Cómo hacer barriles y barricas

7/29/2019 Cómo hacer barriles y barricas

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slht stkvdcdxt tl k tluig lcd kce k ille fllpdr

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Olbctbci - tgd stkud spusgdeelwc tgd

olbctdr p`kcd#

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PBKABCI K NK^^D@

h#brm bc tgd rkbsbci-up gllp, tgd fllpdr

pvts k trussnllp fk``de tgdhrst ruccdr 'lr,

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gllp" lvdrtgd fksa kce tbigtdcs bt up# Ugbs

kikbc ibvds kc bcebfktblc lh glw mufg

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fksakce tgd truss gllp rdmlvde#

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put lvdr k frdssdth nurcbci sgkvbcis uctb`

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h`lwdr lr hiurktblc lc tgd stkuds c tgd

hlrdirluce# Ugbs bs wgdrd tgd mdeu``kry rkys

flmd tl tgd surhkfd, bcebfktbci tgkt bt bs

pr(rtu qukrtdrde lka# Ugbs bs lhbdc sddc lc

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lcc mdtk` f`bps wbtg lè pbdfdslh gllp rlc#

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must nd adpt tbigt tl srlp kcy stkvdsnrdkabci# K frkfadestkvd s fk`bdekeufg- k flsey lffurrdcfderdkedeny fllpdrs,dspdfbk``ywgdc tgdy krdlc pbdfdwlra#Ugd hbrd bs adpt nurcbci bc tgd frdssdr l tgkt tgd srkvdskfqubrd sdt,kce tgdc, bh tgd gllps krdrdmlvde, tgd stkvdswb`` rdtkbc tgdbrndce# Kt tgbs stkid,gkvbci nddc hbrde, tgd fksa s fk``de k ikz#

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MKA]CI K NK^^D@



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fgbmd# Bh cdfdsskry,d tgdc ilds luce kikbcwbtg gbs sgkrpkezd#Ul mkad tgd bcsbedlh tgd fgbmd pdrhdft`yfurvdesl tgkt k irllvdfkc

nd fut bctl bt tl tkad tgd gdke, tgd fllpdr usdsk fgbu, rdsrbcirgd fksa

ndrwddcgbs acdd kce tgd n`lfa# Lc fksaslh ucusuk` sbzd gbs fkc nd

elcd wbtg k bidr, k lcd-gkce`deerkwacbhd,nut bt rdqubrds lcsbedrkn`d

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Tsbcikc kezd l fut tgd ndud` c tgd lp lhtgdstkuds fgbmbci gd fksa#

sab``# K rbcbci kezd fluè nd usde lc

vdry `krid fksas#Ugd frlzd s tgd tll`

tgkt futs tgd irllvd# Bt bs swuci rlucetgd bcsbedlh tgd fgbmd bc tgd skmdwky

ks gd fgbv, fkrd ndbci tkadc tl addp tgd

edptg flcstkct#Futtbci tgd irllvd lc

k smk`` fksa lr nufadt bs elcd lc k

glrsd,addpbci gd vdssd` prbigt# PYbtg

lcd dce lh tgd fksafgbmde, t fkc sdrvd

ks k f@sd,gd stkvdsndbci usde tl rdpkbr

ltgdr fksas1 slmd smk`` nrdwdry

fllpdrkids usde tl nuy fksds rktgdr

tgkc hbrd tgdbr lwc fksas#Ugd ltgdr dce lh tgd fksa gdc gks l

nd fgbmde# Ndhlrd gd fllpdr futs tgd

irllvd gd fgdfas gd pltdctbk` fkpkfbry

wbtg gbs ebkilck`s, wl `dcitgs lh mdtk`

rle gbcide tlidtgdr, sl tgkt gd fkc

mkad kcy cdfdsskryeoustmdcts l tgd

irllvd lr tgd gdke tl rdftb7 kc drrlr#

Ugbs bs sdèlm cdfdsskry# t lc`y

rdmkbcstgdc tl smlltg tgd bcsbed lh

tgd fksawbtg kc bcsbedsgkud l tgkt bt fkc nd stdrb`bsdedhhdftbvd`y kce cl

nkftdrbkwb`` ùra bc kcyrluig krdk l turc tgd nddrslur#Ks fllpdrs htdc

nkra tgdbr krms sgkvbcilut smk`` fksas, lmdusddxtdcede csbedsgkvds

tl prdvdct tgbs, kce k`sl tl skvd gdbr nkfas#

Vgkubci tgd bcsbe#d lh tgd fgbmd wbtg k fgbu#

Futtbci tgd irlludwbtg k ulzd#



MKABCI K NK^^D@

K, nbfa brlc# N, gdkebci nlkre# F,

gdkebci acbhd# E, subh# D, gdkebci

ubfd# D elwd``bci stlfn# I,

f:mZessds#

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kuidr# E, tkpdrde kuidr 'tkp gl`d"#

D, rkfd#D lb`stlcd fkrnlruceum"#

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` 8

G

/t`,b`K, fgbu#N, frlzd#F, csbed gkud# , biidxD, srlup kcd#D rbudtmlcès#I,pucfg#G, flèfgbsd`#, tlppbci'lrsuc" `kcd#

Kt tgbs plbct tgd fllpdr usuk``ymkads gd pdrmkcdct gllps hlr tgd

fksa# Gd nuys gbs gllp brlc k`rdkey fut tl tgd kpprlprbktd sbzdskce

??h`?)o?b1,hhb???/bÙ??1Ub???t)O?/?hhb/#?Ubhhblc tgd splt wgdrd gd wb`` rbvdt kce olbc tgd twl h`kps#Ugabci bt tl tgd

nbfa brlc, gd gkmmdrs k rbvdt tgrluqg dkfg h`kp kce nurrs bt lvdr#

K, ery fllpdr)sezd#N, elwcrbigt#F, dxtdcedetlup `kcd#E, rlucesgkudsmuii`bcirlc"# D, nuzz#Dgdrrbci llpdr)s`bcfgdr#I, stkpdr#

htt.

N



MKA]CI K NK^^D@

Vlmdtbmds d wb`` gkvd l nrubsdmlrd lr `dss

r.tr.r?? tl k gllZ wbtg tgd clsd lh gbs

Cdxt tgd fllEdr mkads tgd gdkes#Ul hbce

tgd rkebus lh tgb rdqubrde gdke, gd wlras gbs

flmpkssds luce tgd irllvd uctb` tgdy hbt

dxkft`y sbx tbmds# Gd tgdc sd`dftsgbs tbmndr

kce lbcts tgd pbdfds hgdkebci lc gbs lbctdr#

Glèbci tgdm tlidtgdr up tl tgd `bigt, tgd

fllpdr fgdfas tgd olbcts kce p`kfds tgdm

tlidtgdr lc gbs gdkebci nlkre# Gd tkads gbs

elwd``bci stlfg kce, glèbci bt kikbcst gbsstlmkfg, nlrds gd elwd` gl`ds#Gd mkads gbs

lwc elwd`s lut lh k pbdfd lh strbciy

Kmdrbfkc rde lka kce hbts h`ks ndtwddc tgdolbcts ndhlrd csdrtbci gd elwd-bs ce tkppbci

tgd pbdfds lh gdkebci tlidtgdr# Ndcebci lvdr

tgd gdkebci nlkre, gd sgkvds ltg sbedslhtgd

gdke wbtg gbs swbhb kce, khtdr edsfrbnbci k

fbrf`d wbtg gbs flmlkssds, d skwsrluce tgd

gdke wbtg gbs nlw bkw#

Elwd``bci tlidtgdr tgd gdke# Cltd tgd O`ki bc tgd

olbct#

Nlrbci ecwd` gl`ds lc tgd fkct lh tgd gdke usbci k

e#lud``bci stlfg#

t 9



MKABCI K NK^^D@

Vkubci rluce tgd gdke ubtg k nltr sku#

Nd`lw? Vgkubci gd gdkesmlltg wbtg k swbhb lc kgdkebci nlkre#

Futtbci bc tgd gdke wbtg k gdkebci acbhd rdqu#rdsflcsbedrkn`d sab``#Ugd fllpdr glès tgd gdke hbrm ndrwddcgbs nley kce k cltfg bc tgdn`lfa# Gd futs tgd lrrfr nksb` hbrst# Cdxt gd mkras kskbc wbtg gbsflmpkssds# bcfd gd bccdr nksb` s mufg nbiidr,gd ur#s g`bskxd l fgbp

lhh slmd lh tgd surpùswlle# Gd tgdc ildsrluce tgd gdke wbtg gbsgdkebciacbhd, futtbci tl tgd flmpkssmkra nut `dkvbcik btt`d dxtrk lc



MKABCI K NK^^D@

tgd fkcts l k``lw hlr squddzbci h tgd olbcts# tYgdcgd gks mked nltg

gdkes gd mkads rdkey tl hbt tgdm bctl tgd fksa#Ul el tgbs, gd s`kfadcs

tgd gllls lc lcd dce kce hlrfds tgd gdke gd gksfglsdc tl nd tgd nkfa

gdke ctl tgd fksa#Gd bcsdrtsk `dcitg lhh`ki krluce tgd irllvd kce tgdc

puts lcd sbedlhtgd gdke ctl tgd irllvdndhlrd urcbci tgd fksalvdrsl

tgkt tgd rdst lh tgd gdke wb`` erlp bctl plsbtblc# Gd tkps tgd gdke glmd

wbtg tgd gkce`d lh gbs gkmmdr kce gd tgdc turcs tgd fksa lvdr kcetbigtdcs tgd gllps# Ul pub` tgd tlp gdke up bctl plsbtblc, gd usdsk

gdkebci ubfd, wgbfg bs sfrdwde ctl tgd gdke bc tgd plsbtblc lh tgd tkp

gl`d# Crfrcktbvd`y gd mbigt nlrd k nuci-gl`k tgrluig wgbfg gd bcsdrts k

gclfgdr-up#t bs plssbn`d l idt tgd gdke up bctl plsbtblc ny lpdcbci up

; 2

Futtbci tgd lutdr nksb` lh

tgd gdke wbtg k gdkebci

a.tht#

Vgkubci lut tgd bcsbed lh

tgd fksa#



MKA]CI K NK^^D@

Knlvd dht? Zu``bci tgd tlZgdke ctlZlsbtblcubtg k gdkebciubrf#

Knlvd bigt? Nuzzbci luc#

k stkvd lbct kce usbci k h`kt pbdfd lhgllp brlc tl `dvdr up tgd gdke#

Ugd olbcts lc tgd lutsbed lh tgd fksa krd clw `dvd``de wbtg k

elwcrbigt# Bc lredr tl ibvd k smlltg hbcbsg tl tgd fksa,tgd fllpdr usds

k nuzz wgbfg bs rdk``y k turcde sfrkpdrgdè hlr `dvdrkid c k wlledc

glèdr ndtwddc twl gkce`ds# Hbck``y tgd fllpdr gkmmdrs tgd gllps

glmd wbtg k gkmmdr kce erbudr# Lc `kridr fksas gd fllpdr wb`` usd kc

dbigt-pluce s`deidgkmmdr,dmp`lybci k mku` lc tgd fgbmd gllp#PXgdc tgbs bs hbcbsgde tgd gdkewb`` rbci `bad k nd``#

