Comparación tipos penales CPI

8/3/2019 Comparacin tipos penales CPI

1/16

Tipos penales

en los

tribunales

especiales

internacionales

diciembre 5

Universidad de Guadalajara | Derecho Internacional Penal |Presencial | Matutino | 10.00-13.00 | Docente: Arturo Villarreal |Autor: Juan Ramn Gutirrez Olarte (209345868)

Unacomparacin

con el

Estatuto de la

Corte Penal

Internacional


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INTRODUCCINDentro del marco del mltiple avance internacional que existe entre las

naciones en nuestros das; dentro del marco de las mltiples formas de

cooperacin que existen hoy entre los pueblos; dentro del marco de las mltiples

formas de intercambio cultural entre las etnias; pero tambin dentro del marco de

las mltiples y nuevas formas de agresin que se pueden dar en las naciones

modernas y civilizadas, cabe hacer un anlisis de lo que se constituy como un

instrumento eficaz para desterrar la tirana y opresin de los pueblos.

Nos referimos a la Corte Penal Internacional. Pero hemos de aclarar ya desde

el principio que nuestro objetivo no ser estudiar a toda la Corte en cuanto

instrumento; ms bien, para poder demostrar que en efecto esta corte, si bien no

ha sido totalmente eficaz1, puede llegar a serlo, haremos un breve anlisis de los

diferentes tipos penales incluidos en el Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional

(CPI) comparndolos con los tipos penales que a lo largo de la historia de la

segunda mitad del siglo XX e inicios del siglo XXI se han configurado en los

distintos tribunales penales especiales internacionales, desde Nremberg hasta

Camboya.

Esta comparacin tiene como objeto llegar a descubrir la valiosa oportunidad

que tuvo la CPI al constituirse en junio de 1998, con la firma del Estatuto de Roma

por varios pases, cuyo nmero actual es de 1202, ya que encontraremos

comportamientos constantes en los diferentes tribunales que nos descubren la

1Y esto no es necesario que lo sustente, simplemente tngase en cuenta las mltiples impunidades de las

naciones que aparecen en cada momento en las noticias televisivas y en las cadenas informativas de mayorrenombre; un ejemplo, Reuters.2

120 pays sont tats Parties au Statut de Rome de la Cour pnale internationale. En http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/asp/states%20parties/the%20states%20parties%20to%20the%20rome%20statute?lan=fr-FR[Portal de la Corte Penal Internacional, diciembre de 2011]


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frecuencia de tipos penales, constantes, razn por la cual la CPI tiene su validez

histrica el da de hoy.

Por lo dems, los tribunales especiales que tendremos a bien analizar son3:

1. Tribunal Militar Internacional del Nremberg. VIII, 1945.

2. Tribunal Militar Internacional de Tokio. I, 1946.

3. Tribunal Penal Internacional para la Ex-Yugoslavia. V, 1993.

4. Tribunal Penal Internacional de Ruanda. XI, 1994.

3Orden cronolgico segn un autgrafo proporcionado por Arturo Villarreal Palos, docente investigador de

la Universidad de Guadalajara, Mxico. Nos hemos permitido omitir unos cuantos tribunales que por sunaturaleza tienen que ser excluidos a pesar de que los delitos contemplados en ellos has sido de plenocarcter internacional.


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ESTATUTO DE LA CPIBrevemente miremos los tipos penales que de acuerdo al Estatuto estnconfigurados como mbitos de jurisdiccin de la CPI.

Crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court

The jurisdiction of the Court shall be limited to the most serious crimes of concern to the

international community as a whole. The Court has jurisdiction in accordance with this

Statute with respect to the following crimes:

(a) The crime of genocide;

(b) Crimes against humanity;

(c) War crimes;

(d) The crime of aggression4

El anterior extracto es del artculo 5 del Estatuto de la CPI, en l podemos leer los

crmenes que recaen dentro de la jurisdiccin de la Corte. Una caracterstica

esencial de estos crmenes es la de concernir a la comunidad internacional como

un todo; ellos son: genocidio, crmenes contra la humanidad [o comnmente

llamados de lesa humanidad], crmenes de guerra; crimen de agresin.

Por lo dems se nos ha sido muy especficos al determinar que no es nuestro

asunto tratar cada crimen por su propia cuenta.

Si el lector quisiera profundizar ms en la materia que concierne a cada uno de los

delitos, le recomendamos vivamente leer los artculos 6-21.

4Artculo 5. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. [Versin digital pdf, cargada desde

http://www.icc-cpi.int] [Diciembre de 2011]


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LA CPI Y NREMBERGEl primer tribunal que compararemos es el que tuvo lugar en Nremberg una vez

finalizada la II Guerra Mundial.

En el mismo podemos constatar que se configuraron los siguientes delitos:

Article 6

The Tribunal established by the Agreement referred to m Article 1 hereof for the trial and

punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis countries shall have the power to

try and punish persons who, acting in the interests of the European Axis countries, whether

as individuals or as members of organizations, committed any of the following crimes.

