Companies´growth in the EU: What is research and innovation policy´s role?(Eng)/Crecimiento de las empresas en la Unión Europea: Cual es el papel de la política de investigación

8/2/2019 Companiesgrowth in the EU: What is research and innovation policys role?(Eng)/Crecimiento de las empresas en

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Vghusi Jidamem*Vmuhsd*Amquhkki


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1

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5

= Gdusiexaugid

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Maaisegdl ui unh HX Aijvhugugrhdhqq Aixdagk+ shamkkgdl unh aidakxqgidq ib unh 3de HxsivhmdAidbhshdah id Aisvismuh S"E .HA+ 36=6e' =+ Hxsivh dhheq md gduhlsmuhe mvvsiman ibS"E"G vikgaghq cw shjirgdl cmssghsq ui unh shqusxauxsgdl ib HX gdexqusw ui|mseq qhauisq |gunlsi|un viuhdugmk mde ui unh lsi|un ib wixdl gddirmugrh bgsjq gdui uijissi|q lkicmk vkmwhsq 3$Unh Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgidq qxcqh}xhdu vsiviqmk ib xqgdl unh qnmsh ib bmqu*lsi|gdlgddirmugrh aijvmdghq gd unh haidijw mq unh nhmekgdh gddirmugid gdegamuis .aijvkhjhdugdl unhmkshmew h~gqugdl 1( S"E gduhdqguw umslhu' gkkxqusmuhq |hkk ungq dh| vikgaw hdehmrixs$

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Maaisegdlkw+ unh vmvhs gq qusxauxshe mq bikki|q0 mbuhs ungq gdusiexaugid+ unh bgsqu qhaugid vshqhduqshkhrmdu gdbisjmugid id unh jmuuhs bsij unh kguhsmuxsh$ Unh qhaide qhaugid mdmkwqhq unhgjvkgamugid bis vikgaw mde qxllhquq S"G vikgaw qusmuhlw mde jhmdq+ mde vsiviqhq mshmq|nhshmq unhsh gq m dhhe ui csimehd vshqhdu odi|khelh$ M bgdmk qhaugid vsirgehq qijhaidakxegdl shjmsoq$

=\nhshmq gu mvvkghq masiqq unh eiaxjhdu+ unh qgld gdegamuhq unh |iso gjvkhjhduhe cw @SA*GVUQ gd unh

bsmjh|iso ib GSJM maugrgughq+ m @SA mde ELSUE `igdu gdgugmugrh$3

Aixdagk ib unh Hxsivhmd Xdgid .36=6'$ Ashmugdl md gddirmugrh Hxsivh$ Aidakxqgidq ib 16=2un Aijvhugugrhdhqq

Aixdagk jhhugdl$ Csxqqhkq+ =< Jmw 36=6$


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8

3 Ewdmjgaq ib gdexqusgmk qusxauxsh mde

bgsjq lsi|un0 \nmu ei |h odi| bsijunh kguhsmuxsh9

3$= Unh ewdmjgaq ib unh HX haidijga qusxauxsh mde guq uhandikilwqvhagmkgqmugid

Hxsivh nmq m }xguh qumuga haidijga qusxauxsh0 unh aidusgcxugid ib unh ngln mde jhegxj*nglnuhan jmdxbmauxsgdl qhauisq ui rmkxh meehe gd unh HX nmq nmsekw anmdlhe gd unh vmqu ehamehq.Jidamem*Vmuhsd*Amquhkki+ 36=6'$ Unh aijviqgugid ib unh jmdxbmauxsgdl qhauis gd uhsjq ib

rmkxh meehe nmq nmsekw anmdlhe irhs unh whmsq$ Gd 3661+ unh HXq jmdxbmauxsgdl qhauisqaijviqgugid gq qusgogdlkw qgjgkms ui unmu ib =7


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2

Mddh~'$ Bglxsh = chki| shvisuq unh dxjchs ib bgsjq mde hjvkiwhhq cw bgsjq qgph gd unh HX*3$

Bglxsh =$ Bgsjq ehjilsmvngaq gd unh HX*3< .366>'

=7+6

\nhd aijvmsgdl unh HX bgsjq ehjilsmvngaq |gun unmu ib jm`is aijvhugdl haidijghq+ gu amd

ch diuhe unmu unh XQ nikeq shkmugrhkw jish jgasi*+ jhegxj*qgphe mde kmslh bgsjq+ |ngkh unh HXnmq aijvmsmugrhkw jish qjmkk bgsjq$ Unh vmuuhsd bis unh XQ shbkhauq m shkmugrhkw qjmkk hduswqgph gd aijcgdmugid |gun qusidl aijvhugugid mjidl hdusmduq+ mde |nhsh m jgdisguw ib nglnkwaijvhugugrh dh| bgsjq lsi| rhsw bmqu0 6 gd unh XQ nmrhlsi|d bsij qjmkk chlgddgdlq$ Cw aidusmqu+ >6( ib qgjgkmskw*mlhe kmslh bgsjq gd Hxsivh msh unhshqxku ib jhslhsq mde ma}xgqgugidq .HMSUI hu mk$+ 3668'$ Gd @mvmd+ unhsh gq md gdrhsqhevmuuhsd0 hdusw qgph gq kmslhs+ cxu unh dxjchs ib qumsu*xvq mde bmqu*lsi|gdl bgsjq gq ki|.Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid+ 36=6a'$ Id unh iunhs nmde+ Axddgdlnmj .36==' vsirgehq hrgehdahunmu idh ib unh jiqu shjmsomckh anmdlhq exsgdl unh hdugsh haidijga mde hduhsvsgqh shbisjq ibAngdm qgdah =7 nmq chhd unh smvge lsi|un ib QJHq |ngan nmq esmjmugamkkw mkuhshe unhqusxauxsh mde ewdmjgaq ib unh Angdhqh haidijw$

Id mrhsmlh+ exsgdl unh vhsgie 366=*3662+ =$> jgkkgid dh| hduhsvsgqhq |hsh hqumckgqnhe hrhsw

whms gd unh HX+ aisshqvidegdl ui 7$$1 ( ib unhhduhsvsgqh quiao .Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid+ 36=6a'$ Maaisegdl ui unh mdmkwqgq maaijvmdwgdl unhHXq Qjmkk Cxqgdhqq Mau .Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid+ 366>m'+ hdusw smuhq msh qgjgkms masiqq unhHX mde unh XQ$ Ni|hrhs+ maaisegdl ui Agdahsm mde Lmklmd .3668' unh dh| bgsj hdusw mvvhmsqui ch hmqghs gd unh XQ+ mde h~gu smuhq cw gdaxjchduq msh ki|hs+ lgrgdl qxaahqqbxk QJHq khqqsiij ui lsi|$ Ungq aidbgsjq unmu unh esm|cmao gq diu exh ui md mcqhdah ib qjmkk bgsjq unmuqumw qjmkk mde aidquguxuh unh rmqu jm`isguw+ cxu unh qxsrgrgdl bgsjq gdqxbbgaghdu mcgkguw ui lsi|.IJmnidw mde Rmd Mso+ 3661? Ainhd mde Kishdpg+ 3668'$ Maaisegdl ui unh HA .366