Nlrbci tgd nuci-gl`ds kce tkp gl`ds bs usuk``y elcd ny tgd lee-oln

mkc# Ul hbce tgd fdctrd lh tgd nuci stkvd,gd mdksurds rlm dkfgdce lh

tgd fksa wbtg k pbdfd lh h`ki kce fgkà# Khtdr nlrbci tgd gl`d wbtg kc

kuidrgd tkadsk tkpdrdekuidrrluce tgd gl`d ndhlrd sfrdwbci c tgd nrkss

nusg, lr k`tdrcktbvd`y dxpkcebci k nusg bctl tgd stkvd# Ndhlrd nrkss

nusgdsfkmd ctl usd c tgd twdctbdtg fdctury nuci-gl`ds kce tkp gl`ds

wdrd nurct wbtg rde-glt tkpdrde brlcs tl sdk` tgd hbnrds kceprdvdct

rlttbci#



> `

UbmndrHlr ery fllpdrbcitgd ffdctwks lc fgdkpcdssce kcy slht wlle lr lèstkvdswluè sdrvd lr hrubt, pltktlds, ddes r brlcmlcidry# c wdt kcewgbtd fllpdrbcilc tgd ltgdr gkce, tgd abce lh wlle usde kce tgd wkybt gke nddc flcvdrtdewks lh pkrkmluct mplrtkcfd#

Ugd wgbtd fllpdr usde mlst`y Mdmd` lka, Dci`bsg lka, nddfgkcefgdstcut hlr wktdr, mbà, nuttdr lr fgddsdvdssd`s,wgdrd fkrd gke tl ndtkadc bc fksd gd wlle bmpkrtde k tkstd l tgd flctdcts#Hrdcfg wbcdfllpdrs bade tl usdlka irlwc bc tgd skmdslb` ks gd irkpds# gdbr fksaswdrd k`wkysfgkrrdekce n`bstdrde csbedtl kbe tgd mkturbci prlfdss#

Tctb` tgd Vdflce YlrèYkr Mdmd` lka wks usde k`mlstdxfùsbvd`vhlr nddrfksas#t irdw k`lci gd mkcy rbvdrs `lwbci elwc bctl tgd Nk`tbfbc hlrdsts gkt wdrd prdelmbckct`y hbr, k hkstdr-irlwbci rddwgbfg fkusde

lkas tl nd erkwc up strkbigt bc k hbigt hlr `bigt kce kbr, uctb` tgd)cursd)

trdds wdrd fut elwc# Bc tgbs wky Mdmd` lkas edvd`lpde wbtg k cdkr-

pdrhdftirkbc, hrdd hrlm aclts, uc`bad Dci`bsg lkas,wgbfg irlw sbci`ykce kwry# ûssbkcpdkskcts, ckn`d tl hl``lw tgdbr usuk` lffupktblcs ctgd wbctdr, wluè hd`` tgd trddswgb`d tgd skpwkselwc, rdmlvd gd frlwc'nrkcfgds"kce nkra kce fut tgd truca bctl stkvd dcitgs#Ugd `lcidststkvdswdrd pbpd sbzd,4 hddt8 bcfgds';87 fm"# Ugd bdcitgswdrd rgdcsp`bt bc gk`h wbtg rwl-gkcedekxds,lr bctl wdeids h tgd liwks srlurdrtgkc > hddt 8 bcfgds '98 fm" bc ebkmdtdr, kce tgdc sp`bt bctl nb``dtsrkebk``y#Ugd wllesmkc mkrade tgd tbmndr wbtg k nlw btrbci rdcedrde

wbtg fgkrrde tbmndr, wgbfg gd twkcqde lc tgd lka# Gd tgdc wlrade tltgd `bcd wbtg gbs rwl-gkcede kxd,

-rdeufbcitgd `dcitg lh wlle tl k

pkrk``d`lirkm c sdftblc#Gbs sab`b wkssufg tgkt vdry `btt`d cddede l ndelcd wgdc tgd stkvdswdrd hbcbsgde lhhlc k krid p`kcd lpdrktdeny twl

Ugd plsbt lc lh

stkvds fu` lc tgdqukrtdr - qukrtdrde#

Cltd tgd wk8td#

Rdkr bcis P

Vummdr

K sdftblc tgrluig kc lka trdd#



Lc tgd do bs k sdftblcgrluigk qukrtdrde tkkd#Lc tgd rbigt bs k sdftblc grluigkc bmprlpdry ut stekd gk`wluèndplrlus ce wkrp#

mdc, lcd pu``bci, tgd ltgdr pusgbci#Vtkvds drd sgbdède rlm tgd wbce

wbtg nrkcfgds dhlrdndbci trkcsplrtde l tgd rkb`gdkekce tgdcfd l tgd

plrt#)Ylramdc

fk``de)swlrc

nrkfadrs)slrtde tgd stkvds ctl ndst-quk`bry

frlwc, kce sdflce-qukbbty nrkfa, p`luigbci k mkra bc dkfg wbtg ksfrbnbcitll`# Hu``-sbzdstkvdswdrd 6 bcfgds'9#8 fm" tgbfa kce 8 bcfgds

';4 fm" wbed# Ugdy wdrd slè ny tgd mb``d lh ;>:: pbdfds#

Vbcfd Mdmd` lka wks sp`bt wbtg tgd irkbc bt wks fk``de f`dht lka# Ugd

tbmndr wks k`wkyspdrhdft`y qukrtdrde, sl tgkt tgd mdeu``kry rkys, wgbfg

rkebktd hrlm tgd fdctrd lh tgd trdd kce hlrm bmpdrvblus `kydrs gkt tdce

tl addp tgdbr sgkpd eurbci sdkslcbci, uc kfrlss gd stkvdsks bc tgd

ebkirkm knlvd#Ugd ydkr rbcis, lc tgd ltgdr gkce, krd plrlus# Dci`bsg

lka fkc sdèlm nd f`dht `bad Mdmd` lka ks tgd irkbc bs clt suhhbfbdct`y

strkbigt# Bt bs lhtdc skwc sl ks tl ibvd sglrt-irkbcde stkvdsnut clt wd``-

fukrtdrdelcds#Zdrsbkc lka wks usde khtdr tgd VdflcerXlrè rXkr, wgdc Mdmd` lka

ndfkmd uclntkbckn`d# Glwdvdr, tgbs lka suhhdrde hrlm bctdrck` frkfabci

lh glcdyflmn lrm, fkusde grluig rkpbe erybci bc k glt fbbmktd, kce

twdcry pdr fdct wkstdwksclrmk`#

Kmdrbfkc rde lka gkskc dxfdss h kfbe-tkstbci kccbc kce fksasmked

lh bt wdrd lhtdc bcde wbtg k runndr lr p`kstbfslùtblc#Ugbs lka wks usde

ny tgd Iubccdss nrdwdry hlr tgdbr fksas,wgbfg wdrd khtdrwkresplmpdyde,

tgkt bs fgkrrde bcsbed# Kmdrbfkc wgbtd lka bs usde dxtdcsbvd`y lr wbcds

kce spbrbts#

Ubmndr cddes l nd sdkslcde, gbfg bs tgd prlfdss h erybci bt rbigt

tgrluig# U`kebt blck``y tgbs wks kfgbdvde ny `dttbci bt wdktgdr hlr up tl

hbvd ydkrs bc stkfas tgrluig wgbfg tgd kbr fluè fbrfu`ktd hrdd`y# Kc

lrebckcfd put ndhlrd tgd @lre Mkylr lh @lcelc bc ;577 dxp`kbcs wgkt

wluè gkppdc h ucsdkslcdebmndr wdrd l nd usde?

Ugkt wgdrdirdtdedfdbtkceuctrlwtgdekb`y###ny tgdmdkcs h mkayci

nkrd``s# lh skppykcee irdcdktymnkdrlr kfa lh sdrfgd ce flrrdftblc

tgdrduplc l nd gkee kce elcd###wgbfg###lh dfdssbrd usr sgrycad

kce# kfadlh tgdbr trud kce ust mdksurdgkt tgdy luigt l flctdycd#

Zrdpkrbcik fksa lr nddr lr wbcd wluè nd k prln`dm lc wgbfg tgdkevbfd lh tgd fllpdr wluè nd sluigt# Bc lredr tl cdutrk`bsd gd kfbe-

tkstbci kccbc bc tgd lka, tgd fksagks l nd slkade c k slùtblc lh sk`t

kce slebum fkrnlcktd dhlrdndbcs hb``de wbtg nddrlr wbcd# Ugbs bs fk``de)pbfa`bci

tgd fksa)# Fksas must g-kvdk swddt clsd,kce tgdy krd scbhde



>6Ubmndr bc tgd prlfdsslh ndbci sdkslcde t tgdf``pdrkid lh K# Z Olgc 8 Vlcs, Ugmbcek,

Kustrk`bk#

ndhlrd ndbci rkfade hb``de"# Bh hluce tl nd lc`y vdry s`bigt`y slur, rgdy

krd dh t tl slka c k slebum slùtblc#Khtdr usd,fksasmust nd f`dkcde utwbtg stdkmkce glt `bqulr 'wktdr" kce, bh tgdy krd clr rl nd usde lr slmdtbmd, k qukrtdr lh k pbct ';5> m`" lh slebum nbsu`pgbtd slùtblc bsplurde bctl tgdm# Ugdy krd tgdc flrade kce pdiidekce sgkadc,wgb`dtgd lutsbed bs pdrblebfk``y swb``de tl addp tgd fksas rlm erybci lut kcetgd olbcts hrlm lpdcbci up# Ugdy fkc nd dht dmpry hlr mkcy mlcrgs

uctb` rdqubrde kce wb`` smd`` vdry swddt, cddebci lc`y tl nd slkade kce

wksgde#



5

Kcfb``kry trkedsmdcGllpdrs

Ugd mkabci lh gllps hlr fksasgke nddc k spdfbk`bstwlle`kce trked

hlr mkcy fdcturbds kce wks fkrrbde lc bc Vussdx, gd Mbe`kces kce

Hurcdss#Gllps wdrd dxplrtde tl Okmkbfk lr suikr nkrrd`s,k trked wgbfg

dcede kt tgd ndibccbci lh tgd twdctbdtg fdctury#Ugd gllps wdrd mlst`y

lh gkzd`, fut kce sp`bt wbtg kc kxd kce trbmmde wbtg k erkwacbhd sdt kt

rbigt kci`ds l tgd gkce`ds kce fk``de k spladsgkud#gd wlle wks tgdc

stddpde c wktdr tl mkad bt p`bkn`d kce flb`de lc k glrsd, k hrkmd lh

uprbigt pdis# Fllpdrs wluè mkad tgdm tl sbzd ny cltfgbci kce

lvdr`kppbci tgd dces, nbcebci kce ckb`bci tgdm# Vtkcekre sbzdslh gllps

wdrd mked ny ckb`bci tgdm up wbtgbc k stlut ksggllp, wgbfg kftde ks k

mluè# Lcd mkc fluè mkad ndtwddc hlur gucerde kce hbvd gucerde

gllps k eky#

ûsg iktgdrdrs

^bvdrmdc `bad Mdtfk`h Krclè, wglsdykre wks lc tgd Lusd kt Vt Bvds

bc Fkmnrbeidsgbrd, cdxt tl tgd Hdrrynlkt Bcc, usde tl gkrvdst rusgds,

wkebci bctl tgd rbvdr kce futtbci tgdm eddp cdkr tgd nksd# Gd tgdc

sprdke gdm lut tl ery bc tgd suc# Ugd ndst gd fk``de fllpdrs ce tgd rdst

gb slè hlr mkt-mkabci kce tgktfgbci#

ûsg, lr h `ki ks bt bs aclwc tl fllpdrs, swd``s qubfa`y wgdc bt flmds

bctl flctkft wbtg wktdr# Bt wks bcsdrtde bctl olbcts sl tgkt, bh tgd dmpry

fksawdrd tl ery lut kce tgd wlle sgrbca, fkusbci tgd fksa tl `dka wgdcrdhb``de, tgd rusg wluè swd`` kce tkad up rcb` tgd wlle btsd`h swd``de l

sdk` gd blbct#

Ugd fllpdr usdsk

gllp f`kmp tl nlT

tgd gllphrmwgdc lbcbci tgd

dceslhtgd gllp

hlr tgd cdfdsskry

sxzd#



>4

Ugd vb``kid fllpdr

Hrlm tgd dkr`bdst bmds tgd edmkce hlr fllpdrde vdssd`swks wbedsprdke#

Vmk``, lhtdc lcd-mkc fllpdrkids prkci up bc mkradt tlwcs kce

vb``kids#Xdry btt`d fkpbtk` wks rdqubrde - k ikredc sgde,k sdt lh tll`s kce

lè fksas lr tgd rkw mktdrbk`#

Bc mdebdvk` tbmds cdw`y mkrrbde flup`ds wluè gkvd tl pky k vbsbt tl

tgd fllpdr, slmdlcd wbtg k ckmd `bad Xk`tdr `d Fuvdr, sllc tl nd

kci`bfbsde ctl tgd surckrcd Fllpdr# Ugdy cddede nufadts hlr wktdr kce

hlr mbàbci, k flrc nufadt hlr hddebci tgd fgbfadcs kce mkynd k stkn`d

nufadt# Ugdy cddede nlw`s hlr wksgbci kce k el``y tun hlr `kucedrbci#

Ugdy cddede pbfa`bci vkts kce stlrkidvkts hlr h`lur, lkts kce sk`t, kce k

fgurc hlr nuttdr-mkabci, tuns hlr fgddsd,kce fksaskce tuns hlr glmd-

nrdwde k`d#Mkcy lh tgdsd fksaswluè `kst k bhdtbmd, vkùde plssdssblcs

rgkt wdrdrdflrede c wb``s#Xb``kid fllpdrsgke tl nd qubtd vdrsktb`dkce slmdndfkmdvdry sab``de#

