Clave #6 // Artistas, obras y medios

7/21/2019 Clave #6 // Artistas, obras y medios.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/clave-6-artistas-obras-y-medios 1/80

kncvl #1

Rrhklsh `l c`cptckgûo `l nc ohvlnc irãagkc „Qgrus trhpgkcn―`ln pcpln cn kgol. RHYLTRCHNC RHT PGEDH L[P\@GH

//[cotgcih Kcgkl`h `l Thux

Crtgstcs, hdrcs y el`ghs

Tc`ghlskukfcs //Ohdcrc Fcycmcwc

Lotrlkruzcr pncohs:phnåtgkcs y egirckghols `l nc gecilolo `hs vg`lhs `l Kcrhngoc [cquln

//Kcrnc Eckkfgcvlnnh

Gotlrslkkghols //Juco Khrtçs

„Nc shnl`c` `ln phlec― //Ecouln Flroão`lz„Qcogtcs Ngdlnnue― //Kcrelo Ign Qrhngjm

„C rcs `l tglrrc― //Ecråc Ecricrgtc Jgeçolz„Dctlråc Inhdcn / Dcnnhho Mgt y Tuehr GG― //Tgkcr`h Crgcs

Crtgstcs qul fcdnco cklrkc `l sus hdrcs (arcieloths)

G[[O 4233-023V

423; # 1

fttp://kncvl37-79.uogco`ls.lù.khRudngkckgûo slrgc`c lo Krlckgûo Euntgel`gc - @lpcrtceloth `l Crtl



kncvl237-79

#1



kncvl #1

kncvl #1



kncvl237-79

#1

lke



kncvl #1

`grlkthrcEyrgce Nugsc @åcz

khegtç l`gthrgcn

Kncu`gc EhotgnncJhril Nc AlrncNukcs HspgocEcråc Ecricrgtc Jgeçolz[cotgcih Lkflvlrry

khhr`gockgûo l`gthrgcnEyrgce Nugsc @åcz

csgstlotl l`gthrgcnQgvgco Phnl

`lscrrhnnh irãagkhNhrloc Mrcus

phrtc`cQgvgco Phnl

g nustrckgholsQgvgco Phnl

vlrsgûo lnlktrûogkcfttp://kncvl37-79.uogco`ls.lù.khG[[O 4233-0223

prhùkkgûo wldQgvgco Phnl

G[[O 4233-023V#1 - 423; - © `l nhs cuthrls y `l nc Lsplkgcn gzckgûo lo Krlckgûo Eunt gel`gcfttp://krlckgho-eunt gel`gc.uogco`ls.lù.kh

\ogvlrsg`c` `l nhs Co`ls, Ackuntc` `l Crtls y Fuecog`c`ls, @lpcrtceloth `l Crtl.

Kr 3. Oh. 36C-32 / Cpcrtc`h Cçrlh 0791, Dhihtã, @.K., KhnhedgcPlnçahohs: (<93) ;;400<2 - ;;70707, Lxt.: 41;1fttp://crtl.uogco`ls.lù.kh/

L`gkghols \ogco`lsKr. 3 Oh. 37-49. L`gagkgh C\. Dhihtã, @.K., KhnhedgcPlnçahoh: ;;70707-;;70777. Lxt.:43;;.Aãx:43<6fttp://l`gkghols.uogco`ls.lù.khgoalùogBuogco`ls.lù.kh

Kncvl 237-79 ls uoc pudngkckgûo slrgc`c coucn `l krgtlrgh go`lplo`glotl kho uo prhpûsgthckc`çegkh. Nhs khotlog`hs `l nhs crtåkunhs y trcdcjhs sho rlsphoscdgn g`c` lxknusgvc `l kc`cuoh `l nhs cuthrls. Geprlsh lo Dhihtã, Khnhedgc, 4230.

Rrhfgdg`c nc rlprhùkkgûo thtcn h pcrkgcn `l lstc hdrc sgo uoc cuthrgzckgûo lskrgtc.



kncvl237-79

#1



kncvl #1

Pco gotlrlscotls l gephrtcotls sho nhs coãngs gs qul sl fcklo `l uoc hdrc khehsgiogagkctgvh ls ln khohklr su prhklsh `l rlcngzckgûo lsplkgcnelotl `l nc vhz`ln crtgstc. Ln khotlxth tlûrgkh, fgstûrgkh y lspckgh-tlephrcn juoth c nc g`lc `lkhohklr lsl „gostcotl eãigkh― `l krlckgûo y nhs `ltcnnls `ln lspckgh y ùrc-

kgûo `l su lncdhrckgûo, pul`lo plregtgr qul nc lxplrglokgc `ln lsplktc`hr sllxtglo`c eãs cnnã `ln eheloth lo qul prlslokgc nc hdrc.

Crtgstcs, hdrcs y el`ghs, prlslotc cniuohs lskrgths shdrl trcdcjhs `l crtgstcsy vcrgcs vhkls qul `co kulotc `l prhklshs `l krlckgûo lo eúntgpnls el`ghs.Nc fgdrg`ckgûo y ln trcdcjh gotlr`gskgpngocrgh usucnelotl fcklo pcrtl `l ncprhùkkgûo crtåstgkc khotlephrãolc y ls lo lstl krukl `l el`ghs y `gskgpngocsqul juoth c nc utgngzckgûo `l tlkohnhiåcs lelrilotls, sl prlslotc uo lspckgh`l lxplrgelotckgûo khoskglotl `l ncs ahrecs lo qul ln crtl sl ecogaglstc.Lokulotrhs tcedgço lo ln eh`h `l lxprlscr plrklpkghols `l nc rlcng`c` qul

pul`lo `ls`gdujcr nhs nåegtls `l nhs içolrhs crtåstgkhs.

Kncvl 237-79 #1 govgtc cn nlkthr c khohklr `galrlotls ectgkls `l plosceglo-th qul prhpholo y cdrlo lspckghs `l hdslrvckgûo lstçtgkc y kunturcn `ln crtlkhotlephrãolh.

Eyrgce Nugsc @åcz



kncvl237-79

#1



kncvl #1

Lotrlkruzcr pncohs: phnåtgkcs y egirckghols `lnc gecilo lo `hs vg`lhs `l Kcrhngoc [cquln

//Kcrnc Eckkfgcvlnnh

Tc`ghlskukfcs //Ohdcrc Fcycmcwc

Gotlrslkkghols //Juco Khrtçs

Rrhklsh `l c`cptckgûo `l nc ohvlnc irãagkc„Qgrus trhpgkcn― `ln pcpln cn kgol.

RHYLTRCHNC RHT PGEDH L[P\@GH //[cotgcih Kcgkl`h `l Thux

Crtgstcs qul fcdnco cklrkc `l sus hdrcs

(arcieloths) //Ecouln Flroão`lz / Kcrelo Ign / Ecråc Ecricrgtc Jgeçolz / Tgkcr`h Cr gcs

åo`gkl

3;

;;

03

<;

19





kncvl #1

Lotrlkruzcr pncohs:phnåtgkcs y egirckghols `lnc gecilo lo `hs vg`lhs `l

Kcrhngoc [cquln

Kcrnc Eckkfgcvlnnh*

Tlsuelo:

C pcrtgr `l nhs `hs vg`lhs `l nc crtgstc kfgnloc Kcrhngoc [cquln, „Gephsgdgng`c` `l ctrcvl-scr uo pncoh― (4232-33) y „Rlotgelotg― (4220), sl cocngzco cniuohs prhdnlecs `ln içolrh`hkuelotcn lo uo tgleph `l `lspnczcegloths y egirckghols `l plrshocs, geãilols y el-ehrgcs. Lo ncs hdrcs `l [cquln, ln kgol y nc fgsthrgc `ln crtl kheh ectlrgcnls lokhotrc`hs

khovlrilo lo uoc rlanlxgûo shdrl ln hnvg`h, ln ph`lr, nc trcùkkgûo y nc kgrkuncrg`c` `l ncfgsthrgc phr el`gh `l geãilols qul trcosgtco lotrl nh hoårgkh y nc rlcng`c`, ln crtgagkgh ync octurcnlzc. Lo lnnhs, lspckghs y slrls cpcrlotlelotl gohkuhs (uo dhsqul, uo kcdcnnh)sl vulnvlo ckthrls y prlslokgcs ectlrgcnls qul phtlokgco nlkturcs oulvcs shdrl oulstrcrlnckgûo kho nh qul pcrlkl octurcn, elohr y fcstc hnvg`c`h.

Rcncdrcs Kncvl: Qg`lh, `hkuelotcn, agkkgûo, elehrgc, egirckghols, octurcnlzc, crtl kho-tlephrãolh

* Kcrnc Eckkfgcvlnnh ls Rrhalshrc Csgstlotl lo Fgsthrgc `ln Crtl lo nc \ogvlrsg`c` `l nhs Co`ls, Dhihtã,

Khnhedgc. Tlkgdgû su `hkthrc`h y eclstråc lo Fgsthrgc y Kråtgkc `ln Crtl `l nc [thoy Drhhm \ogvlrsgty,

Oulvc Whrm, y rlcngzû uoc ngklokgcturc lo Lstçtgkc `l nc Rhotgagkgc \ogvlrsg`c` Kctûngkc `l Kfgnl. [u trcdcjh

sl klotrc lo ln crtl khotlephrãolh y nctgohcelrgkcoh, ln plrahrecokl, ln vg`lh y ncs rlnckghols lotrl crtl

y phnåtgkc. Fc pudngkc`h lo rlvgstcs gotlrockghocnls, kctãnhihs y ngdrhs, y trcdcjc kheh kurc`hrc go`lplo-

`glotl.

3;

Lotrlkruzcr pncohs: phnåtgkcs y egirckghols `l nc gecilo lo `hs vg`lhs `l Kcrhngoc [cqulnKcrnc Eckkfgcvlnnh • 3;-;3





kncvl #1

\oc plnåkunc lo dncokh y olirh rlcngzc`c lo 3714 phr ln `grlkthr arcokçs Thdlrt Lorgkh, dc-sc`c lo uo kuloth khrth `ln lskrgthr lstc`huog`losl Cedrhsl Dglrkl cedglotc`h lo 3614ùrcotl nc Iulrrc Kgvgn `l Lstc`hs \og`hs, agnec`c lo uo dhsqul `l Arcokgc kho ckthrls rlkh-ohkg`hs y lxtrcs nhkcnls, `ljc`c lo uoc vlrsgûo sgo shog`h kho sudtåtunhs lo lspcóhn lo ln khe-putc`hr `l uoc crtgstc kfgnloc qul vgvl lo Arcokgc lo ln cóh 422<. \o rltrcth lkulstrl `l uorly c kcdcnnh pgotc`h phr @glih Qlnãzqulz qul sl lokulotrc lo ln Euslh ̀ ln Rrc`h y nc agkkgûo`ln gostcotl ltlroh ̀ l uo ehvgegloth cogecn ̀ ltlog`h lo ûnlh y nglozh, vgsth phr prgelrc vlz loplrshoc. Lsths rlalrlotls `gvlrshs `l nc kunturc vgsucn ahreco nc dcsl `l uo vg`lh `hkuelotcny uoc kgotc lo 31ee trcspcsc`c c `v` rlcngzc`hs phr Kcrhngoc [cquln, crtgstc kfgnloc rc`gkc-`c lo Arcokgc `ls`l ln cóh 422;3, nhs kucnls rl-prhùklo uoc slrgl `l ckths `l trcùkkgûoy `l `lspnczcegloth lspckgcn y tlephrcn pcrc rlanlxghocr shdrl nc agkkgûo lo ln crtl y lo ln`hkuelotcn c pcrtgr `l nh plrshocn y nh ecrigoc`h. Nc hdrc `l [cquln rlcngzc uoc kråtgkc sutgn

c nc rlprlslotckgûo phr el`gh `l uoc lxpnhrckgûo `l nc elehrgc, ln hnvg`h, y pcrtgkuncrelotlcqulnnh qul lxgstl kheh uoc fulnnc `gausc y cpcrlotlelotl `gstcotl lo uo khotlxth inhdcngzc-`h qul prlihoc nc prhxgeg`c` y nc dhrrcùrc `l kucnquglr nåegtl, cuo kuco`h `ljl lo ln hnvg`hc uoc slrgl `l eãrilols. Nhs vg`lhs `l [cquln `lvulnvlo nc egrc`c c nh åoageh lo nh khtg`gcoh,suigrglo`h uoc phnåtgkc `l nh elohr, `ln ehvgegloth y `ln rlthroh `l nh qul plrecolkl hkunthh sl vulnvl pcrtl `l nc „ohrecng`c`―.

Ln vg`lh „@gagkuntc` `l ctrcvlscr uo pncoh―, `ln 4232-4233, kheglozc kho uoc thec agjc lodncokh y olirh `l uo pcgscjl dhskhsh, cpcrlotlelotl govlrocn, arlotl c uo ncih h råh qul`gstcokgc c nc kãecrc `l nhs ãrdhnls lo nc htrc hrgnnc. Ln pcgscjl sl vl trcosahrec`h rlplo-tgocelotl phr uoc ecokfc `gcihocn hskurc qul cvcozc c nc `lrlkfc shdrl nhs ãrdhnls, suig-rglo`h ln pcsh rãpg`h `l uoc oudl. Rlrh su rltrhklsh lo nc gecilo, h rlthroh goel`gcth fckgcnc gzquglr`c, ilolrc goklrtgùedrl rlsplkth c nc rlcng`c` `l lsl sgioh octurcn, c nc vlz qulsu pcsh phr nc suplragkgl `ln dhsqul gostcnc uo tgleph qul cvcozc y rltrhkl`l, uoc shedrcqul hkuntc y rlvlnc, y uo trãosgth octurcn y crtgagkgcn. Lstc tlosgûo tlephrcn sl rlpgtl lo ncsprgelrcs slkulokgcs `l geãilols lo khnhr eãs cdstrcktcs qul suiglrlo suplragkgls `l ciuc.@ls`l nc thec agjc ̀ l uo pncoh irgs, `losh y hnlhsh kho plqulócs ho`cs qul sl vl gotlrruepg`hphr nc lelrilokgc `l durdujcs juoth cn rug`h lstrulo`hsh `l uo fhedrl qul thec uoc ircodhkcoc`c `l cgrl, fcstc ln loahqul y `lsloahqul `l nc kãecrc shdrl nc suplragkgl `l uo råh

qul rlvlnc plqulócs ho`cs khokçotrgkcs kuyh ehvgegloth pcrlkl cklnlrcrsl y `lscklnlrcrsl,ln vg`lh oglic kucnquglr slosckgûo `l `lscrrhnnh y sl cklrkc c nc khostrukkgûo `l uoc „gecilo-rlkulr`h―. [liúo Tcyeho` Dlnnhur, nc „gecilo-rlkulr`h― ls uoc gecilo khepulstc tcoth phrkc`locs `l cshkgckghols qul khoùklo c lstrcths cutûohehs `l rleledrcozcs, kheh phr lntrcspcsh lotrlnczc`h `l uo ogvln c htrh khoauo`glo`h nh qul sl rlkulr`c kho nh qul gecigoc:

3 Prcs hdtlolr su tåtunh kheh cdhic`c lo nc \ogvlrsg`c` @glih Rhrtcnls lo [cotgcih `l Kfgnl, [cquln rlcngzc uoc Ngklokgcturc lo Crtls `lnc Rhotgagkgc \ogvlrsg`c` Kctûngkc `l Kfgnl, ircùão`hsl lo ln cóh 4222. Lo ln 422;, [cquln kheglozc uoc rlsg`lokgc lo Nl Arlsohy-[tu`ghoctghocn `ls crts khotlephrcgos, Arcokgc, y lo ln 422< khepnltc uoc Eclstråc lo Crtl, Plhråc y Rrãktgkc, qul`ão`hsl nulih c trcdcjcrlo Rcrås.

3<




kncvl237-79

#1

„Ln kcegoh qul khoùkl `l nc elehrgc c nc govlokgûo ls kgrkuncr= nhs kårkunhs sl rltheco y slgoskrgdlo uohs lo ln gotlrghr `l htrhs sgo khgokg`gr jceãs, sliúo uoc prhirlsgûo qul oh ls uoprhirlsh, sgoh uoc `lrgvc khotrhnc`c―4. Nc kgrkuncrg`c` qul lstcdnlklo ncs prgelrcs geãilols`ln vg`lh `l [cquln ckhepcóc`cs phr shog`h trcoseutc`h `l cnih ckuhsh h `l nhs rug`hsocturcnls `l uo dhsqul, gostcnc uo tgleph y uo lspckgh `ltlog`hs y c nc vlz lo anuktuckgûo, cngiucn qul uoc sulrtl `l egstlrgh lokcroc`h phr nc egrc`c `l nc kãecrc qul duskc lokhotrcrcnih lo lstcs suplragkgls. Nc octurcnlzc loecrkc`c kheh pcgscjl plregtl gostcncr uoc prgelrcrlanlxgûo lo throh cn el`gh `ln vg`lh, c su cpcrlotl suplragkgl nckuocr y kcrãktlr rlanlktcotl,y shdrl th`h c su khoklpkgûo g`lcngzc`c kheh lspljh `l nh rlcn. Nhs pncohs qul sl prlslotcosuiglrlo prhauo`g`c` y sgo ledcrih oh sl `ljco ctrcvlscr phr nc egrc`c kheh suplragkglstrcospcrlotls, sgoh qul lvhkco uoc `losg`c` y uoc hpckg`c` `l ncs geãilols qul ncs cnljco `lslr sgepnls `hkueloths.

Nc `losg`c` `ln ciuc sl csleljc c nc khepckg`c` `ln dhsqul, ln kucn sl vulnvl uo plrshocjlprgokgpcn lo ln vg`lh. @ls`l su cpcrgkgûo suilrg`c c trcvçs `l ncs fhjcs qul anhtco lo ln ncih,pcsco`h phr ln qugldrl qul prhùklo ncs khpcs ̀ l nhs ãrdhnls qul igrco cn rgteh ̀ l uo tcedhrg-nnlh egngtcr, fcstc nhs pcolhs nloths phr shdrl ln ahnncjl prgecvlrcn khepckth y ln c`lotrceglo-th `l nc kãecrc lo su hskurg`c`, ln dhsqul lelril kheh cnih eãs qul uo lsklocrgh `ho`l slrlvlncrã trcoskurrgû nc agneckgûo `l uoc plnåkunc y `ho`l hkurrl nc lskcsc ckkgûo prlslotl. Lndhsqul sl khovglrtl lo uo sgioh ̀ l hpckg`c`, ln sgtgh ̀ l uoc dúsqul`c, uo nåegtl cn khohkgeglothy nc elehrgc, htrh pncoh geploltrcdnl lo lstc`h `l anuktuckgûo.

Nc octurcnlzc lsplsc shnh ls rhtc phr uocs phkcs fulnncs ̀ l nh fuecoh: uo pulotl, nlóc ckueu-nc`c lo pgncs hr`loc`cs y, eãs tcr`l, nc cpcrgkgûo `l uo fhedrl kho uo plrrh ircdc`hs phr nckãecrc, sgiohs `gegouths `l uoc prlslokgc kgvgngzcthrgc y tlkohnûigkc qul pcrlklo celoczc`hsphr nc `lscpcrgkgûo. Cn prlslotcrsl ln dhsqul kheh uoc htrl`c` sgnlokghsc l golxtrgkcdnl c ncqul sl loarlotc nc kãecrc, ln vg`lh sl vulnvl uo fådrg`h lotrl uo `hkuelotcn dhtãogkh y uoh

4 Tcyeho` Dlnnhur, „Cuthrrltrcths―, lo Lotrl geãilols. Ahth. Kgol. Qg`lh, trc`. C`rgcoc Qlttglr (Dulohs Cgrls: L`gkghols Khngful, 4227),;31.

„@gagkuntc` `l ctrcvlscr uo pncoh―, 4232-4233, geãilols prhpgl`c` `l nc crtgstc Kcrhngoc [cquln.

Lotrlkruzcr pncohs: phnåtgkcs y egirckghols `l nc gecilo lo `hs vg`lhs `l Kcrhngoc [cquln3;-;3 • Kcrnc Eckkfgcvlnnh



kncvl #1

cotrhphnûigkh, lotrl nc khotlepnckgûo lstçtgkc `ln pcgscjl y nc dúsqul`c `l cnih eãs cnnã `lncs cpcrglokgcs;.

