CIENCIA, RELIGIÓN, DESARROLLOCIENCIA, RELIGIÓN, DESARROLLO

El debate llega al El debate llega al CinvestavCinvestav

Eugenio FrixioneEugenio Frixionegg

Sección de Metodología Sección de Metodología y Teoría de la Cienciay Teoría de la Cienciayy

CINVESTAVCINVESTAV

20 septiembre 2011, 10:45 am20 septiembre 2011, 10:45 am

“El Departamento de Fisiología: “El Departamento de Fisiología: p gp gcelebraciones, agradecimientos, celebraciones, agradecimientos, alabanzas, papelones y alabanzas, papelones y consejos”consejos”

Dr. Marcelino Dr. Marcelino CerejidoCerejidoProfesor Emérito Profesor Emérito Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica p g ,p g ,y Neurocienciasy Neurociencias

(Escena equivalente tomada de(Escena equivalente tomada de(Escena equivalente tomada de (Escena equivalente tomada de conferencia en el Auditorio de la conferencia en el Auditorio de la Secretaría Académica, 27 de abril, 2012)Secretaría Académica, 27 de abril, 2012)

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26 octubre 2011, 11:30 am26 octubre 2011, 11:30 am

“““Dios y la ciencia . . . Un “Dios y la ciencia . . . Un encuentro inevitable”encuentro inevitable”

Dr Sergio H Díaz MDr Sergio H Díaz MDr. Sergio H. Díaz M.Dr. Sergio H. Díaz M.Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica Óptica y Electrónica

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AlternativasAlternativas“El tercer mundo no sólo carece de ciencia, tampoco tiene una cultura “El tercer mundo no sólo carece de ciencia, tampoco tiene una cultura compatible con la ciencia. . . . ¿Por qué estoy diciendo que compatible con la ciencia. . . . ¿Por qué estoy diciendo que México no México no tiene una cultura compatible con la ciencia? Porquetiene una cultura compatible con la ciencia? Porque [[luego del éxitoluego del éxitotiene una cultura compatible con la ciencia? Porque tiene una cultura compatible con la ciencia? Porque [[luego del éxito luego del éxito en el tratamiento médico practicado a Salvador Cabañasen el tratamiento médico practicado a Salvador Cabañas] ] se jugaron se jugaron partidos, se hicieron misas, y no sé qué, para agradecerle a la Virgenpartidos, se hicieron misas, y no sé qué, para agradecerle a la Virgen. . . . . Entonces yo digo que esto lo tomo como que México no sólo no . . . Entonces yo digo que esto lo tomo como que México no sólo no tiene ciencia, porque no . . . desarrolló estos aparatos ni estos tiene ciencia, porque no . . . desarrolló estos aparatos ni estos conocimientos, sino además se lo atribuye al poder de una Virgen.”conocimientos, sino además se lo atribuye al poder de una Virgen.”

Dr. Marcelino CereijidoDr. Marcelino Cereijido

“ . . . Newton, lo que encontraba en la Biblia lo ponía como hipótesis “ . . . Newton, lo que encontraba en la Biblia lo ponía como hipótesis de investigación y luego iba a la ciencia, sufría el fuego de la de investigación y luego iba a la ciencia, sufría el fuego de la experimentación y llegaba a grandes descubrimientos Así queexperimentación y llegaba a grandes descubrimientos Así que sisiexperimentación, y llegaba a grandes descubrimientos. Así que, experimentación, y llegaba a grandes descubrimientos. Así que, si si quieres ser un gran científico, lee tu Bibliaquieres ser un gran científico, lee tu Biblia.”.”

Dr. Sergio H. DíazDr. Sergio H. Díaz

CIENCIA, RELIGIÓN, DESARROLLOCIENCIA, RELIGIÓN, DESARROLLO

I. Ciencia y religión (neurociencias)I. Ciencia y religión (neurociencias)

II. Religión y desarrollo científico II. Religión y desarrollo científico (historia de la ciencia)(historia de la ciencia)(historia de la ciencia)(historia de la ciencia)

Sistema nervioso y neuronas Sistema nervioso y neuronas

CajalCajalGolgiGolgi CajalCajalGolgiGolgi

Frixione (2009) Frixione (2009) Cajal’sCajal’s second great battle for the neuron doctrine: the nature second great battle for the neuron doctrine: the nature and function of and function of neurofibrilsneurofibrils. . Brain Research Reviews Brain Research Reviews 59: 39359: 393--409409

El El citoesqueletocitoesqueleto neuronal neuronal

Frixione E Hernández M (2011)Frixione E Hernández M (2011)Frixione. E., Hernández, M. (2011)Frixione. E., Hernández, M. (2011)The Cytoskeleton. In: The Cytoskeleton. In: Comprehensive Comprehensive BiotechnologyBiotechnology, Elsevier., Elsevier.

