Educación y biblioteca, n.º 166 (julio/agosto, 2008)

7/23/2019 Educacin y biblioteca, n. 166 (julio/agosto, 2008)

1/108

@haris hofcoth`ns y duvnoh`ns

Cetuc`hmcm mn `c enosurc

Aha`hitnecs pa`hecs

Aha`hitnec pa`hec y cprnomhzcdncutoiki4 siarnvun`i nuripni

Misshnr

N` eikprikhsi siehc`

no n` trcacdi aha`hitnecrhi


2/108

NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7

6 @haris hofcoth`ns y duvnoh`ns

ukcrhi

Nstc rnvhstc gc rnehahmi uoc cyumc mn `c Mhrneeho Bnonrc` mn` @hari, Creghvis

y Aha`hitnecs pcrc su mhfusho no aha`hitnecs, enotris eu`turc`ns y uohvnrshmcmns

mn Nspcc, pcrc `c titc`hmcm mn `is oknris nmhtcmis no n` ci 1::2

Ci 1: O. 366du`hi-cbisti 1::7

6:Misshnr4 N` eikprikhsi siehc`no n` trcacdi aha`hitnecrhi

1

>1Aha`hitnecs pa`hecs


3/108


4/108

A^TO

Qnehnotnknotn gco cpcrnehmi no `c prnosc hofirkcehions siarn mis giknocdns p-a`heis c aha`hitnecrhis qun sn gco rnc`hzcmi no Kurehc4 c Frcoehsei Cziro sn n gc mnmh-

ecmi uoc p`czc no Xne`c y `c cothbuc aha`hitnec kuohehpc` mn Ki`hoc mn Unburc gc pcscmic ``ckcrsn Knrenmns Knomizc.Sunmcr kuegi pir gcenr, pnri c` knois c k kn c`nbrc nstn rneioiehkhnoti p-

a`hei c khnkaris mn `c prifnsho aha`hitnecrhc.@is no`cens4gttp4//www.`cvnrmcm.ns/kurehc/1::7:=12/eikcrecs/yne`c-ounvc-p`czc-rneunrmi-

1::7:=12.gtk`gttp4//www.`cvnrmcm.ns/kurehc/1::7:=1=/ìec`/eikcrecs/aha`hitnec-ec``n-

enrvcotns-pcsc-1::7:=1=32=8.gtkÈirmhc`knotn.

Biozcì Bcrec

Oitc4 Qnprimueeho mn uo eirrni n`netrohei novhcmi c HRN]N@ n` pcscmi 12 mn carh`.

Ec``ns y aha`hitnecs eio oikarns mn aha`hitnecrhis yaha`hitnecrhcs

Mnsni suserhahrkn c `c rnvhstc NMÊCEHO X AHA@HI]NEC c pcrthr mn` kns4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .

Oikarn (i rczo siehc`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .Cpn``hmis . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mhrneeho . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . E. Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

Zia`ceho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .Zrivhoehc . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

]n`fioi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..E.H.F./M.O.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

FIQKC MN ZCBI S^N N@HDI4

Egnqun c fcvir mn ]h`mn Unrvhehis Nmhtirhc`ns, U.C Mikheh`hceho acoecrhc

]rcosfnrnoehc c e/e4 ::2>-3:75-26-:6::::3278

Acoei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Emhbi Eunotc E`hnotn (E.E.E.)

Nothmcm Ifhehoc M.E. Ok. mn Eunotc

3 ci (6 ndnkp`crns)4>6 HVC hoeùhmi (Nspcc)3 ci Nxtrcodnri y novis crnis42 Ndnkp`cr ctrcscmi pnrhimi knosuc`(snoeh`ì-gcstc o 311)42 (+ bcstis mn novi)

Ndnkp`cr ctrcscmi pnrhimi ahknstrc`(mia`n-mnsmn o315)43 (+ bcstis mn novi)

NOVHCQ C4]H@MN UNQVHEHIU NMH]IQHC@NU. ZQOEHZNMNVNQBCQC, 356,IFHEHOC1.17::1 KCMQHM. ]N@. (83) =33 36 18. FCW4 (83) =33 6: 6:.N-KCH@4 suserhpehionsJnmuecehioyaha`hitnec.eik

Uuserantn

Z^NMN FI]IEIZHCQUN

Biozcì Bcrec

"Mcrcaue". Nserhtir y trcmuetir. Qnspiosca`n mnÀìb mn @htnrcturc Hofcoth` n Hùstrceho uahecmi

no gttp4//mcrcaue.wirmprnss.eik/

Fn mn nrrctcs4

No `c sneeho Oivnmcmns mn` pcscmi oknri, no `c rnfnrnoehc mn` `hariCstri-

Qcto y Aikah``htc miomn pion Fnrko mnanrc mnehr Fnrko.@cknotckis n` nrrir.