Ugd ndttdr lcds gke sdrvde kpprdctbfdsgbpsc tgd fbry nut, pdrgkps

gkvbci hk``dc hlu` lh tgd iubè, fglsd tl flctbcud tgdbr trked bc# tgd

fluctry# Ugdy mbigt gkvd k stk`` kt tgd `lfk` mkradt tlwc lr pky k tl`` tl

sd`` bc tgd fbry kce, bc tbmd, tgdbr wkrdswluè bcfùed pl`bsgde hrubt

nlwbs, wlle nbcs kce, ktdr, flk` sfutt`ds#K vdry plpu`kr btdm bc `ktdr

ydkrswks tgd okrebcbnrd, tgd tun tgkt stlle lc k tkn`d ny tgd wbcelw bc

tgd hrlct rllm kce gdè tgd kslbebstrk#

Ugd edf`bcdlh tgd vb``kid #llp#, #.-# knlut eurbci tgd cbcdtddctg

fdctury wbtg tgd mkcuhkfturbci lh fgdkp ik`vkcbsde kce dckmd``denufadts, nlw`s kce ouis# Bc keebtblc tgd vb``kid fllpdr gke lhtdc

ucedrtkadc wlra hlr smk`` nrdwdrbds,addpbci tgdbr fksas c rdpkbr#Ugbs

wlra erbde up ks smk`` nrdwdrbds wdrd swk``lwde up ny `kridr lcds

dmp`lybci tgdbr lwc fllpdrs,lr tgdy hluce bt wbsdr tl dmp`ly fllpdrs

hrlm k `kridr fllpdrkid lh rdputd tl ucedrtkad tgdbr rdpkbr wlra#

Fllpdrst wlra# Vadtfgdslm Zyc`s)Mbrlflsm),B7:>#



UGD XB@@KIDFLLZD^

o

hhbs

Knlvd? Xkrblus nufadts# 'Nkfa rlw `do` c rbigt" Bfd frdkm1p`ktd1 luk` wktdr# 'Fdctrd, f`lfarubsd" Idcdrb` purplsd hrlmdkstdrc Durl<d1 sgbp)s1 bfd nufadt? cbcdtddctg-fbctbry bktdry

nbiidrnlttlmhlr rluigirluct`? srkn+d#Hrlcr rlw, `d} c rbigt"Vlhb

,wlleidcdrk` purplsd1 mbàbci pkb+? ,lrc -

hl, hddb`bcifwfAdcs#

Yd``,nufgdtsudrd tgd prlubcfd lh tgd ub``kid fllpdr Ugbs lcd kksmked ny tgd kutglr hlr tgd trdkewgdd`-lpdbktde wd kt tgdXdkè 8 Elwc`kce LpdcKbr Musdum bc YdstVussdx#



UGD XB@@K,FD FLLZD^

Flmmdrfbk` ebrdftlrbds rdflre tgd irkeuk` edmbsd# Bc Ndehlresgbrd

h b h tddc llpdrs drd bstde c ;746, lurtddc c ;78;,cbcd c ;79;, grdd

tc ;725 kce lcd bc ;2;:# Bc Gdrthlresgbrd gdrd wdrd rwdcry-dbigt c

;785, wdcw-tgrddc ;797,sbx c ;722kce, c ;2:>, bvd#

PRb``bkm Ek``dy lhUurudy,Ndehlresgbrd,p`luigwrbigt,fl`Zdrkce fkrZdctdr,rkcc

hlm `thd,Kprb` ;76:#

Bc tgd edfkeds urbci wgbfg tgdbr cumndrs wdrd ewbce`bci fllpdrs

ndikc l tkad lc ltgdr wlra tl survbvd#K hkmlus sbic lvdr tgd fllpdr)s

sglp kt Gkb`sgkm c Dkst Vussdxc tgd dkr`y wdctbdtg fdctury rkc?

Ks ltgdrpdlp`dgkkdk sbic,

B sqt, ust stlZkce `llg kt mbcd+

Gdrd)Yrkttdc,fllpdr,budskce mkgds

Lx nlws,trui nksgdts,kce gky rkgds#

Vd``ssgludanltghlr h`lur kce flrc,

Kce sgku`s,kce mkadsk ille nlx fgurc,

@keds,ebsgds, pllcs ce sgbmmdrs,

Ubdcfgdrsll,hlr usdkt ebccdrs#B mkad kce mdce nltg tun kce fksg,

Kce mkad)dm

strlc( t: mead tgdm `kst#

Gdrdb nuttdrprbcts kce nuttdr sfk`ds,

Kce nuttdr nlkres,kce mbàbci pkb`s#

>9



UGD XB@UKIDFLLZD^

Ugd ùt fllpdr c Ndehlre#sgbrd#

C)lc tgbs myhrbdces mky skhdhu dst-

Bc sdrubci tgdm B)`` el my ndst1Ugdc k`` tgkt nuy, B)`` usd gdm wd``Ndfkusd mkgd my illes l sd``#

Ugd `kst vb``kid fllpdr bc Ndehlresgbrd,kr Fkr`tlc, f`lsdegbs ellrs hlrtgd `kst tbmd bc tgd ;29:s,gkvbci survbvde hlr sl lci ny mkabci h`lwdr

tuns hrlm lè wgbsay fksas#



>2

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kce ndfkmd csl`vdct#

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Vgkwt lh Zlp`kr,Y)b`slc)s

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flctkmbcktde#



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6> CKXK@ FLLZD^BCI

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tbmds lh wkr sgbps wdrd nrluigt bctl flmmbssblc vdry qubfa`y kce tgd

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CKXKB FLLZD^BCI

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l<dc dce#



65 CKXK@ FLLZD^BCI

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Gkrcdss fksasgdè k`` mkccdr lh prlubsblcs skhdhlm rkts kce t`tbduds#



CKXK@ LLZD^BCI

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CKPK@ FLLBH^BCF

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CKXKUFLLZD^BCI

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Bc dkr`bdr ekys k`` mkccdr lh sgbpt kce mdss utdcsb`s wdrd mked nyfllpdrs kce sufg wks tgd edmkce tgkt tdcedrs wdrd sdct lut tl

bcedpdcedct fllpdrkids#Ab`nyt fllpdrkidkt Nkcnury supp`bdetgluskces lh tuns, nufadts kce fksas lr tgd Ckry# Kmlci tgdmwdrd ckvk` nrdke nkrids'wgbfg wdrd rdqubrde tl nd >:6`k bcfgds

;4>#9 fm` `lci, ;8 bcfgds Q5:#8 fm] bc ebkmdtdrkt tgd nlttlmkce wbtg k ;6 bcfg Q66#: fm] lpdc dce" kce `krid spbt abts'spbttllcs, rdqubrde tl nd 7 bcfgds Q>:#6 fm] Blci, ;8 bcfgds

;5:#8 fm` bc ebkmdtdr kt rgd nlmlm kce ;7 bcfgds Q54#9 fm" kttgd lpdc tlp"# Hlr tgd mlrd kffurkrdspbttdr smk`` spbt abts wdrdprlvbede '8 bcfgds ;;4#> fm" `lci, ;> bcfgds Q6:#4 fm] bcebkmdtdr kt tgd nlttlm kce ;5 bcfgds Q64#8 fm] kt tgd lpdc

dce" #Kt tgd dce lh tgd sdvdctddctgfdctury k fllldrt lkv bc tgd

Ckry wks@` 5s k mlctg# lc k pkr wbrg kc kn`d-@lebde#.-rc,k fllaa mktd kce k flxswkbct mktd# Ul supp`dmdct tgdbr pky,fllpdrs wluè mkad smk`` tkcakres hlr mdmndrs lh tgd frdw#Mufg dkr`bdr tgd fllpdr lc tgd Ilètc Gbce mked tkcakres

)hlr

sufg lh tgd flmpkcy wgl wluè erbca hrlm tgdrc hrlm tgdik``lws lc wgbfg Hdrebckce Mkid``kc gke gkcide murbcddrs#Fllpdr-mked tkcakres wdrd hluce lc tgd wrdfas lh tgd Vwdebsgsgbp Xksk ce tgd Mkry ^lsdUgd Ckr#y wks ln`bide tl bcfrdksd tgd

pky lh fllpdrskt tgd ndibccbci lh tgd cbcdtddctgf₠crurybc lredr tl kttrkft ndttdr mdc# K mkstdr fllldr rdfdbvde

h,> 4s8e k mlctg, k fllpdr)smkrdO` ;7s8e bce k fllpdr)sfrdw ;; ;4s8e#

69

Knlvd? Zump fkcs gdè up tl

6 ik``lcs ';6#8 `btrd` lhwktdr



6N

NulysLh tgd tgluskces lh fksastkvds gkt wdrd nrluigt up tl tgd surhkfd rlm

tgd wrdfa lh tgd Mkry ^lsd, gbfg skca c ;454, slmd elzdc lr sl fkuigt

tgd kttdctblc lh Glwkre Murrky, wgl wks c fgkrid lh flcsdrvktblc#Gd

ksade gd kutglr bh gd fluè rkbsd gdm up bctl k fksa,wgbfg gd ebe# Ugdy

turcde lut tl nd kc kcfglr nuly fkrrbdeknlkresgbp hlr tgd purplsdlhrybci

tl tgd kcfglr rlld sl tgkt tgd kcfglr fluè nd rdtrbdvde c tgd dvdct lhtgd

sgbp `dkvbci pltb b#r.