Frixione. E. (1983) Frixione. E. (1983) Fi t t lFi t t lFirm structural Firm structural associations of associations of migratory pigment migratory pigment granules with granules with microtubules in microtubules in crayfish crayfish retinularetinula cells.cells.J. Cell Biology J. Cell Biology 96: 96: 1258 1258 –– 1265.1265.

El El citoesqueletocitoesqueleto neuronalneuronalE l ió d t E l ió d t

FrixioneFrixione, E. (2000) Recurring views on the structure and function of the , E. (2000) Recurring views on the structure and function of the cytoskeleton: a 300 year epic (Review). cytoskeleton: a 300 year epic (Review). CellCell MotilityMotility and the and the CytoskeletonCytoskeleton 46: 46: 7373 9494

Evolución de conceptos Evolución de conceptos

7373--94.94.

FrixioneFrixione, E. (2000) , E. (2000) De motu proprio. Una historia de la fisiología del movimiento. De motu proprio. Una historia de la fisiología del movimiento. México: Siglo XXI Editores.México: Siglo XXI Editores.

Frixione, E. (2003) Sigmund Freud's contribution to the history of the neuronal Frixione, E. (2003) Sigmund Freud's contribution to the history of the neuronal cytoskeleton. cytoskeleton. J. History of the Neurosciences J. History of the Neurosciences 12: 1212: 12--24.24.

Frixione E (2004) Fibres (Frixione E (2004) Fibres (ThéorieThéorie des) En:des) En: DictionnaireDictionnaire de lade la PenséePensée MédicaleMédicale (D(DFrixione, E. (2004) Fibres (Frixione, E. (2004) Fibres (ThéorieThéorie des). En: des). En: DictionnaireDictionnaire de la de la PenséePensée MédicaleMédicale (D. (D. LecourtLecourt, , dir.dir.) Paris: ) Paris: PressesPresses UniversitairesUniversitaires de France.de France.

Frixione, E. (2006) Frixione, E. (2006) The cytoskeleton of nerve cells in historical perspective. The cytoskeleton of nerve cells in historical perspective. Neuroscience History International Brain Research OrganizationNeuroscience History International Brain Research Organization -- ScienceScienceNeuroscience History, International Brain Research Organization Neuroscience History, International Brain Research Organization -- Science Science Issues. Issues. http://www.ibro.info/Pub/Pub_Main_Display.asp?LC_Docs_ID=3147http://www.ibro.info/Pub/Pub_Main_Display.asp?LC_Docs_ID=3147

Frixione, E. (2009) Frixione, E. (2009) Cajal’sCajal’s second great battle for the neuron doctrine: the nature second great battle for the neuron doctrine: the nature and function ofand function of neurofibrilsneurofibrils.. Brain Research ReviewsBrain Research Reviews 59: 39359: 393--409.409.and function of and function of neurofibrilsneurofibrils. . Brain Research Reviews Brain Research Reviews 59: 39359: 393 409.409.

El El citoesqueletocitoesqueleto neuronal neuronal ––novedad de fin de siglo novedad de fin de siglo novedad de fin de siglo novedad de fin de siglo

Dr. Stuart Dr. Stuart HameroffHameroffCenterCenter forfor ConsciousnessConsciousness StudiesStudies

Sir Roger Sir Roger PenrosePenroseMathematicalMathematical InstituteInstituteUniversityUniversity of Oxfordof Oxford Center Center forfor ConsciousnessConsciousness StudiesStudies

UniversityUniversity of Arizonaof ArizonaUniversityUniversity of Oxfordof Oxford

Penrose, R. (1994a) Penrose, R. (1994a) Shadows of the Mind. A search for the missing science of Shadows of the Mind. A search for the missing science of consciousness. consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press Oxford: Oxford University Press

HameroffHameroff, S.R. (1994) Quantum coherence in microtubules: A neural basis for , S.R. (1994) Quantum coherence in microtubules: A neural basis for emergent consciousness? emergent consciousness? J. Consciousness Studies J. Consciousness Studies 1: 911: 91--108.108.

Penrose, R. (1994b) Mechanisms, microtubules and the mind. Penrose, R. (1994b) Mechanisms, microtubules and the mind. Journal of Journal of C i St diC i St di 1 2411 241 249249Consciousness StudiesConsciousness Studies 1: 2411: 241--249.249.

PenrosePenrose--HameroffHameroff ““OrchOrch OR” OR” modelmodel of of consciousnessconsciousness

PenrosePenrose andand HameroffHameroff 20112011PenrosePenrose and and HameroffHameroff, 2011, 2011

Reacciones y contraReacciones y contra--reaccionesreaccionesGrushGrush, R., , R., ChurchlandChurchland, P.S. (1995) Gaps in Penrose’s , P.S. (1995) Gaps in Penrose’s toilingstoilings, , Journal of Journal of

Consciousness Studies Consciousness Studies 2: 102: 10--29. 29.

