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Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De LaSucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Hipotesis
El tipo de dispersion es importante para el mantenimiento dela biodiversidad
La dispersion de largo alcance genera mayor diversidad (latercera dimension)
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
¿Por que utilizamos modelos?
Porque son lindos
Para explicar comportamientos sobre todo cuando laexperimentacion es complicada
Para generar nuevas hipotesis y guiar la experimentacion
La combinacion de estudios observacionales y modelos puedeser muy poderosa
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
¿Como caracterizamos a las comunidades?
El Patron espacial
Dimension fractal de informacion: Mide la heterogeneidad, nodepende de la escala
Biodiversidad
Riqueza especıficaIndice de Shannon: tiene en cuenta la distribucion deabundancias
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Modelos Estocasticos Espaciales
El espacio esta representado como una grilla de sitios
Las transiciones entre estados son estocasticas
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Dos sabores neutrales
Sabor banana neutral
Todos los individuos son equivalentes Las especies tienen todaslos mismos parametrosMortalidad (Asumimos crecimiento = 1)Inmigracion: Existe una metacomunidad con una composicionconstante. La frecuencia de especies da la probabilidad deinmigracion.Tipo de dispersion local
UniformeExponencialPotencial inversa
Distancia de dispersion media
Sabor frutilla jerarquicaLas especies con menor tasa inmigracion reemplazan a las otrasTodo lo demas igual que el anterior
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Los tipos de dispersion : Uniforme
Figure:
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Los tipos de dispersion : Exponencial
Figure:
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Los tipos de dispersion : Potencial Inversa
Figure:
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Simulaciones
Se utilizaron los siguientes parametros:
Parametro Valores . .
Mortalidad 0.2
Inmigracion 0.001
Distancia media 3 6 12
Se utilizo una escala de tiempo con significado ecologico: 100generaciones.
La composicion de la metacomunidad se tomo de unexperimento realizado con perifiton: Saravia LA et al. (2012)Oikos
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Vemos que pasa a lo largo de la sucesion: D1
Dimensión de información
Time
D1
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98
2.00
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Dispersión=3Jerárquico
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Dispersión=6Jerárquico
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Dispersión=12Jerárquico
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Dispersión=3Neutral
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Dispersión=6Neutral
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Dispersión=12Neutral
Tipo dispersiónExpPowUni
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Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Vemos que pasa a lo largo de la sucesion: D1
Dimensión de información
Time
D1
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98
2.00
20 40 60 80 100
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Dispersión=3Jerárquico
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Dispersión=6Jerárquico
20 40 60 80 100
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Dispersión=12Jerárquico
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Dispersión=3Neutral
20 40 60 80 100
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Dispersión=6Neutral
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98
2.00
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Dispersión=12Neutral
Tipo dispersiónExpPowUni
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La tendencia es hacia un patron mas uniforme
El patron espacial es similar entre los tipos de dispersionExponencial y Uniforme
El patron es mas heterogeneo para dispersion Potencial
Puede haber oscilaciones en el modelo Jerarquico
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Vemos que pasa a lo largo de la sucesion: S
Nro. de especies
Tiempo
S
10
20
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Dispersión=3Jerárquico
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Dispersión=6Jerárquico
20 40 60 80 100
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Dispersión=12Jerárquico
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Dispersión=3Neutral
20 40 60 80 100
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Dispersión=6Neutral
10
20
30
40
50
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●●
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Dispersión=12Neutral
Tipo dispersiónExpPowUni
●
●
●
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Vemos que pasa a lo largo de la sucesion: H
Indice de Shannon
Tiempo
H
0
1
2
3
20 40 60 80 100
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Dispersión=3Jerárquico
●●
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●
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● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●
●
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●
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●
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●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
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●
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●
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●
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●
●
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●
●
●
●
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●●