gurry wbtg cl emd tl wdbig kcfgl+ kce k`sl hlr

ebs`leibci kc kcfglr lc tgd sdknde wgdc wdbigbci kcfglr#

Bskkf Flttdrd`, k Nrbstl` fllpdr wrbtbci bc tgd dbigtddctg fdctury

edsfrbnde glw tgdsd nulys wdrd mked kce b`ùstrktde gbs dxp`kcktblc

wbtg erkwbcis#Ugdrd wdrd rwl sbzds,pucfgdlc kce nkrrd`,.rre

bg#y /drd

mked hrlm tluig, strbciy Kmdrbfkc rde lka# Lc flmp`dtblc tgdy wdrd

tdstde lr ndbci

)wbceprllh)#

Vlmdtbmds gdy wdrd hbttde wbtg plbctdedces, wgbfg s`be lvdr tgd fgbmds kce wdrd hbxde wbtg `dktgdr,iùde kce

lkbctde wbtg wgbtd `dke#

Kc kcfglr nuly wks pkrt lh tgd dqubpmdct lh Nrbtbsg kce Hrdcfg

wkrsgbps#Bc ;7:: tgd Ckry gke sbx stkce"re typds lhnuly, tgd hbrst rktd

flstbciO; ;6s ;`ze, kce tgd sbxtg rktd ;4s:;ze#Ugd Eutfg nlw` h`lkt

wks k rypd lhfllpdr)mked nuly tgkt fluè h`y k h`ki lr pdcckct#

Lutsbed tgd Ndmnrbeid Mkrbtbmd Musdum lc tgd Bs`d lh)Y)bigt stkces

k kridflcbfk`mkradr nuly mked ny fllpdrslut lHKmdrbfkc de lka# Bt

"tt,rtzt kc

' @ - # )

h,

Ztrc gdlcN ulb, Hbrrb``rde

Ugd kutglrputtbci tlidtgdr

stkudslh kc

kcfglr nul` tgkt

gke nddcnurbde

bc tgd sbn lhtgd

Vl`dcthlr ludr

hlur gucerde

`dkrs#

@dht? K e#rkubci mked ny Bskkf Flttdrd` lh Nrbtl` bc

;985, sglwbci k nuly rkbsde up rdkey hlr hrbci'ndcebci"# Ugd ndce bs k`` bc tgd pbtfg, sl tgd gll<s c tgd

pbtfg cdde tl nd gdpt udr+ tbigt tgrluiglut tgdhrbci tl

kulbe)eufab 'nrlgdc /kuds"# Bt wluè nd cdfdsskry

hlrtwl mdc tl gkmmdr tìdtgdr kt dxkftn tgd skmd bmd lc

lpplsbtd sbedslh tgd nul;,wgdc tgdy krd hrbci, kce tgd

nllps wluè gkud tl nd ery kce tglrluig`y fgk`gde sl

tgkt tgdy irbp, ndfkusdwbtg rgd kci`d lhsp`zy lc tgbs nuly

glllswluè tdce tl s`bl#



62

Hkr `dht? K flcbfk`mkrgdr nuly rdtrbdude

hlm Zll`dGkrnlurbc ;299# n bs clw kttgd Ndmnrbeid

Mkrbtbmd Musdum,

Bsa lhYbigt#

@dht? K Eutfg nlw`

hgkt tgkt fluèOh k

h`ki bc lredr tl ndrdfl c sde ml d dks`y#

stkcesknlur 7 hddt'>#5 mdtrds"gbig kce bs knlut 4 hddt ';#4 mdtrds" cebkmdtdr kt tgd nksd# t wks rdtrbdvde rlm Zll`dGkrnlur rc ;299#

Fkn`d nulys wdrd spdfbk``y mked tl glè fkn`dskce rlpds kwky hrlmwgdrd tgdy mbigt hlu` kce hrky lc rlfas lc tgd nlrtlm# Vlmdtbmdslrebckry fksaswdrd usde hlr tgbs purplsd#

Ul dstbmktd tgd wdbigt bc pluces tgkt kc dmpry fksa wb`` supplrt bcwktdr, tgd fkpkf`qlh tgd fksa c ik``lcs bs mu`tbp`bde ny tdc# Hlr tgd skhdnulykcfy, tgd fkpkfbry bs mu`tbp`bde nycbcd, sl tgkt tgd skhd nulykcry lh k 6ik``lc fksa s >9 pluces1 k

2ik``lc hbrabc,

7 ; pluces1k 68 ik`blc nkrrd`,6>5 pluces1

k 45 ik``lc glisgdke, 78 pluces1 kce k

9> ik``lc pucfgdlc, 29> pluces#

K smk`` mllrbci nuly wbtg k fkpkfbrylh 65ik``lcs;6-;7 `btrds"#



`?`??`bb?bh

Fllpdrslh tgd Dnwktdr Iucplwedr Flmpkcy sglw lhhtgd pluedr gdis gdy krd mkabci#

IucplwedrMlst iucplwedr mkcuhkfturdrsgke tgdbr lwc fllpdrkidskce fllpdrs

mked up knlut gk`h tgdbr wlrahlrfd# Ugd mkabci lh iucplwedr bc

dquk``y rkpbe`y uplc tgd lutnrdka lh pdkfd# Tcedr

tgdsd fbrfumstkcfds bt wks ebhhbfu`t tl idt tgd ndst

fllEdrs#

Knkrrd` lh iucplwedr gdè ;:: pluces '54 ai" kce

wks fk``de k cumndr ;, k 4: pluce'>>#4

ai" plwedrfksa wks k cumndr >, kce sl lc 'tgd hbiurd ndbci tgd

cumndr rdqubrde tl mu`tbp`y tgd fkpkfbry bc pluces tl

prleufd tgd cumndr ;::"# Ugd smk``dst, k 6: , gdè oust

6 pluces 4 lucfds ';#4 ai"# Bskkf Flttdrd`, wrbtbci bc

Iucplwedr adis wdrd mked lh stlut lkg, wbtg udry `btt`d gdbigt'ndce"# Ugd wlledc gllSs wdrd kt tgd fgbmds,clcd cdkr tgd

smk`` nuci-gl`d# Ugd gdkes, gd wdkgdst krts, rudrdsuca bctl t`td

fksgsl tgkt br wks skbe tgkt mlrdpluedr fluè nd gdè lc tlp lh

tgd gdke#sgkc ndtwddc tgdm# Ugdy wdrd cumndrde kfflrebci tl

glw mkcy tgdrd wdrd l k ;:: pluce nkrrd`# K cumndr > wks k

4: pluce plwedr gdi1k cumndr 5 gdè >4 pluces1 kc ;7 gdè

bust ludr4t> Zluces#



ITCZLPrED^ 5 ``-dht K prbuktddr)s mktfg tun# Bt bs sbmb`kr bc sbzd kce sgkpd l k glrsdnufgdt nut wbtg kc l<dc tlp kceh#ud cltfndsfut bcc tgd cp dces lh

tgd stkuds#Ugd iuc`s rdw wluè gy tgdbr mktfg kfrlss gd tlp lh tgdtun ndtwddctwl cltfgds, rdke+ tl tlufg kce ebsfgkrid tgd fkcclc,

Nd`lw? Ugd nueid nkcd` uks kcltgdr abce lh plwedr gdi# Bt wks

flppdr-gllpdekce gke k `dktgdr tbd-kp bcstdke lhk gdke#

tgd dbigtddctg fdctury edsfrbnds gd plwedr nkrrd`s prleufde hlr sgbps

bc Nrbstl` fllpdrkids s

# #vdry gbfa, kce strkbigt c tgd nuìd ## kce dxtrklrebckryddp gbmds

### tgdykrdlh sufgk edptg tgkt ndtwddc gd gdkeswb`` clt glè mlrd

tgkc k tlp lhtgd gdke#Ugdrdkrdcl gllpslc tgd nuìd,nut tgd kridr

lcds mbigt nd gllpde cdkrdr gd nllid kfflrebci l tgd fllpdr)s

ebsfrdtblc#Ugd gdke wks tgd wdkadstpkrt lh tgd fksa kce wks tgdrdhlrd prltdftde

ny ndbci sucadc# Ugd gllps-wdrd

slmd wky hrlm tgd nuci-gl`d sl tgkt,

bh k spkra bicbtde plwedr trkppde ucedr tgd gllps, bt wluè spùttdr

kwky hrlm tgd nuci-gl`d# K fkcclcnk`` strbabci k plwedr adi wluè

gkvd nddc mlrd `bad`y tl aclfa bt kwky tgkc fkusd kc dxp`lsblc#

Bctdrdstbci`y tgdrd bs kcltgdr flccdftblc ndtwddc fllpdrbci kce

fkcclcs#Ugd hbrst fkcclcs wdrd mked ny gllpbci tlidtgdr mdtk` nkrs tl

hlrm tgd tund bc tgd skmd wky tgkt k fllpdr rkbsdsk fksa, gdcfd tgd

nusbcdsspkrt lhk fkcclc wks fk``de k nkrrd`#



5>

Mkrbtbmd fllpdrbci)Ugd

Fd`ts krd hbcd fllpdrs###tgdbrfksaskrd kridr tgkc glusds,)wrltdVtrknl, gd lmkc gbstlrbkc#)Yrbtbciknlut Fd`tbf nlktskce tgd rluigdr

sdksgdy gke tl dcfluctdr,ZkuÒlgcstlcd pdfu`ktdegkt)###tgd sbmp`drnut strlci dfgcbqudslhtgd fllpdrmky gkvdnddclhirdktdrvkùd gkctgd mlrd d`knlrktdmlrtbfd kce tdclc mdtgles lh tgd Mdebtdrrkcdkcsgbpwrbigt)#

Ks `kridrsdk-ilbci gbpswdrdnub`t, tgd flrrd`ktblcndtwddcfksaskcesgbpswks sufg tgkt tgd tlcckidlh k sgbp wksfk`fu`ktdelc tgd cumndrlhtucs bt fluè fkrry#K tuc wks k kridfksadquk` l rwl nutts lr pbpdskce wluè gkvdwdbdgdemufg mlrd rgkc lcd rlc#

K nks-rd`bdhOblm Fknrbbrds eKyiud` clw bc tgd `kpbt`krbum kt tgd Mus`d Fkùdt bc Kubiclc, Hmcfd#

K nks-rd`bdhhlm Cdumkidc,clw bc tgd @kcedsmusdumc Ubbdr, Idrmkcy#



MK^||BMD FLLZD^BCI

K erkubci mked ny Bskkf Flttdrd` bc ;985

lh k nutt ucedrilbci rdpkbr Hlr tgd ndcdht

lh fllpdrk<prdctbfds,gd dxp`kbcde glw bt

cks elcd, kce bt uks stb`` ndbci elcd bc tgd

skmd uk+ bc tnd twdctbdtg fdctury# Ugd

nlttlm gdke bs `dhb bc plsbtblc, wgdrdksnddr

fksaskrd rdpkbrde tgd ltgdruk; rluce, wbtg

tgd gdke kt rgd rlp ndrkusd gdbr irlluds rd

mufg eddpdr#Cdu stkuds l nd bcsdrtde krd

olbctde kce mked tl ht tbigtQt bc plsbtblc

cdxt tl tgd sbed stkuds, wgbfg krd sbmb`kr``

olbctde# K rlucebci kezd bs usde tl mktfg

up tgd cdk stkuds wbtg tgd lè# Bc tgd

dbigtddctg fdctury k okfa p`kcd wks usde#K

rbcbci kezd `dud``de tgd bcsbed lh tgd fgbmd

nqhlrd gd irlludfluè nd fut wbtg k llzd#

Ugd gdke uks tgdc rdmludeOblm tgd ltgdr

dce, wgbfg wks fgbmde bc tgd skmd wky#

Ugd gdkesfluè tgdc ndObttde kce tgd lbcrs`dud``de ndhlrd tgd gllps wdrd erbudc lc

Zdrmkcdct5t

56

Vtlrkid

Vtlrbci fksasknlkre sgbp bcvl`vde sdvdrk` rlfdeurds#Vtrbad

elwc`)

wks tgd lredr hlr fksas,dè

nyfkc gllas fgbmd irbps", tl nd `lwdrde

bctl tgd glè, wgdrd gdy gke tl nd hbrm`y stkfade ce sdfurde# rl``bci

fksawdbigbci gk`h k tlc fluè, bbad k llsdfkcclc, el k lt lh ekmkid#

Ugd ll`susdel rdpkbrnutts c tgd dbigtddctg dctur`t?K, rbcbci kezd1N, rlucebcikezd1F, frlzd1E, lbctdr



55 MK^BUBMD FLLZD^BCI

Hlr tgbs rdkslc gdy wdrd lhtdc gdè ny fglfas, nbìdhdd, tgkt bs f`dkr lhtgd edfa, kce wbtg qukm₠rssupplrtde#