Penrose, R., Penrose, R., HameroffHameroff , S. (1995) What ‘gaps’? Reply to , S. (1995) What ‘gaps’? Reply to GrushGrush and and ChurchlandChurchland. . Journal of Consciousness StudiesJournal of Consciousness Studies 2: 982: 98--111111Journal of Consciousness Studies Journal of Consciousness Studies 2: 982: 98--111. 111.

TegmarkTegmark, M. (2000a) The importance of quantum , M. (2000a) The importance of quantum decoherencedecoherence in brain processes. in brain processes. Physical Review E Physical Review E 61: 419461: 4194--4206.4206.

TegmarkTegmark M (2000b) Why the brain is probably not a quantum computerM (2000b) Why the brain is probably not a quantum computerTegmarkTegmark, M. (2000b) Why the brain is probably not a quantum computer. , M. (2000b) Why the brain is probably not a quantum computer. Information Sciences Information Sciences 128: 155128: 155--179.179.

Hagan, S., Hagan, S., HameroffHameroff, S., , S., TuszynskiTuszynski, J. (2002) Quantum computation in brain , J. (2002) Quantum computation in brain microtubules: microtubules: decoherencedecoherence and biological feasibility. and biological feasibility. Physical Reviews Physical Reviews E 65: E 65: 061901.061901.

LittLitt, A., , A., EliasmithEliasmith, C., , C., KroonKroon, F., Weinstein, S., , F., Weinstein, S., ThagardThagard, P. (2006) Is the brain a , P. (2006) Is the brain a quantum computer? quantum computer? Cognitive Science Cognitive Science 20: 120: 1--11.11.

HameroffHameroff, S. (2007) The brain is both , S. (2007) The brain is both neurocomputerneurocomputer and quantum computer. and quantum computer. Cognitive Science Cognitive Science 31: 103531: 1035--1045.1045.

McKemmishMcKemmish, L., , L., Reimers,JReimers,J., McKenzie, R., Mark, A., Hush, N. (2009) Penrose., McKenzie, R., Mark, A., Hush, N. (2009) Penrose--HameroffHameroff orchestrated objectiveorchestrated objective--reduction proposal for human consciousnessreduction proposal for human consciousnessHameroffHameroff orchestrated objectiveorchestrated objective--reduction proposal for human consciousness reduction proposal for human consciousness is not biologically feasible. is not biologically feasible. Physical Review E Physical Review E 80, 021912.80, 021912.

Presencia creciente del modeloPresencia creciente del modeloPP H ffH ff

HameroffHameroff, S. (1998) Quantum computation in brain microtubules: The Penrose, S. (1998) Quantum computation in brain microtubules: The Penrose--HameroffHameroff ““OrchOrch OR” model of consciousness. OR” model of consciousness. Philosophical Transactions Philosophical Transactions

PenrosePenrose--HameroffHameroff

Royal SocietyRoyal Society London 356: 1869London 356: 1869--1896.1896.HameroffHameroff, S. (2001) Consciousness, the brain, and , S. (2001) Consciousness, the brain, and spacetimespacetime geometry. geometry. Annals Annals

New York Academy of Sciences New York Academy of Sciences 929: 74929: 74--104.104.Penrose R (2001) Consciousness the brain andPenrose R (2001) Consciousness the brain and spacetimespacetime geometry: angeometry: anPenrose, R. (2001) Consciousness, the brain, and Penrose, R. (2001) Consciousness, the brain, and spacetimespacetime geometry: an geometry: an

addendum. Some new developments on the addendum. Some new developments on the OrchOrch OR model of consciousness. OR model of consciousness. Annals New York Academy of SciencesAnnals New York Academy of Sciences 929: 105929: 105--110.110.

LlinásLlinás, R., , R., RibaryRibary, U., Contreras , D., , U., Contreras , D., PedroarenaPedroarena, C. (1998) The neuronal basis of , C. (1998) The neuronal basis of consciousness. consciousness. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London 353: 1841353: 1841--1849.1849.

Discovery ChannelDiscovery ChannelFragmento 3 minFragmento 3 minFragmento 3 minFragmento 3 min

Insertar video Insertar video HameroffHameroffInsertar video Insertar video HameroffHameroff

Revisiones del modelo Revisiones del modelo PenrosePenrose--HameroffHameroffFrixione, E. (2000) Recurring views on the

structure and function of the cytoskeleton: a 300 year epic (Review). Cell Motility and th C t k l t 46 73 94the Cytoskeleton 46: 73-94.