Lsc dúsqul`c sl rlvlnc agocnelotl phr el`gh `l uoc vhz alelogoc lo haa qul rlnctc uoc lx-plrglokgc plrshocn `l nc cuthrc rlsplkth c uoc plnåkunc qul tuvh nuicr lo ln egseh dhsqul qullo lsl eheloth cpcrlkl loecrkc`h y vgsth rãpg`celotl `ls`l uo vlfåkunh lo ehvgegloth.Fcdnco`h lo arcokçs, [cquln kulotc kûeh lo ln cóh 422< vgh uoc plnåkunc qul nc `ljû gepck-tc`c, nc kucn aul `ljc`c phr uo cegih lo su kheputc`hr, sgo shog`h y kho sudtåtunhs lo lspcóhn.Lstl lvloth cpcrlotlelotl kcsucn y euo`coh, gotrhùkl lo ln vg`lh uoc slrgl `l `gsnhkckgholslspckgcnls y tlephrcnls, `l nloiucjls y `l el`ghs, gotlrkcnco`h uo pcsc`h klrkcoh `l vgsuc-ngzckgûo lo kheputc`hr (422<) lo ln prlslotl `l nc krlckgûo (4232-33) `ln vg`lh juoth c htrh

eãs `gstcotl `l uoc plnåkunc (3714) qul nulih sl rlvlncrã lstã dcsc`c lo uo rlncth `l 3673.Nc trcùkkgûo cn lspcóhn `l nhs sudtåtunhs y nc cuslokgc `ln shog`h lo nc rlprhùkkgûo `l ncplnåkunc vgstc phr nc crtgstc, suiglrlo `ls`l uo gogkgh uoc plrklpkgûo gokhepnltc dcsc`c lo ncpçr`g`c, nc cuslokgc y nhs ckths `l trcùkkgûo, nc kucn sglotc ln lsklocrgh pcrc nc sudsgiuglotlrlkhostrukkgûo pcrkgcn `ln pcsc`h lo ln prlslotl qul hkurrl lo ln vg`lh. Rlrh cn egseh tgleph,nc gotrhùkkgûo `l nc lxplrglokgc plrshocn `l [cquln kheh ln ehthr `ln `hkuelotcn nh pncotlc

; Nc octurcnlzc kheh lspckgh cdstrckth y khokrlth, kheh ncdlrgoth qul krlc uo tgleph y uo rlkhrrg`h kgrkuncr, cpcrlkl kheh uo tlecrlkurrlotl lo cniuohs vg`lhs `l [cquln kheh „Tlkhostgtukgûo `l uo jcr`åo `lnlktcdnl― `ln 4226, y nc slrgl „Nc kctãstrhal ls cecrgnnc―(Agiurls `lvcot uol eçtcehrpfhsl G y GG), `ln 4229.

39







kncvl #1

(arcieloth qul ls kgtc`h lo ln vg`lh kheh gotrhùkkgûo cn rlalrlotl aånegkh), alkfc`h 3614, loln kucn sl cagrec lo uo nloiucjl tcjcotl y hagkgcn qul kucnquglrc qul sl lokulotrl gotlragrglo`h

kho trlols, pulotls h túolnls, slrã ljlkutc`h lo nc fhrkc `l ahrec suecrgc. Nc crdgtrcrgl`c`y ùrlzc `ln kcstgih pcrlkl hpholrsl c nc gohklokgc suilrg`c phr ncs thecs `ln dhsqul lo lnvg`lh, cså kheh ln nloiucjl geplrshocn y cdstrckth `l nc c`vlrtlokgc suiglrl nc `gstcokgc `l ncnly ecrkgcn cpngkc`c lo ln dhsqul kheh nuicr ngeåtrhal y kheh uo lspckgh `l lxklpkgûo `ho`lnhs `lrlkfhs kgvgnls sho susplo`g`hs. Nc vghnlokgc `l nc iulrrc sl lxtglo`l coûogecelotl clstl pcgscjl ecrigocn, qul`co`h nligtgec`c y prhotcelotl hnvg`c`c lo nc hskurg`c` `ln dhs-qul, eglotrcs qul nc g`lotg`c` `ln sujlth cfhrkc`h l goknusgvl su krgelo qul`co go`lagog`hs.Rhr htrc pcrtl, ln ljl `rceãtgkh `l nc plnåkunc igrc lo throh c uo qugldrl tlephrcn y lspckgcn,lo kucoth lo ln eheloth `l su ljlkukgûo, ln kho`loc`h cnukgoc h sulóc qul nhirc lskcpcrsl`l ncs dcncs qul nl `gspcrco nhs shn`c`hs y rlthroc khrrglo`h c su fhicr c nhs drczhs `l su

lsphsc, sulóh qul sl rlvlnc gephsgdnl kuco`h nc plnåkunc rlirlsc cdruptcelotl c nc cktucng`c``l su ljlkukgûo y eulrtl goel`gctc c trcvçs `ln cfhrkcegloth.

Nc plnåkunc vc cpcrlkglo`h `l ahrec arcielotc`c c nh ncrih ln vg`lh `l [cquln, yc slc phrel`gh `l kgtcs lo ln cu`gh, cså kheh c trcvçs `l slkulokgcs qul sl goslrtco golsplrc`celotllo nc go`cickgûo qul tglol nuicr kho `hs ckthrls octurcnls `l nc plnåkunc (Kncu`l y Egkfln, `hsfcdgtcotls `l uo puldnh klrkcoh cn dhsqul), lo nhs ahthircecs qul egrco lo uo ãndue y lo ncvgsucngzckgûo lotrlkhrtc`c `l nc plnåkunc lo nc khkgoc-khel`hr `l uoh `l nhs ckthrls. Pcothnc plnåkunc kheh su rlkulr`h lelrilo gokhepnlths y lnusgvhs, uocs lxplrglokgcs „hrgigocnls―

`gaåkgnls ̀ l rlkhostrugr kho klrtgtu` h c kcdcng`c`. Eglotrcs nc plnåkunc cktúc kheh uo rlalrlotlkhepcrtg`h phr nhs ckthrls y nc crtgstc, uo tlxth aånegkh khokrlth y uo lvloth fgstûrgkh hdjltgvh,lnnc tcedgço cpcrlkl kheh uoc gotlrprltckgûo `l htrc fgsthrgc, ln kuloth khrth `l Dglrkl kuyhtlec ls uoc sgtuckgûo agktgkgc cuoqul phsgdnlelotl dcsc`c lo ckhotlkgegloths rlcnls ùrcotlnc iulrrc. Nc rlcng`c` qul sl duskc lo ln `hkuelotcn sl vc vhnvglo`h kc`c vlz eãs lsqugvclo nc el`g`c lo qul ln rlkulr`h y ln hnvg`h `l nhs ckthrls vco suriglo`h kheh arcieloths`ln pcsc`h, nhs kucnls sho rl-crtgkunc`hs lo ln prlslotl `ln vg`lh lo uoc oulvc ocrrctgvc qulpcrlkl cklrkcrsl c nc agkkgûo.

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kncvl237-79

#1

[g nc plnåkunc ls uoc agkkgûo hdjltgvc kuyc lxgstlokgc ectlrgcn sl khoagrec lo uo kcsltl `lvg`lh y su rlprhùkkgûo vgsucn, nc lxplrglokgc sudjltgvc `l nhs ckthrls ecogalstc`c lo susrleledrcozcs sl vc lotrlnczco`h c lstl rlalrlotl, cntlrco`h sus ahrecs y `co`h kulotc `lsu kcrãktlr khostrug`h, cn giucn qul ln `ln `hkuelotcn. Cså, nc khovlrsckgûo qul igrc lo throh cncs ahthircaåcs `l nc nhkckgûo `l nc plnåkunc y lsplkgcnelotl nc `gskusgûo shdrl nc phsgkgûo `luoc rhkc rlvlnco kûeh nc gecilo ahthirãagkc qul kcpturc uo gostcotl y uo nuicr lsplkåagkh auo-kghoc oh tcoth kheh ln rligstrh hdjltgvh `l uohs `cths acktucnls, sgoh kheh uoc suplragkgl qulictgnnc elehrgcs `gauscs y `gskrlpcokgcs lo nhs rlncths `l nhs ckthrls rlsplkth c uo rlalrlotlkhepcrtg`h. Nc goklrtgùedrl qul shstglolo nhs ckthrls shdrl nc udgkckgûo cktucn `l nc rhkc lgoknusgvl nc ù`c qul gostcnc nc crtgstc shdrl su lxgstlokgc y rlcng`c` cn prliuotcrnls sg oh sltrctcdc `l utgnlråc, `c pgl c uoc slrgl `l rlkulr`hs y cshkgckghols plrshocnls qul khotrcstconc rlcng`c` `l nc agkkgûo kho nc lsplkgagkg`c` `ln nuicr `ho`l fcdgtco, khohkg`h c trcvçs `l prg-

elrhs ohedrls („dcjh ln cotgiuh lstcdnh `ln ectc`lrh `l Pgloolo―) y rlalrlokgcs lspckgcnlssudjltgvcs (kheh ncs arcsls „sl udgkc `l lstl nc`h―, „lsh ls cquå―, qul vco ckhepcóc`cs phrilsths qul cpuotco cn kulrph `l uoh `l nhs fhedrls). Eglotrcs nc plnåkunc cdstrcl ln nuicr qulfcdgtco nhs fhedrls y nh `lspnczc tlephrcn y lspckgcnelotl (`ln dhsqul arcokçs lo 3714 cndhsqul `l nc iulrrc kgvgn lstc`huog`losl kuyc lsplkgagkg`c` tlrrgthrgcn sûnh qul`c ecrkc`cphr ln tåtunh „Hwn‗s Krllm/Tgvgærl ù Fgdhu―), nhs rlkulr`hs `l nhs ckthrls nh `lvulnvlo c uolspckgh khohkg`h c trcvçs `ln kulrph y `l nc khtg`gcog`c` qul ln prhpgh `hkuelotcn gotlotckcptcr. [g nc plnåkunc uscdc tlnlhdjltgvhs pcrc nhircr thecs `gstcotls `ln dhsqul y `l nc ck-kgûo, ln vg`lh `l [cquln gosgstl lo nc klrkcoåc rlsplkth c sus hdjlths, yc slc gotlroão`hsl lo

ln dhsqul kho nhs ckthrls, agneão`hnhs lo nc khkgoc `ho`l lstã ln tlnlvgshr `l lspcn`cs c nc kã-ecrc, h cklrkco`h çstc c nc elsc ̀ ho`l hdslrvco ncs ahthircaåcs cn puoth ̀ l rlvlncr nc gecilo`l uo dhsqul dukûngkh kho uo vloc`h rlprhùkg`h lo ln ̀ lkhrc`h ̀ ln ecotln. Rlrh lsc klrkcoåctcedgço ls hpckc: eglotrcs eãs sgoiuncrg`c` cnkcozco ln nuicr y nhs ckthrls, eãs sl `gstcokgcnc rlcng`c` trcospcrlotl kuyh sgiogagkc`h lelrilråc `grlktcelotl `l ncs geãilols agnec`cs.Nh qul sl eulstrc lo ln vg`lh pcrlkl gr sgiogagkco`h htrc khsc qul nh qul sl rligstrc, lnu`glo`hnc lxgilokgc ̀ ln ̀ hkuelotcn c qul nc gecilo lxprlsl kncrcelotl nh qul ls, h cn elohs cdrglo`hnc phsgdgng`c` `l nc lxgstlokgc `l eúntgpnls sgiogagkc`hs cn gotlrghr `l uoc egsec gecilo <.

Ln nloiucjl tcedgço cktúc kheh uo sgtgh `l `gsplrsgûo `ln sgiogagkc`h. Rhr uo nc`h, nhs sudtåtu-

nhs lo lspcóhn `ln vg`lh `ljco vlr nc ngegtckgûo `l nc trcùkkgûo `l ncs khovlrsckghols lotrlnhs fhedrls y nc cuthrc lo ncs qul fcy pcscjls ncrihs cu`gdnls qul oh sl rlprhùklo. Lshseheloths pcrlklo ljlepngagkcr nc gephsgdgng`c` `l trcsnc`cr `l uo nloiucjl c htrh nc khepnljg-`c` y thtcng`c` `l nh qul sl gotlotc `lkgr lo ln prgelr g`ghec y nc gephsgdgng`c` `ln `hkuelotcn

< @cg Qcuifco shstglol qul sg sl cklptc nc `lagogkgûo `ln `hkuelotcn kheh cqulnnh qul sgiogagkc nh qul pcrlkl ehstrcr, ohs loarlotcehsgolnu`gdnlelotl c nc prliuotc shdrl „¸c quç ohs rlalrgehs kho ln quç8― lo ln `hkuelotcn, lo htrcs pcncdrcs, ohs loarlotcehs c nc gephsgdg-ng`c` `l qul ln `hkuelotcn rligstrl lxcktcelotl uo lvloth tcn kheh hkurrgû y qul sgiogagqul lxcktcelotl nh qul eulstrc. Rcrc Qcuifco, lslo ln lspckgh qul sl cdrl lotrl nh hkurrg`h (nh sgiogagkc`h) y nh rligstrc`h qul sl lxtglo`l nc phsgdgng`c` `l gotlrprltckgûo y `l lskhilokgc`ln lsplktc`hr. Qlr, @cg Qcuifco, „Yfct @h Yl Elco dy „Yfct―8―, lo Ahr @hkuelotcry: Pwlnvl Lsscys (Dlrmlnly: \ogvlrsgty ha KcngahrogcRrlss, 3777), 69-66.




kncvl #1

`l rligstrcr uo lvloth hrgigocn h rlkhostgtugrnh sgo cntlrcrnh, tcn kheh nc plnåkunc trcosahrecdcln kuloth lo goinçs pcrc su rl-gecigockgûo kheh kgol. Rhr htrc pcrtl, nc anug`lz `l nhs rlncthsy elehrgcs qul rlkulotco nhs plrshocjls `ln vg`lh sl vl gotlrruepg`c phr nc kcå`c `l nc kho-vlrsckgûo lo nh gogotlngigdnl, ln g`ghec arcokçs `lskhephogço`hsl lo uoc slrgl `l eureunnhs yuo rug`h shr`h. Lo `hs hkcsghols, ln vg`lh c`vglrtl c trcvçs `l nhs sudtåtunhs lo lspcóhn qul lnnloiucjl fcdnc`h phr nhs fhedrls sl fc vulnth gokheprlosgdnl y phr lo`l gotrcùkgdnl, ̀ ljco`huo vckåh vgsgdnl y cu`gdnl tcoth pcrc quglols fcdnlo lspcóhn h arcokçs. Lo lshs eheloths, lnslotg`h sl lskcdunnl cuo kuco`h ln nloiucjl lstç prlslotl lo ln rligstrh, sûnh qul nc lxprlsgûovlrdcn pcrlkl nnlicr c sus lxtrlehs, vhnvglo`h `ln slotg`h cn ilsth, c uoc kheuogkckgûo khr-phrcn prgegilogc y iuturcn. Lo lstl slotg`h, ln arcokçs `l nc khovlrsckgûo sl `lstlrrgthrgcngzc,pglr`l su `hegocokgc kheh nloiucjl gnustrc`h y sl vulnvl uoh „elohr―, ln vlroãkunh nhkcn trcos-ahrec`h cúo eãs lo su crtgkunckgûo phr uohs kulrphs vgljhs.1 Goknush ln g`ghec goinçs lo qul

sl `hdnû nc plnåkunc sl `gsthrsghoc lo vcrgcs hkcsghols lo rlnckgûo kho ln sulóh `ln plrshocjlklotrcn, vhnvglo`h cn nloiucjl slrgh `l nc nly uoc pcrh`gc `l så egseh. Ln goinçs shnh rlkhdrc suahrec lo ln sulóh kuco`h ln plrshocjl nnlic c kcsc khrrglo`h, y prhouokgc rlgtlrc`celotl lnohedrl `l su lsphsc: „Lddgl!―, sûnh pcrc ehrgr cfhrkc`h y ncozcr uo irgth `l fhrrhr lo kucothsu sulóh khdrc slotg`h lo nc rlcng`c`.

Lo ln vg`lh, ln prgelr ohedrl khoùkl c uo cokncjl `l ncs geãilols y nhs rlkulr`hs lo uoc rlc-ng`c` khokrltc y ectlrgcn plrtlolkglotl c nc lxplrglokgc `l uohs fhedrls lsplkåagkhs (tcothnhs `hs ckthrls kheh sus eujlrls, quglols cpcrlklo ckhepcóco`h nc vgsucngzckgûo l gotlrvg-oglo`h kho sus khelotcrghs). [g lo nc plnåkunc nhs ckthrls octurcnls plrecolkåco coûogehs lo`hs slotg`hs, kheh pcrtl `l nc ecsc h ecqugocrgc `l nc iulrrc lo nc agkkgûo y kheh prlslokgcscuslotls lo kucoth ilotl kheúo sgo lstu`ghs `l cktuckgûo y phr lo`l sgo krç`gths cn agocn `l ncplnåkunc, ln vg`lh gotlotc sckcrnhs `l lsc cuslokgc prlslotl, `ão`hnls uo ohedrl y rlscntco`hsus rlkulr`hs9. [go ledcrih, lsl ckth `l rlnhkcngzckgûo y rlstcurckgûo `ln ohedrl, h nc „rltl-rrgthrgcngzckgûo― `l nc agkkgûo c pcrtgr `ln rlkulr`h cktucn `l nhs ckthrls, sl vl khotrcrrlstc`hphr nc goklrtgùedrl qul ilolrc ln lokulotrh `ln yh lo ln prlslotl kho su `hdnl lo nc plnåkunc,lotlo`g`c kheh agkkgûo y `hkueloth `ln pcsc`h.

Nc cpcrgkgûo lo ln ehogthr `l nc scnc `l uoc slkulokgc kho uoc agnc `l shn`c`hs ahrec`hs arlo-

tl cn pulotl `l nc ljlkukgûo, y ln rlkhohkgegloth rlplotgoh qul tglolo nhs `hs ckthrls `l htrhegledrh `ln puldnh lo nc gecilo (Cgeç), govgtc c nhs prlslotls c qul gotlotlo rlkhohklrsl c

1 [g pcrc @lnluzl y Iucttcrg, ln nloiucjl suril `l uoc „`lstlrrgthrgcngzckgûo― c pcrtgr `l nc dhkc, nc nloiuc y nhs `glotls qul fcdråco lokho-trc`h su prgelr sgiogagkc`h lo nc kheg`c, çstl sl rltlrrgthrgcngzc lo ln slotg`h `c`h c nc pcncdrc qul sl crtgkunc eãs cnnã `ln elrh shog`hh rug`h. Nc pcncdrc lepglzc c sgiogagkcr cnih lo nc el`g`c lo qul sl `lsprlo`l `l uoc auokgûo `l kglrtcs pcrtls `ln kulrph (khelr) pcrclokhotrcrsl lo htrc (fcdncr). Rlrh sliúo @lnluzl y Iucttcrg, fcdråco eheloths lo cniuocs hdrcs ngtlrcrgcs (qul nhs cuthrls kcrcktlrgzcokheh „elohr― y lokulotrco su ljlepnh lo ncs hdrcs `l Mcamc) lo qul nc pcncdrc vulnvl c `lstlrrgthrgcngzcrsl phr el`gh `l su dhrrcùrc,phr nc pçr`g`c `ln slotg`h qul sl `c lo ln iruóg`h, cn puoth qul „ln nloiucjl `ljc `l slr rlprlslotctgvh pcrc ehvlrsl cfhrc fckgc suslxtrleg`c`ls h nåegtls―. Ignnls @lnluzl y Açngx Iucttcrg, „Yfct gs c Egohr Ngtlrcturl8―, lo Mcamc. Phwcr`s c Egohr Ngtlrcturl (Egoolcphngs:\ogvlrsgty ha Egoolshtc Rrlss, 422;), 4;.

9 Nc plnåkunc aul prlegc`c lo ln Alstgvcn `l Kgol `l Kcools lo 3714 y lo nhs Rrleghs `l nc Ckc`legc `l 371;. C`leãs, uoc vlrsgûo `l lnncaul ehstrc`c lo ln prhircec lstc`huog`losl Pfl Pwgngift Zhol lo 3710, cn kucn sl fckl rlalrlokgc lo ln vg`lh `l [cquln.

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kncvl237-79

#1

su vlz lo ncs geãilols agnec`cs. Rlrh vlrsl rlprlslotc`h lo nc gecilo `ln pcsc`h ls vlrslkheh htrh. Cså kheh ln tgleph trcoskurrg`h lotrl nc agneckgûo y ln prlslotl trcosahrec c nhsslrls, c nhs nuicrls y su elehrgc, nc pcotcnnc y ln `hdnl qul lnnc lxfgdl kheh sg sl trctcrc `luo lspljh `ln pcsc`h ilolrc uoc `gsnhkckgûo eúntgpnl lo nhs sujlths. Nhs ckthrls oh shnh vlo uo

rltrcth `l så egsehs rlcngzc`h phr htrh (ln `grlkthr `l nc plnåkunc), sgoh qul sl vlo rltrctc`hslo htrh tgleph (ln yh jhvlo) y kheh plrshocjls slkuo`crghs lo uoc agkkgûo qul rlprlslotchtrc tlephrcng`c`, `ho`l `ljco `l slr så egsehs pcrc khovlrtgrsl lo shn`c`hs `gsarczc`hsqul ljlkutco ûr`lols gepulstcs phr htrh (ln khrholn, nc nly govgsgdnl, ln `grlkthr). Cn vlrsl phrprgelrc vlz lo nc gecilo lo dncokh y olirh, nhs ckthrls oh sl rlkhohklo y fcstc ù`co `l ncphsgdgng`c` `l vhnvlr c vlrsl, `l `gstgoiugrsl y lstcdnlklr uoc rlnckgûo `l pcrlotlskh kho suprhpgc gecilo (uoh `l lnnhs goknush slócnc qul „uoh oh pul`l rlkhohklrsl c så egseh―). Pcn lsnc goklrtgùedrl krlc`c phr ln `hdnl, qul goknush trcs uoc slrgl `l sgiohs ngoiþåstgkhs `l cvgs-tcegloth („cfå―, „så, så, ls Kncu`l―, „nã!―, „¸ls ustl` Kncu`l8―, „ustl` lstã sliuo`h lo nc agnc―)y `l slócnls aåsgkcs `l rlkhohkgegloth phr el`gh `ln slócncegloth kho nhs `l`hs åo`gkls qulcpuotco fckgc ln ehogthr `l tlnlvgsgûo c uo nuicr y ckthr lsplkåagkh, Kncu`l oh cagrec oc`cshdrl su prhpgc gecilo og rlkhohkl rlkhohklrsl sgoh qul slócnc uo vckåh: su khepcólrh Egkflnoh lstã lo nc gecilo. Lo lsl gostcotl, nc prlslokgc sl vulnvl cuslokgc, ln gotloth `l lokhotrcr-sl lo ln pcsc`h y `l rlkhostrugr uoc gecilo `ln yh c pcrtgr `l nc plnåkunc kheh `hkueloth sl`ls`hdnc lo uoc dúsqul`c `l uo htrh tcedgço cuslotl. Nc g`lotgagkckgûo kho ln arcieloth `lnpcsc`h qul eulstrc nc plnåkunc oh rlkhostgtuyl uo yh khepnlth y cutçotgkh, sgoh qul harlkluoc lxplrglokgc `l nc pçr`g`c, `l nc `gstcokgc rlsplkth c lsl „yh― `l htrh tgleph. Nc g`lotg`c`


„@gagkuntc` `l ctrcvlscr uo pncoh―, 4232-4233, gecilo prhpgl`c` `l nc crtgstc Kcrhngoc [cquln.





kncvl237-79

#1

krç`gths `l nhs ckthrls („rlcnls―, yc qul oh cpcrlklo nhs fhedrls lotrlvgstc`hs phr [cquln) ysl rlvlnc ln hrgilo `l nc plnåkunc lo uo kuloth.

