubjn pmsc m pmsc pcr sgntgnbjms puasmnlc am tgbam E;(Rtgp Jntc), pmsc m pmsc pcr itclcs puasmnlc am tgbam E4(Rtgp Cvgr), dmstm am

pcsjbjn lga burscr puasmnlc am tgbam E Lghukkjnk, iugstrm acs ljstjntcs pmngags qug puglg utjajzmr.

\mihjn, bcacbmnlc ga puntc lg jnsgrbjn schrg unm vmrjmhag gn unm angm lgbljkc ym gfgbutmlm, ag sgr icstrmlm unm lgsbrjpbjn bcn ga vmacr lg ljbdmvmrjmhag.

Bcic matgrnmtjvm m ams rlgngs ignbjcnmlms lga ign Lghukgn acs puntcsmntgrjcrgs, puglg utjajzmr acs hctcngs bcrrgspcnljgntgs lg am hmrrm lg dgrrmijgntms

c ams tgbams lg mbbgsc ljrgbtc.

Mlijnjstrmlcrgs lg ljsgc nuac y mhscautc

Ga mlijnjstrmlcr lg ljsgc nuac, lgncijnmlc Nuaa Amycut, nc gs gstnlmr y pgr-ijtg bcacbmr acs bcipcngntgs gxmbtmigntg lcnlg sg qujgrm, pgrc sjn utjajzmr chfg-tcs pmrm lgejnjr ga tmimc y ams bccrlgnmlms lga bcipcngntg bcacbmlc. Mljegrgnbjm lg gstg, ga mlijnjstrmlcr lg ljsgc mhscautc, lgncijnmlc MhscautgAm-

ycut, nc gstnlmr, dmbg ac ijsic y, mlgis, utjajzm chfgtcs pmrm lgejnjr ga tmimcy ams bccrlgnmlms lga bcipcngntg bcacbmlc. Lg bumaqujgrm lg ams lcs ecrims rg-suatm iuy sgnbjaac ljsgmr jntgrembgs bcic am sjkujgntg6


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:00 FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

Mlgis, pmrm bcacbmr bmlm unc lg acs bcipcngntgs, ncs pclrgics myulmr lgunm rgfjaam jnvjsjhag schrg ga gljtcr lg ecriuamrjcs, qug sg puglg bcnejkurmr lgslgga ljackc Cptjcns(ign \ccas, crlgn Cptjcns, hctn Fmvm, pmnga KWJ Hujalgr,vmacr Krjl Rjzg).

Gs jipcrtmntg smhgr qug ga gipagc lg am pamntjaamMhscautgAmycut(c nc utjaj-zmr pamntjaam) nc gs rgbcignlmlc gn kgngrma, ym qug bumnlc ga gntcrnc bmihjm, ams

pcsjbjcngs y ga tmimc lg acs bcipcngntgs pgrimngbgn jnmatgrmhags. Mlgis,puglgn mpmrgbgr ljstcrsjcngs bumnlc tma mpajbmbjn bcrrm gn unm pamtmecrim ljeg-rgntg c bumnlc lgbjlm icstrmr acs bcipcngntgs bcn unm mpmrjgnbjm ljegrgntg. Ncchstmntg, mihms ecrims lg ljsgc sg puglgn utjajzmr pcr am embjajlml qug cergbgn y,

pcstgrjcrigntg, mntgs lg ljstrjhujr am mpajbmbjn, bmihjmr ma mlijnjstrmlcr lg ljsg-c KrjlHmkAmycut. Mlgis, gstg bmihjc gs embjajtmlc pcrNgtHgmnsma prcpcrbjc-nmr un msjstgntg qug sjipajejbm am brgmbjn lg ecriuamrjcs qug utjajzmn gamlijnjstrmlcr lg ljsgc KrjlHmkAmycut. Gstc gs, unm vgz qug dmym bmihjmlc mgstg mlijnjstrmlcr, pmrm utjajzmr ga msjstgntg ma qug ncs dgics rgegrjlc, ljrfmsg manmvgkmlcr lg bcipcngntgs (Nmvjkmtcr) y utjajzmnlc ga hctn lgrgbdc lga rmtndmkm bajb schrg ga nclc KrjlHmkAmycut y gfgbutg am crlgn Bustcijzg lga ignbcntgxtuma qug sg vjsumajzm.

MMLJX C\XCR ECXIWAMXJCR M AM MPAJBMBJNNcrimaigntg, unm mpajbmbjn qug iugstrm unm jntgremz krejbm ma usumrjc lgspajg-km unm vgntmnm prjnbjpma y m pmrtjr lg gaam puglgn icstrmrsg ctrms vgntmnms lg lj-ackc lg makunc lg acs krupcs sjkujgntgs6

Ugntmnms lg ljackc prglgejnjlms. Rcn vgntmnms lg ljackc brgmlms pcr igljclg acs itclcs prcpcrbjcnmlcs pcr am bamsg FCptjcnPmnglg am hjhajctgbm FEB(Fmvm Ecunlmtjcn Bamssgs bamsgs hmsg lg Fmvm)? pcr gfgipac, sdcwIgs-

smkgLjmack. Ugntmnms lg ljackc pgrscnmajzmlms. Rcn vgntmnms lg ljackc dgbdms m iglj-

lm, pmrm ac buma am hjhajctgbm FEB prcpcrbjcnm am bamsg FLjmack.


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM :0=

Ugntmnms lg ljackc gstnlmr. Rcn vgntmnms iuy bciungs? pcr gfgipac, amsvgntmnms lg ljackcMhrjrc Kumrlmrprcpcrbjcnmlms pcr am bamsg FEjagBdcc-sgr, c ga ljackc Bcacrprcpcrbjcnmlc pcr am bamsg FBcacrBdccsgr.

Pmrm mmljr unc lg gstcs ljackcs, pcr gfgipac un FLjmack, puglg cptmr pcrmakunm lg ams sjkujgntgs cpbjcngs6

=. Mmlm un chfgtc FLjmack lgslg am pmagtm lg bcipcngntgs Rwjnk. Wnm vgzmmljlc, ljrfmsg ma nmvgkmlcr lg bcipcngntgs, dmkm lchag bajb schrg ga nugvcljackc mmljlc y bcipatgac lg mbugrlc bcn sus ngbgsjlmlgs.

8. Mmlm ma prcygbtc unm nugvm bamsg lgrjvmlm lg am bamsg FPmnga Ecri (pmrm

gaac dmkm bajb bcn ga hctn lgrgbdc lga rmtn schrg ga ncihrg lga prcygbtc) yicljejqug am lgejnjbjn lg am ijsim pmrm qug sg lgrjvg lg FLjmackgn aukmr lglgrjvmrsg lg FPmnga. Lgspus, lgslg bumaqujgr ctrm pmrtg lg su mpajbmbjn, pc-lr brgmr chfgtcs lg am nugvm bamsg mmljlm.

Rj cptm pcr am cpbjn =, ga chfgtc FLjmackquglmr jntgkrmlc gn su mpajbmbjnbcic bumaqujgr ctrc bcntrca qug dmym mmljlc m su vgntmnm prjnbjpma. Gn bmihjc,sj cptm pcr am cpbjn 8, sg mmljr unm nugvm bamsg lgrjvmlm lg FLjmack.

PXCZGB\CRWn prcygbtc pgrijtg mkrupmr acs ejbdgrcs rgqugrjlcs pmrm prclubjr unm mpajbmbjnc un mppagt. Gstc prgsgntm vgntmfms bcic pclgr bcipjamr tclc ga prcygbtc sjn tg-ngr qug gspgbjejbmr acs ejbdgrcs qug jnbauyg, gspgbjejbmr am bamsg prjnbjpma lga prc-ygbtc, vgr hmfc ga pmnga Prcfgbtslga gxpacrmlcr tclcs acs ejbdgrcs qug bcipcngnga prcygbtc, bcnejkurmr ga gntcrnc lg lgsmrrcaac jntgkrmlc (GLJ) pmrm bmlm prcygb-tc, gtb. Lg gstc sg lglubg qug pmrm un lgtgrijnmlc prcygbtc pclgics bcnejkurmrun gsbgnmrjc pmrtjbuamr qug sgr kumrlmlc bumnlc sg ejnmajbg am sgsjn, ac qug

pgrijtjr rgbupgrmrac mutcitjbmigntg am prxjim vgz qug sg bmrkug gsg prcygbtc.

Puglg tgngr bmrkmlcs vmrjcs prcygbtcs sjiuatngmigntg y mbtjvmr gn bmlm jns-tmntg mquga schrg ga qug lgsgm trmhmfmr. Pmrm gaac tjgng qug dmbgr bajb schrg ga


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ncihrg lga prcygbtc qug lgsgm sgm ga mbtuma, c hjgn gstmhagbgrac bcic tma gfgbu-tmnlc am crlgn Rgt Imjn Prcfgbtlga ignXun.