Frixione, E. (2007) Un modelo cuántico de la conciencia. En: Frixione, E. (coord.) C i i N ti tConciencia – Nuevas perspectivas en torno a un viejo problema. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México – Siglo XXI Editores, pp. 81-95.

Flores Valdés, J. (2007) La conciencia según Penrose y Hameroff. En: Ibid. pp. 97-102.

F i i E (2012) C i d lFrixione, E. (2012) Consciousness and neuronal microtubules: the Penrose-Hameroffquantum model in retrospect. In: Smith and Whitaker (eds.) Essays on the ‘hard

bl ’ i th hi t f iproblem’ in the history of neuroscience. Springer (En prensa)

De la consciencia cuántica al budismoDe la consciencia cuántica al budismoHameroffHameroff, S.R. (1998a) “, S.R. (1998a) “FundaFunda--mentality”: is the conscious mind subtly linked to a mentality”: is the conscious mind subtly linked to a

basic level of the universe? basic level of the universe? Trends in Cognitive Sciences Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2: 1192: 119--124.124.

Penrose, R., Penrose, R., HameroffHameroff, S. (2011) Consciousness in the universe: neuroscience, , S. (2011) Consciousness in the universe: neuroscience, quantum spacequantum space--time geometry and time geometry and OrchOrch OR theory. OR theory. http://www.leecharleskelley.com/images/Consciousness_in_the_Universe.pdfhttp://www.leecharleskelley.com/images/Consciousness_in_the_Universe.pdf

““Some Buddhist writings quantify the frequency of conscious moments. [ Some Buddhist writings quantify the frequency of conscious moments. [ . . . ] . . . ] on this view, gamma synchrony [40 Hz], Buddhist 'moments of experience', on this view, gamma synchrony [40 Hz], Buddhist 'moments of experience', [Alfred North] Whitehead 'occasions of experience', and our proposed [Alfred North] Whitehead 'occasions of experience', and our proposed OrchOrch OR OR events might be viewed as corresponding tolerably well events might be viewed as corresponding tolerably well withwith oneone anotheranother.”.”

“All the Buddha’s [“All the Buddha’s [sicsic] and all sentient beings are nothing but One Mind, beside ] and all sentient beings are nothing but One Mind, beside which nothing exists. This Mind, which is without beginning . . . is neither longwhich nothing exists. This Mind, which is without beginning . . . is neither longwhich nothing exists. This Mind, which is without beginning . . . is neither long which nothing exists. This Mind, which is without beginning . . . is neither long nor short, big nor small, for it transcends all limits, measures, names, traces, and nor short, big nor small, for it transcends all limits, measures, names, traces, and comparisons.”comparisons.”

Huang Po, Zen Huang Po, Zen MasterMaster

Inaugural SpeakerInaugural SpeakerThe Neuroscience of MeditationThe Neuroscience of MeditationThe Neuroscience of MeditationThe Neuroscience of Meditation

Dalai Lama, Dalai Lama, Mind and Life Institute, Louisville, COMind and Life Institute, Louisville, COSociety for Neuroscience, 2005 Annual MeetingSociety for Neuroscience, 2005 Annual Meeting

Washington D C Saturday November 12 4:15 PMWashington D C Saturday November 12 4:15 PM 5:15 PM5:15 PMWashington, D.C., Saturday, November 12, 4:15 PM Washington, D.C., Saturday, November 12, 4:15 PM -- 5:15 PM 5:15 PM

The Dalai Lama has long been interested in science and has maintained The Dalai Lama has long been interested in science and has maintained an ongoing dialogue with leading neuroscientists for more than fifteen years. an ongoing dialogue with leading neuroscientists for more than fifteen years. His talk is expected to bridge the cultural gap between neuroscientists and His talk is expected to bridge the cultural gap between neuroscientists and Buddhist practitioners by pointing to the methods of observation and Buddhist practitioners by pointing to the methods of observation and verification that lie at the heart of both science and Buddhism. verification that lie at the heart of both science and Buddhism.

He is e pected to disc ss the st d of meditation a practice of mentalHe is e pected to disc ss the st d of meditation a practice of mentalHe is expected to discuss the study of meditation, a practice of mental He is expected to discuss the study of meditation, a practice of mental discipline that Western neuroscience has shown to change neural states in discipline that Western neuroscience has shown to change neural states in circuits that may be important for compassionate behavior and circuits that may be important for compassionate behavior and attentionalattentional and and emotional regulation. The Dalai Lama will also discuss the importance of this emotional regulation. The Dalai Lama will also discuss the importance of this neuroscience research in promoting brain health and mental wellneuroscience research in promoting brain health and mental well being and itsbeing and itsneuroscience research in promoting brain health and mental wellneuroscience research in promoting brain health and mental well--being and its being and its implications for fostering compassionate behavior in all human beings.implications for fostering compassionate behavior in all human beings.