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' jxan ib unh hjvkiwjhdu lsi|un mjidl QJHq irhs unh vmquehameh nmq chhd egqvsivisugidmuhkw aidahdusmuhe gd unh odi|khelh gduhdqgrh qhsrgahgdexqusghq$ Gd IHAE aixdusghq+ QJHq msh shqvidqgckh bis chu|hhd 26(*$ Id unh iunhs nmde+ kmslh qamkh hduhsvsgqhq ixuvhsbisj QJH gd kmcixs vsiexaugrguwgdashmqhq .Cmkohdnik+ 36=='$

Nmkug|mdlhs hu mk$ .36=6' aidbgsjhe unmu unh dhu lsi|un smuhq uhde ui ch nglnhs bis qjmkkhscxqgdhqqhq gd unh XQ$ Jish gjvisumdukw+ idah unhw aidusikkhe bis bgsj mlh+ unhw bixde unmu unhdhlmugrh shkmugidqngv chu|hhd bgsj qgph mde dhu lsi|un egqmvvhmsq0 g$h$0 wixdl bgsjq lsi|jish smvgekw unmd unhgs jmuxsh aixduhsvmsuq$ Ungq quxew bgdegdlq mkqi nglnkglnu unh bikki|gdl0 g'cxqgdhqq qumsu*xvq nmrh md gjvisumdu sikh gd ìc ashmugid ewdmjgaq .qjmkk qnmsh ib unh ìcashmugid quiao+ cxu kmslh shkmugrh qnmsh ui unh dhu ìc ashmugid bki| 3$3( vhs whms'? gg' wixdlbgsjq h~ngcgu ngln smuhq ib lsiqq ìc ashmugid mde ehqusxaugid .mbuhs bgrh whmsq mcixu 56( ib unhìcq gdgugmkkw ashmuhe nmrh chhd hkgjgdmuhe exh ui bgsj h~gu'? ggg' kmslh mde jmuxsh cxqgdhqqhqmaaixdu bis m kmslh bsmaugid ib uiumk hjvkiwjhdu+ mq |hkk mq ib ìc ashmugid mde ehqusxaugid$8

Gd m shahdu HA)@SA*GVUQ \isoqniv .36=6h'+ Es Nkpk gdusiexahe unh shqxku ib ngqgdrhquglmugidq2 |ngan mdmkwqhe unh anmsmauhsgqugaq ib bmqu*lsi|gdl bgsjq .bgsjq |gun md mddxmklsi|un ib 436( irhs m vhsgie ib 1 whmsq' mde unhgs sikh gd ashmugdl hjvkiwjhdu$ Nh vsirheunmu Hxsivh nmq khqq dh| ngln*uhandikilw bgsjqmde ki|hs bgsj ewdmjgaq .viqu*hdusw lsi|un'$Qxan shqhmsan qni|he unmu bmqu lsi|gdl bgsjq msh smsh gd Hxsivh g$h$ unhgs qnmsh gq nmsekwjish unmd 8( ib mkk qxsrgrgdl bgsjq |gun jish unmd uhd whmsq mde uhdegdl ui ch ib uhjvismswqumuxq+ cxu unhgs aidusgcxugid ui ìc ashmugid gq gjvisumdu$ Qxan bgsjq msh qjmkk .cxu diu irhs*vsivisugidmkkw'+ msh diu dhahqqmsgkw wixdl .cxu irhs*vsivisugidmkkw wixdl bgsjq'+ mde h~vshqqjmsohu ewdmjgqj .gd bmau+ unh gdexqusw qnmsh ib ngln lsi|un bgsjq gq aisshkmuhe |gun unhgdexqusw qnmsh ib bmqu ehakgdgdl bgsjq'$ Mq bms mq unh qhauismk aijviqgugid gq aidahsdhe+ m kmslhsqnmsh ib uniqh bgsjq hjhslhe gd shmk hqumuh+ cxqgdhqq qhsrgahq mde usmdqvisu+ quismlh mdeaijjxdgamugidq+ mde qxsvsgqgdlkw .vsicmckw exh ui unh ehshlxkmugid gd unhqh dhu|iso xugkguwqhsrgah qhauisq' gd hkhausgaguw+ lmq+ mde |muhs qxvvkw$ Unh emum qni| qgldgbgamdu aixduswegbbhshdahq mjidl unh jiqu mermdahe HX Jhjchs Qumuhq$

3$1 Bgsjq ehjilsmvngaq mde S"EQjmkkhs mde wixdl HX bgsjq msh khqq shvshqhduhe mjidl khmegdl gddirmuisq unmd qgjgkms bgsjqgd aijvhugdl haidijghq$ S"E gq m shkhrmdu esgrhs bis lsi|un idkw bis m vmsugaxkms uwvh ib QJH$

Unh kguhsmuxsh aidahsdgdl unh gjvmau ib bgsj qgph id gddirmugid maugrguw shvisuq jg~he hrgehdah$Quxeghq id unh qxc`hau nmrh vsirgehe qxvvisu ui Qanxjvhuhsgmd nwviunhqgq .Qanxjvhuhs+=753' ib m jish unmd vsivisugidmuh hbbhau ib bgsj qgph id gddirmugrh maugrguw$ Ungq gq unh amqh+bis h~mjvkh+ ib Vmlmdi mde Qangrmseg .366=' |ni qni| unmu m kmslhs mrhsmlh bgsj qgph gqmqqiagmuhe |gun bmquhs gddirmugid smuhq |gungd Hxsivh$ Id unh aidusmsw+ iunhs quxeghq .h$l$ Maqmde Mxeshuqan+ =7>


8/28


>

vhsbisjhe cw QJHq gd unh HX .11$5(>' gq qxcqumdugmkkw nglnhs unmd gd unh XQ .=8('7$Ni|hrhs+ |nhd |h aijvmsh unh mcqikxuh mjixduq ib S"E gdrhquhe cw QJHq gd unh HX mdeunh XQ+ bglxshq qni| md gjjhdqh egbbhshdah gd bmrixs ib unh XQ lsixv0 unhw gdrhqu msixde ugjhq jish .Jxkexs+ 366='$ Lgrhd unmu gdegrgexmkkw mde qhauis*cw*qhauis unh mrhsmlh S"Egduhdqguw ib HX QJHq gq aijvmsmckh |gun unmu ib unhgs XQ aixduhsvmsuq+ unh isglgd ib ungq lmvaijhq bsij m egbbhshdah gd unh qhauismk aijviqgugid ib unh QJHq vivxkmugidq0 shkmugrhkw bh|hsHX QJHq msh bixde gd ngln*S"E gduhdqguw qhauisq aijvmshe ui unh XQ .HxsivhmdAijjgqqgid+ 366


9/28


7

Kmslh qgph hduhsvsgqhq .KQHq'+ |ngan aih~gqu |gun QJHq gd unhqh qhauisq+ chdhbgu egshaukw isgdegshaukw bsij unh gddirmugrh ixuvxu ib qxan QJHq$

Irhsmkk+ unh mrmgkmckh hrgehdah aidbgsjq unmu unh XQ gq jish mckh ui shdh| guq ehjilsmvnga ibS"E*maugrh aijvmdghq unmd unh HX$ Gd meegugid ui unh kguhsmuxsh mde mdmkwqgq mkshmew

jhdugidhe+ m shahdu mdmkwqgq cw Agdahsm mde Rhxlhkhsq .36=6'

+ qni|q unmu0 m' mjidl unhkhmegdl S"E gdrhquisq .uiv S"E aisvismuh gdrhquisq vshqhdu gd unh HX gdexqusgmk S"EQaishcimse smdogdl'+ jish unmd nmkb .83(' ib unhj msh wixdl hduhsvsgqhq .g$h$ hqumckgqnhembuhs =7