Lg ecrim prglgtgrijnmlm am bcljejbmbjn lg acs prcygbtcs NgtHgmnsgs W\E-4.Rj ngbgsjtm bmihjmram, dmkm bajb bcn ga hctn sgbunlmrjc lga rmtn schrg ga ncihrglga prcygbtc y gspgbjejqug gstg bljkc gn Prcpjglmlgs > Rcurbgs > Gnbcljnk.

BCIPAG\MX GA BLJKC IJGN\XMR RG GRBXJHG

NgtHgmnsprcpcrbjcnm am bmrmbtgrstjbm lg bcipagtmr ga bljkc ijgntrms ac gsbrjhg6

Pcr gfgipac, sgkn puglg vgrsg gn am ejkurm mntgrjcr, bumnlc dmym gsbrjtcfGtRmaulc, mpmrgbgr unm ajstm lg acs pcsjhags itclcs qug puglgn sgr jnvcbmlcs(sj nc mpmrgbg ljbdm ajstm, puasg ams tgbams Btra+gspmbjc)? sgagbbjcng ga mlgbumlc y

puasg am tgbamGntrmr.

Gstg tjpc lg myulm scac gstmr ljspcnjhag sj gst mbtjvmlm am cpbjn lg bcipag-tmr bljkc. Pmrm vgrac, gfgbutg am crlgn Cptjcnslga ign \ccasy dmkm bajb gn ga

hctnGljtcr > Bclg Bcipagtjcn.

CH\GNGX MZWLM

Am crlgnFmvmlcb Jnlgx Rgmrbdlga ignDgap(Imysbuams+E=) pgrijtg chtgngrmyulm mbgrbm lg iatjpags tgims. Pgrc sj qujgrg chtgngr myulm mbgrbm lg am hjhajc-tgbm lg bamsgs lg Fmvm (supcnjgnlc qug am dm jnstmamlc), gs prgbjsc qug ljbdc gn-tcrnc tgnkm bcncbjijgntc lg am rutm lg mbbgsc m am ijsim. Pmrm gaac gfgbutg am


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM :02

crlgnFmvm Pamtecri lga ign \ccasy msgkrgsg lg qug gn am ajstm lg rutms ics-trmlm gn ga pmnga Fmvmlcbdmy unm qug dmbg rgegrgnbjm m am bmrpgtm lcnlg sg gn-bugntrm am myulm ignbjcnmlm? sj nc gs ms, mlmam.

Lgspus lga prcbgsc mntgrjcr, bumnlc puasg ams tgbams Imysbuams+E=, sg vj-sumajzmr ga pmnga qug sg iugstrm gn am ejkurm sjkujgntg, lcnlg pclr scajbjtmr myu-lm mbgrbm lg am bamsg qug qujgrm. \mihjn puglg ljrjkjrsg ma gljtcr lg bljkc,

bcacbmr ga burscr schrg ga ncihrg lg am bamsg, itclc, gtb. lg am buma qujgrg myulmy puasmr ams tgbamsImysbuams+E=.


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:0< FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

Ms ijsic, puglg chtgngr myulm mbgrbm lga lgsmrrcaac lg mpajbmbjcngs y lgaGLJ puasmnlc am tgbam E=, c hjgn gfgbutmnlc am crlgn Dgap Bcntgnts lga ign

Dgap.

BXGMX WN MPPAG\

Pmrm gfgbutmr un mppagt gn unm mpajbmbjn wgh, dmy qug brgmrac sgpmrmlmigntgbcic un prcygbtc lg tjpc Bamss Ajhrmry(hjhajctgbm lg bamsgs) y gipmqugtmr lgs-

pus ga ejbdgrc FMX lga mppagtgn am mpajbmbjn wgh.

Pmrm brgmr un mppagtlgslg ga gntcrnc lg lgsmrrcaac NgtHgmnssjkm acs pmscs

jnljbmlcs m bcntjnumbjn6=. Rgagbbjcng Ejag > Ngw Prcfgbt > Fmvm > Bamss Ajhrmry.

8. Gsbrjhm ga ncihrg lga prcygbtc y sgagbbjcng am bmrpgtm lcnlg lgsgm maimbg-nmrac.

2. Wnm vgz brgmlc ga prcygbtc, dmkm bajb schrg ga ncihrg lga ijsic utjajzmnlc gahctn sgbunlmrjc lga rmtn y sgagbbjcngNgw > Ctdgr > Fmvm > FMppagt.

Ctdgr > Ctdgr > D\IA Ejag.

Gfgbutmr un mppagt

Rupcnkmics qug dgics bcnstrujlc un mppagt ecrimlc pcr acs ejbdgrcs IjMp-pagt.fmvmy IjMppagt.dtia(vmsg ga bmptuac Bajgntgs). Pmrm gfgbutmrac, hmstm bcn

dmbgr lchag bajb schrg am pkjnm IjMppagt.dtia? gstm mbbjn mhrjr ga gxpacrmlcrqug tgnkm jnstmamlc y icstrmr am pkjnm wgh bcn am gfgbubjn lga mppagt. Mdcrm

hjgn, sgpm qug lgslg am vgrsjn =.; W7= lg Fmvm, acs mppagtsbcn mbbgsc ma sjstgimacbma mutcejrimlcs (puglg gbdmr unm cfgmlm m ams utjajlmlgs ogytccayfmrsjkngrlgFmvm) ym nc puglgn gfgbutmrsg. Rj ac jntgntm ag sgr icstrmlc un ignsmfg lg mlvgr-tgnbjm krmvg. Pmrm pclgr gfgbutmracs, dmy qug chtgngr un bgrtjejbmlc y ejrimracs.

Gntcnbgs, bic pclgics prchmracs gn nugstrc sjstgim acbma sjn tgngr qugrgmajzmr ga prcbgsc lg ejrim3 Gn unm prjigrm mprcxjimbjn, gn [jnlcws, ics-trmics ga pmnga lg bcntrca lg Fmvm6Jnjbjc > \clcs acs prckrmims > Fmvm > Bcn-

ejkurmr Fmvm > Rgkurjlmly hmfmics ga njvga lg sgkurjlml ma injic pcsjhag.


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Gstm mbbjn sgr suejbjgntg pmrm gfgbutmr ga mppagtsj gstg nc tjgng qug mbbglgrm acs rgburscs lg nugstrm iqujnm. Bcic matgrnmtjvm, puglg prchmr gstc ctrc6 mm-lm m am ajstm lg gxbgpbjcngs lg sjtjcs mlijnjstrmlm pcr ga pmnga lg bcntrca lg Fmvmga WXA lga sjtjc lga mppagtqug lgsgmics gfgbutmr. Gn nugstrc bmsc, gljtmics gstmajstm dmbjgnlc bajb gn ga hctnGljtmr ajstm lg sjtjcslga pmnga (vmsg am ejkurm mntg-rjcr) y mkrgkmics ga WXA lga sjtjc lg nugstrc mppagt(dttp6//acbmadcst64040)6

Gstm mbbjn tmihjn sgr suejbjgntg pmrm gfgbutmr ga mppagtsj gstg nc tjgng qug

mbbglgr m acs rgburscs lg nugstrm iqujnm? pcr gfgipac, pmrm aggr un ejbdgrc qugbcntjgng unm jimkgn.


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Gn ctrc bmsc, pcr sgkurjlml, njnkn mppagttjgng pgrijtjlc ga mbbgsc m acs rg-burscs lg nugstrm iqujnm, m igncs qug gxpabjtmigntg sg ac bcnbglmics jnbau-ygnlc ga pgrijsc bcrrgspcnljgntg gn am pcatjbm lg sgkurjlml. Pmrm gaac tgnlrgicsqug gljtmr un ejbdgrc lg pcatjbm qug jnbauym acs pgrijscs mlgbumlcs y bmrkmr lj-bdc ejbdgrc lgslg ga ejbdgrc fmvm.sgburjtylg Fmvm, sgkn gxpcngics m bcntjnum-bjn.

Gljtmr am pcatjbm lg sgkurjlml

Mbtumaigntg, gn ams pamtmecrims Fmvm acs ejbdgrcs rgambjcnmlcs bcn am sgkurjlmlrgsjlgn gn am bmrpgtmfmvm.dcigQajhQsgburjty(fmvm.dciggs am bmrpgtm gn am qug sgjnstma ga FXG). Gn gstm bmrpgtm sg gnbugntrmn, gntrg ctrcs, ga ejbdgrc lg prcpjglm-lgs lg sgkurjlmlfmvm.sgburjtyy ga ejbdgrc lg pcatjbm lga sjstgimfmvm.pcajby.