--Petición de cancelación de conferencia firmada por más de 1,000 miembrosPetición de cancelación de conferencia firmada por más de 1,000 miembros

--Editorial (2005), “Science and religion in harmonyEditorial (2005), “Science and religion in harmony”, Nature ”, Nature 436: 889. 436: 889.

Trabajo experimentalTrabajo experimentalPersingerPersinger, M. A. (1983) Religious and mystical experiences as artifacts of temporal, M. A. (1983) Religious and mystical experiences as artifacts of temporal--

lobe function: a general hypothesis. lobe function: a general hypothesis. Perceptual and Motor SkillsPerceptual and Motor Skills 57: 125557: 1255--1262.1262.Saber, J. L., Rabin, J. (1997) The neural substrates of religious experience. Saber, J. L., Rabin, J. (1997) The neural substrates of religious experience. J. J.

Neuropsychiatry and Clinical NeurosciencesNeuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 9: 4989: 498--510510Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 9: 4989: 498--510.510.PersingerPersinger, M.A., Healey, F. H. B. (2002) Experimental facilitation of the sensed , M.A., Healey, F. H. B. (2002) Experimental facilitation of the sensed

presence: possible intercalation between the hemispheres induced by complex presence: possible intercalation between the hemispheres induced by complex magnetic fields. magnetic fields. J. Nervous and Mental Disease J. Nervous and Mental Disease 190: 533190: 533--541.541.

G i tG i t PP F d ikF d ik MM UU PP H f ldtH f ldt AA V li dV li d SS L hL h DDGranqvistGranqvist, P., , P., FredriksonFredrikson, M., , M., UngeUnge, P., , P., HagenfeldtHagenfeldt, A., , A., ValindValind, S., , S., LarhammarLarhammar, D., , D., Larsson, M. (2005) Sensed presence and mystical experiences are predicted by Larsson, M. (2005) Sensed presence and mystical experiences are predicted by suggestibility, not by the application of suggestibility, not by the application of transcranialtranscranial weak complex magnetic weak complex magnetic fields. fields. Neuroscience LettersNeuroscience Letters 379: 1379: 1––66..

““GodGod helmethelmet””M. M. PersingerPersinger

Datos de tomografía computarizadaDatos de tomografía computarizada

Newberg, A., Newberg, A., AlaviAlavi, A., , A., BaimeBaime, M., , M., PourdehnadPourdehnad, , M., M., SantannaSantanna, J., , J., d'Aquilid'Aquili, E. (2001) , E. (2001) The The measurementmeasurement of regional cerebralof regional cerebral bloodblood flowflow

SPECT, PET, SPECT, PET, fMRIfMRI

measurementmeasurement of regional cerebral of regional cerebral bloodblood flowflowduringduring the the complexcomplex cognitivecognitive tasktask of of meditationmeditation: a : a preliminarypreliminary SPECT SPECT studystudy. . Psychiatry Research: Psychiatry Research: NeuroimagingNeuroimaging 106: 113 106: 113 --122122122.122.

fMRIfMRI

Regiones del cerebro asociadas con Regiones del cerebro asociadas con i i í ti li i i i í ti li i

unión cósmicaunión cósmica concentración profunda concentración profunda

experiencias místicas y religiosas experiencias místicas y religiosas

recuerdos, emociones, alucinaciones, recuerdos, emociones, alucinaciones, estados alterados de conscienciaestados alterados de consciencia

( i t lí bi hi í d l )( i t lí bi hi í d l )

imágenes “sagradas”imágenes “sagradas”

(sistema límbico, hipocampo, amígdala)(sistema límbico, hipocampo, amígdala)

Neurofisiología cuántica y religiónNeurofisiología cuántica y religiónen el contexto cristianoen el contexto cristianoen el contexto cristianoen el contexto cristiano

Schwartz, J.M., Schwartz, J.M., StappStapp, H. P., Beauregard, M. (2005) Quantum physics in , H. P., Beauregard, M. (2005) Quantum physics in neuroscience and psychology: a neuroscience and psychology: a neurophysicalneurophysical model of mindmodel of mind--brain brain interactioninteraction Philosophical Transactions Royal Society LondonPhilosophical Transactions Royal Society London 360:360:interaction. interaction. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London 360: 360: 13091309--1327.1327.”brain behavior that appears to be caused by mental effort is actually caused by ”brain behavior that appears to be caused by mental effort is actually caused by mental effort; the causal efficacy of mental effort is no illusion.”mental effort; the causal efficacy of mental effort is no illusion.”