10/28


=6

vsirgehe cw Js Vghusilsmdeh mu unh HA+ @SA*GVUQ \isoqniv+ 36=6h'$Md h~uhdehe shahdukguhsmuxsh shrgh| qxvvisuq unh mcirh jhdugidhe ehuhsjgdgdl bmauisq bis cxqgdhqq ewdmjgaq.h$l$ Aissmei+ Nxkuhd mde Qganhk+ 3668? Qmdumshkkg mde Rgrmshkkg+ 366


11/28


==

Aime mde Nkpk .36=6' aidakxeh m shrgh| msugakh cw qmwgdl unmu unh kguhsmuxsh qni|q unmu ngln*lsi|un bgsjq msh unh ahdusmk esgrhsq ib `ic ashmugid gd unh haidijw cxu unmu unhqh bgsjq mshdhgunhs akxquhshe gd ngln uhandikilw qhauisq dis msh unhqh bgsjq dhahqqmsgkw wixdl mde qjmkk$Unh hrgehdah id unh ehuhsjgdmduq ib bgsj lsi|un aidbgsjq unmu bgsj lsi|un gq egbbgaxku uivshegau$

Gd meegugid+ gu qnixke ch vigduhe ixu unmu unh QJHq bxuxsh sikh id unh irhsmkk haidijw |gkk mkqiehvhde id ni| lkicmkgqmugid mbbhauq qgph qusxauxsh? unhsh msh bmauisq |isogdl gd ciun viqgugrhmde dhlmugrh egshaugidq .Jidamem*Vmuhsd*Amquhkki hu mk$+ 36=='$

Mkk unh hrgehdah vshqhduhe gd ungq qhaugid id unh ewdmjgaq ib gdexqusgmk qusxauxshq mdegddirmugrh aijvmdw lsi|un gdegamuhq unmu unh HX qni|q unh bikki|gdl+ aijvmshe ui jmgdaijvhugdl haidijghq .diumckw unh XQ'0

M bmgskw qumuga haidijga qusxauxsh unmu nmq nmsekw anmdlhe exsgdl shahdu ehamehq$

M ki| khrhk ib qvhagmkgqmugid gd ngln odi|khelh*gduhdqh qhauisq+ mde m ngln khrhk ibqvhagmkgqmugid gd jhegxj odi|khelh*gduhdqh qhauisq$

M ki|hs bgsjq viqu*hdusw lsi|un+ mde gd lhdhsmk m shexahe mcgkguw ib bgsjq ui lsi| chwideahsumgd qgph unshqnikeq

M kgjguhe dxjchs ib wixdl bgsjq+ mde ib dh| kmslh bgsjq$

M nglnhs qnmsh ib mcqikxuh S"E h~vhdeguxshq vshbisjhe cw QJHq+ cxu gd mrhsmlh unh HXQJHq msh bms khqq S"E gduhdqgrh mq unhw uhde ui hdlmlh gd khqq S"E gduhdqgrh qhauisq.jhegxj* mde ki|*uhan'$

M cxqgdhqq ewdmjgqj |ngan gq diu dhahqqmsgkw ehuhsjgdhe cw unh khrhk ib shqhmsan mdegddirmugid .S"G'+ cxu ibuhd ehuhsjgdhe cw haidijga bmauisq rmswgdl masiqq hdushvshdhxsgmkmde jmsohu hdrgsidjhduq$

Qxan bgdegdlq kmslhkw qxvvisu unh smugidmkh ib vikgaw gduhsrhdugidq ui vsijiuh unh lsi|un ib

gddirmugrh aijvmdghq gd Hxsivh+ cxu jmogdl gu akhms unmu0* Unh biaxq ib gddirmugrh aijvmdghq qnixke ch csime hdixln ui umoh gdui maaixdu jish

bmauisq unmd `xqu S"E .|ngan gq idh ehuhsjgdmdu mjidl iunhs bmauisq h~vkmgdgdl lsi|un'+gd vmsugaxkms bis jhegxj* mde ki|*uhan qhauisq+ ui unh qvnhsh ib iunhs gddirmugid bmauisqmde ui bsmjh|iso aidegugidq .uhandikilgamk+ haidijga mde shlxkmuisw'$

* Qumsu*xvq mde wixdl bgsjq lsi| jish smvgekw unmd unhgs jmuxsh aixduhsvmsuq+ mde unmubmqu lsi|un gq kgjguhe gd ugjh gd jmdw amqhq$ Id unh iunhs nmde+ qjmkk mde wixdl bgsjq mshdiu dhahqqmsgkw jish gddirmugrh unmd kmslh hqumckgqnhe aijvmdghq$ Bxsunhsjish+aijvmdw lsi|un ehvhdeq id aijvmdw qusmuhlw mde hdushvshdhxs amvmaguw mde limkq+chmsgdl gd jgde unmu unhsh gq m jiehk .ivugjmk' aijvmdw qgph gd jmdw qhauisq$

* Unh xkugjmuh rgmckh vikgaw ic`haugrh ui shman qnixke diu mk|mwq ch bis QJHq ui lsi|

gdui kmslh aijvmdghq+ cxu smunhs ui hdqxsh m qxbbgaghdu dxjchs ib nglnkw*gddirmugrh+ewdmjga=1 mde aijvhugugrh aijvmdghq .|nmuhrhs unh qgph' gd ohw qhauisq$

* Md mvvsivsgmuh vikgaw jg~ dhheq ui mkqi umoh gdui maaixdu m umslhuhe mvvsiman+ |ngangq egbbhshdu ehvhdegdl id unh mlh+ qgph+ qhauis+ aijvmdw anmsmauhsgqugaq$ Gu jxqu mkqiehvhde id unh aixduswq uhandikilgamk mde haidijga viqgugid$

Unh dh~u qhaugid mdmkwqhq unh vikgaw gjvkgamugidq bsij ungq hjvgsgamk hrgehdah bis unh ehqgldmde mvvkgamugid ib qvhagbga jhmqxshq mgjgdl mu qxvvisugdl unh gddirmugrh aijvmdw lsi|un gdHxsivh$

=1 Gu shbhsq ui unhgs mcgkguw ui lsi| cxu mkqi ui qngbu unhgs uhandikilw cmqh mde vsiexau mde qhsrgah)qhauis ib

maugrgughq$ Unh ic`haugrh mkqi gdakxehq m kmslh qnmsh ib QJHq+ |ngan msh mckh ui qxsrgrh mde chaijh nglnkw

aijvhugugrh$


12/28


=3

1 Gjvkgamugid bis vikgaghq0 M amqh bis dh|

umslhuhe jhmqxshqMq maodi|khelhe gd unh dh| shqhmsan mde gddirmugid mlhdem .Gddirmugid Xdgid bkmlqngv' mdeunh dh| gdexqusgmk vikgaw mlhdem bis m lkicmkgqhe haidijw .Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid+ 36=6l'+unhsh gq md xslhdu dhhe ui hqumckgqn kidl*uhsj cxqgdhqq qhauis vikgaghq gd Hxsivh+ meeshqqgdlbsmjh|iso aidegugid gjvsirhjhduq unmu msh aidexagrh ib odi|khelh ashmugid+ usmdqbhs mdeegbbxqgid$ Unhqh vikgaghq=5 msh asxagmk ui vsijiuh nglnhs khrhkq ib cxqgdhqq S"E gdrhqujhduqmde gjvsirh aijvmdghq gddirmugid vhsbisjmdah+ mde ui xkugjmuhkw aidusgcxuh ui gjvsirgdl unhirhsmkk vhsbisjmdah ib unh Hxsivhmd haidijw$