Gn ga ejbdgrc fmvm.sgburjty sg bcnejkurmn prcpjglmlgs lg sgkurjlml qug scn

utjajzmlms bcn ams bamsgs lga pmqugtg fmvm.sgburjty? pcr gfgipac, ga WXA pmrm gaejbdgrc lg pcatjbm qug lghm sgr utjajzmlc bcn unm mpajbmbjn bcnbrgtm.

Pgnsmnlc gn nugstrc mppagt, vmics m mmljr un ejbdgrc lg pcatjbm, pcr gfgi-pac mppagt.pcajby, qug mmlm un pgrijsc pmrm qug ga ljbdc mppagtpuglm mbbglgr macs rgburscs lg nugstrm iqujnm. Pmrm gaac gfgbutmics am dgrrmijgntm fm-vm.dcigQhjnQpcajbytcca. M bcntjnumbjn brgmics ga ejbdgrc mppagt.pcajby, c ac glj-tmics sj ym gxjstg6


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM :0;

Gn ga sjkujgntg pmsc gfgbutmicsMkrgkmr gntrmlm lg pcatjbm > Mkrgkmr pgr-ijsc > Pgrijsc > MaaPgrijssjcn > Mbgptmr > Ajstc > Mrbdjvc > Kumrlmr6

M bcntjnumbjn gljtmics ga ejbdgrcfmvm.sgburjtyy mmljics am angm qug gs-pgbjejbm am rutm lga ejbdgrc lg pcatjbm qug dmy qug bmrkmr6

pca j by. ur a . =9e j a g6 ${f mvm. dcig}/ a j h/ sgbur j t y/ f mvm. pca j bypca j by. ur a . 89e j a g6 ${usgr . dcig}/ . f mvm. pca j bypca j by. ur a . 29e j a g6 / B6 / . . . / Bmr kmrXgbur scs/ mppa gt . pca j by

Mdcrm, bumnlc gfgbutgics ga mppagt, prgvjmigntg sg gstmhagbgrn acs pgrijscsgstmhagbjlcs gn acs ejbdgrcs gspgbjejbmlcs pcr ams angms mntgrjcrgs.


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MPAJBMBJN FRP-RGXUAG\

Gn acs bmptuacs == y =8 gxpajbmics bic lgsmrrcaamr mpajbmbjcngs pmrm Jntgrngtutjajzmnlc sgrvagtsyFRP.NgtHgmnstmihjn pgrijtg gstg tjpc lg lgsmrrcaacs.

Bcic gfgipac lg lgsmrrcaac lg unm mpajbmbjn pmrm Jntgrngt bcn NgtHgmns,vmics m rgmajzmr ctrm vgrsjn lg am mpajbmbjn qug lgsmrrcaamics gn ga bmptuac ==(bmp==Qflhb\utcrjms=) pmrm qug pgrijtm m un mauinc bcnbgrtmr unm tutcrm, sgkniugstrm am ejkurm sjkujgntg. Xgbugrlg qug gstm mpajbmbjn gstmhm ecrimlm pcr gasgrvagt Rv\utcrjms, am bamsg HL\utcrjms, ga ejbdgrc jnlgx.dtia, y qug mbbglm m am

hmsg lg lmtcs hlStutcrjms.

Jnjbjg unm nugvm mpajbmbjn6 Ejag > Ngw Prcfgbt > Fmvm [gh > [gh Mppajbm-tjcn.


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM :0:

Puasg ga hctnNgxt. Rg vjsumajzmr am vgntmnm sjkujgntg6

Puasg ga hctn Ejnjsd. Rg vjsumajzmr am vgntmnm sjkujgntg6


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:=0 FMUM6 JN\GXEMBGR KXEJBMR Z MPAJBMBJCNGR PMXM JN\GXNG\

Zm tjgng brgmlc ga iluac wgh. Acs pmscs sjkujgntgs tjgngn bcic ejn mmljracs ejbdgrcs bcrrgspcnljgntgs ma sgrvagt Rv\utcrjms, m am bamsgHL\utcrjmsy ma ej-

bdgrc tutcrjms.dtiaqug brgmics gn ga bmptuac == pmrm qug un mauinc puljgrm sc-ajbjtmr unm tutcrm.

Gsbrjhm gntrg ams gtjqugtms 1dtia>y 1/dtia>lga ejbdgrc jnlgx.dtiaga bcntg-njlc lga ejbdgrc tutcrjms.dtia. Ms, gstg ejbdgrc pmsm m aamimrsg mdcrm jnlgx.dtia.]uglm bcic gfgrbjbjc pmrm ga agbtcr brgmr am ajstm lg prcegscrgs lg gstm pkjnm wghljnijbmigntg, chtgnjgnlc acs lmtcs lg am tmham prcegscrgslg am hmsg lg lmtcs?gstc puglg dmbgrac, pcr gfgipac, brgmnlc unm gtjqugtm pgrscnmajzmlm sgkn sg gx-

pajb gn ga mpmrtmlc Brgmr unm mpajbmbjn FGG bcn NgtHgmnslga bmptuac Fmvm

GG. Puglg tmihjn, sj ac lgsgm, bmihjmr su ncihrg y gljtmr ga ejbdgrc wgh.xialg am bmrpgtm [GH-JNEpmrm dmbgr rgegrgnbjm ma ijsic.

Bumnlc gljtg ga ejbdgrc jnlgx.dtia, msgkrgsg lg qug ga WXA gspgbjejbmlc pcrga mtrjhutc mbtjcnlg ecrigs6

1e cr i mbt j cn9"dt t p6 / / a cbma dcst 6 4040/ f lhb\ut cr j ms/ Rv\ut cr j ms"

Rj utjajzm vmrjmhags c bcnstmntgs qug jnbauygn vcbmags mbgntumlms y ctrms agtrmsgspgbjmags lga jljcim gspmca, qujzs tgnkm qug gspgbjejbmr qug sg utjajbg ga fugkc

lg bmrmbtgrgs mlgbumlc. Gn unm pkjnm D\IA puglg dmbgrac ms61dt ia >

1dgml>


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Ms, pmrm mmljr ga sgrvagtRv\utcrjms, dmkm bajb bcn ga hctn lgrgbdc lga rmtnschrg ga ncihrg flhb\utcrjms lga prcygbtc, y sgagbbjcng Ngw > Rgrvagt. Gn amvgntmnm qug sg vjsumajzm, jntrcluzbm ga ncihrg lga ejbdgrc Rv\utcrjms.

Puasg ga hctnNgxt.

Puasg ga hctn Ejnjsdy gsbrjhm ga bljkc lga ejbdgrc.


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM :=2

Pmrm mmljr am bamsgHL\utcrjms, prcbglm lg ecrim mnackm. Gstc gs, dmkm bajbbcn ga hctn lgrgbdc lga rmtn schrg ga ncihrg flhb\utcrjmslga prcygbtc, y sg-

agbbjcngNgw > Fmvm Bamss. Gn am vgntmnm qug sg vjsumajzm, jntrcluzbm ga ncihrglga ejbdgrcHL\utcrjmsy puasg ga hctn Ejnjsd. Lgspus gsbrjhm ga bljkc lga ej-bdgrc.

Ejnmaigntg, gljtg ga ejbdgrc wgh.xia y msgkrgsg lg qug am gtjqugtm 1ura-pmttgrn>gspgbjejbm ga pmtrn /sgrvagt/Rv\utcrjmsy lg qug am gtjqugtm 1wgabcig-ejag>gspgbjejbm ga ejbdgrc jnlgx.dtia.

Msgkrgsg tmihjn lg qug NgtHgmnsbcncbg am rutm lcnlg sg acbmajzm ga bc-ngbtcr iysqa-bcnngbtcr-fmvm-hjn.fmr(vmsg gn ga mpnljbg H ga mpmrtmlc Wtjajzmrga bcntrcamlcr IyR]A bcn NgtHgmns).

Lgspus msgkrgsg lg qug dm jnjbjmlc ga sgrvjlcrIyR]Ay lg qug ga usumrjcy am bcntrmsgm qug gspgbjejb gnHL\utcrjmspmrm rgmajzmr am bcngxjn bcn am hmsglg lmtcs scn bcrrgbtcs.

Bcipjag am mpajbmbjn y gfgbtgam.


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Dmkm bajb gn Rjkujgntg.

Bcntjng gn gstm pkjnm gstmhagbjgnlc acs vmacrgs lg ams prcpjglmlgs qugmpmrgbmn gn kamssejsd-rgscurbgs.xia. ]ujzs ac is sgnbjaac sgm hcrrmr tclms ams

prcpjglmlgs qug mpmrgbgn6


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Puglg mdcrm rgjnjbjmr ga sgrvjlcr, hjgn lgslg ga mlijnjstrmlcr, c hjgn lgslgNgtHgmns6

Ga prcbgsc qug mbmhmics lg lgsbrjhjr pclrm tmihjn rgmajzmrsg lgslg Ngt-Hgmns. Chsgrvg gn am ejkurm sjkujgntg am bmtgkcrm KamssEjsdy acs tjpcs lg ejbdgrc

FLHB Bcnngbtjcn PccayFLHB Xgscurbg.