Beauregard M Paquette V (2006) Neural correlates of a mysticalBeauregard M Paquette V (2006) Neural correlates of a mysticalBeauregard, M., Paquette, V. (2006) Neural correlates of a mystical Beauregard, M., Paquette, V. (2006) Neural correlates of a mystical experience in Carmelite nuns. experience in Carmelite nuns. Neuroscience Letters Neuroscience Letters 405: 186405: 186--190. 190.

Beauregard, M., Paquette, V. (2008) EEG activity in Carmelite nuns during a Beauregard, M., Paquette, V. (2008) EEG activity in Carmelite nuns during a mystical experience. mystical experience. Neuroscience Letters Neuroscience Letters 444: 1444: 1--4.4.

20072007

Algunos libros Algunos libros sobre religión y biología sobre religión y biología h l 10 últi ñh l 10 últi ñ

D'AquiliD'Aquili, E. G., Newberg, A. B. (2001) , E. G., Newberg, A. B. (2001) Why God Won't Go Away: Brain science and Why God Won't Go Away: Brain science and the biology of belief. the biology of belief. New York: New York: BallantineBallantine. .

humana en los 10 últimos añoshumana en los 10 últimos años

GiovannoliGiovannoli, J. (2001) , J. (2001) The Biology of Belief: How our biology biases our beliefs and The Biology of Belief: How our biology biases our beliefs and perceptions.perceptions. Rosetta Press.Rosetta Press.

HamerHamer, D. H. (2005) , D. H. (2005) The God Gene: How faith is hardwired into our genes. The God Gene: How faith is hardwired into our genes. Anchor.Anchor.AlperAlper M (2006)M (2006) The “God” Part of the Brain A scientific interpretation of humanThe “God” Part of the Brain A scientific interpretation of humanAlperAlper, M. (2006) , M. (2006) The God Part of the Brain. A scientific interpretation of human The God Part of the Brain. A scientific interpretation of human

spirituality and God. spirituality and God. Naperville: Sourcebooks.Naperville: Sourcebooks.

Beauregard, M., O’Leary, D. (2007) Beauregard, M., O’Leary, D. (2007) The Spiritual Brain The Spiritual Brain –– A neuroscientist’s case A neuroscientist’s case for the existence of the soul.for the existence of the soul. New York: New York: HarperOneHarperOne..

McNamara, P. (2009) McNamara, P. (2009) The Neuroscience of Religious Experience. The Neuroscience of Religious Experience. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.University Press.University Press.University Press.

GoodwynGoodwyn, E. D. (2012) , E. D. (2012) The Neurobiology of the Gods: How brain physiology The Neurobiology of the Gods: How brain physiology shapes the recurrent imagery of myth and dreams. shapes the recurrent imagery of myth and dreams. RoutledgeRoutledge..

Murphy, T. (2012) Murphy, T. (2012) Sacred Pathways: The Brain's Role in Religious and Mystic Sacred Pathways: The Brain's Role in Religious and Mystic E iE i A Di it lA Di it lExperiences. Experiences. Amazon Digital.Amazon Digital.

Ejemplos de estudios Ejemplos de estudios sobre evolución sobre evolución bi ló ibi ló i lt l d l li iólt l d l li ióbiológicobiológico--cultural de la religióncultural de la religión

BoyerBoyer, P. (2001) , P. (2001) ReligionReligion ExplainedExplained. . The evolutionary origins of religious thought. The evolutionary origins of religious thought. New York: Basic BooksNew York: Basic Books

LibrosLibros

New York: Basic Books.New York: Basic Books.AtranAtran, S. (2002) , S. (2002) In Gods We Trust. The evolutionary landscape of religion. In Gods We Trust. The evolutionary landscape of religion. New New

York: Oxford University Press.York: Oxford University Press.

RatcliffeRatcliffe, M. (2002) Evolution and belief: the missing question. , M. (2002) Evolution and belief: the missing question. Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci.& Biomed. Sci. 33C: 13333C: 133--150.150.

Dixon T (2002) Scientific atheism as a faith traditionDixon T (2002) Scientific atheism as a faith tradition Stud Hist Phil Biol &Stud Hist Phil Biol &

Artículos en revistas especializadasArtículos en revistas especializadas

Revistas académicas temáticasRevistas académicas temáticas

Dixon, T. (2002) Scientific atheism as a faith tradition. Dixon, T. (2002) Scientific atheism as a faith tradition. Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. Biomed. Sci. 33C: 33733C: 337--359.359.