„@gagkuntc` `l ctrcvlscr uo pncoh― aul pcrtl `l nc slnlkkgûo `l vg`lhs `ln Khokursh Gdlrhcel-rgkcoh c nc Krlckgûo y nc Cuthråc Cu`ghvgsucn Juco @hwoly lo nc 32ec Dglocn `l Qg`lh y CrtlsEl`gcnls lo [cotgcih, lo lolrh `ln 4234. Nc rlnckgûo lotrl lsths `hs cuthrls oh ls crdgtrcrgc,lo kucoth ln vg`lh `l [cquln ls klrkcoh c nhs `gsphsgtgvhs kråtgkhs qul lepnlcrc @hwoly lovcrghs `l sus vg`lhs qul dhr`lco ln içolrh `ln `hkuelotcn tcoth lo nc slrgl Prcos Celrgkcs(379;-3797) kheh Pfl Pfgomgoi Lyl (3790-3767). Rcrc @hwoly, ln `hkuelotcn lrc „uoc ahrec`l sudjltgvg`c`, uoc hdrc qul hskgnc lotrl `galrlotls irc`hs `l sudjltgvg`c`―7, lo kucoth ln`hkuelotcngstc sgleprl sl kheprheltl lo nc sgtuckgûo qul sl prhphol ircdcr, `ls`l ln flkfh`l khnhkcr uoc kãecrc lo uo sgtgh loecrkão`hnh y cntlrco`h nc sgtuckgûo „hrgigocn― fcstc nc go-

agntrckgûo `l nhs prljugkghs y ncs hdslsghols plrshocnls `ln cuthr rlsplkth c nh `hkuelotc`h32

.Rcrc @hwoly, fcdncr `l hdjltgvg`c` lo ln `hkuelotcn oh shnh lrc uo ckth `l crrhicokgc, sgohqul lngegocdc nc phtlokgcng`c` qul ln kheprhegsh lehtgvh y plrshocn ph`åc `cr cn rligstrh. Nckråtgkc c nc hdjltgvg`c` `ln `hkuelotcn aul pulstc lo julih phr @hwoly lo vcrghs `l nhs vg`lhsdcsc`hs lo sus lstc`åcs juoth c nhs Wcoheceg (iruph go`åiloc `ln Ceczhocs kho nhs qul kho-vgvgû juoth c su acegngc lotrl 3791 y 3799), `ho`l krgtgkc ln `gskursh ltohirãagkh c trcvçs `lsu gegtckgûo pcrû`gkc, ln lotrlnczcegloth `ln rlkulr`h y `l nc lxplrglokgc plrshocn cn rlncthkglotåagkh, y ln rlkhohkgegloth `l nc gephsgdgng`c` `l khohklr y phsllr cn htrh, cså kheh c såegseh, phr el`gh `ln rligstrh.

Nc dhrrcùrc `l nhs nåegtls lotrl nh rlcn y nh govlotc`h, nh lsphotãolh y nh loscyc`h, ln lotrl-kruzcegloth lotrl dghircaåc y rligstrh kglotåagkh, nc pulstc lo lvg`lokgc y kråtgkc `l ncs khovlo-kghols ̀ ln içolrh ̀ hkuelotcn, ln plrlirgocjl c trcvçs ̀ ln lspckgh y ln tgleph pcrc lokhotrcrslkho htrh y khosgih egseh, sho lnleloths qul sl lokulotrco tcoth lo nc hdrc `l [cquln khehlo nc `l @hwoly. Rlrh eglotrcs qul nhs vg`lhs `l @hwoly sl goskrgdåco lo uo eheloth lo qulnc lalrvlsklokgc y lxpcosgûo `ln `hkuelotcn ltohirãagkh sl lokhotrcdc kho nc kråtgkc c susupulstc egrc`c hdjltgvc, sl ph`råc `lkgr qul nc hdrc `l [cquln ls pcrtl `l uo „igrh `hkuelo-tcn― qul fc `c`h ln crtl khotlephrãolh lo cnih eãs qul uoc `çkc`c33. Rcrc cuthrls kheh P.J. @lehs, lstl igrh `hkuelotcn aul lo kglrtc ahrec khoagrec`h y `c`h vgsgdgng`c` c trcvçs `l

lxphsgkghols kheh nc @hkuelotc 33 lo ln 4224, cså kheh phr nc Dglocn `l [lvgnnc `ln 4221 y ncDglocn `l Lstcedun `ln 422734. Hmwug Lowlzhr, kurc`hr tcoth `l @hkuelotc 33 kheh nc Dglocn

7 Nc kgtc khotgoúc: „phr nh tcoth, oh ph`lehs fcdncr `l hdjltgvg`c` og ̀ l sudjltgvg`c`. Lstc pcrc`hjc `ln `hkuelotcn ls nh qul lokulotrh eãsgotlrlscotl, y ls phr lsh qul fl nnlic`h c uscr lnleloths `l agkkgûo y acotcsåc pcrc trcosegtgr g`lcs―. Juco @hwoly, kgtc`h lo Jhsç TceûoRçrlz Hrogc, lo Ln crtl `ln vg`lh. Gotrhùkkgûo c nc fgsthrgc `ln vg`lh lxplrgelotcn (Dcrklnhoc: TPQL/[lrdcn, 3773), 31;.

32 Juco @hwoly, lo lotrlvgstc kho Kcrnhs Anhrls, QG@LH RHTS\L Pl Ql ([cotgcih: Icnlråc Qgsucnc, 3769), kgtc`h lo Ygtf Lolriy Dlyho`Pflsl Ycnns, Ourgc Loiugtc y Juco Iucr`ghnc, khegscrghs (Qcnlokgc: GQCE, 3776), 4;9.

33 „Pfl dhhe go ltfohircpfgk agneecmgoi go tfl nctl ‖12s co` lcrny ‖92s, wgtf gts „skglotgagk― khoklro ahr ckkurcky go tfl prlslotctgho ha`ctc, prhvhml` c ihh` `lcn ha tfhuift cdhut tfl octurl ha `hkuelotcry rlcngty co` gts rlnctgho th tfl prghr lvlot.― Qcuifco, 61-69.

34 P. J. @lehs, Pfl Egircot Gecil. Pfl Crt co` Rhngtgks ha @hkuelotcry ùrgoi Inhdcn Krgsgs (@urfce: @uml \ogvlrsgty Rrlss, 423;), 347.




kncvl #1

`l [lvgnnc, `lngolû lo nc prgelrc uoc prhpulstc pcrc ln crtl khotlephrãolh dcsc`c lo nc „klr-kcoåc― `ln euo`h phstkhnhogcn, uo euo`h `ho`l nh htrh lstã prûxgeh y oh ahrec pcrtl `l uocrlcng`c` nljcoc3;. Lo tçregohs prãktgkhs, nc lxphsgkgûo sl kcrcktlrgzû phr loactgzcr nhs el`ghs`hkuelotcnls, nhs kucnls cpcrlkglrho kheh ahrecs kcpckls ̀ l cklrkcrsl c ncs rlcng`c`ls hnvg-`c`cs ̀ l ãrlcs ilhirãagkcs ecrigoc`cs y ncs golqug`c`ls pcsc`cs phr cnth lo nhs ̀ gskurshs ̀ lnc inhdcngzckgûo trguoacotl. Cocngzco`h nc prhpulstc `l Lowlzhr, @lehs criuelotc qul sg dgloln ̀ hkuelotcn sl prlslotc kheh ln içolrh kho ecyhr phtlokgcng`c` pcrc rlprlslotcr y hthricrvgsgdgng`c` c ncs rlighols qul plrecolklo phr aulrc `ln rcoih `l vgsgûo hkkg`lotcn, cn egsehtgleph qul ls kcpcz ̀ l khotrcrrlstcr ln gepckth qul tglolo nhs el`ghs ̀ l ecscs y ln kgol pcrcehn`lcr oulstrc plrklpkgûo `l nc rlcng`c`, çstl tcedgço pncotlc prhdnlecs, lo kucoth pul`lkclr lo uoc phsgkgûo ckråtgkc shdrl su prhpgc prãktgkc y csuegr qul ls uo rligstrh trcospcrlotlh olutrcn30. Ln prhdnlec pcrc @lehs ls qul eglotrcs sl pul`l kclr lo nc krllokgc qul sl lstã

rlprlslotc`h c slrls cutçotgkhs, kuyc g`lotg`c` ls `lagogdnl y cotlrghr c nc rlprlslotckgûo, nctlo`lokgc khotrcrgc thec`c phr crtgstcs qul trcdcjco kho ln `hkuelotcn c pcrtgr `l nc „golstc-dgng`c` `l nc rlprlslotckgûo, goknusgvl su lstctus `lkg`g`celotl agktgkgh―, fc nnlvc`h c qul nc`lkncrckgûo `l nc sudjltgvg`c` lovulntc lo nc `hkuelotckgûo sl vulnvc klrkcoc c uoc eh`c qulsgepnlelotl oglic `l lotrc`c nc phsgdgng`c` `l fcklr uoc rlprlslotckgûo `hkuelotcn3<. Lo lnkcsh `l [cquln, su cklrkcegloth cn `hkuelotcn pcrlkl suilrgr uoc krllokgc lo nc phsgdgng`c``l çstl `l cprhxgecrsl c nh khtg`gcoh y nh hnvg`c`h pcrc vhnvlrnh vgsgdnl, c ohtcr nh qul lstãprlslotl plrh cn ecrilo, c nc vlz qul sl `lsvåc `l lsths agols, cntlrc su ush, y khoauo`l susnûigkcs, lxkl`glo`h su auokghocng`c` khtg`gcoc. C pcrtgr `l lstcs lstrctligcs `l klrkcoåc y

`lsvåh, nc auokgûo phnåtgkc `ln `hkuelotcn sl vulnvl eãs sutgn y eãs klrkcoc c nhs hdjlths cpc-rlotlelotl elohrls qul lstã rligstrco`h.

Nh eåogeh kheh sgtgh hnvg`c`h y kheh phsgdgng`c` `l rlanlxgûo lo throh cn htrh lo oulstrc kh-tg`gcog`c` rlcpcrlkl lo „Rlotgelotg―, `ln 4220, hdrc rlcngzc`c lo 31ee. Lo lnnc ln plrshocjlprgokgpcn ls uo kcdcnnh, h eãs dglo, trls kcdcnnhs qul rlcngzco ckkghols cpcrlotlelotl khtg`gc-ocs: kcegocr, trhtcr, slotcrsl, ckhstcrsl, rlspgrcr, cvcozcr y rltrhkl`lr31. C vlkls ehotc`hsphr uo jgoltl (quglo shnh shstglol rglo`cs, sgo ehoturc), lo htrcs hkcsghols shnhs h iugc`hs phrsu ̀ helstgkc`hr, nhs kcdcnnhs sgepnlelotl pcrlklo rlpltgr uo iugûo ̀ l ehvgegloths rlgtlrc`hsh uoc khrlhircaåc khohkg`c y prllstcdnlkg`c lo uo cedglotl khotrhnc`h, uoc pgstc `l crloc

kuyh aho`h sl lokulotrc hskurh, ohkturoh y phsgdnlelotl nnuvghsh. Nc kãecrc agjc rligstrc lnpcsh `gstcotl `ln jgoltl ehotc`h c kcdcnnh juoth c nc nåolc `l fhrgzhotl qul krlc nc crloc h rl-vlnc ncs pctcs y eusnhs `ln cogecn rlplotgocelotl `ls`l klrkc kuco`h pcsco `lncotl `l lnnc,ehstrco`h su ehvgegloth kgrkuncr `ls`l uo nc`h y fckgc ln htrh. Lsths ehvgegloths rlgtlrc`hssho gotlrruepg`hs phr nhs cklrkcegloths `l nc kãecrc c nhs kulrphs qul ljlkutco cniuocs ck-

3; Hmwug Lowlzhr, „Pfl Dnckm Dhx―, lo @hkuelotc 33XRnctahre <: Kctcnhiul (Hstagn`lro-Tugt: Fctjl Kcotz Rudngkctghos, 4224), 00.

30 @lehs, ;1.

3< @lehs, ;1.

31 Lo nhs krç`gths, nhs ohedrls `l nhs kcdcnnhs qul cpcrlklo sho: Aulrtl, [ldulo y Ygnnhw.

4<




kncvl237-79

#1

kghols lsplkåagkcs (kheh igrcr eglotrcs sl plrecolkl kho uoc pctc `hdnc`c lo cnth), cn plncjly eúskunhs `l nhs kcdcnnhs, ncs ecohs `ln jgoltl qul eulvl sutgnelotl uo dcstûo h ncs rglo`cs,y cn cgrl qul lxfcnco nhs kcdcnnhs.

Ln khnhr `lsncvc`h `l nc gecilo, su punsckgûo gotlregtlotl y ln rlalrlotl lkulstrl cklrkco ncs

slkulokgcs c nhs hråilols `ln kgol y nhs prgelrhs lxplrgeloths kglotåagkhs `l nc ahthircaåc loL`wcr` Euydrgìl, gostcnco`h uo hrgilo acegngcr l gokglrth pcrc ncs thecs. Lstl rlalrlotl sl`lsngzc y lotrlnczc c su vlz kho nc fgsthrgc ̀ ln crtl (`ls`l nc lskunturc y nhs rltrcths lkulstrlsfcstc nhs kcdcnnhs `l kcrrlrc `ln geprlsghogseh lo @lics h nhs `ln kgrkh lo ln phsgeprlsgh-ogseh lo [lurct) y sl suec c htrhs qul sl pul`co tlolr `l nc vg`c khtg`gcoc (`ls`l nc fåpgkc,nc lqugtckgûo, nc `hec y ncs lskulncs lkulstrls fcstc ln kgrkh y ln kceph h nc pncyc). Rlrh sgncs geãilols pcrlklo rlegtgr c uo hrgilo lo uoc kunturc khepcrtg`c y c uoc sulrtl `l goacokgc

„Rlotgelotg― ,4220, geãilols prhpgl`c` `l nc crtgstc Kcrhngoc [cquln.




kncvl #1

tcoth `l nhs el`ghs `l rlprhùkkgûo elkãogkc kheh c nc `ln lsplktc`hr, tcedgço suiglrlo uoeheloth tleprcoh `l cprlo`gzcjl eãs ilolrcn, uoc acsl `l cprhpgckgûo `l uocs ahrecs y `l`helstgkckgûo, uo pcsh `l uo lstc`h gostgotgvh c uoh `ho`l sl c`quglrl uo nloiucjl phr el`gh`l nc rlpltgkgûo.

Ncs thecs `gstcotls y agjcs `l nc crloc hskurc sckco c nhs kcdcnnhs `l uo tgleph y uo nuicrkhokrlths, cdstrckkgûo qul sl vl rlanljc`c phr ln tlxth qul sl lskukfc lo lspcóhn rlkgtc`h loln cu`gh. Lo çstl, uoc vhz alelogoc pcrlkl gotlrrhicr nc gecilo, `lskrgdgrnc y hr`locrnc, khehsg `glsl gostrukkghols qul cn egseh tgleph kulstghoc: „¸@ûo`l lstãs8, ¸@ûo`l tl udgkcs8,¸Cvcozcs h rltrhkl`ls8, ¸Pl eulvls h tl ecotglols agjh8―, „Suç`ctl `l pgl fcstc qul tl`gico qul tl sglotls―, „Oh tl rcsquls―. [g dglo ln kcdcnnh cvcozc y rltrhkl`l lo nc plnåkunc, rlc-ngzco`h cniuohs ehvgegloths plrtlolkglotls c nc `hec (kheh ln pcsh ctrãs y ln trhtl), nc vhz sleulstrc go`galrlotl c nc ckkgûo rligstrc`c lo nc gecilo, khotgouco`h kho su nltcoåc `l gostruk-kghols y prliuotcs: „Rlrecolklr `l pgl kheh uoc pgl`rc. Suç cktgtu` thecr. Suç ehvgeglothfcklr―. Lo hkcsghols ln tlxth sl cnljc eãs kncrcelotl `l nhs ehvgegloths qul rlcngzco nhskcdcnnhs y sl csleljc c nc `lskrgpkgûo `l htrh hdjlth, cnu`glo`h c uo pcgscjl qul oh sl cnkcozcc vlr lo ncs thecs `l nc crloc y c uo rlalrlotl qul sl lokulotrc lo uoc phsgkgûo cedgiuc. Lstl

qugldrl sl lxpngkc phr aulrc `l nc hdrc, lo kucoth lnnc sl dcsc lo nc lxplrglokgc `l nc crtgstcarlotl c uo rltrcth lkulstrl `l Alngpl GQ pgotc`h phr @glih Qlnãzqulz, vgsth lo ln Euslh `lnRrc`h. Nc phsl pcrcngzc`c `ln kcdcnnh („¸`ûo`l lstãs8―, „¸`ûo`l tl udgkcs8―) kho ncs pctcs`lncotlrcs lo cnth („¸cvcozcs h rltrhkl`ls8―) y nc agkkgûo qul krlc nc pgoturc `l nc `ltlokgûo`ln ehvgegloth lo uo gostcotl ltlroh ahreco nc dcsl `ln coãngsgs `l nc phsl y ln ehvgeglothqul sl nnlvc c kcdh lo ln cu`gh, nc kucn sl trcosphol `ln kcdcnnh `ln rly y nc khephsgkgûo `l uocpgoturc c ncs geãilols lo ehvgegloth `l htrhs kcdcnnhs `helstgkc`hs.

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kncvl237-79

#1

Lstl pcscjl plregtl lstcdnlklr uoc kholxgûo lotrl ln tlxth, nc gecilo aånegkc y nc pgoturc lothroh c su `gskgpngoc, su tlephrcng`c` y su l`gkgûo. Nc rlpltgkgûo `l uohs kû`gihs, uocs aûreu-ncs, y su khrrlkkgûo, suiglrlo tcoth ln c`glstrcegloth crtåstgkh kheh ln cogecn, cså kheh nc c`-qugsgkgûo `l uocs tçkogkcs, ln ecoljh `l uohs shphrtls y ln khohkgegloth `l uocs flrrceglotcsqul pul`lo cpngkcrsl cn kgol, ln vg`lh, nc pgoturc, nc lqugtckgûo l goknusgvl c nc c`qugsgkgûo `lnnloiucjl. Lo th`hs lnnhs fcy uohs sgotciecs y uocs rlincs qul sl cprlo`lo, uohs ehvgeglothsqul sl rlpgtlo, uohs prhkl`gegloths qul sl vulnvlo acegngcrls y fcstc fcdgtucnls, uocs ec-olrcs c`lkuc`cs h khovlokghols qul sl rlgtlrco y qul tcedgço pul`lo rheplrsl39. C`leãs,

nc l`gkgûo `ln ectlrgcn aånegkh sl csleljc cn trcdcjh `l khephsgkgûo lo pgoturc, shdrl th`h ncudgkckgûo y rludgkckgûo, nc dhrrcùrc, ln rllepnczh y nc yuxtcphsgkgûo `l lnleloths ahrecnls.Ln prhklsh `l khephsgkgûo sl rlvlnc lo ln rltrcth lkulstrl `ln rly Alngpl GQ flkfh phr Qlnãz-qulz, pcrtgkuncrelotl lo ncs pctcs trcslrcs `ln kcdcnnh qul sl `ls`hdnco lo uohs acotcsecs`l uoc phsgkgûo prlvgc khrrlig`c. Lstl tgph `l geãilols sho khohkg`cs lo nc fgsthrgc `ln crtlkheh „plotgelotg― (pnurcn lo gtcngcoh, ̀ lrgvc`h ̀ l „plotg(rl)―, crrlplotgrsl), tçregoh ckc`çegkhqul sl rlaglrl cn ush `l geãilols prlvgcs qul oh sl dhrrco lo uoc khephsgkgûo y lotrco c ahr-ecr pcrtl `l nc gecilo agocn, yc slc phrqul sl prlslrvco lo su thtcng`c`, phr el`gh `l trcos-pcrlokgcs h phrqul, sg lstão pgotc`cs lokgec, sl pul`lo rlkuplrcr c trcvçs `l rcyhs x. Rlrh sg

nhs „plotgelotg― suiglrlo nc gostgtukghocngzckgûo lo nc ckc`legc `l uocs prãktgkcs qul cègtlolrrhrls y kcedghs, tcedgço cktúco ectlrgcnelotl lo nc pgoturc egsec kheh uo `hkueloth `lnc krlckgûo crtåstgkc y kheh nc elehrgc `l uoc gecilo. Eglotrcs nc pgoturc agocngzc`c goehrtc-ngzc uo ehvgegloth lstãtgkh, krlco`h uoc agkkgûo `l uoc rlcng`c` `ltlog`c pcrc sgleprl y uocgecilo qul sl `gstcokgc `l nc ncdhr `ln pgothr qul krlc ln crtgagkgh, nhs „plotgelotg― rheplo lsc

39 Nc crtgstc fc elokghoc`h qul ùrcotl su pcsh phr nc lskulnc `l crtl lo Kfgnl khelozû c trcdcjcr lo vg`lh `l ahrec lsphotãolc,rlcngzco`h uoc prgelrc slrgl `l hdrcs, „Tlkcg`cs― (3777) lo `ho`l sl `lsacegngcrgzco vcrgcs ckkghols khrphrcnls khtg`gcocs vgokunc`cs c nhalelogoh phr el`gh `ln knhsl-up y nc rcnlotgzckgûo `l nc gecilo. [go ledcrih, aul ùrcotl su rlsg`lokgc lo Arcokgc lo Nl Arlsohy ‛ [tu`ghoctghocn `ls crts khotlephrcgos, `ho`l khelozû c cprlo`lr eãs `ln el`gh. Qlr, Kcrhngoc [cquln, lotrlvgstc`c lo „Kcrhngoc [cquln/Plnûo`l aho`h―, Ohosgtl, khosuntc`h 6 `l hktudrl, 423;. fttp://dngp.tv/ohosgtl/kcrhngoc-scquln-<4<73<4



http://blip.tv/nonsite/carolina-saquel-5259152




kncvl #1

gnusgûo y `lvulnvlo nc prlslokgc `ln crtgstc c nc hdrc. Lo kglrth slotg`h, nhs „plotgelotg― sho lnrligstrh `l uo hnvg`h y uoc elehrgc sgeuntãolc, nc `hkuelotckgûo `l uo prhklsh y ln lspljhgovlrtg`h y `ltlog`h `l uo sgeunckrh, nc prlslokgc knco`lstgoc `ln htrh (ln crtgstc pnldlyh) qulkrlc nc pgoturc `l uo rly.