K`` fksaswdrd stkfade nuci uppdrmlst# @lcidr rlws wdrd kt rbigtkci`ds tl tgd ebrdftblc lh tgd sgbp wgb`d fksas k Nurtlc wdrd bc `bcd#Vmk``dr fksastlrkidkrdkswdrd fk``dehkilts,wgdrd fksasmbigt wd`` ndstkfade nbìdkce fgbmd'nd``y tl dce" lr fgbmd kce fgbmd'dce tl dce"#

V`ddpdrswdrdksaslc tgd irluce tbdr# bedrswdrdfksaspb`de bc gbigdrtbdrs#Ugd Ckvy stbpu`ktde bc mkcuk`sks krdks ;24; tgkt dkfg rbebci bksasgluè nd supplcde ny hlur fksas bc tgd tbdr nd`lw# Ugd -lb-,r-cumndr lh tbdrs lh nkrrd`s sgluè nd dbigt1 lh glisgdkes,sbx1 lhpucfgdlcs, hlur1 kce lh pbpds kce nutts, tgrdd# Ugbs wks tl prdvdct tgdnlttlm fksas rlm ndbci stlvd c# Bc dkr`bdr tbmds tgd gdbigt lh tgd sgbpsedfa ilvdrcde tgbs#

Ugd flct bcdwks tgd spkfdndtwddctgd nbìds lh twl fksasstkfadesbedny sbed, kce tgd fut `bcd sdpkrktde fksas)stkfade dce tl dce# Ugd

rdkrrkcibcilhfksas knlkresgbp wks fk``de futtbci#Fksasstkfade c rkfaswdrd adpt rbibe wbtg eucckid pbdfdslh wkstd tbmndr"# Vbci`dfksaswluè8d ndeedebc eucckid#

Ekcidrlus humds fkc nubè up bc spbrbt fksas# Ugd sbcabci bcFk`delcbk Nky lh tgd sgrp L`bud Nrkcfg,wgbfg wks nrbcibci supp`bdstlplvdrry-strbfadcVflts,wks prlnkn`y fkusdeny tgd fllpdr bcspdftbci kfksa wbtg k ckade `bigt kce kffbedctk``ysdttbci hbrd tl tgd kffumu`ktdenrkcey humds#

Ugd s`kvd trked

Eurbci tgd dbigtddctg fdcrury Nrbstl` fllpdrs wdrd adpt nusymkabci fksas lr tgd s`kvd rked#K cdirlds)frdwgke fkpkfbrylh `:

gdke# Bt gke twl brlc gllps, dkfg gllp pbccde tl tgdvdssdny tgrdd wlledc pdis#Cdirlds)frdwswdrd mkedstrlci sl tgkt tgd s`kvdsfluè clt pu`` tgdm kpkrt#

Zuppu cns wdrd mked knlut ;4 bcfgds '67 fm"gbig wbtg tgd nlttlm gdke ;5 bcfgds '64 fm"kfrlss, kce nbiidr kt tgd nlttlm tgkc tgd tlp#Ugdy wluè glè knlut 7-;: ik``lcs '68-54

`btrds" kce gke k wlledc flvdr hlr tgd rlp# Ugdywdrd usde hlr flcvdybci wgkt bs rdhdrrde tl nyFlttdrd` wbtg fgkrkftdrbstbf bcebhhdrdcfd ks

)tgds`kvds)

euci) tl tgd uppdr edfa tl nd tgrlwc lvdrnlkre#Glrsd nufgdtswdrd `krid ;:-;> ik``lc '54-45 `hud"

vdssd`s lr glèbci wktdr hlr tgd s`kvds#Ugdy wdrd nbiidr

Cdirldb frdws Dkfg lcd wks ezsbicdehlr tdc s`kuds l dkthlm#



MK^BUBMD FLLZD^BCI

K puppu tun#

kt tgd nlttlm tgkc kt tgd rlp, wbtg k krid gl`d bc tgd mbee`d lh tgd gdke#K mdtk` gkce`d lc dbtgdr sbed tlla tgd rlpd wgdc tgd nufadt wks glbstdelut lhtgd glè#

Nrbstl` fllpdrs k`sl mked gk`h pluedr nkcdn rf glè k gucerde `dkenkrs kce >:: ik``lc '2;: `btrd" Iubcdk nutts#Ugdsdfksas,wgbfg sddm lgkvd nddc edstbcdehlr tgd)Ydst Bcebds tl nd hb``de wbtg rum hlr tgd tgbre`di lh tgd Ubbkciu`kr Ubked, wdrd sgbppde bc sgllgstgd fksa ebsmkct`dekce tgd stkvdskce gdkebci nuce`de tlidrg₠r"# Vbcfd tgd gdkeswdrd

clt elwd``de tlidtgdr nut `dht bc pbdfds, tgdy wdrd fut tlsgkpdusbci k sgdkrbcigktfndt,k tll` tgkt wdct lut lh usdkt tgd dce lh tgd dbigtddctg fdctury#

Vmuii`bci

Vmk``-sfk`d smuii`bci ny bcebvbeuk`s gks cdvdr nddcflcsbedrde k sdrblusfrbmd 'kt `dkst, ny tglsd dcikide c bt"kce, lvdr tgd fdcturbds, k flcsbedrkn`d cumndr lh pdlp`d ebedcikid c bt bc lcd wky lr kcltgdr# Vmk`` fksaslh nrkcey wdrdclt tll ebhhbfu`t tl flcfdk`? wgkt dbigtddctg-fdctury idct`dmkc

wluè erdkm lh sdkrfgbcik rktgdr srlut mkrrlc lr k sddmbci`yprdickct key<K f`dvdr fllpdr mbigt hbt hlur gdkes ctl k fksasltgkt, wgdc tgd Dxfbsd lhhbfdr fkmd rl tkad k skmp`d tgrluig tgdnuci-gl`d, gd wluè hbce lc`y fbedr kce mbss tgd nrkcey flcfdk`dekt nltg dces lhtgd fksa#

Ugdrd wks k`sl krid-sfk`dsmuii`bci, wgdc fksaslh nrkcey kceltgdr flctrknkce wdrd nrluigt lvdr hrlm Hrkcfdkce erlppde lc tl tgdsdk nde f`lsd bcsglrd# Ugd fksaswdrd usuk``y tbde tlidtgdr# Kt cbigt,wgdc '`btdrk``y" tgd flkstwks f`dkr,smuii`drswluè il lut bc smk`` nlktstl rdtrbdvd tgd sgbpmdct, gkvbci `lfktde bt

tgrluig k pddp tun, k nufadt-sgkpde tun wbtg gkce`ds kce k i`kssgdke wgbfg wks usde hrlm k smk``nlkt tl bcspdft tgd sdknde hrlm ndcdktg tgd surhkfd#

Ugdrd gkvd k`wkys nddc mdc edtdrmbcde tl idt kt tgd flctdcts lh kfksa kce tl `dkvd cl dvbedcfd lh tgdbr tgdht# Vlmd skb`lrs kce elfa

54



MK^BUBMD FLLZD^BCI

K udrytf`dudr fllpdr mbigt gkud nddc kn`d tlmkgdkhlur-gdkedefkra t: flcfdk` lctrknkce#

wlradrs wdrd pkrtbfu`kr`y kedpt# Ugdy wluè `llsdc rwl keokfdctgllps

kce usd k ibm`dt tl nlrd k smk`` gl`d wgdrd dkfg gllp hbttde# N`lwbci

tgrluig lcd lhtgd gl`ds gdy fluè fktfg tgd spbrbt plurbci lur lhtgd

ltgdr gl`d# Khtdr pùiibci tgd gl`ds tgdy wluè aclfa tgd

gllls nkfa lvdr tgdm tl gbed tgd dvbedcfd# Ugbs wks

fk``de)sufabci

tgd mlcady)# Ugd kutglr fkmd kfrlss gbs

bc tgd ;24:slc k nrkcey nutt bc k nlcede rkb`wkywkilc#

Cd`slct nley wks nrluigt glmd hrlm U`khkìkr bc k

`dkiudr,k kridwktdr fksa, b``de wbtg nrkcey# Bt bs skbe tgkt

twl sdkmdcknlkre tgd sgbp nrbcibci gbs nley glmd wdrd

hluce tgd wlrsd hlr erbca kce, lc ndbci qudstblcde,flchdssdegkt tgdy gke nddc

tkppbcitgd kembrk`)#

Vunmkrbcd kce ebvbci vdssd`s

Bc tgd dkr`y dbigtddctg fdctury k cumndr lh mdc wdrd

`lwdrde bc fllpdr-mked fksaslc tl wrdfas bc sdkrfg lh

@dht? K pddp un, wbtg i`ks gdke,usdeny smuii`drsl gfktd fksaslhflctrknkced lc tgdsdk de#

Vmk`` fksns`bgd tgdsd

mbigt gkud

nddc usdehlr

smui`bci#



C,{K^BUBP{D U]LLZD^BCF K ) 9

Knlvd? 9)gdslrt lO)tll`susdeny dbigtddctg-fdctur+ fzlpdrs? , eli 'usden9 er; fllpdrs

hlr `dudrbci gllps"1N, n`k sfrdw fzm<kss'usuk``y ubtg ulledc tgrdkes wgbfg gke tlnd slegde drblebfk["1 F, rbcbci kezd1 E,mdksurbci stbfg 'hlr skubci lh steuds l`dcig,? D, , gbmd skw thlr skkbci irlludscbcebubeuk` srkuds"1 H, rbii`d ikuid 'hlr

mdrtsurbci gd ebstkcfdhrlm tgd dce lO)tgd

fgbcd rl tgd irllud"1 I, sgddrbci gktfgdt'usdehlr futtbci bb` `krid ucelud``de gdkes

hlr sdcebci kwky bc sgllas"1G, sfltfgbcigktfgdt 'usdehlr hr`ci smk`` usns"1 B,rusgbci brlc 'prdfdede gdh`kibci brlc"#

Fllpdrs t ulra bc tgd dbigtddctg dctury#



57 MK^BUBMD FLLZD^BCF

Ugd kutglr)s mprdsblc

lh @kg nrbeidb)Dcibcd),

nksdelc kc krtbf`d bc)Gbstlry

Uleky)kcek

erkwbci lh ;96: bc tgd

Vgdt`kceMusdum#

trdksurd# Olgc @dtgnrbeid, wgl wlrade

ndrwddc9 `4 kce ;942x edptgs h up tl

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@lcelc, mked gbm k strkbigt-sbede ksa,8

hddt ';#7 mdtrds" lci,>t`z hddt '98 fm" bc

ebkmdtdr bc tgd gdke kce ;7 bcfgds '54

fm" kt tgd hllt, kce brlc-gllpde bcsbed

kce lut# @dtgnrbeid rdtr bdvde k`mlst

,e;::,::: c flbc, sb `vdrnkrs,fkcclc kce

s`kns lh `dke hrlm k cumndr lh wrdfas

kfrlss tgd sdks '_d`bed Flwkc, Zlrt lh

@lcelc,;292, sdflcedebt blc"#

Eurbci tgd Kmdrbfkc)Ykr

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Olsdpg Nlredc kt Nlredctlwc, Cdw Rlra#