Unh smegamk gjvsirhjhdu ib unh bsmjh|iso aidegugidq+ gd bmau+ gq vsicmckw unh jiqu gjvisumduqusmuhlga vikgaw xdehsumogdl ui qxvvisu unh lsi|un ib gddirmugrh bgsjq |nhsh unhsh msh jmsohu

is qwquhj bmgkxshq mde mu unh qmjh ugjh akhms ngln qiagmk shuxsdq$ Unh jmgd uivgaq ibbsmjh|iso aidegugidq gehdugbghe mq jhsgugdl m vsgisguw muuhdugid cw vikgaw*jmohsq msh m' qogkkqxvlsmegdl+ c' aijjid mde chuuhs maahqq ui jmsohuq+ mde odi|khelh qxvvkghsq mde xqhsq+ a'maahqq ui bgdmdagmk amvgumk+ mde e' hdushvshdhxsgmk gddirmugid axkuxsh mde haidijw$ Unhqhuivgaq msh egqaxqqhe gd unh Mddh~ .Ci~ 5'$

Mkunixln shaildgqgdl unmu unh bsmjh|iso aidegugidq vkmwq m vgriumk sikh id bgsjq lsi|un+ ungqanmvuhs jmgdkw egqaxqqhq unh ivvisuxdguw+ biaxq mde viqqgckh dh| jhmdq bis umslhuhe vikgaw gdqxvvisu ib bgsj lsi|un mde aijvhugugrhdhqq unixln gddirmugid mq idh gjvisumdu qusmde ib unhvikgaw jg~$

1$= \nmuq unh smugidmkh bis umslhuhe vikgaw gduhsrhdugidq9Mq gq mjvkw qxvvisuhe cw unh kguhsmuxsh+ diu mkk bgsj uwvhq bmah qgjgkms jmsohu gjvhsbhaugidq mqunhgs qvhagbgagughq gd qgphq+ gd mlh+ mq |hkk mq gd qhauisq mde aixdusghq |nhsh unhw ivhsmuh+ egbbhs}xguh qxcqumdugmkkw$ Gu gq unhshbish gdhbbgaghdu ui idkw meeshqq |gun m lhdhsmk vxsviqh vikgaw unhjmsohu gjvhsbhaugidq hdaixduhshe cw aijvmdghq |ngan mgj ui lsi| mde ch jish aijvhugugrh$Dis gq gu mk|mwq akhms ui |nmu h~uhdu vxckga gduhsrhdugid qnixke umslhu qvhagbga qhauisq+uhandikilghq+ is bgsj qgph mde mlh |nhd ehqgldgdl S"E mde gddirmugid qxvvisu gdqusxjhduq$Didhunhkhqq+ |h msh aidrgdahe unmu vikgaghq |ngan meeshqq vmsugaxkms qhauisq mde qxclsixvqib aijvmdghq msh `xqugbghe? vmsugaxkmskw uniqh |ngan umaokh jm`is qiaghumk anmkkhdlhq .h$l$ mlgdlqiaghuw+ akgjmuh anmdlh+ hdhslw qxvvkw+ qmbhuw mde qhaxsguw' mde idkw |nhd unhsh msh shkhrmdujmsohu)qwquhj bmgkxshq .h$l$ egbbgaxku maahqq ui amvgumk+ odi|khelh mde gdbsmqusxauxshq'+ mdeviqqgckw gduhsrhdh idkw bis m kgjguhe vhsgie ib ugjh$ Gd mdw amqh+ umslhugdl qvhagbga qhauisq gqmk|mwq egbbgaxku exh ui unh xdahsumgdughq ib h~ mduh anigahq+ mde qvhagbga aijvmdw qhkhaugidqnixke mrige vgaogdl*xv |gddhsq .Am|khw mde Nkpk? mu unh Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid)@SA*GVUQ\isoqniv+ 36=6h'$

1$3 \ngan aijvmdghq qnixke ch qxvvisuhe9Mq unh hrgehdah qxvvisuq+ diu mkk qjmkk bgsjq qnixke ch nhkvhe chamxqh ib unhgs qgph .h$l$biaxq id QJHq idkw' mde qxvvisugdl S"E maugrgughq |gkk diu mk|mwq nhkv unhj lsi| jish isbmquhs$ Maaisegdl ui shahdu kguhsmuxsh .Jhpm mde Uijcmo+ 3667? Jmuqxjxsm mde Jmuqxqngjm+36=6' nhkvgdl unh qjmkk gdhbbgaghdu bgsjq shexahq qiagmk |hkbmsh+ mde unhshbish+ aidqxjhsqxsvkxq$ Gd hbbhau+ maaisegdl ui unhqh shahdu quxeghq+ qjmkk bgsjq qhhj ui nmrh unhgs i|d

=5 Mq md h~mjvkh+ unh hqumckgqnjhdu ib unh Hxsivh,q Qjmkk Cxqgdhqq Mau gd 366> .Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid+ 366>m'

gq idh gjvisumdu jgkhquidh gd ungq mshm$ Gu mgjq mu unh gjvsirhjhdu ib unh irhsmkk mvvsiman ui hdushvshdhxsqngv

ui vsijiuh QJHq, lsi|un cw nhkvgdl unhj umaokh unh vsickhjq |ngan nmjvhs unhgs ehrhkivjhdu$


13/28


=1

qusmuhlga gdahdugrh ui gdrhqu gd S"E chamxqh+ ehqvguh unh jish jiehsmuhe haidijghq ib qamkhgd S"E maugrgughq+ gu amxqhq nglnhs shuxsdq .g$h$ vsibguq' gd jish hbbgaghdu qjmkk bgsjq unmd gd kmslhhbbgaghdu bgsjq$

Gd meegugid+ |h nmrh qhhd unmu S"E gq m shkhrmdu lsi|un esgrhs idkw bis vmsugaxkms uwvhq ib

QJHqmde gd vmsugaxkms qhauisq mde haidijga hdrgsidjhduq$ Bis h~mjvkh+ vsgrmuh*qhauis S"Egdrhqujhdu gq jiqu hbbhaugrh gd smgqgdl vsiexaugrguw gd qhauisq |nhsh S"E gduhdqguw gq ngln mdegd kmslh S"E bgsjq+ |nhshmq uhandikilgamk anmdlh hjcieghe gd unh vnwqgamk amvgumk quiao gqasxagmk bis vsiexaugrguw gdashmqhq gd ki|*uhan mde qhsrgahq qhauisq$=8 Unhqh shqxkuq+ khme ui unhaidakxqgid unmu unhsh aixke ch qijh S"E gdrhqujhdu qusmuhlghq mde vikgaghq unmu msh jishhbbhaugrh unmd iunhsq mq bis h~mjvkh m egbbhshdugmuhe S"E vikgaw mvvsiman cw maugrguw qhauismaaisegdl ui unhgs S"E gduhdqguw+ bgsj qgph mde cxqgdhqq vnmqh .Jidamem*Vmuhsd*Amquhkki+36=6m'$