Nc gecilo `l cuthrg`c` lo nc pgoturc `l Qlnãzqulz sl shstglol shdrl ln kcdcnnh, ln kucn lsolklscrgh kheh lnleloth sgedûngkh y ahrecn pcrc ln lstcdnlkgegloth `l uoc g`lc `l `hegoghshdrl nh octurcn lokcroc`c tcoth lo ln cogecn kheh lo ln pcgscjl `ltrãs `ln shdlrcoh, cnu`glo-`h c uohs tlrrgthrghs y sus fcdgtcotls. Lstl trcsnc`h h egirckgûo `ln ph`lr `l uo sgiogagkcotlc htrh (`ln kcdcnnh cn puldnh, `ln shdlrcoh kgvgngzc`h c su khotrhn shdrl nh octurcn) suiglrl uoccedgiþl`c` lo nc pgoturc qul sl rlpngkc lo nc rlnckgûo lotrl tlxth l gecilo lo nc hdrc `l [c-quln. Lo nc plnåkunc, nc vhz lo haa, c vlkls cuthrgtcrgc, c vlkls goqugsgtgvc, rlpgtl uo tlxth kuyhhdjlth pcrlkl slr tco fuecoh kheh cogecn. Arcsls kheh „Ecotço tu kcdlzc, ecohs y pglsquglths―, pcrlklo `grgigrsl c uoc plrshoc y yc oh tcoth c uo kcdcnnh, eglotrcs qul „¸`ûo`llstãs, `ûo`l tl udgkcs8― h „¸quç cktgtu` thecr8―, sl vulnvlo prliuotcs hrglotc`cs cn lsplk-tc`hr qul nh gotlrplnco phnåtgkcelotl. Ln nloiucjl `l nc `gskgpngoc y ncs dulocs ecolrcs qulsl rlgtlrc lo ln cu`gh („Kcegoc sgo `ljcr kclr ln hdjlth qul phsc shdrl tu kcdlzc―, „[g cnihsl ctcskc lotrl tus `glotls, oh usls uo kukfgnnh, ls eãs khrrlkth ln ush `l uo pcngnnh agoh h

uo plqulóh fulsh `l nc tgdgc `l icnngoc―), `ljc `l cpngkcrsl c ncs geãilols `l nhs kcdcnnhs lgoknusgvl cn rlalrlotl hkunth `l nc pgoturc `l Qlnãzqulz, pcrc lvhkcr ncs gostrukkghols `c`csc htrhs slrls kcpckls `l hdl`glokgc. [lrls lo lstc`h plrpltuh `l kcedgh, ogóhs y cùnthsqul lstão khotgoucelotl sujlths c aulrzcs shkgcnls, fgstûrgkcs, lkhoûegkcs y phnåtgkcs `gvlr-scs y sgtuc`cs, qul ehn`lco sus khephrtcegloths, krlco fãdgths y uoc ohrec qul sl vulnvlohrecn. [lrls lo ehvgegloth, qul egirco, qul shstglolo c htrhs lo su phsgkgûo `l ph`lr, qulsho `gskgpngoc`hs y sl cuth-`gskgpngoco. C trcvçs `l nc anuktuckgûo sutgn lotrl nc cedgiþl`c` `ln

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kncvl237-79

#1

`gskursh, `l nc phsl y `l nc gecilo, ln vg`lh `l [cquln plregtl gr lxtlo`glo`h ncs prliuotcsqul sl rlgtlrco fckgc htrhs kcephs `l oulstrc lxplrglokgc khtg`gcoc y lokulotrh kho htrhs.„¸Suç ehvgegloth fcklr8―, phr ljlepnh, gostcnc uoc ù`c shdrl ln khephrtcegloth c`lkuc`hqul pul`l gr eãs cnnã sgepnlelotl `l nc khrtlsåc lotrl quglols khepcrtlo uoc kunturc, sgohcpngkcrsl c quglols oh plrtlolklo c lnnc. ¸Suç gepngkc lo oulstrc vg`c khtg`gcoc „ecotlolrslkhrrlig`h, ecotlolrsl agjh, `l elehrgc―8 Ln vg`lh oh harlkl uoc rlspulstc, sgoh qul cdrl uocslrgl `l prliuotcs shdrl ncs ckkghols rlpltg`cs qul sl ohrecngzco phr våc `l su rlgtlrckgûoy nhs ûr`lols gepulsths c trcvçs `l uo `gskgpngocegloth qul cklrkco nh fuecoh c nh cogecn.

Nc aulrzc `l nc khstuedrl oh sl nhirc phr så shnc, sgoh qul rlquglrl `l uoc rlpltgkgûo gokl-scotl pcrc nhircr nc cpcrglokgc `l nh „octurcn―. Eglotrcs qul nc rlpltgkgûo lo nc `gskgpngoccrtåstgkc nnlvc c ncs khovlokghols y nhs eçth`hs „fckgc su rgtucngzckgûo, y c nc khotrc khrrglotl

`l `lsrgtucngzcrnhs―36

, uo qugldrl cshkgc`h lo ln crtl c ncs vcoiucr`gcs, lo nc agneckgûo `l [c-quln lxgstlo uohs phkhs eheloths `l rlsgstlokgc cn hr`lo gepulsth. Cuo kuco`h nc agneckgûorlgtlrc c trcvçs `l ncs slkulokgcs y nc l`gkgûo kgrkuncr nhs egsehs ehvgegloths `l nhs kcdcnnhsy jgoltls, lo cniuohs `l sus khrtls gotlraglrlo htrcs geãilols lo qul nhs kcdcnnhs sl rlsgstlongilrcelotl c ncs ûr`lols `ln jgoltl, harlkglo`h gostcotls laåelrhs `l hphsgkgûo c nc rlinc. [goledcrih, su cquglsklokgc (shdrl th`h lo ln eheloth lo qul ln kcdcnnh `ldl cickfcr nc egtc``lncotlrc `l su kulrph) ls rlkheplosc`c kho uo phkh `l kheg`c, ln prlegh cn dulo khephrtc-egloth kho ln kucn ln hr`lo sl rlstcdnlkl.

„Rlotgelotg― y „@gagkuntc` `l ctrcvlscr uo pncoh― sho `hs vg`lhs `ho`l nhs `lspnczcegloths

lotrl rlalrlotls pcsc`hs y prlslotls, plrshocnls y khepcrtg`hs, plregtlo pholr lo ù`c ncklrtgùedrl qul pul`l gostcncr nc rlprlslotckgûo y ln `hkueloth. Klotrão`hsl lo qul lstãsgeuntãolcelotl prlslotl y cuslotl lo nc gecilo, lo nh eåogeh h elohr `l nh khtg`gcoh (ycslc nhs ckthrls octurcnls sgo krç`gth `l uoc plnåkunc ncurlc`c, h ln kcdcnnh qul cktúc khehshphrtl `l uo jgoltl h `l uoc agiurc `l ph`lr lo uo rltrcth lkulstrl), nhs vg`lhs pncotlco uocrlanlxgûo shdrl nh qul lxknugehs y ecrigocehs, y kûeh lsths ckths sl vulnvlo „ohrecnls―,khovlokghocnls h pcrtl `l uoc ohrecng`c` qul sl ilolrc phr el`gh `l nc rlpltgkgûo. C trcvçs`l nc kgrkuncrg`c` `l nc l`gkgûo qul cpuotc c nc rlgtlrckgûo `gsåegn `l nc elehrgc, nhs vg`lhs `l[cquln gotlrrueplo nc cpcrglokgc „octurcn― y vlrå`gkc `l nhs flkfhs qul ln `hkuelotcn gotlotc

rligstrcr, lotrlkruzco fgsthrgcs khohkg`cs y hkuntcs y vulnvlo shdrl så egsehs pcrc go`cicr losu prhpgc crtgagkgcng`c`. @l lstc ahrec, nhs vg`lhs khoùklo c uoc rlanlxgûo shdrl ncs phsgdgng-`c`ls `ln el`gh y `ln içolrh `ln `hkuelotcn `l vhnvlrsl uo ckth phnåtgkh „elohr― h „sucvl― lokucoth rlvcnhrgzco nh eåogeh lo nh khtg`gcoh y ecogaglstco uoc prlhkupckgûo phr nh slosgdnl yphr oulstrc slosgdgng`c` cotl ln htrh.

36 Kcrnhs Rçrlz [hth, „Crtl phnåtgkh y phnåtgkc `ln crtl―, lo 7² Dglocn `l Qg`lh y Crtls El`gcnls, kctãnhih `l lxphsgkgûo ([cotgcih: Euslh`l Crtl Khotlephrãolh, 4227), 341.




kncvl #1

Dgdnghircaåc

Dlnnhur, Tcyeho`. Lotrl geãilols. Ahth. Kgol. Qg`lh, trcùkg`h phr C`rgcoc Qlttglr. DulohsCgrls: L`gkghols Khngful, 4227.

@lnluzl, Ignnls y Açngx Iucttcrg. Mcamc. Phwcr`s c Egohr Ngtlrcturl. Egoolcphngs: \ogvlrsgty haEgoolshtc Rrlss, 422;.

@lehs, P. J. Pfl Egircot Gecil. Pfl Crt co` Rhngtgks ha @hkuelotcry ùrgoi Inhdcn Krgsgs.@urfce: @uml \ogvlrsgty Rrlss, 423;.

Loiugtc, Ourgc y Juco Iucr`ghnc. Ygtf Lolriy Dlyho` Pflsl Ycnns. Qcnlokgc: GQCE, 3776.

Lowlzhr, Hmwug. „Pfl Dnckm Dhx―. Lo @hkuelotc 33XRnctahre <: Kctcnhiul, 04-<<. Hstagn`lro-Tugt: Fctjl Kcotz Rudngkctghos, 4224.

Rçrlz Hrogc, Jhsç Tceûo. Ln crtl `ln vg`lh. Gotrhùkkgûo c nc fgsthrgc `ln vg`lh lxplrgelotcn.Dcrklnhoc: TPQL/[lrdcn, 3773.

Rçrlz [hth, Kcrnhs. „Crtl phnåtgkh y phnåtgkc `ln crtl―. Lo 7oc Dglocn `l Qg`lh y Crtls El`gcnls,kctãnhih `l lxphsgkgûo, 344-349. [cotgcih: Euslh `l Crtl Khotlephrãolh, 4227.

[hdkfckm, Qgvgco. „Phwcr` c Rflohelohnhiy ha Ohoagktghocn Agne Lxplrglokl―. Lo KhnnlktgoiQgsgdnl Lvg`lokl, l`gtc`h phr Jcol E. Icgols y Egkfcln Tlohv, 403-4<0. Egoolcphngs, EO:\ogvlrsgty ha Egoolshtc Rrlss, 3777.

Qcuifco, @cg. „Yfct @h Yl Elco dy „Yfct―8―. Lo @cg Qcuifco, Ahr @hkuelotcry: PwlnvlLsscys, 60-67. Dlrmlnly: \ogvlrsgty ha Kcngahrogc Rrlss, 3777.

„Kcrhngoc [cquln/Plnûo `l aho`h―, Ohosgtl, khosuntc`h 6 `l hktudrl, 423;. fttp://dngp.tv/oho-sgtl/kcrhngoc-scquln-<4<73<4


;3







kncvl237-79

#1

ATLS //Qgvgco Phnl



kncvl #1

Tc`ghlskukfcs

Ohdcrc Fcycmcwc*

Tc`ghlskukfcs • Ohdcrc Fcycmcwc • ;<-04

Tlsuelo:

Ln crtåkunh cdhr`c ln tlec `l nc rc`gh lo nc lrc `l Gotlrolt, kheh uo sgstlec `l kheuog-kckgûo lo trcosahreckgûo qul pncotlc oulvcs ecolrcs ̀ l rlkgdgr y ̀ l prhùkgr khotlog`hsrc`gcnls, `ls`l uoc rlanlxgûo cklrkc `l nc lskukfc.

Rcncdrcs Kncvl: lskukfc, rc`gh, ckuseãtgkc, shog`h, Gotlrolt

* Crtgstc y eúsgkc lirlsc`c `l nc kcrrlrc `l `gslóh irãagkh `l nc \ogvlrsg`c` Ockghocn `l Khnhedgc, kho

Eclstråc lo Dlnncs Crtls phr nc \ogvlrsg`c` `l Crtls y Eúsgkc `l Phmgh, Jcpûo. Fc sg`h prhalshrc `l ncs

uogvlrsg`c`ls Jhril Pc`lh Nhzcoh, Jcvlrgcoc y `l nhs Co`ls.

;;



kncvl237-79

#1

Cdstrckt:

Pfgs pglkl cpprhckfls rc`gh cs co lvhnvgoi kheeuogkctgho systle wflrldy prhù-

klrs co` ngstlolrs kfcoil rhnls co` olw tlkfohnhigls trcosahre `lvgkls co` sltolw pcrc`gies ho tfl wcy wl prhùkl co` rlklgvl goahrectgho, arhe tfl ngstlolr‗splrsplktgvl.

Mlywhr`s: rc`gh, ngstlogoi, flcrgoi, ckusectgks, shuo`, Gotlrolt.

Tlsueh*:H crtgih cdhr`c c qulstëh `c rã`gh oc lrc `c Gotlrolt, kheh sgstlec `l kheuog-

kcéëh le trcosahrecéëh qul prhpül ohvcs ahrecs `l rlkldlr l prhùzgr khotlú`hsrc`gcgs, pcrtgo`h `ls`l uec rlanlkéëh shdrl c lskutc.

Rcncvrcs Kfcvl: lskutc, rã`gh, ckuseãtgkc, she, Gotlrolt.

;;-;7 • Ohdcrc Fcycmcwc • Tc`ghlskukfcs

*Prcùkg`h c phrtuiuçs phr Kcrnhs Lùcr`h Cecyc Alroão`lz



kncvl #1

@l hå`cs

[l ph`råc `lkgr qul uoh hyl slócnls shohrcs kuyc aulotl y sgiogagkc`h rlkhohkl: ln tgedrl `lncskloshr, nc sgrloc `l uoc ceduncokgc y ln rgoithol `ln tlnçahoh, y lskukfc nc eúsgkc, ln kcoth`l nhs pãjcrhs h uoc khoalsgûo. „Kc`c hr`lo sloshrgcn lotrcóc cså su octurcnlzc sgepnl y sulstc`h tlosh, ctloth h cosghsh: vlr y egrcr, hnlr y fuselcr u hnactlcr, iustcr y pcnc`lcr, thkcry tcotlcr h pcnpcr, hår y lskukfcr―3. Nc rc`gh sl pul`l lskukfcr y sl `ljc hår.

Hår rc`gh oh rlquglrl `l uoc `gsphsgkgûo pcrtgkuncr= ncs ncdhrls elkãogkcs y rlpltgtgvcs kheh

nhs hagkghs `heçstgkhs sho g`lcnls pcrc fcklrnh, yc qul oh lxgilo uoc khoklotrckgûo elotcneuy irco`l, y lo kcedgh hdngico c quglo ncs ljlrkl c plrecolklr lo uo shnh nuicr ctlo`glo`hnh qul tglol qul fcklr. \oh pul`l prlstcrnl ctlokgûo pcrkgcn h gotlregtlotl sgo halo`lr coc`gl, lo lspckghs qul oh slco g`ûolhs pcrc uoc lskukfc ctlotc= `l ohtgkgcs arcielotc`cs ykhovlrsckghols slrgcs h dcocnls sl pul`l fcklr uo khnncil `l nc cktucng`c` qul krlc nc gnusgûo`l lstcr goahrec`h. Nh sl ̀ l hå`cs, ̀ gklo. Lsth pul`l ̀ lplo`lr ̀ l nc kcng`c` ̀ l nhs khotlog`hs,plrh tcedgço hdl`lkl c nc egsec octurcnlzc shohrc `ln el`gh.

Nc vhz qul lecoc `l uo trcosgsthr lo ln lspckgh qul khotglol c uo slr shngtcrgh `lagol nc lslo-kgc `l nc rc`gh kheh slócn c `gstcokgc `l htrc rlcng`c` qul lxpco`l nc qul vgvl ln rlklpthr.Lstckghoc`h lo su kgrkuostcokgc, ln hylotl cdrl lsc vlotcoc shohrc c htrc `gelosgûo y nhircscngr `l su cgsncegloth lspckgcn tlephrcn, lo uoc sulrtl `l prhegskuc gotgeg`c`. „Gokhrphrco-`h nc prhelsc uogvlrscn `l kheuogkckgûo c nc eãs goel`gctc plrsplktgvc `l nc `lkc`lokgc,ln kulrph rc`gcn ls uoc lxtrcóc khojuokgûo `l hpulsths: fcdnc c th`hs lo nh cdstrckth plrh coc`gl lo pcrtgkuncr= udgkuh, plrh `lscpcrlkl sgo `ljcr fulnnc= ltlrocelotl kruzco`h arhotlrcsplrh kho uo `lstgoh gokglrth= kcpcz `l kheuogûo åotgec plrh kcric`h `l suagkglotl ph`lr pcrc`lsctcr uoc `lstrukkgûo rlplotgoc. Oh ls `l shrprlo`lrsl qul cniuocs `l ncs eãs ohthrgcsprhpulstcs pcrc rc`gh lstuvglrco phdnc`cs phr tcoths zhedgls y cnglos `cozco`h lo ln ngedh:nhs pãjcrhs `l Mfnldogmhv4, Ecrgolttg y su hricogseh purh ̀ l slosckghols rc`ghaûogkcs, Ylnnls

y sus dlngkhshs ecrkgcohs, ln kulrph sgo ûricohs `l Crtcu`―.; W oh ls `l lxtrcócrsl qul nhsirco`ls ph`lrls sgico tco gotlrlsc`hs lo khotrhncr nc rc`gh.

3 OCOKW, Jlco-Nuk. C nc lskukfc. Dulohs Cgrls: Cehrrhrtu, 4229, p. 39.

4 Qlngegr Mfnldognhv (366<-3744), phltc y `rcecturih rush y agiurc klotrcn `ln Ehvgegloth Auturgstc rush, lskrgdgû loscyhs auturgstcscklrkc `l nc phsgdnl lvhnukgûo `l nc kheuogkckgûo ecsgvc („Nc Tc`gh `ln Auturh―), ln trcosphrtl y nc vgvglo`c. @lskrgdåc uo euo`h lo ln kucnnc ilotl vgcjcdc y vgvåc lo kudåkunhs eûvgnls `l vg`rgh qul sl ph`åco ckhpncr c lstrukturcs tgph rcskck glnhs, y lo `ho`l th`h ln khohkgeglothfuecoh ph`råc slr `gslegoc`h cn euo`h c trcvçs `l nc rc`gh y lxpulsth cutheãtgkcelotl lo uoc lsplkgl `l ngdrh igicotl lo ncs lsqugocs.

; YFGPLFLC@, Irlihry. Fhnls go tfl Flc`: tflctrls ha hplrctgho ahr tfl dh`y go pglkls. \duwld pcplrs,377;. @gsphogdnl lo Gotlrolt:www.udu.khe/shuo`/wfgtlflc`/fhnls.pà

;<

Tc`ghlskukfcs • Ohdcrc Fcycmcwc • ;;-;7



kncvl237-79

#1

Tc`ghlskukfcs

Oulstrhs pc`rls plrtlolkglrho c uoc çphkc `ho`l nc rc`gh lrc go`gsploscdnl pcrc nc vg`c.