uzo


5/108>


NMH]IQHC@

Ns eikp`hecmi y, c `c vnz, cpcshiocotn

mnehmhr ìs eiotnohmis qun cpcrneno ecmc

mis knsns no n` misshnr mn NMÊCEHO XAHA@HI]NEC. No nstc iecsho tckpiei gc

shmi feh`< sho nkacrbi, gc rnsu`tcmi nspn-

ehc`knotn p`cenotnri.No uoc piec no qun prhkc `c pi`thec

mn` khnmi y sn ois nxhbn, eiothoucknotn,pnrkconenr hkpcsha`ns cotn ehnrtcs ceehi-

ons hkpunstcs mnsmn crrhac, qun ois cfne-

tco eiki ehumcmcois y pnrsiocs, nsonenscrhi tikcr pcrthmi. Mn cg qun NM^-

ECEHO XAHA@HI]NEC sn gcyc eikprikn-

thmi, no nstn oknri, eioscbrcomi suspbhocs c uo misshnr mn c`ti eiotnohmi si-

ehc`, kuy c`ndcmi mn `c onutrc`hmcm rnh-ocotn.

N` eiotnohmi mn N` eikprikhsi siehc`

no n` trcacdi aha`hitnecrhi ns uo ndnkpìmn eki, mnsmn su `cair mn aha`hitnecrhis

i mn prifnsirns mn Aha`hitneioikc, ou-

knriscs pnrsiocs gco tikcmi pcrthmi pir`c dusthehc. Znrsiocs qun sn gco mcmi

eunotc mn qun c nmueceho, y i qun c ah-

a`hitnec cpirtc c c nmueceho, supion uoctcrnc prhkirmhc` eiotrc c eiofirkhmcm. @c

aha`hitnec `neturc y nmueceho, no uoc

cenpeho ks ckp`hc ns uoc gnrrckhnotcqun ois pnrkhtn, eiki snc`c Qcko Uc-

`canrrhc, trcoshtcr mn gcahtcotn c ehumc-mcoi.

@is aha`hitnecrhis mn Eioonetheut, qun

cotnpushnrio c hothkhmcm mn sus usucrhis csu priphi ahnonstcr< n` mhrnetir mn `c Ah-

a`hitnec Ocehioc` mn Hrcl, qun hotnotc, sir-

tncomi k`thp`ns eiotrcrhnmcmns, scecrcmn`cotn c knkirhc scquncmc mn uo pcs,

sio e`cris ndnkpìs mn rnshstnoehc. Ois

eiostc qun itris kuegis, no itrcs eiir-

mnocmcs, ùegco tckaho pir ì khski.

@c `neturc ois cpirtc hmncs pcrc trcos-

firkcr, hkcbhocr y cetucr. Ois arhomc `c

pishah`hmcm mn eiostruhr uo mhseursi, hoe-kimi pcrc ìs qun istnotco ìs knecohs-

kis mn` pimnr, tcoti c ohvn` pi`thei eiki

neiokhei.

Zir kuegi qun, no `cs uohvnrshmcmns,

sn pitnoehn `c hostrueeho uth`htcrhstc mn ìs

prifnshioc`ns y `c `htnrcturc prifnshioc`

eiovhnrtc c is usucrhis no e`hnotns, is fu-

turis aha`hitnecrhis mnano snr eiosehnotns

mn `c vnrthnotn siehc` mn su trcacdi, y pir

tcoti hbuc`knotn eiosehnotns mn` eiotrc-

pimnr qun supion n` ceensi c `c hofirkc-

eho y n` eioiehkhnoti mn timcs `cs

ipehions pisha`ns. Gco mn pcrthehpcr no n`gnegi siehc` mn su eikuohmcm carhnomi

eckpis y sirtncomi ìs ks mhvnrsis ias-

teuìs, vnobco mhsfrczcmis mn knrecoth-

`hski ipnrcthvi (`csn ecoio pir prstcki

aha`hitnecrhi), mn pctnroc`hski cotn n` tn-

rrirhski ceuehcotn (`csn homnfnosho cotn

ìs u`trcdns c mnrnegis y `hanrtcmns fuomc-

knotc`ns cp`hecmis no oikarn mn kc`ns

kcyirns), mn enosurc (`csn rneirtn i hon-

xhstnoehc mn pcrthmcs prnsupunstcrhcs mns-

thocmcs c itris eiotnohmis), ntetnrc.

