DESIGUALDAD (CLASE 3: INDICADORES GLOBALES DE DESIGUALDAD)

ANDRÉS SOLIMANO

PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA

CLASE 6, SEPTIEMBRE 10, 2014, CURSO ICS 2533

GINI DE INGRESO Y RIQUEZA EN LA OECD

GINI DE INGRESO EN LA OECD

TOP 1 % - OECD

CRECIMIENTO Y TOP 1 %

GINI - PAÍSES SELECCIONADOS, 1980-2000

IMPACTO REDISTRIBUTIVO DE LA POLÍTICA FISCAL

CAMBIOS EN GINIChanges in Gini coefficients since 1980: Selected countries

Country Source Years Gini first

year Gini last

year Change

Russian POVCAL 1988-2009 20.8 42.2 Sharp increase China NSB 1985-2001 31.0 41.5 Sharp increase Indonesia POVCAL 1984-2005 30.5 39.0 Increase United States CPS 1980-2011 40.3 47.7 Increase United Kingdom FRS 1980-2010 28.7 35.9 Increase Israel LIS 1986-2007 36.4 41.1 Increase Germany LIS 1981-2007 28.3 32.1 Increase Argentina SEDLAC 1980-2012 39.3 42.6 Increase India POVCAL 1983-2009 32.1 33.9 Stable Australia LIS 1981-2003 31.9 33.2 Stable Canada LIS 1981-2007 32.3 33.6 Stable France LIS 1981-2005 31.6 31.6 Stable Netherlands LIS 1983-2004 30.2 30.2 Stable Venezuela SEDLAC 1989-2011 42.5 38.8 Decrease Switzerland LIS 1982-2004 35.7 31.6 Decrease Brazil SEDLAC 1981-2011 57.4 52.7 Decrease Mexico SEDLAC 1989-2010 52.4 47.5 Decrease Chile SEDLAC 1987-2011 56.1 50.8 Decrease Thailand POVCAL 1981-2009 45.2 39.3 Decrease Ecuador SEDLAC 1995-2011 56.8 45.8 Sharp decrease

Sources: "All the ginis dataset (summer 2013)" by Branco Milanovic. CPS: Current population Survey (USA), FRS: Family Resources Survey (UK), LIS: Luxemburg Incomes Studies, NSB: National Statistics Bureau (CHN) and World Bank's POVCALNET and SEDLAC databases.

Note: The scale is as follow: changes in more than 10 percent points is a "Sharp Increase" or "Sharp decrease", changes more than 3 percent points and less than 10 percent points is a "Increase" or "Decrease", and change between 3 percent points (in both directions) is "Stable".

GINI EN EE.UU. Y UK, 1950-2012

GINI EN CHINA , 1985-2001

GINI EN RUSIA, 2001-2009

GINI EN ALEMANIA

GINI EN SUECIA

DESIGUALDAD AL INTERIOR DE LA EMPRESA - PAGO DE CEO Y TRABAJADORES, EE.UU.

CEO and workers pay in United States 2013: Selected Companies

Company Annual Revenue (in billions)

CEO Pay (Total Cash Compensation)