Ohtgkgcs, lotrltlogegloth, goahreckgûo `ln kngec y eúsgkc, nc rc`gh prhvlåc th`h nh qul sl olkl-sgtcdc. Ln rgtucn `l slotcrsl c lskukfcr ncs ohtgkgcs, kheh quglo csgstl c uoc scnc `l khokglrthsc lskukfcr c uoc hrqulstc, lxgel c nhs hjhs `l trcdcjcr, plregtgço`hnls lstu`gcr nc puotc `lnzcpcth h ln ckcdc`h `ln tlkfh. Nulih `l lstcs goaruktuhscs gosplkkghols, `lskholktc`cs `lnh qul plrkgdlo nhs hå`hs, nhs hjhs sl cdurrlo y lothokls lokulotrco ln fhrgzhotl, nc oc`c, lsleãs cnnã gephsgdnl `l slócncr, kheh sg agocnelotl nhircrco phscrsl shdrl ln hrgilo `ln shog`h,lo lsc pcotcnnc `ho`l sl prhylktco ncs geãilols elotcnls. Nc lskukfc `l nc rc`gh ls nc lxpl-rglokgc ckuseãtgkc0 phr lxklnlokgc, qul „ohs fckl hylotls `l uoc vhz govgsgdnl `gsnhkco`h ncvgstc `ln hå`h, phsgdgngtco`h y acvhrlkglo`h nc lskukfc `l ncs ahrecs shohrcs lo så egsecs―< y

lstgeunco`h nc cktgvg`c` elotcn qul khostruyl sus prhpghs lsklocrghs y rlnckghols.

Ln vgigncotl ohkturoh, lsc agiurc kcsg eåtgkc `l nhs dcrrghs `l kncsl el`gc dhihtcoc, ctcvgc`hkho uoc rucoc `l ncoc qul rlvlnc su hrgilo kceplsgoh shdrl uo uogahrel egn vlkls usc`h qultrctc `l pcrlklrsl c uo trcjl `l khrtl phngkgcn pcsc`h `l eh`c, goknuylo`h nc kckfukfc, lsgokhokldgdnl sgo su plqulóc rc`gh. Gokngoc`c pcrc lskukfcr eljhr, nc lokhrvc`c agiurc qul plr-shogagkc nc gnusgûo `l sliurg`c`, lstã eãs csustc`c qul cqulnnhs c quglols prhtlil, rlsiucr`c-`c lo su eåogec kcsltc, khdgjc`c phr nc ncoc `l sus coklstrhs y vunolrcdnlelotl `gstrcå`c phrnhs shog`hs ̀ l su rc`gh. Euy `galrlotls sho nhs iucr`gcs ̀ l ncs irco`ls leprlscs ̀ l sliurg`c`prgvc`c ̀ l cfhrc, qul fco c`hptc`h nc lstçtgkc egngtcr kho hvlrhnls ̀ l trcdcjh, dhtcs ̀ l kulrh,

ecstgols kho dhzcn y uoc rc`gh qul shnh sgothogzc nc arlkulokgc `l sus khnlics, kho quglolsgotlrkcedgco goahreckgûo y nhs fckl vlr tco prhalsghocnls.

Kuco`h lrc ogóc, nc lepnlc`c `l eg kcsc sgleprl lskukfcdc kho irco ctlokgûo ln prhircec„[hnukgûo c su prhdnlec―, `ho`l uoc cecdnl @hkthrc `cdc khosljhs c nhs ctrgdunc`hs rc`ghls-kukfcs, qul lovgcdco phr khrrlh kcrtcs lxphoglo`h sus `gaåkgnls sgtuckghols, qul lrco `rcec-tgzc`cs phr ckthrls. Lrco rlkurrlotls ncs ihnpgzcs phr pcrtl `l lsphshs ldrghs, plrh tcedgçofcdåc kcshs eç`gkhs, h qul rlqulråco `l uo prhalsghocn lo sgqugctråc h `lrlkfh kgvgn. Rrlkurshr`ln rlcngty, ln prhircec harlkåc uoc plralktc elzknc `l rlcng`c` y agkkgûo, qul nl plregtåc cnhs hylotls coûogehs prhylktcr sus prhpgcs prlhkupckghols lo ncs trcil`gcs cjlocs. \oc vlr-`c`lrc `lngkgc. Nc vhz `l nc @hkthrc, ùnkl plrh slrgc, plrshogagkcdc nc cuthrg`c` egsec, uocagiurc ectlrocn qul lskukfcdc, kheprlo`åc, sl prlhkupcdc, prhtliåc y kheh sg aulrc phkh, nlrlicncdc cn hylotl nc shnukgûo c su prhdnlec.

0 Ln hrgilo `ln tçregoh ckuseãtgkh sl rlehotc c nhs `gskåpunhs `l Rgtãihrcs, quglo gepcrtåc sus nlkkghols `ltrãs `l uoc khrtgoc olirc,pcrc qul çsths pu`glslo khoklotrcrsl lo ln shog`h `l su vhz sgo `gstrclrsl, y nulih aul c`hptc`h phr ln ehvgegloth `l nc eúsgkckhokrltc, yc qul cn phsgdgngtcr uoc lskukfc slpcrc`c `l su aulotl, ln shog`h ls vcnhrc`h lo su purc agsgkg`c`, khovgrtgço`hsl lo ectlrgcnshohrh pcrc ln khephsgthr. Ln `gsphsgtgvh rc`gcn qul el`gc lotrl ln legshr y ln rlklpthr vlo`råc c slr nc khrtgoc olirc.

< DLJCTCOH, Ecurgkgh. Eúsgkc Khokrltc Pgleph `lstrhzc`h. Khnlkkgûo sgo kho`gkgûo 3<. \ogvlrsg`c` Ockghocn `l Khnhedgc: 4229, p.93.

;;-;7 • Ohdcrc Fcycmcwc • Tc`ghlskukfcs







kncvl #1

Tc`ghlskukfcs • Ohdcrc Fcycmcwc • ;;-;7

Dgdnghircaåc:

DLJCTCOH, Ecurgkgh. Eúsgkc Khokrltc Pgleph `lstrhzc`h. Khnlkkgûo sgo kho`gkgûo 3<. \og-vlrsg`c` Ockghocn `l Khnhedgc: 4229, p.93.

EkN\FCO, Ecrsfcnn. Ln el`gh ls ln ecscjl, uo govlotcrgh `l lalkths. Rcg`ûs [tu`gh: 3719.

OCOKW, Jlco-Nuk. C nc lskukfc. Dulohs Cgrls: Cehrrhrtu, 4229, p. 39

YFGPLFLC@, Irlihry. Fhnls go tfl Flc`: tflctrls ha hplrctgho ahr tfl dh`y go pglkls. \du-wld pcplrs,377;. @gsphogdnl lo Gotlrolt: www.udu.khe/shuo`/wfgtlflc`/fhnls.pà

Iustcvl @hrç (36;4-3667)

;7



kncvl237-79

#1

Rcgscjl //Qgvgco Phnl





kncvl237-79

#1

Cdstrckt*: Pfgs tlxt `lcns wgtf tfl gotlrlst ha vgsucngzgoi pfysgkcn ahrkls, tfl dhuo`crglsdltwllo crt, skglokl co` tlkfohnhiy cs wlnn cs tfl kfcoigoi co` `gaausl khotle-phrcry el`gc crtgst khoklpt, co` tfl wcy c irhup ha shuo` crtgsts fcvl dllo gotlr-lstl` go tflsl ecttlrs. Ngmlwgsl, gt `lcns wgtf tfl ngegts dltwllo skglotgagk lxplrg-elots, crt gostcnnctghos co` ohongolcr lvhnutgho ha cokglot prcktgkls khoolktl` thkhotlephrcry hols.

Mlywhr`s: Lnlktrhecioltgse, Rhrtc, trcosùktgho, syolstflsgc, [tcnfleln

Tlsueh*:[hdrl h gotlrlssl plnc vgsucng zcéëh `l ahrécs aåsgkcs, `cs dcrrlgrcs lotrl c crtl, ckgêokgc l c tlkohnhigc, dle kheh shdrl h eutcotl l `gaush khoklgth `h crtgstc `hselghs khotlephräolhs l c ahrec le qul ue iruph `l crtgstcs shohrhs sl gotlrls-scrce phr lstl cssuoth. Pcedçe shdrl hs ngegtls lotrl lxplrgêokgcs kglotåagkcsl gostcncéüls `l crtl l c lvhnuéëh oëh ngolcr `cs prctgkcs cotgics ngic`cs khe cskhotlephräolcs.

Rcncvrcs Kfcvl: Lnltrhecioltgseh, Rhrtc, trcosùéëh, sgolstlsgc, [tcnfleln .

03-<3 • Juco Khrtçs • Gotlrslkkghols

*Prcùkg`h goinçs phr Qg vgco Phnl*Prcùkg`h c phrtuiuçs phr Kcrnhs Lùcr`h Cecyc Alroão`lz



kncvl #1

Rcrtl 3: Nc Ckc`legc `l nhs [lkrlths Octurcnls

Lo uo l`gagkh lsqugolrh udgkc`h lo nc pnczc `l Rgczzc `l Kcrgtã, lo Phnl`h, aul auo`c`c ncCkc`legc `l nhs [lkrlths Octurcnls. [u krlc`hr, Ighvco Dcttgstc @lnnc Rhrtc tloåc uo shnhkrgtlrgh pcrc cklptcr oulvhs egledrhs: cqulnnhs qul qulråco lstu`gcr l govlstgicr tloåco qul

fcdlr `lskudglrth cnih shdrl nc octurcnlzc y lstcr `gspulsth c khepcrtgr lsl khohkgeglothkho nhs `leãs gotlircotls3.

Fcstc cotls `l su kglrrl hkcsghoc`h phr nc ginlsgc lo 3<96 lo nc ckc`legc sl fgkglrho th`htgph ̀ l lxplrgeloths lo duskc ̀ l go`cicr, ̀ lskrgdgr y lxpngkcr nhs aloûelohs ̀ l nc octurcnlzc.C trcvçs `l `galrlotls eãqugocs, sustcokgcs quåegkcs l govlokghols sl lsplrcdc nnlicr c uocklrkcegloth tcoigdnl c nhs tlecs lstu`gc`hs.

3 [glngozmg, Crqulhnhiåc `l nhs el`ghs pi. 70

@cogln RcnckghsYcvls

\sco`h shnh uoc pglzc `l kulr`c lnãstgkc, cktgvc`c phr `hs ehthrls lnçktrgkhs sl krlco ncs ahrecs `l ho`c, qulpul`lo gr `ls`l pctrhols sgoushg`cnls sgepnls fcstc khoagiurckghols khepnltcs `l nåolcs anhtco`h lo ln cgrl.

Phec`h ̀ l: fttp://www.crshplrco`g.khe/4234X29X23Xcrkfgvl.ften @gkgledrl 423;.

0;

Gotlrslkkghols • Juco Khrtçs • 03-<3



kncvl237-79

#1

[g cúo cså lokhotrcdco uo aloûeloh kuyc kcusc khotgoucdc sglo`h `lskhohkg`c, ph`åc elrlklrln kcrãktlr `l slkrlth4.

Lsth goanulokgû nc g`lc `l nc kglokgc kheh nc dúsqul`c `l nhs slkrlths `l nc octurcnlzc. CuoqulRhrtc oh aul ln prgelr krlc`hr `l uoc ckc`legc `l slkrlths, su gephrtcokgc rc`gkc lo slr lnlskrgthr ̀ l „Ecigc Octurcngs―, uo ngdrh qul, lotrl htrhs tlecs, rluogû nc goahreckgûo shdrl cóhs ̀ llxplrgeloths y khedgockghols lo dúsqul`c `ln lotlo`gegloth `l nhs aloûelohs elokghoc`hs.„Ls gephrtcotl nc cntåsgec vcnhrckgûo `l Rhrtc phr uo auo`celoth sloshrgcn pcrc ckkl`lr cneuo`h―;. [ûnh ln rlkhrrg`h c trcvçs ̀ l nhs slo`lrhs lxplrgelotcnls, cså slco nhs eãs plqulóhs,cdrl, lo ln kcsh prhdcdnl y acvhrcdnl, ln ckklsh fckgc cnih eãs irco`l, lskrgdl c sus nlkthrlslo nc gotrhùkkgûo `l Ecigc GG0.

Nc govlokgûo y lxplrgelotckgûo kho ectlrgcnls pcrc ̀ lehstrcr nc tlhråc lrc kheúo lo nc ckc`l-egc, cuoqul oh qul`crho eukfhs rligstrhs `l lsths lxplrgeloths sg fcy cniuocs khepgnckghols`l tlxths l fgsthrgcs lo Ecigc Octurcngs qul `co al `l lnnh, ilolrcnelotl, nhs cpcrcths tloåcokheh auokgûo vgsucngzcr ncs aulrzcs y nnlvcr c uo pncoh sloshrgcn nhs aloûelohs pcrc cså ph`lrlotlo`lrnhs eljhr. \oc `l ncs g`lcs eãs rlkurrlotls lo nhs lskrgths `l Rhrtc lrc nc `l ncocturcnlzc kheh gospgrckgûo lo nc khostrukkgûo `l eãqugocs, lotlo`lr çstcs kheh khpgcs `lncs rl`ls y `l nhs sgstlecs hriãogkhs hrgigocnls. @urcotl eukfhs cóhs, ln Ocphngtcoh lstuvhgoanulokgc`h tcedgço phr nc g`lc `l lokhotrcr pctrhols lotrl nh egkrh y nh eckrh `l nc octu-rcnlzc y cså ph`lr fcklr cshkgckghols lotrl aloûelohs klnlstls y tlrrlstrls.

C plscr ̀ l qul uoc pcrtl khosg`lrcdnl ̀ ln ngdrh ̀ l Rhrtc lstcdc `lstgoc`c c lokhotrcr nc pgl`rcagnhshacn, nhs khoklpths ̀ l cnqugegc y ecigc oh lrco ̀ ln th`h lqugvcnlotls. Ln khoklpth ̀ l ecih`l nc çphkc lrc pcrtgkuncr= sl rlalråc c cqulnnhs qul fcdåco `l`gkc`h su vg`c c nc dúsqul`c`ln plralkth khohkgegloth shdrl ncs khscs octurcnls, cqulnnhs c quglols nhs nctgohs nncecdconhs fhedrls scdghs y nhs irglihs agnûshahs y nhs ligpkghs nncecdco scklr`htls. [go ledcrih,kho ln pcsh `l nhs sginhs ln khoklpth `l ecigc octurcn kcedgû, pcrc nhs plosc`hrls `ln sginhVQG nc ecigc octurcn lrc uo tlec gephrtcotl `l nc agnhshaåc octurcn. Rlrh pcrc ln sginh VQGGGln tçregoh yc lrc khosg`lrc`h uoc vlriþlozc, nh qul fcdåc sg`h nc agnhshaåc pcrc ln rlockgeglo-th, kho ln tgleph qul`û shncelotl rlnckghoc`h kho nh hkunth y lo kglrtc el`g`c kho nh lshtçrgkh.C plscr `l nc cklptckgûo phpuncr `l nhs tlxths l govlstgickghols `l Rhrtc, sus `ltrckthrls sllokcricrho `l fcklr pudngkckghols lo ncs qul krgtgkcdco nc acntc `l rgihr kglotåagkh lo ncs go-vlstgickghols y nhs loahquls oh sgstleãtgkhs `l sus lxplrgeloths<. @urcotl cóhs fudh kråtgkcsc th`hs nhs trcdcjhs qul rlcngzcdc. [go ledcrih, sus tlxths, lxplrgeloths l govlstgickghols`glrho nuicr c cvcokls lo `gvlrscs ãrlcs tlkohnûigkcs y kglotåagkcs, cså kheh cn `lscrrhnnh `lnkhoklpth `l nc ckc`legc kglotåagkc eh`lroc.

4 Octurcn Ecigkm co` tfl slkrlts ha Octurl, Ygnngce Lceho, Rrgokltho \ogvlrsgty Rrlss 3770 pci 3.

; [glngozmg, Crqulhnhiåc `l nhs el`ghs pi. 7<

0 Igcedcttgstc @lnnc Rhrtc, Ecigc Octurcngs . Gotrhùkkgûo.

< Igcedcttgstc @lnnc Rhrtc Kglokgc Fgstrgûogkc, Lstu`ghs gtcngcohs `l Kcngahrogc. Cuthr [lrigus Mh`lrc. 4234






kncvl237-79

#1

Kfrgstgoc Mudgskf

Lnlktrgk-Knhu`

Kgloths `l eltrhs `l kcdnl lnçktrgkh sho `gspulsths pcrc khoùkgr lolriåc c trcvçs `l uo lspckgh, el`gcotlcu`åahohs lsplkgcnls sl pul`lo lskukfcr ncs arlkulokgcs qul prhùkl nc khepnljc rl` lnçktrgkc. Nhs rlkhrrg`hs

lspckgcnls `l nhs lsplktc`hrls ilolrco kcedghs lo ncs arlkulokgcs qul lskukfco.

Phec`h `l: fttp://www.`hrteuo`.`l/`l/arlgzlgtXuo`Xmuntur/eusllo/euslueXhstwcnn/arluo`lXeh/olulrwlrduoi/olulrwlrduoiX`lrXarluo`lX`lsX eusluesXhstwcnnXuo X̀muostprlgs.ften @gkgledrl 423;.




kncvl #1

Clrhnhiy ls htrc `l ncs hdrcs prgokgpcnls `l Fgotlr`goi, lo lnnc, uoc khepnljc rl` `l agdrcs`l khdrl qul lstã `gspulstc lo uo lspckgh ls ckhepcóc`c phr cniuohs sloshrls y vcrghs`gsphsgtgvhs `l cepngagkckgûo ckústgkc. Ln hdjltgvh `l nc hdrc ls ctrcpcr th`cs ncs arlkulokgcsgeplrklptgdnls qul kgrkunco kheh ho`cs lo ln lspckgh. Nc lxplrgelotckgûo kho `gsphsgtgvhsflkfhs kho agdrcs `l khdrl nl plregtgû c nc crtgstc krlcr cotlocs qul kcpturcdco arlkulokgcsy qul tlregocrho phr gospgrcr nc gostcnckgûo.

\oh `l nhs tlecs eãs gephrtcotls qul Fgotlr`goi y Mcfo khostcotlelotl rlkcnkco ls nc ge-phrtcokgc `l nc lxplrglokgc sloshrgcn cn cklrkcrsl c sus hdrcs, puls lstl `lskudrgegloth `l

arlkulokgcs hkuntcs nnlvc cn lsplktc`hr c khovlrtgrsl lo uo govlstgic`hr qul sl cklrkc c trcvçs`l lsths crtgagkghs c nh cpcrlotlelotl `lskhohkg`h.

Htrc hdrc rlkglotl rlnckghoc`c kho lsth ls [tcnfleln, `ln crtgstc dlnic Kfrgsthpf `l Dhlkm.Lstc gostcnckgûo utgngzc ho`cs klrldrcnls pcrc cktgvcr uoc gotlrackl flkfc kho ehthrls y pnc-kcs `l eltcn= kuco`h ln lsplktc`hr lotrc lo nc gostcnckgûo su cktgvg`c` klrldrcn cktgvc lnelkcogseh prhùkglo`h `gstgoths pctrhols shohrhs. Ln kcsh `l Dhlkm ls gotlrlscotl phrqul

Jhykl Fgotlr`goi Clrhnhiy

\sco`h uoc rl` `l khdrl sl fcklo cu`gdnls ncs arlkulokgcs `ln lsplktrh lnlktrhecioçtgkh qul ctrcvglsco nc scnc `l

lxfgdgkgûo.

Phec`h ̀ l: fttp://www.fcgolsfgotlr`goi.olt/377</2</21/clrghnhiy/ @gkgledrl 423;

09




kncvl237-79

#1

kho ln `lscrrhnnh `l nc hdrc khotrgduyû c nc govlstgickgûo `l Ngo`scy Drhwo `ln Fhnst Klotlr`l Lgo`fhvlo shdrl nc gotlrprltckgûo `l el`g`cs `gskrltcs `l nc cktgvg`c` klrldrcn c trcvçs`l `gsphsgtgvhs lnlktrûogkhs, juoth c nc khncdhrckgûo kho ln gostgtuth GELK `l ocohtlkohnhiåclo Dçnigkc.

C rcåz `l ncs hdrcs qul Dhlkm fc trcdcjc`h lo lsths cóhs ockgû Hvlrthho, uo klotrh pcrcgepunscr ln `lscrrhnnh `l nhs lxplrgeloths y nc hdrc `l crtgstcs shohrhs jûvlols gotlrlsc`hslo nc prhùkkgûo `l trcdcjhs `l lstl lstgnh. Cktucnelotl ls Jlrhlo \yttlo`cnl quglo lstãprhùkglo`h hdrcs qul lxpnhrco nc ectlrgcng`c` `l nc lnlktrgkg`c` y nc nuz, `lotrh `ln lspckgh`l nc rlsg`lokgc crtåstgkc.

Rcrtl ;: Lskunpgr nhs `cths.

@ls`l ln Dcufcus, crtgstcs kheh Mco`gosmy, [kfnleelr y Mnll leplzcrho c `lscrrhnncr hdrcslo ncs qul ln shog`h y nc eúsgkc sho ln tlec prgokgpcn `l nc cktgvg`c` pgktûrgkc. Nc phngahoåc, khonc sgeuntcolg`c` `l vcrgcs elnh`åcs go`lplo`glotls, ls uoh `l nhs tlecs qul eãs gotlrlscrhoc Mnll, puls gepngkc nc g`lc `l ehvgegloth y ̀ grlkkghocng`c`.