The following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal for

which there shall be individual responsibility:

(a) CRIMES AGAINST PEACE: namely, planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war

of aggression, or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances, or

participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the foregoing;

(b) WAR CRIMES: namely, violations of the laws or customs of war. Such violations shall

include, but not be limited to, murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave labor or for any

other purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory, murder or ill-treatment of

prisoners of war or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private

property, wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military

necessity;

(c)CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: namely, murder, extermination, enslavement,

deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or

during the war; or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of

or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not

in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated.

Leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution

of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing crimes are responsible for allacts performed by any persons in execution of such plan

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5Articulo 6. Charter of the International Military Tribunal [at Nuremberg]. [Tomado del portal de la

embajada norteamericana en Alemania, diciembre de 2011] http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-trials.htm[Las negrillas son mas, para resaltar los delitos configurados]


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Podemos ver que se configuran los delitos contra la paz [actual delito de agresin],

los delitos de guerra, y los delitos contra la humanidad [entre los cuales vena

incluido el delito de genocidio].

Se configuran plenamente todos los tipos penales que encontramos en el Estatuto

de Roma.

En todo caso al final del documento tenemos pensado hacer una tabla

comparativa entre los distintos tribunales y la CPI.


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LA CPI Y TOKIOEn el caso de Tokio, Japn, despus de la II Guerra Mundial, tenemos otro tribunal

internacional encargado de juzgar los delitos internacionales cometidos en la

regin Asia-Pacfico.

Podemos ver en el artculo 5 de la carta de constitucin del Tribunal Internacional

Militar para el Lejano Oriente, encontrado en el portal jurdico de la Universidad de

Oslo:Article 5

Jurisdiction over persons and offences

The Tribunal shall have the power to try and punish Far Eastern war criminals who as

individuals or as members of organizations are charged with offences which include Crimes

against Peace.

The following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal for

which there shall be individual responsibility:

a.

Crimes against Peace: Namely, the planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a declared

or undeclared war of aggression, or a war in violation of international law, treaties,

agreements or assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the

accomplishment of any of the foregoing;

b.

Conventional War Crimes: Namely, violations of the laws or customs of war;

c.

Crimes against Humanity: Namely, murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and

other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or

persecutions on political or racial grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime

within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the

country where perpetrated. Leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices participating in


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the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing

crimes are responsible for all acts performed by any person in execution of such plan6

Nuevamente, como en Nremberg, encontramos configurados todos los delitos

que el Estatuto de Roma contempla. Si bien, tanto en Nremberg como en Tokio,

el delito de genocidio no se encuentra todava separado de la concepcin de

delitos contra la humanidad.

6Artculo 5. Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. [Tomado del portal de la

Universidad de Oslo, Noruega, diciembre de 2011]http://www.jus.uio.no/english/services/library/treaties/04/4-06/military-tribunal-far-east.xml [Las negrillasson mas, para resaltar los delitos]


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LA CPI Y LA EX-YUGOSLAVIADespus de los dos tribunales de pos-guerra, es necesario dar un salto de casi 50

aos para encontrar un nuevo tribunal anterior a la creacin de la CPI.

Los delitos que encontramos configurados esta vez son:

Article 1

Competence of the International Tribunal

The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible for serious

violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia

since 1991 in accordance with the provisions of the present Statute.

Article 2

Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949

The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons committing or ordering

to be committed grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely the

following acts against persons or property protected under the provisions of the relevant

Geneva Convention:

(a) wilful killing;

(b) torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments;

(c) wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health;

(d) extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity andcarried out unlawfully and wantonly;

(e) compelling a prisoner of war or a civilian to serve in the forces of a hostile power;

(f) wilfully depriving a prisoner of war or a civilian of the rights of fair and regular trial;

(g) unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement of a civilian;

(h) taking civilians as hostages.

Article 3

Violations of the laws or customs of war

The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons violating the laws or

customs of war. Such violations shall include, but not be limited to:(a) employment of poisonous weapons or other weapons calculated to cause unnecessary

suffering;

(b) wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military

necessity;

(c) attack, or bombardment, by whatever means, of undefended towns, villages, dwellings, or

buildings;


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(d) seizure of, destruction or wilful damage done to institutions dedicated to religion, charity

and education, the arts and sciences, historic monuments and works of art and science;

(e) plunder of public or private property.

Article 4

Genocide

1. The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons committing genocide

as defined in paragraph 2 of this article or of committing any of the other acts enumerated in

paragraph 3 of this article.

2. Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in

part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

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(a) killing members of the group;

(b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

(c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physicaldestruction in whole or in part;

(d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

(e) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

3. The following acts shall be punishable:

(a) genocide;

(b) conspiracy to commit genocide;

(c) direct and public incitement to commit genocide;

(d) attempt to commit genocide;

(e) complicity in genocide.Article 5

Crimes against humanity

The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible for the

following crimes when committed in armed conflict, whether international or internal in

character, and directed against any civilian population:

(a) murder;

(b) extermination;

(c) enslavement;

(d) deportation;

(e) imprisonment;

(f) torture;

(g) rape;

(h) persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds;


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(i) other inhumane acts7

Estos son los artculos extrados del Estatuto del Tribunal para la antigua

Yugoslavia.

Podemos ver que se encuentran configurados todos los tipos penales que

actualmente la CPI contempla. Esto lo hacemos ver resaltando con negrillas

aquellas palabras claves que nos hablan de los tipos penales.

A excepcin del tipo penal de agresin, ya que en ste caso no encontramos el

inicio de una guerra de una nacin contra otra, sino no ms bien entre etnias

internas a una nica nacin. Hoy en da es aceptado que ya son varias lasrepblicas derivadas de la disolucin de la antigua Yugoslavia, pero eso no

legitima que se pueda hablar del delito de agresin.

7Artculos 1-5. Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. [Tomado del portal

del mismo Tribunal especial para la Ex-Yugoslavia, diciembre de 2011]http://www.icty.org/x/file/Legal%20Library/Statute/statute_sept09_en.pdf[Las negrillas son mas]


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LA CPI Y RWANDAPasemos a ver ahora rpidamente el caso de la Repblica africana de Rwanda.

Los delitos que encontramos contemplados, segn el Estatuto del Tribunal

Internacional Penal para Rwanda, encontrado en el portal de las Naciones Unidas:

Article 1: Competence of the International Tribunal for Rwanda

The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible

for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of

Rwanda and Rwandan citizens responsible for such violations committed in the

territory of neighbouring States between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994, in

accordance with the provisions of the present Statute.

Article 2: Genocide

1.The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons

committing genocide as defined in paragraph 2 of this article or of committing any of the other

acts enumerated in paragraph 3 of this article

2.Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in

part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

a) Killing members of the group;

b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical

destruction in whole or in part;

d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

3.The following acts shall be punishable:


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a) Genocide;

b) Conspiracy to commit genocide;

c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;

d) Attempt to commit genocide;

e) Complicity in genocide.

Article 3: Crimes against Humanity

The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible

for the following crimes when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack againstany civilian population on national, political, ethnic, racial or religious grounds:

a) Murder;

b) Extermination;

c) Enslavement;

d) Deportation;

e) Imprisonment;

f) Torture;

g) Rape;

h) Persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds;

i) Other inhumane acts.

Article 4: Violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional

Protocol II

The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons committing

or ordering to be committed serious violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva


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Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protection of War Victims, and of Additional Protocol

II thereto of 8 June 1977. These violations shall include, but shall not be limited to:

a) Violence to life, health and physical or mental well-being of persons, in particular murder

as well as cruel treatment such as torture, mutilation or any form of corporal punishment;

b) Collective punishments;

c) Taking of hostages;

d) Acts of terrorism;

e) Outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment, rape,

enforced prostitution and any form of indecent assault;

f) Pillage;

g) The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment

pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are

recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples;

h) Threats to commit any of the foregoing acts8

Podemos ver configurados de nuevo todos los delitos que conoce la CPI a

excepcin del delito de agresin, porque ya no estamos hablando de guerras entre

pases sino guerras ad intro de los mismos, slo que por la naturaleza de los

delitos que s se configuran, compete al derecho internacional, por ms que el

problema sea simplemente interno.

8Artculos 1-4. Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. [Encontrado en el portal de las

Naciones Unidas, diciembre de 2011] http://www.un.org/ictr/statute.html [Las negrillas son mas]


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TABLA COMPARATIVACPI Nremberg Tokio Ex-

Yugoslavia

Rwanda

GENOCIDE S locontempla

Lo contempladentro delgrupo decrmenescontra lahumanidad

Locontempladentro delgrupo decrmenescontra lahumanidad

S lo contempla S locontempla

AGAINSTHUMANITY

S locontempla



WARCRIMES S locontempla S lo contempla S locontempla S lo contempla,crmenes contralos protocolos Iy II de laconvencin deGinebra

Lo contemplacomoviolaciones alos protocolosI y II de laConvencinde Ginebra

AGGRESSION S locontempla

Lo contempladentro delgrupo decrmenescontra la paz

Locontemplacomo delitoscontra lapaz

No locontemplacomo tal, yaque no se tratade una guerraentre naciones

No locontempla,pues no setrata de unaguerra entrepases


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ContenidoINTRODUCCIN .................................................................................................... 1

ESTATUTO DE LA CPI .......................................................................................... 3

LA CPI Y NREMBERG......................................................................................... 4LA CPI Y TOKIO ..................................................................................................... 6

LA CPI Y LA EX-YUGOSLAVIA............................................................................. 8

LA CPI Y RWANDA .............................................................................................. 11

TABLA COMPARATIVA....................................................................................... 14

Documents

Comparación tipos penales CPI