Hefner, P. (June, 2012) A fuller concept of evolution Hefner, P. (June, 2012) A fuller concept of evolution Big Bang to spirit. Big Bang to spirit. ZygonZygon(Chicago, 1966(Chicago, 1966-- present) vol. 47 (In press) present) vol. 47 (In press)

Hutchinson, I. (MIT Professor; Hutchinson, I. (MIT Professor; octubreoctubre 15, 2012, 5:30 pm) Scientism: how much 15, 2012, 5:30 pm) Scientism: how much faith should we put in science?faith should we put in science? FaradayFaraday LecturesLectures (Cambridge UK, 2006(Cambridge UK, 2006--faith should we put in science? faith should we put in science? FaradayFaraday LecturesLectures (Cambridge UK, 2006(Cambridge UK, 2006present)present)

Libros polémicos para público generalLibros polémicos para público generalHarris, S. (2004) Harris, S. (2004) The End of Faith: religion, terror, and the future of reason. The End of Faith: religion, terror, and the future of reason.

NortonNortonOnfrayOnfray, M. (2005/2007, M. (2005/2007--2008) 2008) Atheist Manifesto. The case against Christianity, Atheist Manifesto. The case against Christianity,

Judaism and IslamJudaism and Islam New York: Arcade PublishingNew York: Arcade PublishingJudaism, and Islam. Judaism, and Islam. New York: Arcade Publishing.New York: Arcade Publishing.Dawkins, R. (2006) Dawkins, R. (2006) The God Delusion. The God Delusion. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Dennett, D. C. (2006) Dennett, D. C. (2006) Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon. Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon.

VikingVikingHarris, S. (2007) Harris, S. (2007) Letter to a Christian Nation. Letter to a Christian Nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.New York: Alfred A. Knopf.HitchensHitchens, C. (2007) , C. (2007) God Is Not Great: How religion poisons everything. God Is Not Great: How religion poisons everything. Twelve Twelve

Books, Hachette Book Group.Books, Hachette Book Group.ShSh M (2007)M (2007) Wh D i M tt Th i t i t lli t d iWh D i M tt Th i t i t lli t d iShermerShermer, M. (2007) , M. (2007) Why Darwin Matters: The case against intelligent design. Why Darwin Matters: The case against intelligent design.

Holt.Holt.StengerStenger, V. J. (2007) , V. J. (2007) God: The Failed Hypothesis. How science shows that God: The Failed Hypothesis. How science shows that

God does not exist. God does not exist. Prometheus Books.Prometheus Books.God does ot e stGod does ot e st o et eus oo so et eus oo sBerlinskiBerlinski, D. (2009) , D. (2009) The Devil’s Delusion: Atheism and its scientific The Devil’s Delusion: Atheism and its scientific

pretensions. pretensions. New Cork: Basic Books.New Cork: Basic Books.Hawking, S. (2010) Hawking, S. (2010) The Grand Design. The Grand Design. Bantam.Bantam.Lennox, J. (2011) Lennox, J. (2011) God and Stephen Hawking God and Stephen Hawking Whose design is it anyway? Whose design is it anyway?

Lion Books.Lion Books.

Libros conciliadores para público generalLibros conciliadores para público generalp p gp p gGould, S. R. (2002) Gould, S. R. (2002) Rocks of Ages. Science and religion in the fullness of Rocks of Ages. Science and religion in the fullness of

life.life. New York: New York: BallantineBallantine..HorganHorgan J (2003)J (2003) Rational Mysticism Spirituality meets science in theRational Mysticism Spirituality meets science in theHorganHorgan, J. (2003) , J. (2003) Rational Mysticism. Spirituality meets science in the Rational Mysticism. Spirituality meets science in the

search for enlightenment. search for enlightenment. New York: Houghton Mifflin.New York: Houghton Mifflin.PolkinghornePolkinghorne, J. (2006) , J. (2006) Quantum Physics and Theology: An unexpected Quantum Physics and Theology: An unexpected

kinship. kinship. Yale University Press.Yale University Press.Sagan, C., Sagan, C., DruyanDruyan, A, ed. (2007) , A, ed. (2007) The Varieties of Scientific Experience: The Varieties of Scientific Experience:

A personal view of the search for God. A personal view of the search for God. New York: Penguin Books.New York: Penguin Books.Flew, A., Varghese, R. A. (2008) Flew, A., Varghese, R. A. (2008) There is There is nono God.God. New York: New York: HarperOneHarperOne..

Andrew B. NewbergAndrew B. NewbergDirector of ResearchDirector of Research

NeuroteologíaNeuroteología

Director of ResearchDirector of ResearchMyrna Myrna BrindBrind Center for Integrative Medicine Center for Integrative Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Hospital and Thomas Jefferson University Hospital and

Medical CollegeMedical College

Newberg, A., Newberg, A., MontiMonti, D., Moss, A., , D., Moss, A., AlaviAlavi, A. (2012) , A. (2012) Positron emission tomography in neurological Positron emission tomography in neurological and psychiatric disorders. and psychiatric disorders. Internat.Internat. J. Imaging J. Imaging Systems and TechnologySystems and Technology 22: 222: 2--17.17.