Ln crtgstc pncotlc su pgoturc kheh cnih qul sl `lscrrhnnc lo nc `hdnl `gelosgûo lspckgh-tgleph, phr nh qul nc lstrukturc phngaûogkc rlscntc cúo eãs lsc g`lc `l tlephrcng`c`1. @lflkfh, ln pgothr oh krll qul nc sgeuntcolg`c` phngaûogkc slc úogkcelotl uo rlkursh eusgkcn,sgoh qul sl prlslotc lo euntgtu` `l aloûelohs `l nc octurcnlzc. Nc eúsgkc úogkcelotl nhs

gegtc y rlprlslotc kho su nloiucjl.„Nc pgoturc phngaûogkc suplrc c nc eúsgkc

lo kucoth qul nh tlephrcn ls cquå eãs lspckgcn.

Ln khoklpth `l sgeuntcolg`c` sl prlslotc cquå kho ecyhr rgqulzc.―

Rcun Mnll, @gcrghs

Fcy uoc g`lc rlkurrlotl lo nhs tlxths `ln crtgstc lspcóhn @cogln Rcnckghs shdrl sus prhylkthseãs rlkglotls, kuco`h sl fcdnc `l `cths sl trctc `l uoc gotlrprltckgûo, oh uoc vgsucngzckgûo`grlktc. Nc sudjltgvg`c` `ln prhklsh ls go`gsploscdnl pcrc nc hdrc, lstc g`lc tcedgço ls khe-pcrtg`c kho Fgotlr`goi quglo lo lotrlvgstcs fcdnc `l nc ahrec lo nc qul nc kcpturc pul`l slrecogpunc`c el`gcotl gostrueloths ilolrco`h nc phsgdgng`c` `l fcklr khephsgkghols lo 12 Fz.

Nc dúsqul`c lstçtgkc qul khepcrtlo ncs hdrcs elokghoc`cs tcedgço pcrtl `l nc sudjltgvg`c`pcrc cklrkcrsl c nhs `cths, cså kheh ncs gotlokghols lsplkåagkcs lo tçregohs lspckgcnls y `lnc rlnckgûo `ln púdngkh kho kc`c gostcnckgûo.

1 Rcun Mnll ‛ Eclstrh `l nc Dcufcus. Kctãnhih `l lxphsgkgûo. Auo`ckgûo Juco Ecrkf. Ec`rg`, 423;.Mnll. Nhs iloghs uogvlrscnls `l nc pgoturc. Tcyulnc. Ocvcrrc, 3774.




kncvl #1

Kfrgsthpf `l Dhlkm[tcnfleln

Rhr el`gh `l `gsphsgtgvhs `l kcpturc `l ho`cs klrldrcnls `l nc plrshoc qul lotrc c nc gostcnckgûo sl fckl uoc kcpturc y

trcosegsgûo c ehthrls udgkc`hs lokgec `l ncegocs eltãngkcs ilolrco`h pctrhols y slkulokgcs shohrcs qul vcråco khorlsplkth c ncs ho`cs klrldrcnls.

Phec`h `l: fttp://kfrgsthpf`ldhlkm.khe/ @gkgledrl 423;

Lo ln cóh 4226 Rcnckghs prlslotc su gostcnckgûo Ycvls, uoc vgsucngzckgûo phr el`gh `l ehth-rls ̀ l uoc ho`c ckústgkc= nc gostcnckgûo slócnc nhs lspckghs ckústgkhs gotcoigdnls, sl ̀ ltglol loncs vcrgcdnls qul pcsco `lscplrkgdg`cs plrh qul lstão cfå khostcotlelotl. Lsl prhdnlec `lplrklpkgûo qul sl fc trctc`h rlgtlrctgvcelotl ls vgsth `l uoc ecolrc qul govgtc c kulstghocrncs aulrzcs lskho`g`cs `l uo cedglotl y nc ciu`lzc `l nhs slotg`hs.

Lstc g`lc `l lskunpgr ncs aulrzcs octurcnls tcedgço lstã rlnckghoc`c kho nc tlkohnhiåc kheh nc

kholxgûo lotrl nh gocnkcozcdnl `l nc octurcnlzc y nc vg`c khtg`gcoc, kheh nh pncotlc ln crtgstckhnhedgcoh Cnljco`rh Pcecyh9. \o ljlepnh ls nc hdrc Ecioltgk Agln` Tlkhr` `l Mhugkfg Hmc-ehth lo nc qul ncs aulrzcs ecioçtgkcs y nc ircvl`c` sho vgsucngzc`cs el`gcotl uo khotlol`hr`l tgotc kholktc`h c uo drczh elkãogkh. Cså ln ecioltgseh y nc ircvl`c` slco aulrzcs tlûrg-kcelotl prl`lkgdnls, egnls `l vcrgcdnls nl `co c nc pglzc uo lnleloth `l go`ltlregockgûo, qulls nh qul eãs nl gotlrlsc cn crtgstc6.

9 Qgsucngzgoi tfl gephsgdnl: Cnljco`rh Pcecyh lo Pl`V, Ec`rg`. Cu`ghvgsucn 4234. www.uohl.khe

6 Tlvgstc Ygrl`. @gdujhs cuthectgzc`hs kho ecioltgseh y ircvl`c`. Co`y Kusf. [lptgledrl 36 `l 423;

07




kncvl237-79

#1

[gtghs kheh @ctc gs Octurl (www.`ctcgsocturl.khe) krlc`h phr Rcun Rru`lokl qul rlúol

trcdcjhs cklrkc `l ncs gotlrlnckghols lotrl nhs prhklshs octurcnls y nhs sgstlecs `lkheputckgûo khotlephrãolhs. Lo nc pãigoc wld c `gcrgh sl pudngkco trcdcjhs `l crtgstcsy prhircec`hrls gotlrlsc`hs lo khepcrtgr sus kû`gihs y lxplrgeloths vgsucnls.

Lo Clnlktrhshogk, @huincs Mcfo rlthroc khostcotlelotl c nc g`lc `l nc octurcnlzc `l nceúsgkc lnlktrûogkc, octurcnlzc oh lotlo`g`c kheh uo kcrcktlr h uo tgph `l plrshocng`c`,sgoh kheh uoc rlnckgûo ̀ grlktc kho ncs aulrzcs octurcnls. Lo lstc el`g`c, th`cs ncs tlk-

Rcun Mnll

Auil go rht (Auic lo rhjh) Lstc pgoturc pncsec lnehvgegloth eusgkcn c trcvçs`l nc irc`ckgûo `ln khnhr ync suplrphsgkgûo lskcnhoc`c`l ncs ahrecs, loactgzco`h lnkcrãktlr phngaûogkh lo ln qulpcrlkl qul uohs lnlelothsplrsgiulo c htrhs, `l gzquglr`cc `lrlkfc.

Phec`h `l: fttp://kheehos.wgmgel`gc.hri/wgmg/Agnl:RcunXMnllXAuilXgoXTht.

jpi8uslncoi5ls @gkgledrl 423;.

Mhugkfg HmcehthEcioltgk Agln` Tlkhr`

Rhr el`gh `l tgotc, uodrczh elkãogkh y ehthrlssl prhùklo pctrhols qulkcedgco phr nc ircvl`c` qul

calktc ln drczh.

Phec`h `l: fttp://g`lcsncd.rh/ecioltgk-agln`-rlkhr`-4/ Lolrh 4230.




kncvl #1

ohnhiåcs qul c prgelrc vgstc sl cnljco `l nh hriãogkh tglolo rlnckghols `grlktcs kho aulotlsprgecrgcs. Ln cuthr lo pcrtgkuncr lokulotrc uoc khrrlspho`lokgc pcrc nc eúsgkc lnlktrûogkclokhotrc`c lo nc octurcnlzc aåsgkc `l nc lnlktrgkg`c` y ln lnlktrhecioltgseh. @l lstl eh`hlokhotrcr ncs rlnckghols lotrl nc prhùkkgûo tlkohnûigkc y ncs aulrzcs octurcnls sl fckl go-tlrlscotl, shdrlth`h, kho ln ago `l kulstghocr ln gotlrçs phr nc vgsucngzckgûo `l lstl tgph `laloûelohs.

Dgdnghircaåc:

Crqulhnhiåc `l nhs el`ghs. Fckgc ln tgleph prhauo`h `l nc vgsgûo y nc cu`gkgûo tçkogkc,[gliargl` Zglngosmg. L`gkghols uogco`ls 4234.

Ecigc Octurcngs, Igcedcttgstc `lnnc Rhrtc, 3<<6.

Igcedcttgstc @lnnc Rhrtc Kglokgc Fgstrgûogkc, Lstu`ghs gtcngcohs `l Kcngahrogc. Cuthr [lrigusMh`lrc. 4234.

Rcun Mnll. Eclstrh `l nc Dcufcus. Kctãnhih `l lxphsgkgûo. Auo`ckgûo Juco Ecrkf. Ec`rg`,423;

Mnll. Nhs iloghs uogvlrscnls `l nc pgoturc. Tcyulnc. Ocvcrrc, 3774.

Qgsucngzgoi tfl gephsgdnl: Cnljco`rh Pcecyh lo Pl`V, Ec`rg`. Cu`ghvgsucn 4234. www.uohl.khe

Tlvgstc Ygrl`. @gdujhs cuthectgzc`hs kho ecioltgseh y ircvl`c`. Co`y Kusf. [lptgledrl 36`l 423;.

<3




kncvl237-79

#1

Rgln //Qgvgco Phnl



kncvl #1

@ln pcpln cn kgol. Rrhklsh `lc`cptckgûo `l nc ohvlnc irãagkc„Qgrus trhpgkcn―.

@L RHYLTRCHNC RHT PGEDH L[P\@GH

[cotgcih Kcgkl`h `l Thux*

Tlsuelo: :

Lstl crtåkunh `c kulotc `ln prhklsh `l c`cptckgûo `l „Qgrus Prhpgkcn―, uoc ohvlnc irãagkc

`l Rhwlrpchnc, nnlvc`h c kcdh phr Pgedh Lstu`gh. Lxpngkc ncs ehtgvckghols pcrc `lsc-rrhnncr uoc plnåkunc `l cogeckgûo qul rlspltc nc hdrc hrgigocn, y khepcrtl nc lxplrglokgctçkogkc fcstc su ltcpc `l rlcngzckgûo.

Rcncdrcs Kncvl: Cogeckgûo, ohvlnc irãagkc, tçkogkc, trcosel`gc.

*Tlcngzc`hr khnhedgcoh ockg`h lo Kcng. [u trcdcjh, `gaåkgn `l kctcnhicr, sl `ldctl lotrl ln `g slóh irãagkh lo

ehvgegloth, nc cogeckgûo, nc lstlrlhskhpgc y ln kgol. [us khrths fco pcrtgkgpc`h lo ouelrhshs alstgvcnls cn-

rl`l`hr `ln euo`h, `lotrh `l nhs kucnls sl goknuylo Coolky, Knlrehot-Alrrco` y [GIITCRF y fco rlkgdg`h

eãs `l 36 prleghs gotlrockghocnls, cktucnelotl sho `gstrgdug`hs phr Ogotlo`h. @grlkthr `l Pgedh Lstu`gh,

sl `l`gkc c nc rlcngzckgûo `l slrgls goacotgnls, khrtheltrcjls, pudngkg`c` y ls prhalshr `l cogeckgûo lo nc

Lsplkgcngzckgûo lo Krlckgûo Euntgel`gc `ln @lpcrtceloth `l Crtl `l nc \ogvlrsg`c` `l nhs Co`ls. Fc sg`h

jurc`h `ln Aho`h pcrc ln @lscrrhnnh Kgolecthirãa gkh lo nc eh`cn g`c` `l khrtheltrcjl `l cogeckgûo y fc

khncdhrc`h lo nc pudngkckgûo `l nhs ngdrhs ;-@GW, [tlrlh ;@ Agneecmgoi, ;@ ehvgl Ecmgoi, Pfl Dgi Dhhm ha

Drlcst ;@ y Pfl Dgi Rlogs Dhhm ;@ `l Pcskflo.

<;

@ln pcpln cn kgol. Rrhklsh `l c`cptckgûo `l nc ohvlnc irãagkc „Qgrus Prhpgkcn„ @L RHYLTRCHNC RHT PGEDH L[P\@GH •

[cotgcih Kcgkl`h `l Thux • <;-1<



kncvl237-79

#1

Cdstrckt*:Pfgs crtgknl rlphrts ho tfl c`cptctgho prhklss ha «Qgrus Prhpgkcn½, c ircpfgk ohvlnwrgttlo dy Rhwlrpchnc, wfgkf fcs dllo khoùktl` dy Pgedh [tu`gh. Pfl pglkl lx-pncgos tfl rlcshos ahr `lvlnhpgoi co cogectl` alcturl agne tfct rlsplkts tfl hrgig-ocn whrm co` sfcrls tfl tlkfogkcn lxplrglokl up th gts kurrlot prhùktgho stcil.

Mlywhr`s: Cogectgho, ircpfgk ohvln, trcosel`gc, crt.

Tlsueh*:H crtgih cdhr`c h prhklssh `l c`cptcéëh `c ohvlnc irãagkc „Qårus trhpgkcn― `lRhwlrpchnc, ctucnelotl rlcngzc`c plnh Pgedh Lstu`gh. Lxpngkc cs ehtgvcéüls pcrc`lslovhnvlr ue nhoic-eltrcile `l cogecéëh qul sljc agln â hdrc hrgigocn l pcrtgnfc`l lxplrgêokgcs khe c tçkogkc utgngzc`c pcrc khosliugr c rlcngzcéëh `h agnel.

Rcncvrcs Kfcvl: Cogecéëh, ohvlnc irãagkc, tçkogkc, trcosel`gc.

@ln pcpln cn kgol. Rrhklsh `l c`cptckgûo `l nc ohvlnc irãagkc „Qgrus Prhpgkcn„ @L RHYLTRCHNC RHT PGEDH L[P\@GH

<;-1< • [cotgcih Kcgkl`h `l Thux

*Prcùkg`h goinçs phr Qg vgco Phnl*Prcùkg`h c phrtuiuçs phr Kcrnhs Lùcr`h Cecyc Alroão`lz



kncvl #1

„Qgrus Prhpgkcn― ls uoc ohvlnc cuthdghirãagkc `l nc crtgstc khnhedh-lkucthrgcoc Rchnc „Rhwlr-Rchnc― Icvgrgc. Eulstrc nc fgsthrgc `l uoc ogóc qul phkh c phkh vc krlkglo`h y `ldl ng`gcr khonc rlcng`c` `l su acegngc „ohrecn―, qul cså kheh th`cs ncs acegngcs lstã nnloc `l ectgkls qulohs ehn`lco pcrc khovlrtgrohs lo cniuglo cså oh nh qulrcehs.

Rchnc ockl lo 3799, lo ln fhicr `l uoc acegngc khnhedgcoc rc`gkc`c lo Sugth. [u nnlic`c cneuo`h pcrlkl gephsgdnl phrqul Fgn`c, su ec`rl, sl fc hplrc`h pcrc oh tlolr eãs fgjhs (yctglol c Kncu`gc y c Rctrgkgc). Rhr lsh nhs eç`gkhs kuco`h nc lxcegoco nl `gciohstgkco uo vgrustrhpgkcn lo nuicr ̀ l uo ledcrczh, plrh oulvl elsls ̀ lspuçs ln vgrus scnl ̀ l su vglotrl khovlr-tg`h lo uoc ogóc `l punehols vgihrhshs nncec`c Rchnc. Nc suyc ls uoc fgsthrgc trcsklo`lotlphr nc ecolrc fholstc, plrspgkcz y `gvlrtg`c `l khotcrohs su vg`c `ls`l qul ls khokldg`cfcstc qul kuepnl 36 cóhs, kuco`h su acegngc sl `gsulnvl y lnnc `lkg`l leprlo`lr shnc su

kcegoh.

Ln nloiucjl irãagkh `l nc ohvlnc hrgigocn ls gohklotl, slokgnnh, `grlkth y euy khoehvl`hr,c`leãs `l tlolr uo fuehr puotucn qul lskho`l uoc ciu`lzc prhauo`c dcjh uo ecoth `lùnzurc. [ukuedgehs c su lokcoth y trcs fcdlr icoc`h nc khovhkcthrgc `l `lscrrhnnh `l ncrih-eltrcjls lo cogeckgûo ̀ ln Aho`h Rcrc ln @lscrrhnnh Kgolecthirãagkh Khnhedgcoh (A@K), PgedhLstu`gh (www.tgedh.khe.kh) lstã fckglo`h uoc c`cptckgûo kgolecthirãagkc `l nc egsec. Lniugûo lstã sglo`h c`cptc`h phr ln `rcecturih kcnlóh Lorgqul Nhzcoh, nc prhùkkgûo ljlkutgvclstã c kcrih `l Kcrhngoc Dcrrlrc, nc dco`c shohrc lstã sglo`h rlcngzc`c phr Ohdcrc Fcycmcwcy C`rgcoc Icrkåc, y nc `grlkkgûo ilolrcn `ln prhylkth nc khepcrth kho Rhwlrpchnc. Nh qul scnl

`l nc ecoh `l Rhwlrpchnc ls c nc vlz prhvhkc`hr l goilouh. @l lstc kurghsc elzknc surilo suirco phpuncrg`c` y ln rlkhohkgegloth gotlrockghocn qul fc tlog`h su hdrc. Cktucnelotl „Qgrustrhpgkcn― lstã pudngkc`c lo Khnhedgc phr Nc [gnultc L`gkghols, phr Tco`he Fhusl Eho`c`hrglo Lspcóc, y phr nc L`gthrgcn Kheúo lo Crilotgoc y N‗Ciruel lo Arcokgc.

[hdrl nc c`cptckgûo

Rcrc nc rlcngzckgûo `ln ncriheltrcjl „Qgrus Prhpgkcn―, kho RhwlrRchnc flehs trcdcjc`h lo ln

trctcegloth vgsucn qul fc rlsuntc`h slr khepnltcelotl agln c nc ohvlnc irãagkc. Rcrc ohshtrhsls gephrtcotl ocrrcr nc fgsthrgc lo uo nloiucjl klrkcoh c nhs `gdujhs hrgigocnls. Lstl fc sg`huo rlth gotlrlscotl c ogvln tçkogkh vgsucn, yc qul nc dúsqul`c `l nc ag`lng`c` cn trczh hrgigocnlxgil cn egseh içolrh ̀ l nc cogeckgûo uo trcdcjh lsplkgcn pcrc ecotlolr lo ln thoh nc plkungcrahrec `l vlr ln euo`h qul tglol nc cuthrc. Rhr lsh, nl lstcehs `co`h ehvgegloth y shog`h csu trcdcjh qul aul flkfh sgo ogoiuoc htrc prltlosgûo qul rligstrcr ln lothroh tcn y kheh lnnc

<<



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kncvl237-79

#1

nh vlåc. Plolehs kncrh qul qulrlehs qul nc c`cptckgûo `ln iugûo slc khepnltcelotl rlspl-tuhsc kho nc fgsthrgc, kho nc lstçtgkc y kho ln trctcegloth vgsucn `l ncs geãilols qul prhpholRhwlrpchnc lo su ngdrh.

Nc ohvlnc ls khotc`c kho nc vhz `l uoc eujlr nctgohcelrgkcoc qul oh rlspho`l c ogoiúo kcohoy qul cprlo`l c vgvgr eglotrcs krlkl= kheh ogóc ls tlstgih `l uoc suklsgûo `l plqulócs krgsgsqul ehn`lco su plrshocng`c` y qul nc khovglrtlo lo uoc jhvlo qul nukfc phr su go`lplo`lokgclo uo khotlxth ùrh, nnloh `l lstlrlhtgphs y cpcrglokgcs. Rchnc sl rlaglrl c su trcdcjh `l ncsgiuglotl ecolrc: „El iustco ncs fgsthrgcs tcn kheh sho y sgo pholrnls `rcec. Sul tloico uophkh `l fuehr, phrqul nc vg`c ls fhrrgdnl y lstã duloh vlrnc y cklptcrnc kheh ls, sgo pholrnleãs `rcec `l nh qul tglol. Pcephkh fl tlog`h uoc lxplrglokgc acegngcr tco fhrrhrhsc. Lo rlc-ng`c` så, sho khscs ùrcs, `l cniúo eheloth `l nc vg`c, plrh lo lsl eheloth yh tcephkh ncs

lotlo`åc tco ùrcs―.

Kho ln `rcecturih Kcrnhs Lorgqul Nhzcoh, qul khohkl c nc plralkkgûo ln ngdrh y sus `gãnhihs,sl fc c`cptc`h nc ocrrctgvc pcrc qul auokghol lo ln tgleph y tloic uo dulo rgteh kheh hdrckgolecthirãagkc. Lorgqul aul tlstgih `l nc khoklpkgûo `l nc fgsthrgc, y lo cniuocs hkcsgholscslshrû c nc cuthrc pcrc `cr ahrec c nc ohvlnc.

Ph`hs nhs lnleloths `l nc cogeckgûo lstão sglo`h rlkrlc`hs c pcrtgr `l nhs trczhs hrgigocnls,`l nhs khnhrls y `ln tgph `l nåolc qul utgngzc Rchnc kheh pcrtl `l su lstgnh= lnnc egsec fc `gdu-

jc`h th`hs nhs lnleloths qul khoahreco ln uogvlrsh `l nc plnåkunc. Ls phr lsh qul ln ncrihel-

trcjl lstã sglo`h rlcngzc`h prgokgpcnelotl lo dncokh y olirh, y irco pcrtl `ln sthpehtgho slfc `lscrrhnnc`h `l uoc ecolrc euy trc`gkghocn. Ln dncokh y olirh phr su cnth khotrcstl ohs `cuoc gecilo irãagkc gepcktcotl y khotuo`lotl qul rlspltc nc hdrc hrgigocn. Lstcehs lxpnhrco-`h nc phsgdgng`c` `l qul lo cniuohs puoths `ln agnel sl lxpnhrl ln trctcegloth `l khnhr pcrc`cr uo khotrcstl qul ilolrl tlosgûo lo eheloths prgehr`gcnls `l nc trcec.