Vsijiugdl S"E gdrhqujhduq mde aijvmdw ewdmjgaq .ashmugid mde lsi|un' gd dh| ngln*gddirmugrh)ngln*uhan qhauisq gq gjvisumdu ui ciiqu haidijw*|geh hjvkiwjhdu mde lsi|un cxudiu hdixln$ Mq unh hrgehdah vshqhduhe gd Qhaugid = qni|q+ kmslh aijvmdghq mde QJHq

ivhsmugdl gd jhegxj* is ki|*uhan qhauisq nmrh m lshmu gddirmugid viuhdugmk+ jmgdkw unsixln unhmcqisvugid ib dh| uhandikilw mde unsixln unh ashmugid mde egqqhjgdmugid ib did*uhandikilgamkgddirmugid$ Unhshbish+ vikgaghq qnixke qusgoh unh sglnu cmkmdah chu|hhd unh dhhe ui qngbugdexqusgmk qusxauxshq ui|mseq dh| mde ngln uhandikilgamk qhauisq mde unh dhhe ui jiehsdgqhjmuxsh mde usmegugidmk qhauisq$

Mq m jmuuhs ib bmau+ m dh| umslhuhe qxvvisu vikgaw mu bgsj khrhk bis gddirmugrh aijvmdghq mgjgdlmu jmogdl unhj lsi| qnixke aidqgehs mkk uilhunhs bmauisq qxan mq0 unh mlh .diu dhahqqmsgkwidkw unh wixdlhqu hduhsvsgqhq-'+ unh qgph .diu mk|mwq unh qjmkkhqu-'+ unh gdrikrhe sgqoq mdeviuhdugmk bis unhgs gddirmugrh mde aijjhsagmk maugrgughq+ unhgs cxqgdhqq awakh mde vnmqh+ unhaixdusw)uhandi*haidijga hdrgsidjhdu+ mde unhgs gduhsdmugidmkgqmugid viuhdugmk$ Umogdlgdqvgsmugid bsij unh ehbgdgugid ib wixdl gddirmugrh hduhsvsgqhq gd unh HX Qumuh Mge Sxkhq.Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid+ 3662c'+ m qisu ib jxkug*asguhsgm gehdugbgamugid gdeh~=2 aixke chaidqgehshe cw vikgaw jmohsq ui qviu lsixvq ib aijvmdghq |ngan dhhe qxvvisu ui lsi| .unhrmkxhq ib bmauisq ehuhsjgdgdl unh gdeh~ aixke ch memvuhe maaisegdl ui unh vikgaw ic`haugrhq ibunh lgrhd aixdusw)shlgid'$ Gu |ixke ch cmqhe id unh bikki|gdl aijcgdhe asguhsgm0

* Qgph$ Gd lhdhsmk+lsi|un smuhq uhde ui ch nglnhs bis qjmkkhs bgsjq$

* Mlh$Mq qhhd+ mlh qhhjq ui jmuuhs mq m bmauis ui h~vkmgd gddirmugid mde lsi|un$

* Gddirmugrhdhqq$ Gu qnixke ch jhmqxshe diu `xqu gd uhsjq ib S"E gduhdqguw khrhk .aijvmsheui qhauis mrhsmlh' bis m dxjchs ib whmsq+ cxu mkqi gd uhsjq ib unh aijvmdghq mcgkguw uikmxdan dh| is qxcqumdugmkkw gjvsirhe vsiexauq id unh jmsohu$=

Mq qhhd+ bis h~mjvkh+ gdrhqujhdu gd vnwqgamk amvgumk quiao shqxkuq gd nglnhs vsiexaugrguw shuxsdq gd ki|*uhan mde

qhsrgah qhauisq unmd S"E gdrhqujhdu? |ngkh S"E gdrhqujhdu shqxkuq gd nglnhs vsiexaugrguw shuxsdq gd ngln*uhanqhauisq .Isuhlm*Mslgkhq hu mk$+3667'$=7

Bis h~mjvkh+ mq jhdugidhe chbish+ S"E gdrhqujhdu qxvvisu gd dh|cisd Dh| uhandikilw*Cmqhe Bgsjq .DUCB'

gq diu mq asgugamk mq gu gq gd hqumckgqnhe QJHq ui ch mckh ui lsi| bmqu .Qumj mde \hddchsl+ 3667'$


14/28


=5

* Aixdusw,q uhandi*haidijga anmsmauhsgqugaq$ Bis h~mjvkh+ vxckga qxvvisu ui gddirmugidid QJHq hqumckgqnhe)ivhsmugdl gd ehrhkivhe aixdusghq unmu msh mu unh uhandikilgamk bsidughsis nmrh md mvvshagmckh S"G qvhagmkgqmugid)cmqgq qnixke ch nmdekhe egbbhshdukw ui ehrhkivgdlhaidijghq unmu msh qugkk bms bsij unh uhandikilgamk bsidughs is ei diu chdhbgu bsij m qixdeS"G qvhagmkgqmugid)cmqgq36$

* Gduhsdmugidmkgqmugid .mauxmk)viuhdugmk'$ Bis h~mjvkh+ hrgehdah qxllhquq unmugduhsdmugidmkgqmugid qusmuhlghq mvvhms ui nmrh m egshau hbbhau id QJH lsi|un+ qxsrgrmk mdeaijvhugugrhdhqq3= .Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid+ 36=6b'$

Gd qxj+ gu gq mslxhe unmu m shdh|he+ egbbhshdugmuhe HX S"G vikgaw |ixke dhhe diu idkw biaxq idwixdl gddirmugrh mde bmqu*lsi|gdl bgsjq ivhsmugdl gd ngln*uhan qhauisq cxu mkqi airhs ngln*lsi|un aijvmdghq viuhdugmk+ ivhsmugdl gd khqq S"E gduhdqgrh qhauisq |gun vhsqvhaugrhq uichaijh mde qumw kmslh hduhsvsgqhq gd m qnisu* is jhegxj*uhsj unmdoq ui gddirmugid$ Unh xqh33ib qxan egbbhshdugmugid mvvsiman qnixke ch meh}xmuhkw amkgcsmuhe+ vshrgixqkw uhquhe mdehbbgaghdukw jmdmlhe ui mrige mdw viqqgckh esm|cmaoq$

1$1 Ni| qnixke unhqh aijvmdghq ch nhkvhe9Gd isehs ui umaokh egbbhshdu lsixvq ib gddirmugrh aijvmdghq+ mq ehqasgche mcirh+ gu jmw chmergqmckh ui xdehsumoh m vikgaw |ngan aijcgdhq jhmqxshq bis qugjxkmugdl aisvismuh S"Ggdrhqujhdu gd jhegxj* mde ngln*uhan qhauisq+ |ngkh gjvkhjhdugdl gdahdugrh qanhjhq uishgdbisah unh amvmaguw mcqisvugid ib guq shqxkuq gd ki|*uhan qhauisq+ mde qxvvisugdl bgsjbisjmugid mde lsi|un$ Gd eigdl qi+ jhmqxshq bmrixsgdl md hbbgaghdu jmsohu bis uhandikilghqmde hmqghs maahqq ui umgkishe bgdmdagmk shqixsahq mde gduhsdmugidmkgqmugid maugrgughq qnixke chaidqgehshe$

Vikgaw jhmqxshq ui qugjxkmuh aisvismuh S"E mde gddirmugid maugrgughq gd unhqh u|iegbbhshdugmuhe lsixvq ib aijvmdghq |ixke ch umgkishe maaisegdl ui unh bikki|gdl kgdhq+ bish~mjvkh0