Newberg, A., Newberg, S. (2010) Psychology and Newberg, A., Newberg, S. (2010) Psychology and neurobiology in a neurobiology in a postmaterialistpostmaterialist world. world. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 2: 1192: 119--121.121.

Newberg, A. (2010) Methodological principles for Newberg, A. (2010) Methodological principles for research in research in neurotheologyneurotheology: Practical and : Practical and philosophical implications. philosophical implications. NeuroquantologyNeuroquantology 8: 8: 531531--545.545.531531 545.545.

Ciencia Ciencia –– Religión: triple debateReligión: triple debateConsciencia: clásica vs. cuánticaConsciencia: clásica vs. cuántica Religión (Religión (religarereligare) implica consciencia de realidad trascendental) implica consciencia de realidad trascendental A: propiedad emergente de la complejidad del SNC (automatismo A: propiedad emergente de la complejidad del SNC (automatismo

determinista)determinista))) B: procesos cuánticos independientes (sujetos a intencionalidad)B: procesos cuánticos independientes (sujetos a intencionalidad) ¿Consciencia trascendental basada en física fundamental?¿Consciencia trascendental basada en física fundamental?

Experiencias místicas: endógenas vs exógenasExperiencias místicas: endógenas vs exógenasExperiencias místicas: endógenas vs. exógenasExperiencias místicas: endógenas vs. exógenas Espontáneas: epilepsia Espontáneas: epilepsia temporotemporo--límbica (“personalidad de lóbulo límbica (“personalidad de lóbulo

temporal”)temporal”) Inducibles: factores químicos (drogas), físicos (luminosos y sonoros; Inducibles: factores químicos (drogas), físicos (luminosos y sonoros;

éti ?) “ t l ” ( dit ió ió )éti ?) “ t l ” ( dit ió ió )¿magnéticos?), “mentales” (meditación, oración)¿magnéticos?), “mentales” (meditación, oración) Activación de diversas regiones cerebrales (no un “módulo divino”)Activación de diversas regiones cerebrales (no un “módulo divino”) Sin evidencia de influencias ajenas a propiedades del propio SNCSin evidencia de influencias ajenas a propiedades del propio SNC

Teísmo vs. ateísmoTeísmo vs. ateísmo Sin fundamento en las neurocienciasSin fundamento en las neurociencias Interminable batalla de “expertos”Interminable batalla de “expertos” Fuente de prosperidad permanente en mercado editorialFuente de prosperidad permanente en mercado editorial Fuente de prosperidad permanente en mercado editorialFuente de prosperidad permanente en mercado editorial

ConclusionesConclusiones Conducta religiosa tiene correlatos anatómicoConducta religiosa tiene correlatos anatómico--funcionales en SNCfuncionales en SNC Carácter intrínseco con obvias ventajas adaptativasCarácter intrínseco con obvias ventajas adaptativas Improbable que desaparezcaImprobable que desaparezca

CoCo dependiente de conte to c lt raldependiente de conte to c lt ral CoCo--dependiente de contexto culturaldependiente de contexto cultural

Lutz, A., Lutz, A., GreischarGreischar, L., Rawlings, N., , L., Rawlings, N., RicardRicard, M., Davidson, R. (2004) Long, M., Davidson, R. (2004) Long--term term meditatorsmeditators selfself--induce highinduce high--amplitude gamma synchrony during mental amplitude gamma synchrony during mental

titi P di N i l A d f S i USAP di N i l A d f S i USA 101 16369101 16369 1637316373practice. practice. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences USA Proceedings National Academy of Sciences USA 101: 16369101: 16369--16373. 16373.

Alma y espírituAlma y espíritu Relaciones entre alma y espíritusRelaciones entre alma y espíritus Relaciones con el cuerpo fRelaciones con el cuerpo físicoísico Nervios como vías de comunicaciónNervios como vías de comunicación Vehículo de la informaciónVehículo de la información Historia científica de >2,500 añosHistoria científica de >2,500 años

Vehículo de la información nerviosaVehículo de la información nerviosa

pneuma pneuma psychikonpsychikon s. III a.C. ― IVs. III a.C. ― IV

spiritusspiritus animalisanimalis s. V ― XVIs. V ― XVI

espritsesprits animauxanimaux s XVII ― XVIIIs XVII ― XVIIIespritsesprits animauxanimaux s. XVII ― XVIIIs. XVII ― XVIIIanimal animal spiritsspirits

NervenströmeNervenströme, , ActionsströmeActionsströme s. XIX ― XXs. XIX ― XX

actionaction potentialpotential s. XX ― XXIs. XX ― XXI