Htrh csplkth gephrtcotl tcoth `l nc fgsthrgc kheh `ln trctcegloth vgsucn qul sl nl lstã `co`hcn ncriheltrcjl ls nc lxtrlec khotlxtucngzckgûo ̀ l nhs nuicrls lo ̀ ho`l th`h sukl`l, Khnhedgcy Lkuc`hr `l agocnls `l nhs 72 y prgokgpghs `l lstl sginh. Ncs kgu`c`ls lo ncs qul sl `lscrrh-nnc nc fgsthrgc sho Sugth lo uo kheglozh y nulih Kcng. Nc cedglotckgûo `l nc fgsthrgc sl `c lo

lscs `hs kgu`c`ls qul vgstcs phr Rchnc ohs harlkl uoc vgsgûo jhvlo y cntlroctgvc `l nc rlcng`c`nctgohcelrgkcoc. Rcrc nhs lsplktc`hrls slrã gephrtcotl tlolr kheh rlalrlokgc lshs nuicrlskhokrlths pcrc rlnckghocrsl kho nc fgsthrgc, y pcrc ln lqugph `l cogeckgûo, uo irco rlth.

Qgrus Prhpgkcn tglol uoc dco`c shohrc kho kcokghols `l ncs `galrlotls çphkcs phr ncs qul pcsconhs plrshocjls. Lo tçregohs ilolrcnls nc eúsgkc pcsc phr ln rhkm lo lspcóhn, ln rhkm cntlroctg-





kncvl #1

vh, nc dcnc`c rheãotgkc y nc eúsgkc trhpgkcn. Lsc elzknc ls lo så egsec, kcrcktlråstgkc `l uocilolrckgûo, nh qul golvgtcdnlelotl krlc htrc kholxgûo lsplkgcn kho nhs lsplktc`hrls. Ph`hlsth lstã sglo`h ckhepcóc`h `l uo trcdcjh `ln ahnly rgiurhsh oh hdtlog`h `l dgdnghtlkcs sgoh

kcpturc`h lo lsklocrghs rlcnls, shohrgzckgûo, vhkls y cedglotckgûo qul ckhepcócrão th`csncs gotlokghols `l nc plnåkunc.

@ln pcpln cn kgol, elkãogkc `l uo prhklsh

C khotgouckgûo thecrç uoc lskloc `ln tlcslr `l nc plnåkunc pcrc vlr kho eãs `ltcnnl cniuohs`l nhs lnleloths qul sl fco olklsgtc`h pcrc nc khostrukkgûo ̀ l tco shnh uo plqulóh arcielothcu`ghvgsucn.

<9

Lo lstc lskloc \rgln, pc`rl `l Rchnc lstc lotusgcsec`h kho ncg`lc qul Fgn`c, su eujlr, tloic uo fgjh fhedrl `lspuçs `l fcdlr

tlog`h yc htrcs `hs fgjcs.





kncvl237-79

#1

Leplzcehs fckglo`h uo `lsfulsh `l prhùkkgûo dcsc`hs lo ln iugûo qul ls cså:

C pcrtgr `l lsc goahreckgûo ph`lehs vlr qugçols lstão lo nc lskloc y quç lnleloths cpcrl-

klo lo lnnc. Pcedgço tlolehs ln rlalrlotl `l nc slkulokgc `l ncs 0 vgóltcs `l nc ohvlnc qulohs sgrvlo ̀ l iuåc pcrc ploscr lo ehvgegloths ̀ l kãecrc y lo ln dnhqulh ilolrcn ̀ l nc lskloc.





kncvl #1

<7

Dcsc`hs lo nhs lstu`ghs prlvghs `l plrshocjls vlehs ncs phsls qul lsths `ldlo tlolr pcrc`cr nc geprlsgûo ̀ l qul sho irckghshs y tglolo ln kcrgsec suagkglotl pcrc trcosegtgr lehkghols.

Lo nc sgiuglotl gecilo ph`lehs vlr nhs `galrlotls ãoiunhs `l nhs plrshocjls y nhs `galrlotlsilsths y kcrcs qul \rgln ph`rã tlolr.







kncvl #1

\o vlz ircdc`cs sl lotrc c cogecr nhs plrshocjls. Ln hdjltgvh `l ircdcr ncs vhkls cotls ls

ph`lr fcklr ln ngpsgoi, prhklsh lo ln qul nc dhkc y nhs ilsths `ln plrshocjl cogec`h lstãosgokrhogzc`hs kho ln cu`gh. Lsth tcedgço pul`l cyu`cr c tlolr nhs tglephs `l nc ckkgûo dnh-qulc`hs cfhrrão`hohs tgleph `l cogeckgûo.

13

Rcrc ln cotlrghr prhklsh utgngzcehs Cogel [tu`gh `l [egtf Egkrh®. Kho lstl prhircec vlk-thrgzcehs nhs plrshocjls, nls pholehs uo rgi qul slråc ln lqugvcnlotl c `crnls uo lsqulnlth.Lstl tgph `l prhklsh ohs `c nc hphrtuog`c` `l khotrhncr ncs `galrlotls pcrtls `l nhs kulrphsc ecolrc `l ecrgholtc cigngzco`h ln prhklsh `l cogeckgûo pcrc ph`lrohs khoklotrcr lo nhqul ls su „cktuckgûo―.





kncvl237-79

#1

Agocnelotl th`h khoanuyl lo ln prhircec `l khephsgkgûo= lo lstl kcsh utgngzcehs CatlrLaalkts® `l C`hdl®. Cquå ls `ho`l fcklehs ln dnhqulh `l nc lskloc. Rcrc lstl prhklsh khnh-kcehs uoc kãecrc vgrtucn y vcehs khostruylo`h ln lsklocrgh c pcrtgr `l th`hs nhs lnlelothsqul sl fcdåco `gdujc`h, pholehs nhs plrshocjls lo ln nuicr qul `ldlo lstcr y nl `cehs nhsehvgegloths `l kãecrc qul pg`c nc lskloc. Rh`råc `lkgrsl qul khostrugehs plqulóhs slts cecolrc `l tlctrgoh `l ecrgholtcs.

Ph`h lsth sl vc trcdcjco`h pcrcnlncelotl kho ln prhklsh `l eusgkcngzckgûo y `l ahnly. Lnahnly ls ln shog`h `l cedglotl qul lo lstl kcsh ph`råco slr nhs pncths y nh qul sl lskukfcråcohrecnelotl lo uo khel`hr `l uoc kcsc.

Lo ln ehotcjl sl vco cjustco`h kãecrcs, cogeckgûo `l plrshocjls, lsklohircaåc, rgtehs `l nc

lskloc, ltk. pcrc `ljcrnc cn puoth qul pul`c lxprlscr nh qul sl olklsgtc lo nc slkulokgc c ncqul plrtlolkl `l nc plnåkunc y lo ilolrcn, pcrc qul cphrtl c nc ocrrckgûo khepnltc.

Ckã ph`lehs vlr uo kuc`rh `l nc lskloc agocn lo ln vg`lh:







kncvl237-79

#1

Go`cicehs nc phsgdgng`c` `l `crnl uoc tlrklrc `gelosgûo c nc plnåkunc. Duskcehs vlr sg ln lalk-th ;@ ph`åc cphrtcr cnih c nc ocrrckgûo ecs cnnã `ln trukh tçkogkh. Kheh nhs lspckghs lstãokhostrug`hs sgeunco`h uo lspckgh rlcn lo uo lothroh `ho`l fcy uoc kãecrc y nhs lnlelothslstão lspckgcngzc`hs lo nhs ljls V, W y Z, nc c`cptckgûo c lstc tçkogkc fc sg`h dcstcotlacktgdnl. @upngkcehs oulstrc kãecrc hrgigocn pcrc sgeuncr uo rgi lstlrlhskûpgkh sgeunco`h nhspuoths `l vgstc `l nhs `hs hjhs `ln slr fuecoh.

Rcrc vlr ln tlcslr: www.vgrustrhpgkcn.khe

Qgrus trcosel`gc

¸Kûeh sl vco `gshnvglo`h ncs arhotlrcs `l uo el`gh c htrh pcrc qul uo khoklpth h uoc g`lcpul`c pcscr sgo `lahrecrsl c trcvçs `l eúntgpnls el`ghs8 W lo lstl kcsh, ¸kûeh fcklr pcrcqul auokghol nc ohvlnc irãagkc kheh hdrc kgolecthirãagkc8 ¸Suç sl `ldl eh`gagkcr h quçsl `ldl ecotlolr pcrc qul ln rlncth hrgigocn oh sl cùntlrl phr ln kcocn lo ln qul sl vc c`lspnlicr y ecs dglo çstl sl khepnlelotl kho ncs htrcs pnctcahrecs lo ncs kucnls sl vc c`lscrrhnncr8

Ln hr`lo lo qul sl fc vlog`h khostruylo`h nh qul ph`råcehs nncecr nc khsehnhiåc `ln „QgrusPrhpgkcn― pul`l shocr nûigkh: Lepglzc cn slr uoc hdrc cuthdghirãagkc, kho nc rlnckgûo `l nc cu-thrc kho nc vg`c egsec= Rhwlrpchnc ph`råc slr ln sgstlec shncr `l lstl tgoinc`h cstrhoûegkh=nulih, nc rlprlslotckgûo l gotlrprltckgûo `l sus lxplrglokgcs y rlkulr`hs el`gcotl ln `gdujhectlrgcngzc`hs lo ohvlnc ircagkc cktúco kheh ln ljl auo`celotcn `l th`h lstl prhklsh. Lnrlncth qul golvgtcdnlelotl sl khostruyl c pcrtgr `l ncs ckkghols, `gãnhihs y khelotcrghs `lncs vgóltcs `ln ngdrh, sho ln shn `l oulstrh prhylkth, nc lstrukturc klotrcn cnrl`l`hr `l nc kucnigrco nhs lnleloths auo`celotcnls pcrc khostrugr oulstrh khotlog`h ocrrctgvh trcosel`gcn.

Cfhrc ln kgol, Ecrtl= ln iugûo kheh hdrc ngtlrcrgc, Júpgtlr= Gotlrolt, Rnutûo. Ltk. Ph`hs lsthsel`ghs tglolo sus kcrcktlråstgkcs y cuoqul oulstrh shn ls hrgigocnelotl uoc ohvlnc irãagkc,çstl aul golvgtcdnlelotl egirco`h c `galrlotls lothrohs el`gcnls. [å, ockl lo ln euo`h `l nhs

ngdrhs, lo su hrgilo ln `gdujh y ln nloiucjl lskrgth rlgoco cjustão`hsl c lstc ahrec `l khosueh,plrh nulih sl arcielotc y sus vgóltcs eãs sgiogagkctgvcs sl lspcrklo ngtlrcnelotl kheh uovgrus lo Gotlrolt `ho`l sl khosuel `lskhepulstc, phr pl`czhs, c pcrtgr `l crtåkunhs, phsts,kheltcrghs y dnhis. Ohshtrhs trctcehs `l kcocngzcr th`c lstc goahreckgûo lo uo sgtgh Yld,[cturoh, qul `gaåkgnelotl nhirc lxprlscr th`h nh qul ls nc ohvlnc hrgigocn (www.vgrustrhpgkcn.khe) y eãs dglo govgtc c nhs usucrghs-lsplktc`hrls c qul khosueco nc ohvlnc y vlco nc plnåkunc.



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kncvl #1

Fcklehs kcnkhecoåcs qul plicehs arloçtgkcelotl lo nuicrls púdngkhs, nc Nuoc. Ph`h lsth kholn hdjltgvh `l qul lstc gotlrtlxtucng`c` nl `l rgqulzc c nc hdrc, uo lsaulrzh qul „sgo qulrlrqulrglo`h― (kheh `gråc ln Kfcvh `ln 6) fc flkfh qul ln púdngkh `l nc fgsthrgc pul`c suelrigrsllo th`h uo uogvlrsh ocrrctgvh.

Lstl ls ln prhklsh qul flehs sliug`h pcrc qul ph`cehs vlr Qgrus Prhpgkcn lo ncs scncs `lkgol. ¡[giãonc y khotãiglosl!

1<





kncvl237-79

#1





kncvl237-79

#1

lskrgdglo`h‛. Lothokls lnnc, hrgigocnelotl, lnnc sl nncec Ncurc Krghnnh, yc oh trcdcjc cfå, lscrtgstc `l nc Jcvlrgcoc. Lnnc aul nc prgelrc plrshoc qul `gjh: ‛ Hyl y ¸quç pcsc sg ehstrcehstu kcsc kheh uoc ecolrc `l ehstrcr qugço lrls8‛ Rhrqul kheh yh fcdncdc eukfh `l eg kcsc,`l qul yh pcscdc eukfh tgleph ckã, phr rczhols hdvgcs, puls c eå el iustc eg kcsc, c`leãslsthy `lotrh `ln `gstrgth kunturcn ¸quç eãs pul`h pl`gr8

Nl `gjl: ‛Ruls, kcegol‛. Ohs vgogehs y aul cså kheh sl thecrho ncs prgelrcs ahths, ls uotrcdcjh lo ln qul lstc ogóc, Ncurc, fgzh uoc lsplkgl `l prgelr trcdcjh ahthirãagkh, cotls `lnc… phrqul nc hdrc nc fgkl justh kuco`h yc th`h lstcdc cnnã h slc nc trcosahreckgûo `ln cpcrtc-eloth. Aul kfgsthsh phrqul yh cprhvlkfç qul oh lstcdco nhs euldnls ckã pcrc fcklr nh qulqulråc fcklr fckåc cóhs. Lothokls crrcokcehs c thecr ahths y lnnc el `gjh: ‛Oh, nh qul pcsc lsqul su kcsc ls su hdrc `l crtl ‛ Lothokls yh: ‛ Cf, plrh sg lsh `gkl Rltlr [nhtlr`gjm.

Wh… duloh puls, euy kfçvlrl tu khoklpth phrqul lo rlcng`c`, [nhtlr`gjm `gkl qul lo ln euo`hcktucn, kho nc kcpckg`c` `l nc ilotl pcrc vgvgr shnc kheh uoc oulvc ecolrc `l slr, ln fcdgtc`,qul lotrl htrcs khscs: fcdgtcr quglrl ̀ lkgr lstcr lo shsglih, lsh ls nh qul quglrl ̀ lkgr fcdgtcr=`ln irglih. Lothokls, nc vlr`c`lrc hdrc `l crtl ls nc ecolrc kheh kc`c kucn khosgiul su sh-sglih lo ln euo`h `l fhy. Ln shsglih sl vulnvl crtl y ln crtl ls shsglih tcedgço. Oh ls uo crtllskco`cnhsh, nc lskco`cnhsc ls nc shkgl`c`, plrh ln lspckgh åotgeh ecotglol htrc lstrukturcqul ls ln nuicr= ln nuicr `l fcdgtcr.

Gecilo `l Rnctcahrec Dhihtã. [lptgledrl - Hktudrl 423;.

19-96 • Crtgstcs qul fcdnco cklrkc `l sus hdrcs (arcieloths)



kncvl #1

Lothokls yh prlpcrç uo tlxth, qul phr cfå lstã, sl pul`l pholr lo kgrkunckgûo `l oulvh. Fgkluoc kcrtc `l lscs qul eco`co nhs crtgstcs c nhs sgtghs `ho`l nhs vco c khotrctcr pcrc fcklrhdrc h nh qul slc, `gkglo`h lsh y `gkglo`h qul c eg el iustcdc eukfh Rgom Anhy`, qul yh tloåcuohs cegihs qul lrco pgothrls, qul yh tloåc kuc`rhs `l lshs pgothrls y qul, yc oh el kcdåconhs kuc`rhs y, duloh, th`h lsl kuloth, th`h lsh eltg`h lo uoc kcrtgkc, ls kheh ln tlxth hrgigocnauo`ckghocn. Hdvgcelotl, ln pcsh sgiuglotl aul qul lnnhs `gjlrho: ‛vcehs c lstu`gcr lsh‛. W lolscs nc ogóc Ncurc sl aul, nl scngû htrh trcdcjh eljhr....

Rlrh yc lo lsl eheloth tloåc eljhrls trcths kho Co`rçs Icrkåc Nc Thttc, ln ̀ grlkthr ̀ l Rnctc-ahrec, qul ls crtgstc, qul oh sl nl cickfc c sgtuckghols `l ohvl`c`, `l lxplrgelotckgûo, qulnl iustc nc rhdûtgkc y qul lotlo`åc plralktcelotl quç ph`åc slr lsh. Hdvgcelotl, pcrc eå auleuy kfçvlrl, yc kuco`h pu`gehs fcdncr nhs `hs `l uoc ecolrc eãs `l giucn c giucn, çn oh sgotgû

qul yh lrc uoc gephsgkgûo qul nl fckåco, sgoh qul sgotgû qul yh lrc uoc plrshoc fhrgzhotcn, qullstãdcehs lo pncoh `l giucn`c`. Crrcokcehs c khovlrscr, ln tgph el `gjh: ‛Prãgicsl nc scnc`l su kcsc, ohshtrhs sl nc hricogzcehs. Prãgicsl nhs ngdrhs qul quglrc y vcehs c pholr uocsslsghols `l trcdcjh qul sl vco c nncecr «Khovlrsckgûo kho Ecouln Flroão`lz½, lothokls, cquåphr Gotlrolt ohshtrhs agjcehs uohs fhrcrghs y nc ilotl vglol y vcehs c crrcokcr ln kgokh `lslptgledrl y vcehs c tlregocr ln kgokh `l hktudrl.‛ Lothokls yh `gjl:‛ Duloh, lstã dglo, eliustc eukfh nc g`lc.‛„

17

Gecilo `l nc lsplkgcngzckgûo lo Krlckgûo Euntgel`gc, lolrh 30 `l 4230.

Crtgstcs qul fcdnco cklrkc `l sus hdrcs (arcieloths) • 19-96



kncvl237-79

#1

„Qcogtcs Ngdlnnue― Kcrelo Ign Qrhngjm3

„… Qcogtcs Ngdlnnue ls uo prhylkth qul yh leplkç lo lolrh `l 4227, nh cphyc ln Aho`h `lCphyh `l Rrhalshrls Csgstlotls, `l nc Qgklrrlkthråc y nc Ackuntc` `l Crtl `l nc \ogvlrsg`c``l Nhs Co`ls. Nc g`lc `l lshs prhylkths, qul sl nnceco ACRC ls fcklr prhylkths `l krlckgûoh `l govlstgickgûo qul tloico qul vlr kho ncs ãrlcs `l kc`c prhalshr.

Kuco`h nh pncotlç, `ls`l ln prgokgpgh, nh qul eãs el gotlrlscdc lrc fcklr uo prhylkthgotlr`gskgpngocrgh, qul gotlircrc nc dúsqul`c qul fl `lscrrhnnc`h lo eg kcrrlrc crtåstgkc, plrhtcedgço lo eg kcrrlrc ckc`çegkc= qul ls th`c lsc govlstgickgûo shdrl, ln puoth gotlrel`gh

lotrl nh coãnhih y nh `gigtcn: ¸Suç ls euntgel`gc8 ¸Suç ls8 tcedgço, el gotlrlsc c eå lo lstleheloth, ¸quç ls ln kgol lxpco`g`h8 Ls `lkgr, rheplr ln nåegtl `l nc pcotcnnc.

Pcedgço lstão prlslotls htrhs gotlrlsls eåhs: nc eúsgkc= yh trcdcjh kho eúsgkhs `ls`l fckleãs `l `glz cóhs. Ln `gslóh el gotlrlsc eukfh, ln `gslóh `l lsklohircaåc, fl trcdcjc`h dcs-tcotl kho crtls lskçogkcs, `cozc y tlctrh. \o phkh, lstl prhylkth ockgû `l lsh, `l ploscr qulrlcnelotl ncs phsgdgng`c`ls `l nh euntgel`gcn sho euy irco`ls, y c`leãs sho euy gotlrlscotlskuco`h fcy uo `lscrrhnnh gotlr`gskgpngocrgh. Rcrc eå ls euy gotlrlscotl ploscr lo qul lshsprhylkths oh sho prhylkths `l uoc plrshoc. Kuco`h uoh trcdcjc euntgel`gcnelotl, sgleprltlregoc trcdcjco`h kho eukfc ilotl y krlh qul ls nc úogkc ahrec `l nhircr uo prhylkth sûng`h.

Lothokls, ln prhylkth nh leplzcehs. Qloåc trcdcjco`h shdrl ln tlec `ln Qcogtcs, ln dh`liûoDcrrhkh, qul tglol qul vlr kho nhs prhklshs ̀ l nc vg`c y nc eulrtl, ̀ ûo`l c vlkls uoh lokulotrckgknhs: lstão ncs kcncvlrcs, ncs pncotcs qul sl vco pu`rglo`h, nhs goslkths. W ls uo içolrh euygotlrlscotl phrqul ls uoh `l nhs prgelrhs lo ehstrcr lshs prhklshs. Tlcnelotl, ln Dcrrhkhtglol lsh y lo Nctgohcelrgkc sl vgh `l htrc ahrec, plrh tcedgço sl vgh, y ls lsc ahrec lo ncqul khovgvl ln euo`h `l nhs vgvhs y ln euo`h `l nhs eulrths.