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●
●
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●
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●
●● ● ● ● ●
Dispersión=6Jerárquico
20 40 60 80 100
●
●
●
●
●● ● ● ●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●
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● ●
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● ● ● ● ●
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●
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●
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●
●
●
●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●
●
●
●
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●
●
●
●
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●
●
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●
●
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●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●
●
●
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●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●
●
●
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● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●
●
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●
● ● ● ● ● ●
●
●
●
●
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●
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Dispersión=12Jerárquico
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Dispersión=3Neutral
20 40 60 80 100
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Dispersión=6Neutral
0
1
2
3
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● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Dispersión=12Neutral
Tipo dispersiónExpPowUni
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Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Vemos que pasa a lo largo de la sucesion: HIndice de Shannon
Tiempo
H
0
1
2
3
20 40 60 80 100
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Dispersión=3Jerárquico
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Dispersión=6Jerárquico
20 40 60 80 100
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Dispersión=12Jerárquico
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Dispersión=3Neutral
20 40 60 80 100
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Dispersión=6Neutral
0
1
2
3
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Dispersión=12Neutral
Tipo dispersiónExpPowUni
●
●
●
Las tendencias de H y S son similares
En el modelo neutral no se observan diferencias entre tipos nidistancias de dispersion
En el model jerarquico hay diferencias de la dispersionPotencial
En el modelo Neutral el patron espacial da diferenciassignificativas pero no hay diferencias entre H y S
En el modelo Jerarquico hay diferencias en patron y en H y S
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
¿Como es el tipo de dispersion con respecto a otrosfactores?
1.96
01.
965
1.97
01.
975
1.98
0
Modelo Neutral
D1
Exp
Pow
Uni
3
6
12
TipoDisper Distancia
40.0
40.5
41.0
41.5
42.0
42.5
43.0
S
Exp
Pow
Uni
3
6
12
TipoDisper Distancia
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
H
Exp
Pow
Uni
3
6
12
TipoDisper Distancia
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
¿Como es el tipo de dispersion con respecto a otrosfactores?
1.99
01.
992
1.99
41.
996
1.99
8
Modelo Jerárquico
D1
ExpPowUni
3
612
TipoDisper Distancia
1718
1920
S
Exp
Pow
Uni
3
6
12
TipoDisper Distancia
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
H
Exp
Pow
Uni
3
612
TipoDisper Distancia
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
¿Como es el tipo de dispersion con respecto a otrosfactores?
En general es mas importante la distancia media de dispersionque el tipo de dispersion
Esto se mantiene para los dos modelos explorados (concompetencia y sin competencia) lo cual le da robustez alresultado.
En la naturaleza la distancia y el tipo de dispersion puedenestar relacionados.
Potencial –> Dispersion por animales
Exponencial –> Dispersion por viento
Uniforme –> No es realista, pero termina siendo parecida aexponencial.
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
¿Cual es la relacion entre patron espacial y diversidad?
Shannon
D1
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00
0.0 1.0 2.0
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DispersalDistance0.0 1.0 2.0
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DispersalDistance
0.0 1.0 2.0
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DispersalDistance
ModelJerNeu
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Riqueza
D1
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00
20 30 40
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DispersalDistance20 30 40
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DispersalDistance
20 30 40
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DispersalDistance
ModelJerNeu
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lo que se observa es que a mayor heterogeneidad en ladistribucion espacial de las especies (menor D1) son mayoresla riqueza y el Shannon.
La dimension fractal de informacion D1 podrıa utilizarse comoun indice de diversidad
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Entonces?¿?¿?¿?¿?¿?¿
El tipo de dispersion parece es menos influyente que ladistancia de dispersion con respecto a la diversidad (S y H)
La excepcion es en el modelo neutral con respecto a H dondeel tipo de dispersion es mas importante .
El patron espacial medido con la dimension de informaciontiene una relacion directa con la diversidad.
En general la dispersion Potencial produce mayor diversidad enel modelo Neutral y menor diversidad en el modelo Jerarquico.
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
Gracias!
Leonardo A. Saravia UNGS - RAE 2012 Diversidad y Patron Espacial A Lo Largo De La Sucesion: La influencia del tipo de dispersion