* Qxvvisu bis ngln S"E*gduhdqgrh qhauisq+ |ixke gjvkw jhmqxshq qxan mq uhjvismsw um~gdahdugrhq+ biquhsgdl vmsugagvmugid ui vxckga S"E qxvvisu vsilsmjjhq mde qhuugdl xvgduhsdmugidmk aiivhsmugid mlshhjhduq$* Qxvvisu bis ki| S"E*gduhdqgrh qhauisq |ixke gdakxeh jhmqxshq mgjgdl mu qugjxkmugdl amvgumkgdrhqujhdu gd gddirmugid cw ibbhsgdl aijvmdghq chuuhs mde jish umslhuhe bgdmdagmk jhmqxshq+gdakxegdl qugjxkmugdl cmdo gdrhqujhduq+ gd`haugid ib vxckga bxdeq gd sgqo amvgumk bisjmugid+ mdemkuhsdmugrh quiao jmsohuq .Jidamem*Vmuhsd*Amquhkki+ 36=6'$

Gd meegugid+ umslhuhe qxvvisu ui gddirmugrh aijvmdw lsi|un unsixln shqhmsan mde gddirmugidqnmkk gdakxeh jhmqxshq unmu bmrixs0

36Shqhmsan gdegamuhq+ gd bmau+ unmu kmslh h~visugdl bgsjq msh uwvgamkkw unh vsgjmsw jhanmdgqj unsixln |ngan

uhandikilghq msh memvuhe bsij mcsime ui kiamk agsaxjqumdahq gd ehrhkivgdl aixdusghq$ Unxq+ bsij m ehrhkivgdl

haidijw vhsqvhaugrh+ unh bgsj*khrhk hrgehdah eihq diu bmrixs QJHq qxcqgegqmugid mq m jhanmdgqj bis ciiqugdl

qnisu*uhsj gddirmugid mde vsiexaugrguw lsi|un .Siqq+ 3668'$ Id unh iunhs nmde+ Qmxckhdq mde \mkcxsd .3667'

qxllhqu unmu vikgaw gduhsrhdugidq qnixke mkshmew ch gd qxaahqqbxk shlgidq gb unh ic`haugrh gq ui ciiqu qjmkk

cxqgdhqq vhsbisjmdah gd mllshlmuh$3=

Gduhsdmugidmk QJHq ashmuh jish `icq0 Gduhsdmugidmkkw*maugrh QJHq shvisu md hjvkiwjhdu lsi|un ib ($ Ni|hrhs+ vxckga qxvvisu lihq kmslhkw xddiugahe0 idkw =2( ib QJHq

msh m|msh ib vxckga qxvvisu vsilsmjjhq bis gduhsdmugidmkgqmugid mde idkw m qjmkk dxjchs ib QJHq xqh vxckgaqxvvisu$

33 Bis h~mjvkh+ unh gehdugbgamugid gdeh~ amd bgsqu ch amkgcsmuhe maaisegdl ui unh vikgaw jhmqxsh ic`haugrh gd m

lgrhd shlgid+ mde unhd xqhe ui gehdugbw lsixv.q' ib aijvmdghq unmu msh amdegemuhq ui ch vikgaw gduhsrhdugid

chdhbgagmsghq$


15/28


=8

* Maugrguw gduhsdmugidmkgqmugid+ hqvhagmkkw gd QJHq .h$l$ cw vsirgegdl bgdmdagmk gdahdugrhq mdemge+ qxan mq lsmduq bis aijjhsagmkgqgdl vsiexauq+ mq |hkk mq bgdmdagmk mde gdqxsmdah qxvvisu+mde h~visu aidqisugm qxvvisu'$* Akxquhs ehrhkivjhdu+ .h$l$ qxvvisu jhanmdgqj bis QJHq+ bmrixsgdl odi|khelh usmdqbhsvmsudhsqngvq mq m vsgjmsw jhunie ib gjvsirgdl QJH akxquhs hbbhaugrhdhqq'$* Gduhkkhauxmk vsivhsuw vsiuhaugid .h$l$ ki|hsgdl GV aiquq'$* Gddirmugid jmdmlhjhdu gjvsirhjhdu .h$l$ usmgdgdl'$

Vmsugagvmduq mu unh HA)@SA*GVUQ \isoqniv qxllhquhe iunhs qvhagbga vikgaw h~mjvkhq ui biquhsgddirmugrh QJH lsi|un .36=6h'0* Hqumckgqn m vmd*Hxsivhmd Rhduxsh Amvgumk bxde bis gddirmugrh QJHq gd qhauisq shkhrmdu uiunh HX Lsmde Anmkkhdlhq$* Xslhdukw gjvkhjhdu unh shaijjhdemugidq gqqxhe bsij unh shahdu shrgqgid ib unh Sgqo QnmsgdlBgdmdagmk Bmagkguw bis gddirmugrh QJHq$* Hqumckgqn umslhuhe gdqusxjhduq+ qxan mq Qjmkk Cxqgdhqq Gddirmugid Shqhmsan .QCGS' uwvhqxvvisu vsilsmjjhq mu HX khrhk+ mde mkqi biaxq dh| HX*umslhuhe gdqusxjhduq id unh xqh ibvxckga vsiaxshjhdu mq khrhsmlh ib QJH gddirmugid$

* Bxkkw h~vkigu unh viqqgcgkgughq ibbhshe cw axsshdu Qumuh Mge Bsmjh|iso sxkhq bis S"E mdegddirmugid qxvvisu mde unh bxuxsh Aijjid Qusmuhlga Bsmjh|iso bis HX Shqhmsan mdeGddirmugid bxdegdl$31* Vsirgeh vsgrgkhlhe maahqq ui vxckga vsiaxshjhdu+ vxckga*vsgrmuh sgqo qnmsh ib rhduxsh amvgumkmde bgdmdagmk asheguq)ashegu lxmsmduhhq$

H~mjvkhq bis ciun QJHq mde Kmslh Qgph Hduhsvsgqhq .KQHq' lsi|un unixln shqhmsan mdegddirmugid msh0 shbisj bis bgdmdagmk ashegu maahqq+ xqgdl hkhausidga gdrigagdl+ Hxsivhmd*|gqhvsiexau mde qhsrgah qumdemseq$

Gd mdw amqh+ qxan maugidq |ixke dhhe ui ch vxqnhe `igdukw cw Jhjchs Qumuhq mde unh HX mdeunhgs vikgaw gdqusxjhduq qnixke qhho qwdhslghq mde unhgs gjvkhjhdumugid ch ai*isegdmuhe$

1$5 Dh| Vikgaw h~vhsgjhdumugid mde hrmkxmugid cmqhe id dh| emummde shkmuhe vikgaw*shkhrmdu mdmkwqhq

Shaildgqgdl unmu vsirgegdl egbbhshdugmuhe mde umslhuhe qxvvisu ui gddirmugrh aijvmdw lsi|ungq m aijvkh~ .mde qijhugjhq aidusirhsqgmk' xdehsumogdl+ bxuxsh vikgaw jhmqxshq gd ungqeijmgd qnixke ch ehqgldhe qi unmu dh| vxckga ic`haugrhq mde cxqgdhqq mvvsimanhq mshmeeshqqhe .h$l$ gduhsdmugidmkgqmugid+ ivhd gddirmugid+ jmqq axquijgqmugid'$