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MK^BUBMDFLLZD^BCF

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lutsbed lh tgd fksa wks k umd-

fgkrid lh iucplwedr, wgbfg fluè

nd sfrdwde ctl tgd nlttlm lh k

sgbp# Ugd Uurt`d cdvdr ebe sbca k

sgbp, pdrgkps ndfkusd gd flppdr

sgdktgbcilc tgd gu``s lh tgd Nrbtbsg

sgbpswks ll gkre, nut tgd fllpdrt

fksa tkads bts p`kfd ks tgd hbrst

sunmkrbcdwkrsgbp#

)Ylrabc tgd elfas

Fksaswdrd cspdftdeny k fllpdr

ndhlrd `dkvbci tgd sgbp kce mkrade

hlr tgd kttdctblc lh fllpdrsksglrd,

wgl wdrd adpt nusy rdpkbrbci `dkasks sllc ks tgd fksas wdhd lc tgd

elfa# Fllpdrkids prkciup krluce

tgd elfaskcegke k stdkey upp`y lh

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stbfa usdehlrmdksurbci grluig

tgd nuci-gl`#d r rkp

gl`d uprbigt kce

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MK^BUBMD FLLZD^BCI

mkabci fksas? gdrd wks tgd rdpkbrbci lh fksas,fgdfabci fkpkfbrbds,ucgdkebci kce skmp`bci, kce wlrabci bc flcoucftblc wbtg gdk`tgbcspdftlrs kce Fustlms kce Dxfbsd# Fllpdrs cddede k cumndr lhebh`drdct ebp stbfaskce mdksurbci les hlr tgbs wlra#

Fksas wbtg tgd skmd fkpkfbtynut mked kt ebhhdrdct fllpdrkidsmbigtvkry flcsbedrkn`yc sgkpd#Vlmdmbigt gkvd kr mlrd gdbigt 'furvkturd"

tgkc ltgdrs kce slmd wluè vkry bc `dcitg# Bt wks tgdrdhlrd qubtdebhhbfu`t tl mdksurddxkft`y tgd flcrdcrslh k fksaglèbci `dss gkc bts hu``kmluct# Ugd fkpkfbry lh k fksa bc funbf bcfgds fluè nd hlucemktgdmktbfk``y ny keebci twl-tgbres lh tgd ebhhdrdcfd ndtwddc tgdebkmdtdr kt tgd gdke kce tgd ebkmdtdr kt tgd pbtfg 'nd``y" tl tgd gdkeebkmdtdr,squkrbci bt, kce mu`tbp`ybci bt try :#9745 kce tgdc ny tgd`dcitg# Ul hbce tgd fkpkfbry c k`dik``lcs gdy wluè mu`tbp`y wbfd tgdebkmdtdr kt tgd nuci squkrdepùs tgd gdke ebkmdtdr squkrdeny tgd`dcitg kce tgdc ebvbed try ;:99# Ebvbebci bcstdkeny 77> wluè ibvd gd

fkpkfbry bc wbcd ik``lcs#Ugd rdsu`ts wluè prlnkn`y gkvd nddc mlrdkffurktd h tgd fksa fluè gkvd nddc wdbigde dmpry kce tgdc hu`` lhwktdr, sbcfdwktdr wdbigs ;: plucespdr ik``lc#

Ndhlrd ;7>5 gd Nrbtbsg wbcd ik``lc wks>6; funbf cfgds# t wksfk``detgd)Y)bcfgdstdr bcd ik``lc kce bs stb`` tgd stkcekreik``lc c tgd TcbtdeVtktds# gd Nrbtbsg k`d ik``lc wks >7; funbf bcfgds#Ugd Bmpdrbk` ik``lcbs s`bigt`y smk``dr,kt oust lvdr>99 funbfbcfgds#

Bc tgd dbigtddcrg fdcrury fllpdrs bc tgd @lcelc elfas wdrdspdfbk`bsbci? ry fllpdrslc tlnkfflkce suikr,kce wdt fllpdrs tgdmlrd sab`hu` - lc rum fksas, lh wgbfg vkst qukctbrbds wdrd ndbci

bmplrtde# Mkcy fllpdrs Mlrade c tgd nlcede wkrdglusds ce vku`ts,wgdrd hucius irdw tl surprbsbci dcitgs lvdr dvdryrgbci#Ugd fllpdrfluè nd gdkre slucebci lut fksaswbtg gbs h`lidr 'k rypd lh blci-gkce`de mk`bdt" tl ksfdrtkbcwgdtgdr kcy fksagke dkade#

Bc tgd twdctbdtg fdctury gd cumndr lh fllpdrs mp`lyde c tgd elfasedf`bcde# Flctkbcdr sgbps kce tgd usd lh `krid mdtk` kce p`kstbfflctkbcdrs l trkcsplrtwbcd kce spbrbts mdkct dsswlra hlr tgdm tl el#Ugdy fluè stb`` nd fk``de lc tl trkvd` hrlm Vt Aktgdrbcd)s Elfa tl tgdVurrdy Elfas kce tl tgd Xbftlrbk kce K`ndrt Elfas, lr pdrgkps tlUb`nury, tl pdrhlrm idcdrk wlra lc k`` abces lhfksas,wdt kce ery, nut

ny tgd ;29:sk`` fllpdrbci c tgd elfaswks bcbsgde#

Hbsg

Ugd hbsgbci bceustry kce fllpdrbciwdrd f`lsd`yksslfbktde# llpdrsmked vkst cumndrs lh fksas hlr hbsg bc mdebdvk` tbmds# Vk`mlc wksdxplrtde rlm Kndreddceurbci tgd tgbrtddctg fdctury kce dd`swdrd k`sltrkcsplrtde bc fksas#Fllpdrs mked sgk``lw fksas lr lystdrsfk``delystdrnkrs#

@kridcumndrslh fksaswdrd mked hlr tgd wgk`bci bceustry,slmd lrwgk`d

lb` kce ltgdrs hlr nùnndr, wgbfg wks fut bcrl srrbps c lredr tlhlrfd t tgrluig tgd nuci-gl`d c k prlfdss k``de mkabcilhh)# PWb`slc)s

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Ugd gdrrbci bceustry wks vdry bmplrtkct# Guid gdrrbci sglk`sfkmd



MK^BUBMD FLLZD^BCI

K /kfa lhgdrrbci nkrrd`s, urpùs l rdqubrdmdcts#

elwc tgd Clrtg Vdkeurbci tgd sprbci kce summdr kce fllpdrs l``lwde

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wgbfg wdrd lh s`bigt, slht wlle# Ugd bcsbedslh tgd fgbmds wdrds`lpde sl

tgkt tgd gdke fluè nd rdmlvdekce rdbcsdrtdequbtd dksb`y#Kh`bcfgdrwks

tgd tll` usde ny gdrrbci fllpdrs hlr tgbs oln# Ugd wlra wks fk``de

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k`mlst hbcbsgde, ks wdrd tgd gdrrbci hrlm lvdr-hbsgbci# Mlst lh tgdsd

sk`tde gdrrbci wdrd dxplrtde tl ûssbk c tgd sl-fk``deA`lceyabci trked#

4 ;



4>

Mbsfd``kcyBc tgd fll` fgkà fkvdslh Fgkmpkicd Mdrfbdr kt Dpdrcky bc Hrkcfdstkces kc dclrmlus fksa wbtg k fkpkfbry lh ;8:,::: `btrds '64,:::

ik``lcs"# r wksmkedny MlcsbdurOl`bnlbs, gd Dpdrckyfllpdt kce tllatgbrry-lcd ydkrsfl flcstrufr#Hlr tgd lka gd wdct tl Gucikry, wgdrd,wbtg tgd gd`p lh k Gucikrbkc fllpdr ckmde

)Y)k`tdr,gd sd`dftderwl

gucerde kce hbhry lkas,gke tgdm hd``de kce qukrtdrde,kce tgdc erdssdekce ndct tgd bcebvbeuk` stkvds ny tgd sbed lh @kad Nk`ktlc, wgdrd,trkibfk``y, P'k`tdr wks erlwcde# Ol`bnlbs wlrade lc k`lcd# Phbtgsfkhhlèbci tgd gdbigt lh k tgrdd-stlrdy glusd, gd hbttde tgd stkvdstlidtgdr `dvd``de tgdm wbtg kc kezdkce fgbmde tgd vdssd`# Xbtg k pkbrlh flmpkssds hddt '>#5 mdtrds" c rkebus gd mdksurdekce fut bc tgdgdkes#Vbx ydkrskhtdr bt wks flmp`dtde, c ;772, gku`de ny rwdcry-hlurwgbtd

lxdc kce fgddrdek`` tgd wky ny guid frlwes, bt krrbvde bc Zkrbs lrtgd Irdkt Dxgbnbtblc lh tgkt ydkr#

?



P5UVFH?U#KCR46

Bc tgd fd``krs lh tgd fkst`d kt Gdbed`ndri bc Idrmkcy fkc nd hluce kcdvdc kridrfksa,wbtg k fkpkfbty h >>;,9>8`btrds '57,97:ik``lcs"#Lèdrtgkc tgd lcd kt Dpdrckyny mlrd tgkc k fdctury, bt wks rkbsde c ;94; nyAuhdrmdbstdr Dci`drt# Gbs guid flmpkssds ce 4 hllt '9#4 mdtrd" sglrt-olbctdrgkci hrlm tgd wk``# Kstrbed tgd irdkt vdssd` s k nkùstrkedeekcfd

h`llr nut bt bs tgd dbigtddc srlut wlledc gllps, dkfg lvdr 2 bcfgds '>6fm" tgbfa, tgkt mkad tgd tuc sl bmprdssbvd#Bt wks hb``de rwbfd ny tgdpdkskcts) kxds,pkbe bc wbcd#

Bc Dci`kce tgd kridstfllpdr-mkedvdssdlc rdflre wksk fl`lssk vkt,rkbsdekt tgd Mdux nrdwdry bc F`dradcwd``, @lcelc, bc ;7:8# `twks 55hddt ';6 mdtrds" c ebkmdtdr kce 6: hddt '2 mdtrds"eddp, wbtg kfkpkfbq,lh >9>,4>: ik``lcs ';,>67,787 `btrds", kce wks mked tl glè plrtdr,wgbfg cddede l mkturd hlr twd`vd mlctgs# K flcsbedrkn`dcumndr wdrdnub`t uctb` lcd nurst bts gllps bc ;7;5, erlwcbci lr suhhlfktbcidbigtpdlp`d# Khtdr tgkt ebskstdr gd mkturktblc tbmd hlr plrtdr wks sglrtdcde

erkmktbfk``y sl tgkt smk``dr vdssd`s luè nd usde#

Ugd Irdkt Mdrfbdr Fksa lc bts ukytl Zkrbs#



MBVFD@BKCR

Ugd Gdbed`ndri tuc, rkbsde bc ;94;,

su<Zlrts ekcfdh`llr

Ndcdktg tgd

irdkt tb`c et

Gdbed`ndri, tgd

wlledc gllps,

dkfg2 bcfgds'>6 fm" tgbfa,

gkci `llsd#



MBVFDB,@KCR 44

Unl 5,pdslh ndudr nkrrd`s?skb`lrsusde gdmhlr tgdbr irli

Eurbci tgd dbigtddctgfdctury fllpdrs c Nrbstl` wdrd mkabci#nltt`ds

hlr Vflttbsgebstb``drs l glè skmp`ds h tgdbr `bqudurs sdct tl Dci`kce#

Khtdrwkres tgdy wdrd usde ks ndudrnkrrd`slc tgd hkrms lr ny sdkmdc lr

tgdbr irli#Rdt c Vflt`kcekt tgbs tbmd mlrd d`knlrktd rckmdctk`nltt`ds

fk``de nbfadrswdrd ndbci mked#)Ybtg

k`tdrcktbci `bigt kce ekra wlles,

tgd olbcts wdrdhdktgdrde s lc tgd smk``drnrkss-gllpde ltt`d kce tgd

qukbfg 'wgbsay mui" bc tgd pgltlirkpg nd`lw#

Tctb` flras ndfkmdp`dctbhu` kt tgd dce lh tgd dbigtddctgfdctury kcetgdrd wks mlrd ucedrstkcebcilh glw wbcd fluè mkturd kce kfqubrdk

nluqudt bc tgd nltt`d, wbcd wks slè bc fksaskce fd``kr wlra wks k

Ugrdd nbfadrs

'lrckmdctk`nltt`ds"kce k qukbfg 'wgbshut

mui"# Ugd nbfadr lc

tgd rbigt gks nddc

hdktgdrde#



MBVFD@BKCR

K 6 ik``lc ';6#8 `btrd" slo`wllefksg, qhdcde l ks k nufgdt,ubtg hbulgl`ds c tgd tlp gdke, uks usdehlr tkabci glt kce flè sdk wktdr tlfustlmdrst Xdctcb` lc tgd Bs`d lh Ybigt bc Xbftlrbkc tbmds#Ugdwktdrwks gluigt l gkud gdrkpdutbf rlpdrtbds#Kngluig gdy rDrdsdctdeflcsbedrkn`d dbig@ k mkc uluè ktry twl lh tgdsd uci lc k ylad#'Bchlrmktblchlm Yctclr GdrbtkidMusdum#"

prlhbtkn`d nrkcfg lh fllpdrbci#)Lur

wbcd fllpdrs lh rdfdcr

tbmds usd vkst qukctbtbds lh suikr kce ml`kssds c k`` slrts lhwbcds tl mkad tgdm erbca nrbsa kce spkra`bci,) wrlrdFgrbstlpgdr Mdrbt bc ;88> bc k pkpdr rdketl tgd ^lyk` Vlfbdry#Vpkra`bci fgkmpkicd bs mdctblcde bc k p`ky wrbttdc ny Vbr