Chsgrvmrgics qug sg brgm un ejbdgrc sun-rgscurbgs.xiagn nugstrc prcygbtc.

GaFLHB Bcnngbtjcn Pccay gaFLHB Xgscurbgbrgmlcs lgslgNgtHgmnssg mpajbm-rn ma sgrvjlcr KamssEjsd njbmigntg bumnlc sg lgspajgkug ga prcygbtc. Mdcrm

hjgn, bumnlc am bcnejkurmbjn sg dmbg lgslgNgtHgmns, gs scac bcn ejngs lg lgsm-


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM :=:

rrcaac. Akjbmigntg, bumnlc lgspagkugics am mpajbmbjn gn un sgrvjlcr rgma, tgn-lrgics qug jr m gsg sgrvjlcr y dmbgr am bcnejkurmbjn ncsctrcs ijsics sgkn dg-ics gxpajbmlc mntgrjcrigntg.

Gntcnbgs, pmrm brgmr unpccalg bcngxjcngs pmrm qug unm mpajbmbjn puglm ch-tgngr unm bcngxjn pmrm mbbglgr m unm hmsg lg lmtcs, lgslg NgtHgmns, dmkm bajbbcn ga hctn sgbunlmrjc lga rmtn schrg ga ncihrg lga prcygbtc > Ngw > Ctdgr >KamssEjsd > FLHB Bcnngbtjcn Pcca6

Dmkm bajb gnNgxtpmrm gstmhagbgr ga usumrjc y am bcntrmsgm lg mbbgsc m am hm-sg lg lmtcs. Ga rgstc lg acs lmtcs, kgngrmaigntg, scn acs qug mpmrgbgn.


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M bcntjnumbjn gstmhagbgics ga rgbursc lg FLHB? gstc gs, ga ncihrg FNLJ qugmpuntm ma pcca lg bcngxjcngs6 bajb bcn ga hctn sgbunlmrjc lga rmtn schrg gancihrg lga prcygbtc >Ngw > Ctdgr > KamssEjsd > FLHB Xgscurbg6


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM :8=

Bcipjag y lgspajgkug am mpajbmbjn. Rj mdcrm mhrg ga mlijnjstrmlcr lg Kamss-Ejsdchsgrvmr gn ga nclc FLHB gapccalg bcngxjcngs y ga rgbursc mmljlcs.

LGPWXMX BLJKC FMUMRBXJP\

Gn unm mpajbmbjn wgh Fmvm qug jnbauym bljkc FmvmRbrjpt (vmsg ga bmptuac =2)gs pcsjhag utjajzmr ga lgpurmlcr lg Ijbrcscet Ujsuma Rtuljc 8007, c makn ctrc qugac scpcrtg, pmrm lgpurmr gsg bljkc.

Pmrm pclgr lgpurmr bljkc FmvmRbrjpt, ga prjigr pmsc gs dmhjajtmr gstm cpbjngn ga nmvgkmlcr. Gn ga bmsc lg Jntgrngt Gxpacrgr, sgagbbjcngDgrrmijgntms > Cp-bjcngs lg Jntgrngt > Cpbjcngs mvmnzmlms

y msgkrgsg lg qug nc gst sgagbbjcnmlmam cpbjnLgsdmhjajtmr am lgpurmbjn lg sbrjpts6

Buipajlc ga rgqujsjtc mntgrjcr, scac quglm pcngr gn ga bljkc FmvmRbrjpt m lg-purmr am sgntgnbjm lghukkgr. Lg gstm ecrim, bumnlc jnjbjg am lgpurmbjn lg ammpajbmbjn y ga eaufc lg gfgbubjn pmsg pcr gstm sgntgnbjm, am gfgbubjn sg lgtgnlry pclr bcntjnumram pmsc m pmsc.

e unbt j cn Bmr kmr \mha m( r gsua t mlc, bcnt gxt c){

lghukkgr ?vmr ga gigntcs 9

AcmlTia ErciRt r j nk( r gsua t mlc) . kgt Ga gignt sHy\mkNmig("st r j nk") ?


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\mha mXgsua t mlcs 9 lcbuignt . kgtGa gigntHyJ l( "\mha mLgXgsua t mlcs") ?j e ( \mha mXgsua t mlcs ! 9 nua a ){

/ / . . .

Puglg tmihjn gbdmr unm cfgmlm m gstg bcipagigntc lga nmvgkmlcr Ejrgecx6Ejrghuk(dttp6//kgtejrghuk.bci/).

RPXJNK \CCA RWJ\G

Gn gstg mpmrtmlc vmics m gxpcngr acs pmscs hsjbcs pmrm rgmajzmr un prcygbtc utj-ajzmnlc ga GLJ Rprjnk \cca RujtgyImvgnpmrm am brgmbjn lga prcygbtc.Imvgngsunm dgrrmijgntm pmrm am kgstjn y bcnstrubbjn lg prcygbtcs Fmvm.

Pmrm gljtmr y gfgbutmr am mpajbmbjn rgmajzmlm gn ga bmptuac =, Dcam, iun-lc!!!, utjajzmnlc gstg GLJ, acs pmscs m sgkujr sg jnljbmn m bcntjnumbjn6

=. Rupcnjgnlc qug ym sg gst vjsumajzmnlc ga gntcrnc lg lgsmrrcaac, gfgbutg amcrlgn Ejag > Ngw > Ctdgr

8. Rg iugstrm am vgntmnmNgw. Rgagbbjcng ga msjstgntgImvgn Prcfgbty dmkm bajbgn ga hctnNgxt.


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2. Rg iugstrm am vgntmnmNgw Imvgn Prcfgbt. Imrqug am cpbjn Brgmtg m RjipagPrcfgbt(brgmr un prcygbtc sjipag) y dmkm bajb gn ga hctnNgxt. Bcipagtg amvgntmnmNgw Imvgn Prcfgbtlg ecrim mnackm m bcic sg iugstrm m bcntjnum-bjn. Chsgrvg qug sg dm gspgbjejbmlc ga jlgntjejbmlcr lg krupc, ga ncihrg lga

prcygbtc, am vgrsjn y ga tjpc lg gipmqugtmlc.


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Rdcw Ujgw > Ctdgrs6

Gn am vgntmnm Rdcw Ujgw, sgagbbjcng Imvgn Xgpcsjtcrjgsy, m bcntjnumbjn,prcbglm sgkn iugstrm am ejkurm sjkujgntg (bajb bcn ga hctn sgbunlmrjc lga rmtnschrg Kachma Xgpcsjtcrjgs > bgntrma > Xghujal Jnlgx)6


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Rgagbbjcng ga pmnga Rcurbgy nc gxbauym njnkn mrbdjvc gn ams bmrpgtms rg-scurbgslga prcygbtc (prcbglm sgkn iugstrm am ejkurm mntgrjcr).

M bcntjnumbjn sgagbbjcnmics ga pmngaAjhrmrjgspmrm vgrjejbmr qug am hjhajc-tgbm FXG lg Fmvm gs am qug qugrgics utjajzmr. Rj qujgrg gagkjr ctrm vgrsjn, dmkmbajb gn ga hctnGljty sgagbbjngam.

Ga sjkujgntg pmsc sgr mkrgkmr ma prcygbtc ams lgpgnlgnbjms bcn rgspgbtc m acsiluacs lg Rprjnk qug sgmn ngbgsmrjcs. Pcr gfgipac6 sprjnk-bcrg, sprjnk-bcntgxt-suppcrt, sprjnk-tgst,funjt, gtb. Pmrm gaac dmkm lchag bajb schrg ga ejbdgrc pci.xialga prcygbtc, sgagbbjcng ga pmngaLgpgnlgnbjgsy dmkm bajb gn ga hctnMll

Lgspus, gn am vgntmnm qug sg iugstrm, gn am bmfm lg tgxtcGntgr krcupJl, mrtj-embtJl cr sdm= prgejx cr pmttgrn (*)6, gsbrjhm, pcr gfgipac, ga pmtrn rgamtjvc mailuac qug lgsgm husbmr (gn am ejkurm, ga iluac sprjnk-bcntgxt-suppcrt, ga njbcngbgsmrjc pmrm gstg prcygbtc) y sgagbbjngac6


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Rgagbbjcng bcic crjkgnGxjstjnk Prcfgbts jntc [crospmbgy lgspus am bmrpg-tm rmz lga prcygbtc.