M jiehsd mde gddirmugrh vikgaw ehqgld gq sh}xgshe+ gd |ngan dh| vikgaw jhmqxshq msh uhquhevsgis ui chgdl kmxdanhe mde unhd qwquhjmugamkkw qxc`hau ui jidguisgdl mde hrmkxmugidjhanmdgqjq$ Unhw unhd jmw ch qxc`hau ui uhsjgdmugid+ is shkmuhe vikgaghq ch shegshauhe+ gbuhqugdl gq diu hbbgaghdu+ is gb unh jmsohe aidegugidq unmu `xqugbghe unh gduhsrhdugid anmdlh$

Bis h~mjvkh+ mq mlh qhhjq ui ch m bmauis unmu h~vkmgdq bgsj qxsrgrmk+ gddirmugid mde lsi|un+unh aidrhdghdah ib umslhugdl qvhagbga aijvmdghq mde)is qhauisq xqgdl mlh smunhs unmd qgph isciun mlh mde qgph mq md hkglgcgkguw bmauis qnixke ch hrmkxmuhe bis viqqgckh qxvvisu gdqusxjhduq+mde ch hrhduxmkkw uhquhe$ Mdiunhs h~mjvkh gq unh hkmcismugid ib vikgaghq meeshqqgdl vmsugaxkmsqxclsixvq ib aijvmdghq+ |ngan shaidagkh vshqhdu sxkhq mde disjq+ kgjgugdl unh meivugid ibqxan ogde ib vikgaghq cw Jhjchs Qumuhq$

Qijh shahdu quxeghq egqaxqq unh hbbhaugrhdhqq ib qxcqgeghq+ bis h~mjvkh+ Qandhgehs mdeRhxlhkhsq .36=6' gd Lhsjmdw qxllhqu unmu qxcqgew mkkiamugid jhanmdgqjq gd vkmah msh diumqqiagmuhe |gun unh wixdl gddirmugrh aijvmdghq chgdl shkmugrhkw nglnhs gddirmugrh vhsbisjhsq$

31

Id 7

un

Bhcsxmsw 36==+ unh Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid vshqhduhe m Lshhd Vmvhs id unh qxc`hau |ngan vsiviqhq jm`isanmdlhq ui HX shqhmsan mde gddirmugid bxdegdl$ Unh anmdlhq+ ui ch gdusiexahe gd unh dh~u HX cxelhu mbuhs

36=1+ |ixke csgdl uilhunhs unh axsshdu Bsmjh|iso Vsilsmjjh bis Shqhmsan mde Uhandikilgamk Ehrhkivjhdu+

unh Aijvhugugrhdhqq mde Gddirmugid Vsilsmjjh+ mde unh Hxsivhmd Gdquguxuh ib Gddirmugid mde Uhandikilw$


16/28


=2

Ui jidguis mde hrmkxmuh hbbhaugrhdhqq ib unh vikgaw jhmqxshq mde unh manghrhjhdu ib dh|vikgaw ic`haugrhq+ vikgaw*jmogdl qnixke shkw id meh}xmuh .dh|' emum mde mdmkwqhq$Xdbisuxdmuhkw+ emum .qumugqugamk mde qumohnikehs*cmqhe' mde emumcmqhq mu bgsj khrhk unmu bxkkwbmagkgumuh HX*khrhk jidguisgdl mde mdmkwqgq ib cxqgdhqq mde gddirmugid maugrguw mde unhgs lsi|un.h$l$ QJHq'+ umogdl gdui maaixdu unh bmauisq ehuhsjgdgdl qxan lsi|un .gdakxegdl bgsj+ qhauismde aixdusw)shlgid hbbhauq' msh rhsw qamsah+ mde msh ibuhd diu mvvsivsgmuh .qamuuhshe+gdaijvkhuh+ diu shvshqhdumugrh'$

Unhsh msh qijh gduhshqugdl dmugidmk*cmqhe h~mjvkhq mq |hkk mq asiqq*cisehs gdgugmugrhq unmushvshqhdu m liie cmqgq mde amd vsiqvhau m chuuhs bxuxsh bis emum mrmgkmcgkguw$ Unhqh gdakxeh unhHxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid+ IHAE mq |hkk mq islmdgqmugidq gd qijh Jhjchs Qumuhq .h$l$ unh XO+Gshkmde+ Q|hehd+ Qvmgd+ Unh Dhunhskmdeq+ Mxqusgm mde Lhsjmdw'$ Nivhbxkkw+ unh xslhdaw uijidguis qxan shkhrmdu vnhdijhdm bis unh HX haidijwq aijvhugugrhdhqq mde lsi|un |gkkshqxku gd hbbgaghdu xdehsumogdl mde bsxgubxk aiisegdmugid chu|hhd unh gduhshquhe vmsughq$

Bsij unh mcirh+ mdmkwqhq shkhrmdu bis vikgaw jmohsq qnixke diu idkw meeshqq wixdl mde bmqu*lsi|gdl .gddirmugrh' bgsjq gd ngln*uhan qhauisq$ Bxuxsh hrgehdah lmunhsgdl .mu bgsj khrhk'+

shqhmsan mde mdmkwqgq qnixke mkqi biaxq id gqqxhq kgoh unh bikki|gdl0m' Aijvmdghq mcgkguw ui mcqisc dh| uhandikilghq .gdakxegdl GAUq' mq md gjvisumdu gddirmugidmde lsi|un bmauis+ vmsugaxkmskw bis ki| S"E*gduhdqgrh qhauisq mde bis qjmkkhs aijvmdghq$

c' Wixdl is ike jhegxj*qgphe bgsjq lsi|un .h$l$ 8(*=6( lsi|un exsgdl unh kmqu 8*=6 whmsq'+ui qhh gb unhw nmrh m smvge .hqvhagmkkw bis wixdl QJHq' is aidqumdu mde qxqumgdhe .bis ikehsQJHq' lsi|un mde gb gu gq kgdohe ui S"E mde)is gddirmugid maugrgughq+ mde |ngan iunhscxqgdhqq)haidijga)bgdmdagmk bmauisq jmw nmrh aidusgcxuhe ui unh icqhsrhe lsi|un chnmrgixs$Gd meegugid+ cw jidguisgdl lsi|un masiqq bgsjq .jgasi* ui jhegxj*qgphe' mde qhauisq+ qxangdrhquglmugid jmw aidusgcxuh ui ehuhau .mauxmk)viuhdugmk' dh| mde lsi|gdl bgsjq mde qhauisq$

a' Aijvmdghq mde qhauisq ehlshh ib gddirmugid aidqgehsgdl gdrhqujhduq id unh csime smdlhib gdumdlgckh mqqhuq shkmuhe ui qushdlunhdgdl mde xqgdl aijvmdghq odi|khelh amvgumk+

gdakxegdl unhgs |isohsq hexamugid mde qogkk khrhkq$Unhqh msh h~mjvkhq ib gqqxhq bis bxsunhs gdrhquglmugid unmu msh chgdl gjvkhjhduhe isaidqgehshe cw unh @SA*GVUQ$ Qxan mde iunhs shkhrmdu gqqxhq id unh qxc`hau |gkk ch vshqhduhemde egqaxqqhe cw qumohnikehsq mu unh xvaijgdl 1se Hxsivhmd Aidbhshdah id Aisvismuh S"Emde Gddirmugid .AIDAISE 36== @SA*GVUQ+ Qhrgkkh+ 2 Iauichs 36==' |ngan |gkk biaxq idunh Ewdmjgaq ib unh haidijw mde unh lsi|un gddirmugrh bgsjq gd unh HX$