Idlrid Dtgdrbeid bc ;898# Ugbs prdfdede Elm Zdrbiclc)sf`kbm# Ny tgd cbcdtddctg fdcrury fd``kr wlra lh tgbs abce, ks knrkcfg lh fllpdrbci, gke flmd tl kc dce# P'gkt fkcclt nd

tkadc kwkyhrlm tgd trked, glwdvdr, s tgd fllpdra f`kbm tl nd)tgdmkc wgl bcvdctde fgkmpkicd) 'Vbmlc Ubump, Mkb` lc

Vuceky,;>tg Ou`y ;227,qultbci Ulm Vtdpgdcslc"#

Cdvdrtgd`dss, t bs tgkt vkst krmy lh fllpdrsdcikide c tgdbrgumerum kce mucekcd ekb`y tksas wgl wlc tgd irdktdst

kffl`ked# t fkc nd hluce bc Gdcry Mkygdw)s @lcelc @knlur kce tgd@lcelc Zllr, wgdrd gd qultds k strddt gkwadr sd``bci pdccy nrlkesgddts

edpbftbci tgd ilry edtkb`s lh k muredr?)P'gdc

k wlmkc bs nke, sgd bsnke###tgdrd)s gd nlkre###tgd

)`ùstrktblc,bt sddms l fllpdr tgd tgbci#

Ugdy must nd`bdvd gdbr dyds#)Kce, ndmlkcbci tgd hkft tgkt slmd muredrs

hkb`de tl hbrd tgd pun`bf bmkibcktblc, Mkygdw wrltd? )P'gy, rgdrd wksYb``bkm I`ddslc, ks irdkt k vb``kbc ks dvdr bvde###wdct kce muredrde kwgl`d hkmb`y# Nut ûsg fllpdrdegbm# Mked bt cl erkw tl kcylcd#)Ugdrdfkc nd cl hbcdr prkbsd gkc wgdc tgd ckmd lh k trked dctdrs gd vdrckfu`krbc sl flmp`bmdctkry k mkccdr# Bt sddms l fllpdr t#

Lcd ltgdr rypd lh fksa bs wlrtg mdcrblcbci

gdrd# Kt hucdrk`s bc Xbdtckm k nkrrd` erum

mked bc tgd Kcfbdct Diyptbkc trkebtblc bs

p`kyde# Ugd vdry s`bigt stkvdskrd ndct lvdr k nkrgdktdelc k smk`` stlvd#Khtdr ndbci p`kcde bctl

sgkpd gdy krd rkbsdeup bc brlc gllps# Nuhhk`lgbed bs strdtfgde lvdr tgd dces kce gdè hbrm

wbtg nkmnll pdis# Hlr fdrdmlcbds tgdy krdpkbctde nrbigt rde# Ugd lcd bc tgd pgltlirkpg

wks dht ucpkbctde ny rdqudst'@kurbd Vkydr,Unl`

kce UbkedsGbstlry VlfbdtX dus`dttdr,86"#

Ugd Xbdtckmdsderum, p`kyde kt hucdrka#



49

Fllpdrbci tlekyBc Dci`kce mlst lh tgd bcedpdcedct fllpdrkids Vgkw)s,

Y)b`slc)s,

Ab`nyt, Lègkms kce mkcy ltgdrs f`lsdeelwc bc tgd ;24:s#Zdrgkps

tgd `kst tl il lut lh nusbcdsswks Nufa`dyt l h Mkcfgdstdr c tgd dkr`y

;22:s khtdr prleufbci k cumndr lh ;4: ik ``lc Nurtlc Tcblcs hlr

Mkrstlc)s nrdwdry tl nrdw k gbig-quk`bry Zdebirddnddr#K hdw nrdwdrbds- Vkmud`Vmbtgt, Ugdkastlct,)Ykewlrtg)s ce Mkrstlct - stbb` dmp`ly

k fllpdr,nut tgbs bs mkbc`y hlr pun`bf rd`ktblcskce kevdrtbsbci urplsdsb

kce tgdy stb`` mkbctkbc k cumndr 'k`ndbt dvdr-edfrdksbci"h lè fksas#

Gk``)s lh Dkst @lcelc, wgbfg rvdct lut lh nusbcdss s ktd ks ;275, usde

tl rdmkad Kmdrbfkc nlurnlc fksas ctl wgbsay glisgdkes lr Vflttbsg

ebstb``drs#Ugdy k`sl dxplrtde l Okpkc#Hlur lh tgdbr fllpdrsflctbcude

mkabci lrckmdctk`kce hkcfy fksas lr k smk`` ebsfdrcbcimkradt#

Ugdrd krd stb`` k hdw fllpdrswlrabci bc Vflt`kce,prdpkrbci dmptysgdrryfksas lr tgd ndttdr-quk`btywgbsabds#

)Ygdc,bc tgd ;29:s, slmd wbcds ndikc tl nd bmplrtde bc `krid,

stkbc`dssstdd` kce p`kstbf flctkbcdrs - lvdrflmbci tgd stlrkid kce

gkce`bci ebhhbfu`tbds cgdrdct c wlledc fksas bt sddmde gkt tgd ekys

lh tgd nkrrd` wdrd flmbci tl kc dce# Glwdvdr, g bs bs clt tgd fksd? c

slmd fluctrbds mdfgkcbsdefllpdrbci gks flctbcude tl tgrbvd# Phbcds

fkc edrbvdflcsbedrkn`d dcdhbt hrlm mkturbci bc lka fksas ce, wgdrdks

Fllpdr ce Nrkumdbstdr rkbi Eucc lh tgd Tcbtde Vtktds tkcesndsbed stkud-o`bctdrmk(bcd bc gbsmdfg`xcrdk fllpdreid#



FLLZD^BCI LEKR

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tgbs usde plssbn`y tl gkvd nddc rdikredemdrd`y ksk nlcus, clw bt bs tgd

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)Ulkstbci)fksas kt ^dmy-

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h`kulurs lh tgd lka# Unks`bcs sspffbhde ks `bigr, mdebub lrgdkry#



hlr dxplrt# Ugdsd fksas krd dxtrdmd`y wd`` mked kce irdkt kttdctblc bs

pkbe tl tgd t`krtbci tgkt bs fkrrbde lut khtdr tgd fksa bs hbrde# Mufg

sfbdctbhbfstueygksilcd ctl tgd mkturbci lh wbcd kce spbrbts c lka# Hlr

tlkstbci, tgd fksa bs put lvdr k frdssdt b``de wbtg lka sgkvbcis1rkebkct

gdkt nrlwcs tgd bctdrblr wk`` lh tgd fksa,edvd`lpbcik fkrkmd` `kvlur hrlm

tgd lka gdmbfd`ù`lsds, swd`` ks k vkcb``bc h`kvlur hrlm tgd lka bicbc# BcKustrkbbk gd fllpdrbci ceustry gksnddcirlwbci k`mlstflctbculus`y lvdr

tgd pkst twl edfkeds,wgb`d bc tgd Ckpk Xk``dy lh Fk`bhlrcbk k irdkt

dxpkcsblclhkftbvbry bc fllpdrbci lla p`kfd c tgd ;22:s#

Ugd kpprlxbmktdcumndr lh fksas sdepdr kccum bc tgd wlrè)s wbcd

bceustry bs sglwc c tgd hl``lwbci tkn`d#

42

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fllpdrkidskvd l bmplrt k`` tgdbr tbmndr 'mlst`y rlm tgd Tcbtde Vtktds

kce Hrkcfd,kce slmd rlm clrtgdrc Durlpd"#Ugdsdfllpdrkids kvdkc

dxfd``dct dputktblc lr prleufbci slmd lhtgd hbcdst nkrrbquds, updrblr

tl tgd Hrdcfg kce Kmdrbfkc fksas#Nkrrbquds gkvd k wlrabci `bhd lh knlut

dbigt ydkrs#Tsuk``y hlr tgd hbrst twl ydkrs gdy flctkbc k supdrblr wbcd`

eurbci tgd cdxt twl ydkrs tgdy glè wbcds lh `dssdrquk`bty, khtdr wgbfg

tgdy mky nd usde lr hl rtbhbde wbcds kce tgdc pdrgkpsks `lwdr tuns#

Ugd Fkckebkc Cbkikrk wbcd bceustry usde tl bmplrt Kmdrbfkc wgbtd

lka nkrrd`s nut bt gks stkrtde tl usd Fkckebkc wgbtd lka, wgbfg ibvds

mlrd lh k vkcb``k h`kvlur tl tgd wbcd tgkc tgd wgbtd lka irlwc bc mlrd

slutgdr`y `ktbtueds kce gks sbmb`krbtbds l Hrdcfg lka# Glwdvdr, tgdrd

ndbci cl Fkckebkc fllpdrkid ceustry, tgd lka bs sdct elwc tl tgd

Tcbtde Vtktds l nd mked up bctl fksasny fllpdrkidsc Mbsslurb# Rdt,

wgb`d tgd trkedsddms lw tl nd elmbcktdeny `kridmkfgbcdfllpdrkids

bc wbcd-prleufbcikrdks,t bs bctdrdstbci l cltd tgd dmdridcfd h k smk``

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Eucc, bs k Idrmkc-trkbcde Nrkumdbstdr ctdct lc dstkn`bsgbcik pun

nrdwdry ebspdcsbci kidr nddr hrlm lka fksas#

Cl elunt k fdrtk bc kmluct lh gkce fllpdrbciwb`` nd cdfdsskryl

addp fksas c rdpkbr nut mkfgbcds wb`` mkad tgd fksas lh tgd huturd#

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Kustrk`bkc fllpdrssdrvdk hlur-,vdkrkpprdctbfdsgbp, wdcry ekyslh wgbfg

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mkfgbcbci#Ugd ekyslh)Uruss

lg+) kce fllpdrs dkmbci up tl hbrd fksas,gkmmdrbci kwkykt stunnlrc trussgllps kmbest hbrd kce smlad,wluè

sddm l nd lvdr# @dt us glpd tgkt huturd idcdrktblcskrdkn`d tl kpprdfbktd

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plssdssblclh tgd Fllpdrs)

( Flmpkcy, ucektde#

Tde bc( Tcwbc,

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truss gllps wgdc hbrbci k fua#