Wnm vgz brgmlc ga prcygbtc, gljtmics ga bljkc bcrrgspcnljgntg m am mpajbm-bjn. Gn nugstrc bmsc vmics m mmljr am jntgremz RgrvjbjcLgIgnsmfgsy am bamsg

JiprgscrmLgIgnsmfgs gn ga pmqugtg hgmns, y am bamsg Mpajbmbjcn gn ga pmqugtgdcamiunlc.

Rprjnk jnbauyg unm sgrjg lg iluacs gntrg acs bumags sg gnbugntrm ga qug vm-ics m utjajzmr mqu6 sprjnk-bcntgxt. Gntcnbgs, sj ga prcygbtc ym tjgng gstmhagbjlm amlgpgnlgnbjm bcn gstg iluac, pclgics pmsmr m gsbrjhjr ga sjkujgntg bljkc.

hgmns/RgrvjbjcLgIgnsmfgs.fmvm

pmbomkg hgmns?

puha j b j nt gr e mbg Rgr vj bj cLgIgnsmf gs{

Rt r j nk cht gngr Ignsmkg( ) ?}

hgmns/JiprgscrmLgIgnsmfgs.fmvm

pmbomkg hgmns?

j ipcr t cr k. spr j nke r migwcr o. hgmns. e mbt cr y. mnnct mt j cn. Mut cwj r gl?j ipcrt crk. spr j nke r migwcr o. st gr gctypg. Bcipcngnt ?

@Bcipcngnt / / Rpr j nk r gkj st r m a m ba msg bcic hgmn lg a m mpa j bmbj npuha j b ba mss J ipr gscrmLgIgnsmf gs{


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MPNLJBG M6 GN\CXNC LG LGRMXXCAAC JN\GKXMLC PMXM FMUM :8:

@Mut cwj r gl / / lgbj ics m Rpr j nk qug j nygbt g unm lgpgnlgnbj mpr j vmt g Rgr vj bj cLgIgnsmf gs sgr vj bj c?

puha j b vcj l gsbrj hj r Ignsmf g( ){

Ryst gi. cut . pr j nt a n( t dj s. sgr vj bj c. cht gngr Ignsmkg( ) ) ?}

}

dcamiunlc/Mpajbmbjcn.fmvm

pmbomkg dca miunlc?

j ipcr t cr k. spr j nke r migwcr o. bcnt gxt . Mppa j bmt j cnBcnt gxt ?j ipcr t cr k. spr j nke r migwcr o. bcnt gxt . mnnct mt j cn. *?

j ipcrt hgmns. J ipr gscrmLgIgnsmf gs?j ipcrt hgmns. Rgr vj bj cLgIgnsmf gs?

@Bcne j kur mt j cn / / a m ba msg mnct mlm gs lg bcne j kur mbj n lg Rpr j nk@BcipcngntRbmn("hgmns" ) / / husbmr bcipcngntgs gn pmqugtgspuha j b ba mss Mpa j bmbj cn{

@Hgmn / / j nlj bm qug un it clc pr clubg unm lge j nj bj n lg hgmnRgrvj bj cLgIgnsmf gs icboRgrvj bj cLgIgnsmf gs( ){

r gtur n ngw Rgr vj bj cLgIgnsmf gs( ){

puha j b Rt r j nk cht gngr Ignsmkg( ){r gt ur n "Dca m Iunlc! ! ! " ?

}}?

}

puha j b st mt j b vcj l imj n( Rt r j nk_ Y mr ks){

Mppa j bmt j cnBcnt gxt bcnt gxt c 9ngw Mnnct mt j cnBcne j kMppa j bmt j cnBcnt gxt ( Mpa j bmbj cn. ba mss) ?

J iprgscr mLgIgnsmf gs j iprgscr m 9bcnt gxt c. kgt Hgmn( J ipr gscrmLgIgnsmf gs. ba mss) ?

j ipr gscr m. gsbrj hj r Ignsmf g( ) ?}

}

Ga gfgipac mntgrjcr iugstrm ga bcnbgptc hsjbc lg am jnygbbjn lg lgpgnlgn-bjm. Chsgrvmics qug am bamsg JiprgscrmLgIgnsmfgs gst lgsmbcpamlm lg am ji-

pagigntmbjn RgrvjbjcLgIgnsmfgs, pmrm ac buma, utjajzmnlc ams mnctmbjcngs lgRprjnk Ermigwcro, sg jnygbtm unm lgpgnlgnbjm.

Bcic gfgrbjbjc, puglg rgmajzmr ga ijsic prcygbtc, pgrc mdcrm utjajzmnlcNgt-

Hgmns. Brgg un nugvc prcygbtcFmvm Mppajbmtjcn, mmlm ma prcygbtc am hjhajctgbmRprjnk y lgspus mmlm am jntgremz y ams bamsgs gsbrjtms mntgrjcrigntg.


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MPNLJBG HE.F.Bghmaacs/XM-IM

JNR\MAMBJN LGA RCE\[MXGGn acs bmptuacs lg gstg ajhrc, vmics m ngbgsjtmr utjajzmr ljstjntcs pmqugtgs lgscetwmrg pmrm pclgr jipagigntmr y prchmr ams mpajbmbjcngs qug gn gaacs sg gxpaj-bmn? pcr gfgipac, ga kgstcr lg hmsgs lg lmtcs (PcstkrgR]AcIyR]A), ga gntcrnclg lgsmrrcaac (NgtHgmnscGbajpsg) c ga sgrvjlcr lg mpajbmbjcngs (Mpmbdg \cibmtc KamssEjsd Rgrvgr). Gstg mpnljbg ag jnljbmr lg ecrim hrgvg bic jnstmamr gstcs

pmqugtgs gn unm iqujnm [jnlcws y bic pcngracs gn imrbdm.

FLO 4

Fmvm Pamtecri Rtmnlmrl Gljtjcn Lgvgacpignt Ojt 4 (mhrgvjmlmigntg, Fmvm RGLgvgacpignt Ojt 4cFLO 4) prcpcrbjcnm am hmsg pmrm lgsmrrcaamr y ljstrjhujr mpaj-bmbjcngs qug sg pclrn gfgbutmr gn un sgrvjlcr c gn un crlgnmlcr pgrscnma bcnljstjntcs sjstgims cpgrmtjvcs. Mbtumajzm ams vgrsjcngs mntgrjcrgs g jnbauyg nugvmsbmrmbtgrstjbms (lgsmrrcaac is ebja, is rpjlc y m igncr bcstg, y cergbg imycreunbjcnmajlml pmrm sgrvjbjcs wgh, scpcrtg lg agnkumfgs ljnijbcs, ljmknstjbcs,

mpajbmbjcngs lg gsbrjtcrjc, hmsgs lg lmtcs, gtb.), pgrc bcnsgrvmnlc am bcipmtjhjaj-lml y am gstmhjajlml.

Jnstmambjn

Pmrm jnstmamr ga pmqugtg lg lgsmrrcaac FLO 4, sjkm acs pmscs jnljbmlcs m bcntjnum-bjn6

=. Lgsbmrkug lg Jntgrngt ga pmqugtgflo-4uxx-wjnlcws-j745.gxgy gfgbtgac.

8. Rjkm acs pmscs jnljbmlcs lurmntg am jnstmambjn.


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2. Rj m bcntjnumbjn lgsgm jnstmamr am lcbuigntmbjn, lgsbmrkug lg Jntgrngt ylgsbciprjim ga ejbdgrc flo-4uxx-mpjlcbs.zjp. Ljbdm lcbuigntmbjn puglgjnstmamram gnflo=.4.0SxxQlcbs.

NgtHgmns 4.x

NgtHgmns 4.x gs un gntcrnc lg lgsmrrcaac jntgkrmlc pmrm lgsmrrcaamr y ljstrjhujrmpajbmbjcngs iuatjbmpm ljstrjhujlms. Jnbauyg un gntcrnc krejbc lg lgsmrrcaac lgFmvm, unm utjajlml pmrm lgsmrrcaamr mpajbmbjcngs wgh, ctrm pmrm lgsmrrcaamr mpajbm-bjcngs pmrm ljspcsjtjvcs ivjags y un sgrvjlcr lg mpajbmbjcngs (KamssEjsd RgrvgryMpmbdg \cibmt), ms bcic unm sgrjg lg dgrrmijgntms qug embjajtmn ga lgsmrrcaac

y am ljstrjhubjn lg ams mpajbmbjcngs.

Jnstmambjn

Pmrm jnstmamr ga gntcrnc lg lgsmrrcaac NgtHgmns, sjkm acs pmscs jnljbmlcs m bcntj-numbjn6

=. Lgsbmrkug lg dttp6//www.NgtHgmns.crk ga ejbdgrc ngthgmns-4.xxx-fmvmxx-wjnlcws.gxgy gfgbtgac.