[l leplzû c pcrtgr `l uo prgelr dh`liûo, uo vg`lh-dh`liûo qul fgkl y qul scnl lo nc hdrclskçogkc. [ho uocs arutcs qul sl lstão `lskhephoglo`h, ls uoc lsplkgl `l tgel-ncpsl= uoc

ircdckgûo ̀ l uo ncpsh ̀ l tgleph. W c pcrtgr ̀ l lsh, lsc eltãahrc el leplzû c suilrgr th`c uockcotg`c` `l g`lcs, prgelrh nc g`lc `ln rltrcth= `ln rltrcth `l plrshocs klrkcocs c eå.

Giucnelotl, el gotlrlsû trcdcjcr kho nh qul ls trckmgoi `l ehvgegloth, sliugegloth `l ehvg-egloth y vgsucngzckgûo `l lsl ehvgegloth lo uoc prhylkkgûo. Lo lsc pcrtl trcdcjç kho RngoghDcrrczc, prhalshr ̀ l nc uogvlrsg`c`. Leplzcehs c duskcr sgstlecs ̀ l gotlrckkgûo kho kãecrcsgoarcrrhjcs qul pu`glrco sliugr ln ehvgegloth `l uoc dcgncrgoc lo lskloc y trcùkgrnh c uoc

3 Eclstrc lo Crtls Rnãstgkcs `l nc \ogvlrsg`c` `l nhs Co`ls y Eciåstlr lo ngtlrcturc. Cktucnelotl ls prhalshrc cshkgc`c `l pncotc lo ln@lpcrtceloth `l Crtl `l nc \ogvlrsg`c` `l nhs Co`ls.




kncvl #1

gecilo qul aulrc euy hriãogkc= qulråc khscs kheh fueh, tlncrcócs, ciuc, qul oh ls nc tåpgkcgotlrckkgûo qul uoh vl kuco`h fcdnc `l trckmgoi `l `cozc.

El gotlrlsc eukfh nc ocrrctgvc cu`ghvgsucn, kûeh khotcr uoc fgsthrgc sgo tlolr uo iugûo, sgotlolr uo ckthr fcdnco`h. Nh qul qugsl fcklr aul uoc lstrukturc ocrrctgvc, qul aulrc ocrrctgvccu`ghvgsucn plrh tcedgço uo ehotcjl lskçogkh phrqul sgleprl el fc gotlrlsc`h eukfh lntrcdcjh lo vgvh.

Htrc khsc qul fl flkfh ̀ urcotl eukfhs cóhs, fc sg`h elzkncr vg`lh lo vgvh kheh QJ y tcedgçoel fco gotlrlsc`h eukfh ncs prhylkkghols c irco lskcnc= shdrlth`h lo ahrecths `galrlotls.Qloåc `l trcdcjcr lo uo pcr `l prhylkths lskçogkhs `ho`l fcdåcehs gepnlelotc`h uocs shnu-kghols pcrc fcklr prhylkkgûo ehouelotcn. Lothokls, c pcrtgr `l lsh leplkç c trcdcjcr kho uolqugph, kho Kcegnh Igrcn`h quglo trcdcjû khoegih lo Tltrhvgshr phr eukfhs cóhs, y kho quglosliugehs fckglo`h prhylkths…

W nnceç c htrh cegih, Tgkcr`h Icnnh, uoh `l nhs khephsgthrls eãs gotlrlscotls `ln pcås, lspgcogstc, fckl lnlktrûogkc. Kcegnh ls iugtcrrgstc, fckl lnlktrûogkc, ls prhùkthr y fc flkfheukfcs khscs kho lskçogkcs, phr ljlepnh fgzh nc eúsgkc pcrc N‗lxpnhsl, lstc khepcóåc `l`cozc khotlephrãolc, uoc `l ncs eãs gotlrlscotls `l Khnhedgc. Çn ls euy duloh lo nc prh-ùkkgûo lskçogkc, lothokls, leplzcehs cfå: uo phkh c dhtcr g`lcs… yh lskrgdå uoc lsplkgl `liugûo, plrh lrc uo iugûo eãs `gdujc`h qul lskrgth= oh qulråc plicrel eukfh c uoc ocrrctgvcngtlrcrgc.

W nnceç c uoc cegic, Nugsc Fhyhs, dcgncrgoc, trcdcjc kho N‗lxpnhsl tcedgço, y leplzcehs cehotcr ln prhylkth th`hs. Wh nnlicdc kho g`lcs `l vg`lh, lnnhs nnlicdco kho g`lcs `l eúsgkc y

Gecilo `ln Dcokh `l Crkfgvhs @gigtcnls, @lpcrtceloth `l Crtl, \ogvlrsg`c` `l nhs Co`ls

93




kncvl237-79

#1

c Nugsc sl nl hkurråco khscs `l khrlhircaåc. Pcedgço kho Rngogh Dcrrczc, lstãdcehs `gslóco`hnc gotlrckkgûo, prhdco`h quç auokghocdc y quç oh.

Ohs `lehrcehs, yh krlh qul `hs cóhs ehotco`h nc hdrc, plosco`h lo gotlrackls tcedgço, louo prgokgpgh ådcehs c trcdcjcr kho gotlrackls aåsgkcs lo ln lsklocrgh, kheh prhylkkghols lofueh plrh lrco khscs euy `gaåkgnls `l khotrhncr lo uo ehotcjl lskçogkh. Lothokls, eukfcs `llscs sl `ljcrho c uo nc`h y fcklo pcrtl `l prhylkths lo nhs qul lsthy govlstgico`h cfhrc yqul slrão, `l prhoth, lo cniúo eheloth pcrtl `l eg hdrc, plrh lrc euy `gaåkgn khotrhncrnhs lolskloc.

Krlh qul lo lskloc uoh tglol qul slr euy gokgsgvh lo vlr quç auokghoc, quç oh auokghoc, kûehfcy uoc lstrukturc, kûeh fcy uo hr`lo, kûeh oh tlolr dckfls. Lothokls, nh qul fgkgehs aulsgepngagkcr lsc pcrtl, tloåcehs nc prhylkkgûo shdrl fueh qul lrc gokrlådnl, plrh lrc euykhepngkc`c phrqul prãktgkcelotl lo th`hs nhs tlctrhs fcy `ltlkthrls `l fueh. Lrc `gaåkgnnhircr uo puoth lo ln qul sl pu`glrc prhylktcr y sl pu`glrc ecogpuncr ln `gsphsgtgvh, fudh

eukfcs khscs qul scnglrho.Lo lsl lqugph trcdcjû uo ehotûo `l ilotl, trcdcjcrho uo pcr `l cnueohs `l crtl, lx-cnueohstcedgço. Aul uo trcdcjh lo ln qul eukfc ilotl cphrtû g`lcs y khscs, plrh rlcnelotl aul ncrih.Lstrlocehs lo 4234, lo ecrzh y `lspuçs `l lsh, flehs flkfh auokghols caulrc, cquå loKhnhedgc y lo ln alstgvcn `l tlctrh `l Dhihtã. Nh qul fc sg`h gotlrlscotl `l th`h ln prhklshls lsc g`lc `l ph`lr khostrugr uoc hdrc gotlr`gskgpngocrgc, lo iruph, kho ilotl, kho tgleph, khouo lspckgh, shnukghoco`h khscs…―

Gecilo `ln Dcokh `l Crkfgvhs @gigtcnls, @lpcrtceloth `l Crtl, \ogvlrsg`c` `l nhs Co`ls




kncvl #1

„C rcs `l tglrrc―Ecråc Ecricrgtc Jgeçolz3

„¸Kûeh surilo8 [urilo `l uoc khnlkkgûo `l geãilols, `l ircdckghols qul yh fcdåc g`hfckglo`h ùrcotl, eãs h elohs, `hs cóhs, lo pcslhs qul fckåc phr nhs cnrl`l`hrls `l Dhihtã,phr nc scdcoc. Lothokls, kcsg th`h sho ircdckghols `l octurcnlzc, fcy knhsl-ups y fcy pncohsuo phkh eãs cdglrths. Rlrh eukfhs sho knhsl-ups y pncohs klrrc`hs phrqul sho lo dhsqul,cuoqul fcy htrhs pncohs `l phtrlrhs uo phqugth eãs cdglrths.

Leplkç c juicr, c vlr kûeh sl vlåco phoglo`h `l c vcrghs, fckglo`h iruphs, lothokls,lokhotrç uo iruph qul lrc khilr khscs kheh euy eckrh, kheh eusihs. Lsh lrc kfçvlrlvlrnh euy irco`l: kheh ls cnih euy kfgqugth, kfçvlrl vlrnh kheh cnih euy irco`l, kheh uockhsc goelrsgvc. Pcedgço tloåc htrcs khscs eãs cdglrtcs, lothokls nh fgkl eãs dglo, kheh uockhnlkkgûo plosco`h lo ln tgph `l pncoh, lo ln tgph `l gecilo. Fcy cniuohs qul sho `l phtrlrhs,htrhs qul sho eusihs… y htrhs fhrgzhotls. Leplkç c uogrnhs y c ploscr kûeh ph`åc fcklr: scngr`ln ahrecth, `ln rlktãoiunh 31:7 y `l cfå, khelokç c fcklr uocs khephsgkghols eãs ncrics.

Kheh plosç qul nh qul qulråc lrc uoc khsc goelrsgvc, tloåc qul nnlocr, phr nh elohs trls hkuctrh pcrl`ls, y cfå, khosliuå ln nuicr, qul aul ln pctgh ̀ l nc Icnlråc Qcnlozulnc Mnloolr. Pheçncs el`g`cs, vg qul kcdåco kheh ̀ l c trls lo kc`c pcrl`, lothokls lrco oulvl geãilols= tloåcoqul fcklr tgrcs khepnltcs `l oulvl geãilols. Ncs gdc creco`h lo ln kheputc`hr, vglo`h cvlr kuãnls sl vlåco eljhr, kuc`rco`h `gigtcnelotl nhs fhrgzhotls, qul c vlkls oh kuc`rcdco.

Rcrc qul sl vglrco kheh uoc shnc khsc tloåco qul kuc`rcrsl, `gauegocrsl uo phkh, lothokls slvhnvåc kheh uo sûnh pcgscjl… puls ecs h elohs, hdvgcelotl sl ohtcdc qul oh lrco… plrh så slduskcdc `cr uo phqugth lsc g`lc.

W tcedgço, leplkç c `gdujcr nåolcs qul kruzcdco c nh ncrih `l, c vlkls uoc pcrtl `ln pcgscjl hc vlkls th`c. Leplkç c fcklr lsh kuc`rh c kuc`rh y lstcdc dglo plrh, fcdnç kho Juco Khrtçs

3 Lstu`gû Crtl lo nc \ogvlrsg`c` `l nhs Co`ls. EAC lo ln [kfhhn ha tfl Crt Gostgtutl ha Kfgkcih. Cktucnelotl ls prhalshrc cshkgc`c `lpncotc lo ln @lpcrtceloth `l Crtl `l nc \ogvlrsg`c` `l nhs Co`ls.

Ahthircecs thec`h `l rligstrh `ln Dcokh `l Crkfgvhs @gigtcnls, @lpcrtceloth `l Crtl, \ogvlrsg`c` `l nhs Co`ls

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kncvl237-79

#1

y çn `gjh: ‛ cff, kfçvlrl, yh pul`h fcklr lsh lo prhklssgoi, kho prhirceckgûo…‛ El pcrlkgûkfçvlrl trcdcjcr kho htrc plrshoc, lsh tcedgço el iustcdc. Lothokls ln trcdcjû kho [cotgcihKhrtçs. @gjl: ‛Duloh, fãiconh, puls, kho qul slco nåolcs rlktcs, sûng`hs, fãiconh kheh quglrco‛.

Rhr htrc pcrtl el fcdåc trctc`h ̀ l gecigocr= puls c vlkls kuco`h uoh kcegoc phr nc ehotcóc…ykheh ln eusih ls dnco`gth, puls lo uo eheloth tuvl nc gecilo `l qul nc ehotcóc lrc khehuo cogecn irco`åsgeh y ln eusih lrc kheh nc pgln. Lothokls trctç `l eh`lncr nc rlspgrckgûo l

gecigocrel kûeh slråc lsl cogecn, `ln qul uoh oh sl `c kulotc phrqul ls tco irco`l y uohlstã lokgec, qul uoh oh nh vl.

Lothokls, phr uo nc`h fgkl ncs pcrtls `ln eusih qul rlspgrco y phr htrc pcrtl, cuoqul nhleplkç c fcklr yh, nl pl`å `lspuçs c Co`rçs Thslrh qul eh`lncrc lo ;@ kho lscs geãilols clsl cogecn. Çn nh eh`lnû, fgzh c lsl dgkfh qul sl eulvl… W, duloh, lsh aul nh qul sl prhylktûlo nc Icnlråc Qcnlozulnc Mnloolr. Pcedgço trcdcjç ln shog`h kho Juco Khrtçs, nl pl`å lo cniuocspcrtls qul uscrc ln shog`h qul fcdåc cfå, plrh çn usû tcedgço htrhs shog`hs, fgzh kheh uoceúsgkc.

@lspuçs kuco`h surigû nc hkcsgûo pcrc ehstrcrnh lo Ln Lspckgh H`lûo, phsgdgng`c` qul yhyc fcdåc plosc`h y duskc`h cotls plrh qul phr cniuoc rczûo qul yc oh rlkulr`h, oh fcdåcrlsuntc`h lo lsl eheloth, ploscehs: ‛Oh puls, fcicehs htrc vlrsgûo `galrlotl‛.―

Ahthircecs thec`h `l rligstrh `ln Dcokh `l Crkfgvhs @gigtcnls, @lpcrtceloth `l Crtl, \ogvlrsg`c` `l nhs Co`ls.

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kncvl237-79

#1


„Dctlråc Inhdcn / Tuehr GG―Tgkcr`h Crgcs3

„Fcdåc ̀ hs gostcnckghols, uoc sl nncecdc „Tuehr GG― phrqul yc fcdåc flkfh uoc qul sl nncec-dc „Tuehr G―, ruehr lo ln slotg`h `l rug`h, qul khosgstl lo uocs dhedcs `l goancr khnic`cs `lntlkfh c `galrlotls cnturcs. Kc`c uoc tglol uo ehthrkgth lnçktrgkh qul vgdrc fckglo`h khotckthkho nc dhedc, lothokls prhùkl uo shog`h, kheh uo thoh, y nc dhedc auokghoc kheh rlshoc`hr,cepngagkc ln shog`h `ln ehthr kho uoc ohtc qul `lplo`l `l nc tlosgûo `l nc dhedc… lo ago. Lo-thokls sho oulvl dhedcs qul lstão fckglo`h lstl shog`h, ln vhnuelo ls dcjgth plrh ncs oulvl

juotcs suloco uo phkh ùrh.

Lothokls lsh ls nc gostcnckgûo, uocs dhedgtcs cfå khnic`cs prhùkglo`h kheh uo eureunnh= qulauokghoco euy dhogth. W nc htrc lrc uo csgloth y uoc elsgtc kho uo ehotûo `l hdjlths y lstcdccrec`h ln gostrueloth qul yh uscdc, qul sl nncec „Nc Dctlråc Inhdcn―, y nhs hdjlths qul yhush pcrc thkcr nc Dctlråc Inhdcn, qul sho pcngths, lsphojcs, uo ehotûo `l khscs. Lrc kheh uocecolrc `l ehstrcr eukfcs khscs rlnckghoc`cs kho ln gostrueloth, qul ls uo gostrueloth qulyh fl usc`h `ls`l 3774, sho vlgotg`ûs cóhs. Wh leplkç c uscr lsh lo ln 74 `l uoc ecolrc uophkh kcsucn. Leplkç c lxplrgelotcr kho dhedcs y uo cegih el pg`gû qul thkcrc kho çn, plrhqul sûnh thkcrc dhedcs, lothokls c pcrtgr `l cfå leplkç c thkcr eãs y eãs.

Creç ln „gostrueloth―, dãsgkcelotl kheh uo rckgeh `l dhedcs pulstcs lo uo csgloth, khehuoc lsplkgl `l dctlråc `l tcedhrls plrh lo vlz `l tcedhrls tglol dhedcs. Fc kcedgc`h eu-kfh, puls phrqul kcedgc th`h ln tgleph, cotls tloåc dhedcs kfgqugtcs, irco`ls, lo uoc çphkcfudh sûnh uoc dhedc irco`l y th`cs tglolo `gstgotcs kcrcktlråstgkcs, suloco `gstgoth, fcokhgokg`g`h nhs kcedghs kho kcedghs lstçtgkhs, `gicehs, lo ln tgph `l shog`hs qul quglrh, lo ago.

Lothokls `gicehs qul nc gostcnckgûo lrc uoc lsplkgl `l „euslåth― `l nh qul fc sg`h ln prh-ylkth ùrcotl lsths 44 cóhs, lothokls fcdåc eukfcs ahths qul nc ilotl ph`åc egrcr, fcdåc ncsircdckghols qul fl pudngkc`h, `glz ircdckghols, `l prhoth, kho htrhs eúsgkhs. Nc ilotl ph`åcslotcrsl y lskukfcr kho cu`åahohs, ircdckghols qul tloih, sho vlgotg`ûs cóhs, y yh fl sg`h

dcstcotl jugkghsh `hkuelotco`h nh qul fcih, lothokls sgleprl qul thkh khokglrths fcih nh

3 Fgzh lstu`ghs `l khephsgkgûo y eúsgkc lnlktrhckústgkc kho ln khephsgthr kfgnloh Icdrgln Drokgk, ancutc kho Fgrhsfg Mhdcycsfg y Jhco Dhagnn,geprhvgsckgûo kho ln khotrcdcjgstc Jhril [crrcutl. Lstu`gû eúsgkc phr kheputc`hr lo ln Gostgtuth `l [hohnhiåc lo ln Khoslrvcthrgh Tlcn`l Nc Fcyc lo Fhnco`c= fgzh uo prlirc`h lo Cotrhphnhiåc lo Fuotlr Khnnlil lo Oulvc Whrm= y kursû lstu`ghs `l eclstråc (EAC) lo crtlsel`gãtgkcs gotlirc`cs lo ln Fuotlr Khnnlil lo Oulvc Whrm. Ls prhalshr cshkgc`h `ln @lpcrtceloth `l Crtl `l nc \ogvlrsg`c` `l Nhs Co`ls.







kncvl #1

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kncvl237-79

#1

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> p ? L O P

L T R C [ [ Y H T @

:

> g o p u

t t y p l 5 " p c

s s w h r

̀ " o c e

l 5 " t l x t 3

" ?

> g o p u t t y p l 5 " d

u t t h o " v c n u l 5

" K f l k m G o " o c

e l 5 " [ u d e g t "

hokngkm 5 jcv cskr g pt:v cng̀ ct l( t lxt 4.v cnul,"a r ll",t lxt 3.v cnul," jc > / p ? > / a h r e ?

> skr g p t nc oi uc i l 5 " jc v c skr g p t " ? a uok t gh o v c ng̀ c t l ( t l xt 3,t l xt 4,t l xt ;,t l xt 0 ) { ga ( t l xt 35 5 t l xt 4 && t l xt ;5 5 t l xt 0) nhc` ('sukklss.ft e')=lnsl {nhc`('acgnurl.fte')= }

} auoktgho nhc`(urn)

{ nhkct gho.fr la 5ur n= } >/ skr gpt ? > p c n g i o5 " k l ot l r " ? > a h ot a c k l 5 " c r g c n " sg z l 5 " -4" ?

a h r e ?

> p ? L O P L

T \ [ L T O C E L :

> g o p

u t t y p

l 5 " t l x

t " o c e l 5

" t l x t 4 " ?

> / p?

> p

? L O

P L T

R C [

[ Y H

T @ :

> g o p u t t y p l 5" p c s s w h r ` " o c e l 5" t l x t 3 " ?

> g o

p u t t y

p l 5 " d

u t t h

o "

v c

n u l 5 " K

f l k

m G o "

o c e

l 5 " [

u d

e g t "

h o k n g k m 5 j

c v c s k

r g p t : v

c n g ` c t l ( t l

x t 4

. v c n u

l , " a r l l

" , t l

x t 3

. v c n u

l , " j c v

c s k r g p t " )

?

> / a

h r e ?

> s k r g p

t n c o i u

c i l 5 " j c

v c s k r g p t " ?

> / p ?

a u o k t g h o v c n g ̀c tl( tl x t3, tl x

t 4, tl x t ;, tl x t 0 )

{ ga ( tl x t3 5 5 tl x t4 && tl x t; 5 5 tl x t0 )

nhc`('sukklss.fte')=lnsl {

nhc`('acgnurl.fte')= }

} auoktgho nhc`(urn)

{ nhkctgho.frla5urn= }

>/skrgpt?> p c ngi o 5"kl o tl r" ? >a h o t a ckl 5"c rgc n" sgzl 5

"-4 > a h r e ? > p ? L O

P L T \ [ L T OC

E L : >goput typl5"tlxt" ocel5"tlxt4"?

/ p?

> p ? L O P L T R C[ [ Y H T @ :

> g o p u t t y p l 5 " p c s s w h r ̀ " o c e l 5 " t l x t 3 " ?

> g o p u t t y p l 5 " d u t t h o " v c n u l 5 " K f l k m G o " o c e l 5 " [ u d e

g t "

h o k n g k

m 5 j c

v c s k r g p

t : v c n g `

c t l ( t l

x t 4 . v c n u l , "

a r l l " , t l

x t 3 . v c n

u l , " j c

v c s k r g p

t " )

?



kncvl #1

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#1

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