Umckh = vsirgehq qijh h~mjvkhq ib vikgaw maugidq |ngan qxvvisu QJH lsi|un unsixln S"Emde gddirmugid$


17/28


=)36=6? HXS 35138 HD)>? GQCD 7*73*


20/28


36

Aime+ M$ .36=6'$ #Gdrhquglmugdl unh h~vidhdugmk mlh egqusgcxugid ib bgsjq#+ Haidijgaq * Unh Ivhd*Maahqq+ Ivhd*Mqqhqqjhdu H*@ixsdmk+ 36=6+ rik$ 5+ gqqxh =)=6 SHAN =$hd=6$veb

Axddgdlnmj+ K$^$+ .36=='$ QJHq mq jiuis ib lsi|un0 M shrgh| ib Angdm,q QJHq ehrhkivjhdu gd ungsuwwhmsq .=7366>'$ Nxjmd Qwquhj Jmdmlhjhdu@ixsdmk? Rik$ 16)=+ vv$ 17*85+ 36==*6=*6= EIG *=6$1311)NQJ*36==*6

Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid$ .36=6m'$ Unh 36=6 HX Gdexqusgmk S"E Gdrhqujhdu Qaishcimse$ @SA Qaghdugbgamde Uhandgamk Shqhmsan qhsghq @SA 2=316? HXS 358>5 HD? GQCD0 7*73*


21/28


3=

Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid .3667'$ Gddicmsijhuhs 3667 Mdmkwugamk Shvisu$ Egshauismuh Lhdhsmkq Hduhsvsgqhmde Gdexqusw mde Lhdhsmk Aijjxdgamugid$ Jmw 3667

Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid .366>m'$ Ungdo Qjmkk Bgsqu * M Qjmkk Cxqgdhqq Mau bis Hxsivh$ Aijjgqqgid Qumbb\isogdl Eiaxjhdu * AIJ.366>' 175

Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid .366>c'$ Dh| Qogkkq bis Dh| @icq Mdugagvmugdl mde jmuangdl kmcixs jmsohu mdeqogkkq dhheq$ AIJ .366>'>2>)1

Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid .366>e'$ Unh Mddxmk HX*QJH Shvisu 366>$ EL HDUS$ Csxqqhkq 366>

Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid .3662m'$ Aijjxdguw Gddirmugid Qumugqugaq$ Kx~hjcixsl+ 3662

Hxsivhmd Aijjgqqgid .3662c' Aijjxdguw bsmjh|iso bis qumuh mge bis shqhmsan mde ehrhkivjhdu mdegddirmugid+ HX Ibbgagmk @ixsdmk D$ A 131+ v$ =$ 16 Ehahjchs 3662

Hxsivhmd Aijvhugugrhdhqq Aixdagk .36=6' #Ashmugdl md gddirmugrh Hxsivh# Aidakxqgidq ib 32 Jmw36=6nuuv0))|||$aidqgkgxj$hxsivm$hx)xheiaq)ajqYEmum)eiaq)vshqqemum)hd)gduj)==5211$

Lhsnmseu+ J$ .3667'$ ,Aidqxjhs Cmdosxvuaw Shlgjhq mde Ashegu Ehbmxku gd unh XQ mde Hxsivh$ Maijvmsmugrh quxew,$ Ahdush bis Hxsivhmd Vikgaw Quxeghq .AHVQ' \isogdl Eiaxjhdu Di$ 1=>)@xkw3667

Likechsl+ G$+ Csmdquhuuhs K$+ Lieemse+ @$L$+ mde Oxsgmoiqh Q$ .366>' #Lkicmkgpmugid mde uhandikilwmcqisvugid gd Hxsivh mde Ahdusmk Mqgm0 unh sikh ib usmeh+ BEG+mde asiqq*cisehs odi|khelh bki|q$\iske Cmdo |isogdl vmvhs? di$ =86 GQCD 7*6*>3=1*1*7

Lsgbbgun S$+ Sheegdl Q$+ mde Rmd Shhdhd @$+ .3665' #Jmvvgdl unh Unh U|i Bmahq ib S"E# Shrgh| ibHaidijgaq mde Qumugqugaq+ >2 .5' vv$ >>1 * >78$

Lsgki+ G$+ mde Unxsgo S+ .366>'$ ,Ehuhsjgdmduq ib hdushvshdhxsgmk hdlmlhjhdu khrhkq gd Hxsivh mde unh

XQ#$ Gdexqusgmk mde Aisvismuh Anmdlh .366>' =< .2'0 ===1*==58$Nmkug|mdlhs+ @$ A$+ @msjgd+ S$ Q$+ Jgsmdem+ @$ .36=6'$ #\ni Ashmuhq @icq9 Qjmkk rq$ Kmslh rq$ Wixdl

DCHS \isogdl Vmvhs Di$ =2166+ Amjcsgelh+ JM+ Mxlxqu 36=6

Ngsqan*Oshgdqhd+ N$ .366>'0 #Ki|*Uhandikilw#0 M Bisliuuhd Qhauis gd Gddirmugid Vikgaw$ @ixsdmk ibUhandikilw Jmdmlhjhdu Gddirmugid+ Rik 1+ Di 1 .366>'+ vv$ ==*36

Nkpk+ \$+ mde Bsghqhdcganhkhs+ O$+ .36=6' #Ngln lsi|un bgsjq+ gddirmugid mde unh egqumdah ui unhbsidughs# Haidijgaq Cxkkhugd+ 16.3' 36=6+ vv$ =6=2*=635

Jmuqxjxsm+ U$ mde Jmuqxqngjm+ D$+ .36=6' #\nhd Qjmkk Bgsjq Bglnu Cmao Mlmgdqu Kmslh Bgsjq gd S"EMaugrgughq+# Unh C$H$ @ixsdmk ib Haidijga Mdmkwqgq " Vikgaw0 Rik$ =60 Gqqxh =+ Msugakh >=$ EIG0=6$3363)=718*=2>3$387+ rik$ 81+ di$ 1+ vv$ 317 * 323$

Rglghs+ V$+ .366


24/28

35

Mddh~

Ci~ =$ Bgsj ehjilsmvngaq gd unh HX*3< .did*bgdmdagmk cxqgdhqq haidijw+ 366>'

Hduhsvsgqhq Hjvkiwhhq Kmcixs vsiexaugrguw.=+666' .=+666' .=+666'

Jgasi* .;=6 hjvkiwhhq' =7+6(' 17+281 .16(' 11Qjmkk* .=6*57 hjvkiwhh' =+538 .2$7(' 3 .11(' 2=

UIUMK 36+


25/28

38

Ci~ 5$ Gjvsirhjhdu ib bsmjh|iso aidegugidq

M qhkhaugid ib shkhrmdu gqqxhq bis unh HX vikgaghq aidahsdgdl unh bsmjh|iso aidegugidq qxvvisugdlgddirmugrh aijvmdw lsi|un gq vsiviqhe gd bikki|gdl qhaugidq$

M$ Xvlsmegdl qogkkq$ Qogkk jgqjmuanhq gd unh kmcixs jmsohu nmrh chhd m lsi|gdl aidahsd gd jiqu HX

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Documents

Companies´growth in the EU: What is research and innovation policy´s role?(Eng)/Crecimiento de las empresas en la Unión Europea: Cual es el papel de la política de investigación