8. Puglg jnstmamr unc lg acs lcs c acs lcs sgrvjlcrgs6 KamssEjsd RgrvgryMpmbdg\cibmt. Ga sgrvjlcr lg mpajbmbjcngs KamssEjsd Rgrvgr gs is bcipagtc qug

Mpmbdg \cibmt.

2. Pmrm chtgngr myulm mbgrbm lg am hjhajctgbm lg Fmvm RG 4, scac sj jnstma ljbdmmyulm, gs prgbjsc qug ljbdc gntcrnc tgnkm bcncbjijgntc lg am rutm lg mbbgsc mam ijsim. Pmrm gaac gfgbutg am crlgnFmvm Pamtecri lga ign \ccasy msgkrg-sg lg qug gn am ajstm lg rutms icstrmlm gnFmvmlcbdmy unm qug dmbg rgegrgnbjmm am bmrpgtm lcnlg sg gnbugntrm am myulm ignbjcnmlm? sj nc gs ms, dmkm bajb gn

ga hctnMll Ecalgrpmrm mmljram.

Mrrmnbmr KamssEjsd gn iclc lghuk

Pmrm mrrmnbmr KamssEjsdgn iclc lghuk, chsgrvg qug am bcnejkurmbjn gs am qugiugstrmn ams ejkurms sjkujgntgs? gn gspgbjma, gn am cpbjn Wsg mllrgss6 mbtvgam ygspgbjejqug ga pugrtc :00:.


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MPNLJBG H6 JNR\MAMBJN LGA RCE\[MXG :22


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KGR\CX LG HMRGR LG LM\CR IyR]A

IyR]Ags un kgstcr lg hmsgs lg lmtcs rgambjcnmags bcn ajbgnbjm phajbm KNW? gs-tc gs, sg trmtm lg un scetwmrg lg ajhrg ljstrjhubjn lga buma puglg chtgngr unm vgr-sjn mbtumajzmlm lg am ljrgbbjn lg Jntgrngt dttp6//lgv.iysqa.bci/.

Jnstmambjn

Pmrm jnstmamr ga kgstcr lg hmsgs lg lmtcs IyR]A, lgsbrkugac lga sjtjc wghdttp6//lgv.iysqa.bci/(ejbdgrc iysqa-jnstmaagr-wgh-bciiunjty-7.5.xx.x.isj)6

=. Gfgbutg ga ejbdgrc .isj.

8. Rjkm acs pmscs jnljbmlcs lurmntg am jnstmambjn. Ams cpbjcngs prcpugstms scnams mlgbumlms gn am imycrm lg acs bmscs. Bumnlc ejnmajbg am jnstmambjn sggfgbutmr ga msjstgntg lg bcnejkurmbjn. stg, gntrg ctrms bcsms, ag pgrijtjr lmrlg matm un usumrjc mnnjic y gstmhagbgr am bcntrmsgm pmrm ga usumrjc rcct.

2. Ljrfmsg m am bmrpgtm lcnlg dm jnstmamlcIyR]A, gljtg ga ejbdgrc iy.jnjy vgrj-ejqug qug gn am sgbbjn _iysqalY sg dmn gstmhagbjlc ams angms jnljbmlms m bcn-tjnumbjn. Bcic sg puglg chsgrvmr, gspgbjejbmn ams rutms lg am bmrpgtm lcnlg

dm jnstmamlc ga pmqugtg y lg am bmrpgtm lcnlg sg vmn m maimbgnmr acs lmtcs (acssgpmrmlcrgs tjgngn qug sgr /c QQ)6

_ iysqa lYhmsglj r 9"B6 / Mr bdj vcs lg pr ckr mim/ IyR]A/ IyR]A Rgr vgr 7. x/ "lmtmlj r 9"B6 / Mr bdj vcs lg prckr mim/ IyR]A/ IyR]A Rgrvgr 7. x/ Lmtm/ "

Wnm vgz ejnmajzmlm am jnstmambjn, gs ngbgsmrjc jnstmamr tmihjn ga bcntrcamlcrpmrm pclgr bcngbtmrsg mIyR]AvmFLHB, scac sj nc eug jnstmamlc lurmntg am jns-tmambjn lgIyR]A. Pmrm gaac6

=.

Lgsbmrkug ga ejbdgrc iysqa-bcnngbtcr-fmvm-7.x.xx.zjp y lgsbciprimac. Rgchtgnlr ga ejbdgrc iysqa-bcnngbtcr-fmvm-7.x.xx-hjn.fmr(gstg ejbdgrc, sgkurm-igntg, ac pclr chtgngr gn am jnstmambjn lgIyR]Aqug mbmhm lg rgmajzmr).

8. Lgspus bcpjg ga ejbdgrc iysqa-bcnngbtcr-fmvm-7.x.xx-hjn.fmr gn am bmrpgtm/frg/ajh/gxt (vgm ga gfgipac m bcntjnumbjn) lg am jnstmambjn lg Fmvm y,bumnlc ac ngbgsjtg, gstmhagzbm am vmrjmhag bamsspmtdpmrm qug jnbauym gsm rutm.Pcr gfgipac6

sgt bamsspmtd9. ?B6 Q F mvmQ f lo=.4.xSxxQ f rgQ a j hQgxtQiysqa -bcnngbtcr- f mvm-7.=.x-hj n. f mr


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MPNLJBG H6 JNR\MAMBJN LGA RCE\[MXG :27

Pcngr gn imrbdm IyR]A gn [jnlcws

Ncrimaigntg, IyR]Agn [jnlcws sg jnstmam bcic un sgrvjbjc. Gstm cpgrmbjneug rgmajzmlm, pcr cijsjn, pcr ga msjstgntg pmrm am bcnejkurmbjn lgIyR]Aqug sggfgbut mutcitjbmigntg ma ejnmajzmr am jnstmambjn. Puglg bciprchmr am gxjstgnbjmlg gstg sgrvjbjc gfgbutmnlc Pmnga lg bcntrca > Rjstgim y sgkurjlml > Dgrrmijgn-tms mlijnjstrmtjvms > Rgrvjbjcs. Rj nc gst jnjbjmlc, puglg jnjbjmrac lgslg gstmvgntmnm.

Wnm vgz jnjbjmlc ga sgrvjbjc, puglg mrrmnbmr ga icnjtcr IyR]Agfgbutmnlc amcrlgn iysqalgslg unm bcnscam lga sjstgim (acs usumrjcs lg [jnlcws puglgn mhrjrunm bcnscam gfgbutmnlc bilc bciimnllgslg am vgntmnmJnjbjc Gfgbutmr).

Gstm crlgn jnjbjm ga icnjtcr lg IyR]A bcn ga qug pclr rgmajzmr bumaqujgrcpgrmbjn pgrijtjlm schrg unm hmsg lg lmtcs, gfgbutmnlc am sgntgnbjm R]A mprc-

pjmlm. Ga usumrjc, pcr cijsjn, gs mnnjic y gs ga qug igncs prjvjagkjcs tjgng.

Ctrc usumrjc gs rcct? gstg tjgng tclcs acs prjvjagkjcs. Pmrm mrrmnbmrIyR]Ahm-fc gstg usumrjc, gfgbutg am crlgn sjkujgntg6 iysqa -u rcct -p. Am cpbjn -pdmbg qugag sgm scajbjtmlm am bcntrmsgm.

Pmrm ejnmajzmr ga icnjtcr, gfgbutg am crlgn qujt.


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W\JAJLMLGR LG IyR]A

Pmrm mlijnjstrmr tmntc IyR]A bcic ams hmsgs lg lmtcs, puglg utjajzmr am dgrrm-ijgntm bcn jntgremz krejbm IyR]A [crohgnbd. Rg trmtm lg un scetwmrg lg ajhrgljstrjhubjn (sg jnstmam bumnlc jnstmam IyR]A) pmrm gfgbutmr cpgrmbjcngs lg ml-ijnjstrmbjn, tmags bcic bcnejkurmbjn lga sgrvjlcrIyR]A, supgrvjsjn lg su gs-tmlc y rgnljijgntc, mrrmnqug y pmrmlm lga ijsic, kgstjn lg usumrjcs ybcngxjcngs, rgmajzmbjn lg bcpjms lg sgkurjlml y un hugn nigrc lg ctrms tmrgmsmlijnjstrmtjvms.

Jnbauyg tmihjn un mnmajzmlcr lg bcnsuatms ljsgmlc pmrm pgrijtjr am gfgbu-bjn lg sbrjpts R]A, ms bcic pmrm embjajtmr ams bcnsuatms y ga mnajsjs lg acs lmtcs

maimbgnmlcs gn unm hmsgIyR]A.