Kridr? nuci- k U?sgkpde erb`` hlr futtbci tgd nuci-

Pl`d1 tkpdrde- hlr puttbci k tkpdr lc rgdgl`d1 tgbdh-

hlr rdmlvbci pbdfds lhwlle `llsd bcsbed tgd nlrdegl`d#

Kxd, llpdrt? `bad tgd mdebdvk` sbed ud1 hlr trbmmbci

strkbigr srkvds ce gdkebci#

Nkfabci? sgkpbci k strkbigr srkvdwgdc erdssbci rgdsrkvds#

Nkrrd`? k 68 ik``lc ';85 `bcd" nddr sa#

Ndvdr nrrd`? k 6-5 pbct ';#9->#6 `btrd" fksa wbtg

mlutgpbdfd, tl glè nddr hlr k hkrmdr)s ùcfg nrdka#Ndvdr tbmd? k nrdka eurbcd wlra#

Nbfa brlc? k fllpdrt kcvbh hlr wlrabci wbtg gllp

`rlc#

Nbfadrs? smk`` lrckmdctk` fks`s mked bc dbdgtddctg-

fdcrury Vflr`kce

Nlmnkre? k `trid wktdr fksa usde ks nk``mt#Nllid? tgd pkrt lh tgd fksa knlut k tgbre lh tgd wky

elwc tgd stkvd#Nlted? fllpdrs) ckmd hlr k ndvdr nkrrd`#

Nueid nkrrd`? k iucplwedr fksa wbtg tbd-up tlp#Nurtlc Tcblc? k `krid fksa usde bc sdrbds hlr nrdwbci

Eddr

Nttt? Iubcdk- k ;:7 ik``lc '52; `btrd" fksa sdcr

knrlke bc sgllas1 sfutt`z - k wktdr fxa wbtg `krid

squkrd nuci# hlr rd`rdsgbciiuc frdws? sgdrry b `: 7

ik``lc '52; `btrd" ffa#

Nuzz? k twl-gkce`de `dvdr hlr k sfrkpdr n`ked#Fmt? E-sgkpde pkrts lh k gdke, b#d# tgd sbeds#Fksd? k ffa fgbmde lc lcd dce hlr aclfabcd elwc tl

rdpkbr ltgdr fes#

Fgbmd? dces lh stkvds

Fgbmbci? sgkpbci tgd dces lhtgd stkvds#

Fgbv k furvde p`kcd gkcibci hrlm k nlkre# Bt sgkvdsbcsbed tgd fgbmd#

F`dht? sp`bt rktgdr tgkc skwc wgdc tbmndr bs flcvdrtde#Frdssdt1 k smk`` nrkzbdr hlr glèbcs tgd stkvdswgdc

h b r bcd #

Frlzdbk tll` hlr furbci tgd irllvd#

Ebkilck`s? gbcide rles usde hlr mdkurbci fkpkfbrbds#Ebcidd? k mdtk` gllp, tgd `kst tl nd hbcde wgdc hbrbci#Eli? usde ny ery fllpdrs rl `dvdrsrkvds wky hrlm r`bd

cdke#

Elwd``bci stlfa k wlledc nrkfd wbtg k hbxde sfllp

erb` ` `lr elwd``bcd#

Elwcrbigt? k twl-gme`de p`kcd-typd tll` hlr `dvd``bcisuvd ,lrcts#

Erdssbci stkvds?sgkpbci srrkbigr srkvds rblr rl rkbsbci

uE#

Erbvdr? usde wbtg k gmmdr tl tbigtdc gllps1hlrmdr`y fk``de k erbhr#

Ery llpdr lr nlnndb? k mkadr lh fksas lr ery qlles#

Eufa? k srkvd gkr nrdkaseurbci hbrbci#



I@LVVK^R

Hdktgdrbci? bctdr`lfabci stkvdslc smk`` frlas#

Hbrbci? ndcebci rgd stkvds lvdr k hbrd#

Hbrabc? k 2 ik``lc '5; `brd" nddr fksa#

Hbrst rmdr? tgd hbrst truss gllp usde bc hbrbci#H`ki? tgd fllpdrs) wlre hlr rbvdb rusg#

H`kiibci brlc? usde Hlr dvdrbci lur srkrds l bcsdrr

rrki#

H`bcOgdr?\k gdrrbci fllpdrs) tll` hlr furbci k ndvd`kElvd tgd ihllvd#

H`liidr? k `bigt mk``dt lc k `lci sprbciy gkht, hlr

slucl`ci lu` fksAs#

Imi fksa k wktdr fksa#

Iktgdrbci gllp? kc lè tdrm hlr hbrst ruccdr#

Ibm`dt? k rmk`` rll` Hlrmkabci b )mk`` gl`d? gdè bc

lcd ckcl#

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Gucdss m`f u#lrt.br#, hlr ;-6 st '4:-;:: ai" lh#kbrde ndd`

Gktfgdt? sgddrbci- k `krid rluce n`ked hlr futtbci

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Gdke? pbdfds lhwlle, usuk``y elwd``de tlidtgdr,

hlrmbci k fbrf`d lr kc lv?r`, hbttde bctl tgd dces lhtgd

fksa# Ugd tll gdkegx tgd tkl gl`d#

Gdkedr? k fllpdr wgl sgkrdst`d mkabci lh k `krid

fksa wbtg tgd rkbsdr#

Gdkebci nlkre?# usde hlr rdstbci tgd gdke lh tgd fksa`c wcdc wltA`ci kt tt #

Gdbigt? tgd kmluct lh nd``y bc k fma#

Glisgdke? z 45 ik``lc '>54 `btrd" nddr fksa#

Gl``lwbci lut? sgkpbci k strkbigt stkvd bc tgd erdssbci

Erlfdss#Glrsd? k wlledc f`kmp lpdrktde ny hllt wgb`d sbttbci

wbtg nltg gkces hrdd#

Obiidr? k lcd-gkce`de acbhd hlr sgkvbci bcsbed tgd

fgbmd#

Obmmy Nucis? k fllpdrb cbfacmd knlkre sgbp#

Olbctdr? k 8 hllt ';#7 mdtrd" `lci p`kcd usde hlr tgd

sbedslhstkvds kce `lr gdkebci#

Abèdrabc? kc ;7 ik``lc '7> `btrd" nddr fma#

Acbhd? nkfgbci- k twl-gkce`de erkwacbhd hlr sgkpbci

strkbigt stkvds1 gdkebci- k erkwacbhd usde hlr futtbcibc tgd gdke1 gl`gubci- k erkwacbhd usde hlr sgkpbci

k strkìct stkvd#

Aclfadb-up? k ndct nkr hlr bcsdrtbci tgrluig tgdnuci-gl`d rl aclfa tgd gdke bctl plsbrblc#

@ked ilm? k nufadr hlr nkb` bci lur#

akiudr? k ;:7 ik``lc '52; `btrd" wktdr fksa#

@bstbci? sgkpbci k strkbigt stkvd wbtg kc ud#

@lre? k fksa tgkt `dkcs, b#d# eruca ks k lre#

Mktfg tun? hlr glèbci mkrfgds hlr hbrbci fkcclcs#Mku`? k stdd` nkr hlr erbvbci elwc fgbmd gllps#

Mdksurbci stbfa hlr mdmurbci stkvd dcitgs hlr

skwbci ndhlrd mkfgbcd nkce-skws#

Mdeu``kry rkys? bmpdcblus rkys ruccbci lutwkres

hrlm tgd fdctrd lhk trdd#

Mdmd` lka? kc dxtdcsbvd`y usde tbmndr dxplrtde hrlm

ûssbk tgrlusg Mdmd`#

Clsd? pkrt lhOgkmmdr usde hlr sp`kybci gllp brlc1

k`sl glw k fksasmd``s 'fgdfade ndhlrd rkfabcq lrhb``bci"#

Lystdr nkrs?sgk``lwfks`s lr lysrdrs#Zddp un? k i`kss-gdkedeksa vbrg wl gkce`d? rlr

bcspdftbci gd sdknde#Zbdfd?k vdry kridfksalh 4:: lr ;::: ik``lcs >>96

lr 54!8 b r rds" #Zbc? k 5t`z ik``lc'>:#4 `btrd" nddrfksa#Zbpd?k ;:7ik``lc'52; `btrd" fksausdemlst`y lr plrr#Zb tfg? gdnd` `y ` tgd fra#Zlmpdyci? fgkrrbci gd bcsbedlhtgd fksa#Zy`p#/) k typdlh oui glèbci up tl 6 ik``lcs ;5

b ` B hdsr#

Zmfgdlc? k9> ik``lc '6>9 `btrd" nddr fksa, lr lcd lh2: ik``lcs '5:2 `btrd% lr mlrd hlr rum kce wgbsay#

[ukrtdr? tgd pkrt lh k fksa ndrwddc tgd fgbrcd kce tgd

ELLid#

[ukrtbrde? tbmndr flcvdrtde k`lci mdeu``kry rkys#^bedrs? fxas stkfade uplc ltgdr fxas bc gbigdr tbdrs#^bii`d? k wlre usde bc tgd dbigtddctg fdctury hlr

)irllvd)#K rbii`d ikuidbs twl gbcide pbdfds lhwlle

hlr mdksurbci tgd fgbmd knlvd tgd irllvd#^bvdt mluè? hlr nurrbcd lvdr tgd rbvdt#

ûc`dt? m ;7r? ik``lc '25 `btrd" wbcd fksa#ûsgbci brlc? hlr `dvdrbci stkvds c lredr tl bcsdrt h`ki1

supdrsdede ny tgd h`kiibci brlc#

Vtw? nkce - k mkfgbcd skw nlu - k hrkmd skw hlrfuttbci rluce gdkes1 fgbmd - kc dbigtddctg-fdcturv

rlucede skw hlr futtbci irllvds bc sbci`d stkvds#

Vfrkpdr? k turcde n`ked wgbfg rdmlvds hbcd sgkvbcis#

Vgkvd? csber - k furvde p`kcd wbrg sbed gkce`ds Hl bsgkvbci bcsbed fksas1pkb` - k `krid furude spladsgkvdhlr sgkvbci bcsbed nufadts kce fgurcs#

Vgll`f? fksa aclfade elwc kce nuce`de up hlr

dxplht#

Vglt? tgd kci`d lhs`lpd lc tgd sbed lhstkvds,

flrrdsplcebci tl tgd rkebb hrlm tgd fksa fdctrd#V`ddpdrs? fks`s lc tgd nlttlm tbdr bc k stkfa lhhu``

fx`f#

Vp`ky? tgt sgkpd lh k mdtk` gllp hl``lwbci tgd furud lhtcd fsA#

Vtdm nd``? k stdkm trkp hlr slhtdcbci tbmndr ndhlrdb`h`ci#

Vtlup p`kcd? k rlucede p`kcd hlr sgkvbci tgd bcsbed lhtcd fks`0#

UlSkstbci? tgd nrlwcbci lh tgd bcsbed lh tgd ma lvdr kh`rd#

Ulppbci p`md? k furvde p`kcd hlr `dvd``bci tgd tlp lhtgd fgbmd1 k`sl fk#``dek suc l`kcd#

Ubuss gllp? kc ksg gllp ;;? bcfgds '6#7 fm" tgbfa hlr

erbvbci elwc tl ndce tgd stkvds#

Ubussbci? erbvbci elwc gllps wgdc hbrbci#SQrc?

k >>4 ib``lc ';:>6 `btrd" fxa#

Xkt? kc upturcde nufadt sgkpd, mked bc k`` sbzds, lrBbqubes kce plwedrs#

Xbfd gdkebci? k sgkrp`y tkpdrde tgrdke wbtg gkce irbphlr `dvdrbci up tl tgd gdke#

P9dt# f2lpd; k fllpdr wgl wlr`k lc nddr, wbcd kcesE`c` fksAs#

P9gbtd fllp##) k fllpdr wgl wlr`s lc strkbigt-sbede

vdssd`s#

Xbce-tbigt? k wktdr fma wm skbe tl gkvd nddc wktdr-tbigt kce wbce-tbigt#

8 ;



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