Median Worker Pay

CEO-to-Worker Pay Ratio

1 3M $29.90 $4,206,510 $73,700 57:1

2 AT&T $127.40 $7,155,536 $71,300 100:1

3 AIG $70.10 $8,321,925 $76,300 109:1

4 Bank Of America $100.10 $1,951,918 $55,400 35:1

5 Boeing $81.70 $15,736,525 $79,300 198:1

6 Coca-Cola $48.00 $4,661,912 $52,400 89:1

7 Cisco Systems $46.10 $5,811,849 $109,100 53:1

8 FedEx $42.70 $6,982,706 $48,300 145:1

9 Ford Motor $134.30 $8,542,050 $75,500 113:1

10 Exelon $23.50 $3,000,783 $88,100 34:1

11 General Electric $146.90 $11,270,450 $81,100 139:1

12 Goldman Sachs $41.70 $8,623,759 $87,700 98:1

13 Google $52.20 $1 $115,900 0

14 General Mills $16.70 $3,512,107 $66,800 53:1

15 Microsoft $73.70 $1,261,218 $114,500 11:1

16 Oracle $37.10 $1,547,057 $104,500 15:1

17 Nike $24.10 $7,726,271 $67,300 115:1

18 Twenty-First Century Fox $27.70 $20,899,150 $77,900 268:1

19 Prudential Financial $84.80 $9,987,496 $70,500 142:1

20 Pfizer $61.20 $5,652,550 $93,700 60:1

21 United Parcel Service $54.10 $1,587,725 $56,600 28:1

22 Walt Disney $42.30 $17,038,538 $60,300 283:1

Average $62.10 $7,067,183 $78,464 102:1

Average of full list $52.97 $5,498,426 $70,484 86:1 Source: CEO to Worker Pay Ratio at www.payscale.com

PAGO CEO Y SALARIOS MEDIOS, UK.

CEO payment in the United Kingdom: Selected companies (Financial Times Stock Exchange - 100 companies: 2010-2011)

Company CEO remuneration

(estimate)

CEO remuneration as multiple of National

Minimum Wage

CEO remuneration as multiple of UK median

earnings

1 Reckitt Benckiser £ 14,402,000 1,262 679 2 Vodafone £ 12,851,499 1,126 606 3 BHP Billiton £ 10,161,721 911 479 4 Marks and Spencer £ 8,781,996 770 414 5 HSBC Holdings £ 8,475,484 743 399 6 Royal Bank of Scotland £ 5,850,432 513 276 7 Lloyds Banking Group £ 5,831,250 511 275 8 Rio Tinto £ 5,749,209 504 271 9 Anglo American £ 5,277,249 463 249

10 Royal Dutch Shell £ 4,084,251 358 192 11 Barclays £ 3,560,000 312 168 12 Imperial Tobacco £ 3,283,787 294 155 13 Rolls-Royce Group £ 2,862,404 251 135 14 Antofagasta Minerals £ 2,153,945 189 102 15 Essar Energy £ 797,230 70 38 16 Hargreaves Lansdown £ 405,917 36 19 Average £ 5,908,023 520 279 Average of 100-FTSE £ 4,685,941 408 219 Sources: "A third of a percent" report at www.equalitytrust.org.uk Note: CEO pay includes Basic pay (annual bonus, pension, supplements, golden handshakes, relocation, pension contributions, and long term share-based incentives.

PAGO CEO, SALARIOS - OECDAverage CEO-to-worker pay ratio 2012 (US dollars): Selected countries

Country Average CEO compensation

Average worker compensation Ratio

USA $12,259,894 $34,645 353.9 Canada $8,704,118 $42,253 206.0 Switzerland $7,435,816 $50,242 148.0 Germany $5,912,781 $40,223 147.0 Spain $4,399,915 $34,387 128.0 Czech Republic $2,159,300 $19,630 110.0 France $3,965,312 $38,128 104.0 Australia $4,183,419 $44,983 93.0 Sweden $3,358,326 $37,734 89.0 United Kingdom $3,758,412 $44,743 84.0 Netherlands $3,576,256 $47,056 76.0 Israel $2,189,104 $28,804 76.0 Japan $2,354,581 $35,143 67.0 Norway $2,551,420 $43,990 58.0 Portugal $1,205,326 $22,742 53.0 Denmark $2,186,880 $45,560 48.0 Austria $1,567,980 $43,555 36.0 Poland $561,932 $20,069 28.0

Source: American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) in http://www.aflcio.org/Corporate-Watch/Paywatch-Archive/CEO-Pay-and-You/CEO-to-Worker-Pay-Gap-in-the-United-States/Pay-Gaps-in-the-World

RAZÓN DE SALARIOS ENTRE CEO Y TRABAJADORES.