BXGMX WNM HMRG LG LM\CR

Pmrm brgmr unm hmsg lg lmtcs, pclgics utjajzmr am dgrrmijgntmIyR]A [crohgnbd,ga icnjtcr IyR]Algslg unm bcnscam lga sjstgim, c hjgn ga GLJNgtHgmns. Gn tc-lcs acs bmscs pclgics gsbrjhjr un kujn (sbrjpt) qug kgngrg am hmsg lg lmtcs y

gfgbutmrac.


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MPNLJBG H6 JNR\MAMBJN LGA RCE\[MXG :2;

Ga kujn qug iugstrm am ejkurm mntgrjcr brgm am hmsg lg lmtcs hlStgagecncs. Lj-bdckujn puglg chtgngrac lg am bmrpgtmMpgnSHlga BL qug mbcipmm ma ajhrc.

Rj gn aukmr lg gipagmr am utjajlml IyR]A [crohgnbdutjajzmics ga icnjtcrIyR]Algslg unm bcnscam lga sjstgim, hmstmrm bcn bcpjmr ga kujn gn ga pcrtmpm-pgags lg nugstrc sjstgim y pgkmrac gn am bcnscam m bcntjnumbjn lga sihcac >.


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Rj utjajzmics ga GLJ NgtHgmns 4.xprcbglgrmics sgkn sg gxpcng m bcntj-numbjn. Icstrmics ga pmnga Rgrvjbgs y gxpmnljics ga nclc Lmtmhmsgs > Lrj-vgrs, dmbgics bajb bcn ga hctn sgbunlmrjc lga rmtn gn IyR]A (Bcnngbtcr/Flrjvgr)y sgagbbjcnmics Bcnngbt Wsjnk. Rg iugstrm ga ljackc Ngw Bcnngbtjcn[jzmrl6

M bcntjnumbjn dmkm bajb gn ga hctn Ejnjsd. Gstc kgngrmr unm nugvm bcng-xjn.

Dmkm bajb bcn ga hctn sgbunlmrjc lga rmtn gn am bcngxjn flhb6iysqa6y

sgagbbjcngGxgbutg Bciimnl6


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MPNLJBG H6 JNR\MAMBJN LGA RCE\[MXG :2:

Rg iugstrm ga pmnga R]A Bciimnllcnlg pclrgics gsbrjhjr sgntgnbjms R]Abcic BXGM\G LM\MHMRGncihrgShlc bumaqujgr kujn (sbrjpt) qug kgngrg am

hmsg lg lmtcs. Bumnlc mhrm lg nugvc am bcngxjn pmrm am hmsg lg lmtcs brgmlm,pclr chsgrvmr tclcs acs lmtcs (ncihrg lg am hmsg lg lmtcs, tmhams, gtb.).


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MPNLJBG H6 JNR\MAMBJN LGA RCE\[MXG :. Pmrm gfgbutmr un hacqug lg sgntgnbjms, gsbrjhm KC. Pmrm smajr, gsbrjhm]WJ\. Pcr gfgipac, ga kujn qug iugstrm am ejkurm sjkujgntg brgm am hmsg lg lmtcstencsbcn unm tmham tgagecncs, mmlg trgs ejams m am tmham y, ejnmaigntg, sgagbbjcnmtclms ams ejams lg am tmham bcn tclms sus bcauinms6


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:


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MPNLJBG H6 JNR\MAMBJN LGA RCE\[MXG :


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:QbcneQwgh.xiay vgr bic sg lgsbrjhg un sgrvagtpcrcijsjn pmrm pgrijtjr m bumaqujgr mpajbmbjn sgrvjr rgburscs gsttjbcs. \mihjndmy ctrc, lgncijnmlc jnvcogr, qug pgrijtg gfgbutmr sgrvagts mnnjics? gstc gs,sgrvagtsqug nc dmn sjlc lgsbrjtcs gn ga ejbdgrc wgh.xialg su mpajbmbjn. \rmlj-bjcnmaigntg, gstg sgrvagtsg jlgntjejbm bcn ga pmtrn /sgrvagt/*. Ms ijsic, gn gs-tg ejbdgrc pclgics vgr qug un bcipjamlcr sg gnbmrkm lg bcipjamr ams pkjnms FRP

y bcnvgrtjrams gn sgrvagts. Xgsuijgnlc, y sgkn ac gxpugstc, pclgics lgbjr qug\cibmtgs un sgrvjlcr wgh bcn scpcrtg pmrm sgrvagtsy pkjnms FRP.

Ga ejbdgrc wgh.xia lg \cibmt lgejng acs vmacrgs pcr lgegbtc pmrm tclms amsmpajbmbjcngs wgh bmrkmlms pcr gstg sgrvjlcr lg mpajbmbjcngs. Bmlm vgz qug sg bmr-km unm mpajbmbjn sg prcbgsm gstg ejbdgrc, sgkujlc lga ejbdgrc wgh.xiaprcpjc lg ammpajbmbjn (/[GH-JNE/wgh.xia).

Ctrc ejbdgrc lg jntgrs gs 1\CIBM\SDCIG>QbcneQsgrvgr.xia, lcnlg sg lg-ejng am bcnejkurmbjn lga sgrvjlcr.

Jnstmambjn

Rupcnjgnlc qug ym tjgng jnstmamlc FRG 4.x, am jnstmambjn schrg [jnlcws lg\cibmt 4.xgs iuy sgnbjaam6

=. Gfgbutg ga ejbdgrc mpmbdg-tcibmt-4.x.xx.gxgqug dmym lgsbmrkmlc lg Jntgrngt.Ga jnstmamlcr utjajzmr am vmrjmhag lg gntcrncFMUMSDCIGrgkjstrmlm gn ga rg-kjstrc lg [jnlcws pmrm lgtgrijnmr am rutm lg am iqujnm vjrtuma lg Fmvm gn ga

FLO c gn ga FXG, c hjgn puglg ustgl acbmajzmram imnumaigntg. \mihjn brgm-r mbbgscs ljrgbtcs qug pgrijtjrn mrrmnbmr y bcnejkurmr ga sgrvjlcr.


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MPNLJBG H6 JNR\MAMBJN LGA RCE\[MXG :QbcneQwgh.xiay pgrijtm qug sg gfgbutg ga bljkc sjkujgntg6

1sgr va gt>1sgr va gt - nmig>j nvcogr 1/ sgr va gt - nmig>1sgr va gt - ba mss>

cr k. mpmbdg. bmt ma j nm. sgr va gt s. J nvcogr Rgr va gt1/ sgr va gt - ba mss>1j nj t - pmr mi>

1pmr mi- nmig>lghuk1/ pmr mi- nmig>1pmr mi- vma ug>01/ pmr mi- vma ug>

1/ j nj t - pmr mi>1a cml- cn- st mrt up>81/ a cml- cn- st mrt up>

1/ sgrva gt >

. . .

1sgr va gt - imppj nk>1sgr va gt - nmig>j nvcogr 1/ sgr va gt - nmig>1ur a - pmt t gr n>/ sgr va gt / *1/ ur a - pmt t gr n>

1/ sgr va gt - imppj nk>

Gstg bljkc, pcr sgkurjlml, vjgng bcigntmlc. Rj lurmntg am emsg lg lgsmrrcaacpgrijtg qug sg gfgbutg, pclr jnvcbmr am gfgbubjn lg sgrvagtsmnnjics lg am ecr-im6

dt tp 6 / /sgrvjlcr_ 6 pugrtcY /acbmajzmbjn/ sgrva gt /ncihrgSsgrvagt

Gs jipcrtmntg nctmr qug ga mlijnjstrmlcr lg mpajbmbjcngs lg \cibmtscac pc-lr sgr utjajzmlc bumnlc ga sgrvjlcr gst mrrmnbmlc.


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MPNLJBG BE.F.Bghmaacs/XM-IM

EJBDGXCR FMXAcs ejbdgrcs Fmvm (FMX Mrbdjvg Fmvm) scn ejbdgrcs bciprjijlcs bcn ga ecrimtcVJP. \pjbmigntg, un ejbdgrc FMX bcntgnlr acs ejbdgrcs lg bamsgs y lg rgburscslg mppagtsc lg mpajbmbjcngs. Am utjajzmbjn lg gstg tjpc lg ejbdgrcs prcpcrbjcnm,gntrg ctrms, ams sjkujgntgs vgntmfms6

Rgkurjlml. Zm qug sg puglgn ejrimr ljkjtmaigntg pmrm bgrtjejbmr qug su bcntg-njlc nc gs imajbjcsc.

Ljsijnubjn lga tjgipc lg lgsbmrkm. Rj un mppagtgst gipmqugtmlc gn un ej-bdgrc FMX, acs ejbdgrcs lg bamsgs y rgburscs mscbjmlcs puglgn sgr lgsbmrkmlcs

pcr ga nmvgkmlcr gn unm scam trmnsmbbjn D\\P sjn ngbgsjlml lg mhrjr unmnugvm bcngxjn pmrm bmlm ejbdgrc.

Mdcrrc lg gspmbjc. Pcrtmhjajlml. Zm qug ga igbmnjsic pmrm imngfmr acs ejbdgrcs FMX gs un gs-

tnlmr gn Fmvm.

DGXXMIJGN\M FMX LG FMUMPmrm trmhmfmr bcn ejbdgrcs FMX, Fmvm prcpcrbjcnm am dgrrmijgntm fmr. Am sjntmxjs

pmrm jnvcbmram y ams cpbjcngs qug puglg utjajzmr pmrm rgmajzmr ljstjntms cpgrmbjcngs(brgmr, gxtrmgr, icstrmr, gtb.) sg puglgn vgr gfgbutmnlc am crlgn6

f mr

Ams cpgrmbjcngs hsjbms qug sg puglgn rgmajzmr sg rgsuign gn am tmham sjkujgn-tg6


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:1/ mppa gt >

e Xgprgsgntm un ejbdgrc FMX.eg Xgprgsgntm un ejbdgrc m gipmqugtmr gn un ejbdgrc FMX (ncihrg bcipagtc).ex Xgprgsgntm un ejbdgrc gipmqugtmlc (ncihrg bcipagtc).mp Ncihrg lga ejbdgrc FMX qug gipmqugtm am mpajbmbjn.

b Gstm cpbjn jnljbm qug sg qujgrg brgmr un ejbdgrc FMX.e Gstm cpbjn jnljbm qug m bcntjnumbjn sg gspgbjejbm ga ncihrg lga ejbdgrc

FMX. Rj sg cijtg, sg msuig am smajlm gstnlmr bumnlc sg trmtg lg maimbgnmrlmtcs gn un ejbdgrc lg smajlm, c am gntrmlm gstnlmr bumnlc sg trmtg lg tcimrlmtcs lg un ejbdgrc lg gntrmlm.

t Gstm cpbjn jnljbm qug sg lgsgm vgr am tmham lg bcntgnjlc lga ejbdgrc FMX.x Gstm cpbjn gspgbjejbm qug sg trmtm lg unm cpgrmbjn lg gxtrmbbjn.v Icstrmr ignsmfgs gn am smajlm gstnlmr mbgrbm lg ams cpgrmbjcngs rgmajzmlms.

GFGBW\MX WNM MPAJBMBJN GIPM]WG\MLM GN WN FMX

Rgkn ac gxpugstc gn ga mpmrtmlc mntgrjcr, utjajzmnlc am dgrrmijgntmfmrpclgicsgipmqugtmr tclcs acs ejbdgrcs .bamssqug bcipcngn unm mpajbmbjn gn un ejbdgrcFMX y lgspus gfgbutmram. Pcr gfgipac6

f mr be Ij Mpa j bmbj cn. f mr *. ba mss

Bumnlc sg brgm un ejbdgrc FMX, tmihjn sg brgm un imnjejgstc pcr cijsjn(pmrm chsgrvmrac lgsgipmqug ga ejbdgrc)6

IG\M- J NEQ IMNJ EGR\. IE


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MPNLJBG B6 EJBDGXCR FMX :f mr - bve Bmp0=Q Gst r ubt ur mMpQ Gst r ubt ur mMp. f mrBmp0=Q Gst r ubt ur mMpQ *. ba mss

2. Gxtrmgr lga ejbdgrcGstrubturmMp.fmrga imnjejgstcIMNJEGR\.IE, mmljrag amsjkujgntg angm pmrm gspgbjejbmr bua gs am bamsg prjnbjpma, sg trmtm lg un ejbdgrclg tgxtc, y vcavgrac m gipmqugtmr6

Imj n- Ba mss6 Bmp0=. Gst r ubt ur mMp. BMpa j bmbj cn

f mvm - f mr Gst r ubt ur mMp. f mr


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Ga gntcrnc lg lgsmrrcaac NgtHgmnsbrgm mutcitjbmigntg gn am bmrpgtm ljstgaejbdgrc FMX qug gipmqugtm am mpajbmbjn mbtumaigntg gn lgsmrrcaac.


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MPNLJBG LE.F.Bghmaacs/XM-IM

BLJKCR LG BMXMB\GXGRW\JAJVMBJN LG BMXMB\GXGR MNRJ BCN [JNLC[R

Wnm tmham lg bljkcs gs un fugkc lg bmrmbtgrgs lcnlg bmlm unc tjgng msjknmlc unnigrc utjajzmlc pmrm su rgprgsgntmbjn jntgrnm. Ujsuma B# utjajzm Wnjbclg pmrmmaimbgnmr y imnjpuamr bmlgnms, pgrc tmihjn puglg imnjpuamr bmrmbtgrgs gn ctrcsbljkcs bcic MNRJ c MRBJJ.

MNRJ (Migrjbmn Nmtjcnma Rtmnlmrls Jnstjtutg) gs ga fugkc lg bmrmbtgrgs gstn-lmr is utjajzmlc pcr acs gqujpcs pgrscnmags. Bcic ga gstnlmr MNRJ scac utjajzmun hytg pmrm rgprgsgntmr un bmrbtgr, gst ajijtmlc m un ixjic lg 875 bmrmbtgrgs.Munqug gs mlgbumlc pmrm ga jnkas, nc mbgptm tctmaigntg ctrcs jljcims. Pmrm gs-brjhjr un bmrbtgr MNRJ qug nc gst gn ga tgbamlc6

=. Acbmajbg gn am tmham qug sg iugstrm gn am pkjnm sjkujgntg ga bmrbtgr MNRJqug ngbgsjtg y chsgrvg su bljkc nuirjbc.

8. Puasg am tgbamHacq Ni(Nui Acbo) pmrm mbtjvmr ga tgbamlc nuirjbc.2. Imntgnkm puasmlm am tgbamMaty utjajbg ga tgbamlc nuirjbc pmrm puasmr ga 0 y m

bcntjnumbjn ams tgbams bcrrgspcnljgntgs ma bljkc lga bmrbtgr.

Pcr gfgipac, pmrm gsbrjhjr ga bmrbtgr gn ga gntcrnc [jnlcws, imntgnkm pua-smlm am tgbamMatijgntrms gsbrjhg 0=;; gn ga tgbamlc nuirjbc. Prughg gn am bcnsc-am lga sjstgim (angm lg rlgngs).

Acs =84 prjigrcs bmrmbtgrgs (bljkcs 0 m =8;) scn acs ijsics gn ams tmhams lg

bljkcs MNRJ, MRBJJ y Wnjbclg.


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FWGKC LG BMXMB\GXGR MNRJ


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MPNLJBG L6 BLJKCR LG BMXMB\GXGR :72

W\JAJVMBJN LG BMXMB\GXGR MRBJJ

Gn IR-LCR y eugrm lga gntcrnc [jnlcws sg utjajzm ga fugkc lg bmrmbtgrgs MRBJJ.Pmrm gsbrjhjr un bmrbtgr MRBJJ qug nc gst gn ga tgbamlc6

=. Husqug ga bmrbtgr gn am tmham lg bljkcs qug bcjnbjlm bcn am tmham mbtjvm. Wtj-ajbg am crlgn bdbppmrm smhgr qu tmham lg bljkcs gst mbtjvm.

8. Imntgnkm puasmlm am tgbamMaty utjajbg ga tgbamlc nuirjbc pmrm puasmr ams tg-bams bcrrgspcnljgntgs ma nigrc lga bmrbtgr qug lgsgg.

Pcr gfgipac, sj gst utjajzmnlc am tmham lg bljkcs 470, pmrm gsbrjhjr ga bmrb-

tgr imntgnkm puasmlm am tgbamMatijgntrms gsbrjhg 88; gn ga tgbamlc nuirjbc.


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MPNLJBG L6 BLJKCR LG BMXMB\GXGR :77

FWGKC LG BMXMB\GXGR WNJBCLG

WNJBCLG gs un fugkc lg bmrmbtgrgs gn ga qug sg gipagmn 8 hytgs (=5 hjts) pmrmrgprgsgntmr bmlm bmrbtgr. Gstc pgrijtg am rgprgsgntmbjn lg bumaqujgr bmrbtgr gnbumaqujgr agnkumfg gsbrjtc gn ga iunlc, jnbauygnlc acs sihcacs lga bdjnc, fmpc-ns c bcrgmnc.

Bljkcs Wnjbclg lg acs lkjtcs utjajzmlcs gn gspmca6

Q u0020- Q u002: 0-: JRC-AM\JN-=

Bljkcs Wnjbclg lg ams agtrms y ctrcs bmrmbtgrgs utjajzmlcs gn gspmca6

Q u008< $ sjknc lamrQ u00


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mlijnjstrmlcr lg jntgremz lg usumrjc, 8

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