@c cknoczc mn iastceu`hzcr c harn ehr-

eu`ceho mn` eioiehkhnoti y `c hofirkc-eho, sho mumc nst giy kuy prnsnotn,

pnri tckaho c ipirtuohmcm mn is aha`hi-

tnecrhis mn hkpnmhr qun nsc cknoczc sn

eukp`c.iu

m

htirhc

`

@c ipirtuohmcm mn tikcr pcrthmi


6/1086

@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU OIVNMCMNU

Zctrhel @noz]ik y n` pdcri

Acrenìoc4 @haris mn` Tirri Qidi, 1::7

]ik vc c` knrecmi eio su pcmrn. Qneirrnoìs punstis y eikprco vnrmurcs y pnsecmi.Cotns mn rnbrnscr, sn mnthnono no n` tnomnrntnmn` pcdcrnri, miomn uo pnquni pdcri kircmi

gc ``ckcmi `c ctnoeho mn` eghei. Uu pcmrn eioshnotn, pcbc y ì ``nvco c ecsc. ]ik ìhostc`c no su gcahtceho, miomn ì euhmc, ì c`hknotc, dunbc y photc pcrc `. Ziei c pieivc surbhnomi notrn ckais uoc rn`ceho mn eiofhcozc kutuc y mn pneu`hcr ckhstcm. Zc-scmi uo thnkpi, n` pdcri `n eunotc qun fun ecpturcmi khnotrcs ausecac eikhmc no nàisqun pcrc sus mis ghdis y n` kuegcegi, cpnocmi pir `c trhstn ghstirhc, mnehmn `hanrcrc` cohkc`. C pcrthr mn nsn kiknoti, n` rneunrmi mn su ckhbi c`cmi nstcr pnrkconotn-knotn prnsnotn, firkcomi pcrtn mn sus kndirns sunis.

ô àuk sho tnxtis eiostruhmi acdi ìs nsqunkcs nstrueturc`ns mn` ekhe, eio uo`nobucdn heohei qun rnouoehc c kuegis mn is rneursis ecrcetnrstheis mn nstn bonri oi gcy òncs ehothecs, hmnibrckcs oh n`nknotis mn sipirtn tnxtuc` eiki ioikctipn-ycs i aiecmh`ìs y ecrbc `cs nsenocs eio mntc``ns y frku`cs mn ocrrceho vhsuc`gah`knotn nkp`ncmcs, no `cs qun prhkc `c ecpcehmcm mn eikuohecr siarn n` nfneti ns-tthei. Cs, ìs eiìrns, pcreis no kcthens, mndco n` pritcbiohski no pnrspnethvcs y no-eucmrns qun rnsc`tco shtucehions eioerntcs y nofcthzco `cs nkiehions y snothkhnotis mnìs mis pritcbiohstcs. @cs vhntcs sn uth`hzco nfheczknotn eiki kcrei eiotnonmir mn hos-tcotns qun ernc `c ctksfnrc cpriphcmc y mc rhtki vnrcz c `c ocrrceho (mnsmn n` hohehisn ois cothehpc yc nstn kimnì ocrrcthvi, eio uo nofiqun mn `c ehumcm c vhstc mn pdcriqun uo ziik pribrnshvi shtc fhoc`knotn no n` nspcehi miomn sn noeunotrc n` pritcbi-ohstc< ks cmn`cotn, ìs eckahis no `c ripc mn` ohi eioshbuno uahecr nsenocs eiosneu-thvcs no thnkpis mhfnrnotns).

N` crbuknoti, pir su pcrtn, sn eiostruynsiarn uoc eikpisheho qun knze c i rnc` (n` no-tiroi eithmhcoi no n` qun trcoseurrn `c ghstirhc,ìs pnrsiocdns, n` snothkhnoti mn` ohi gcehc n`pdcri...), ì hkcbhocrhi (n` pdcri qun eunotc) yì iorhei (ìs sunis mn` ohi no ìs qun `cs mh-knoshions sn trcstieco y mnsnis y fcotcsc sn

mco `c kcoi), eio `c hotnoeho mn erncr uo eio-duoti qun trcskhtn vcìrns eiki `c ckhstcm, c `h-anrtcm i `c eikprnosho mn ìs mnrnegis mn` itripir noehkc mn ìs mnsnis priphis.

N` `hari sn prnsnotc, cs, eiki uoc `neturcrhec no knoscdns hkpèhtis y c `c vnz feh` mn ho-tnrprntcr brcehcs c `c sneunoehc `honc` mn ceiotnehkhnotis, eio cusnoehc mn n`hpshs y kn-tfircs vhsuc`ns eikp`ndcs, qun pnrkhtn c` netir pcrthehpcr no c eiostrueeho mn` eunotihotnrprntcomi ìs suensis oi nxpèhtis notrn vhntc y vhntc. @c fiec`hzceho mn trckc nhkcbno no n` eiotnxti mn` ohi, rntrctcomi nspcehis y ehreuostcoehcs qun n rnsu`tco pri-phis y rnprnsnotcomi n` kuomi cmu`ti eiki shkp`n nsenocrhi mhfukhocmi qun nokcrec`c ghstirhc rnstrheeho nvhmnotn, pir ndnkpì, no n` trctckhnoti mcmi c `c hkcbno mn`pcmrn, no `c qun ouoec ``nbckis c vnr n` ristri rnfunrzco `c hmnothfheceho mn` pnquni`netir eio uoc pripunstc no `c qun noeunotrc pnrsiocdns y shtucehions eio ìs qun snhmnothfhec feh`knotn y qun, cmnks, rnsu`tc cmneucmc pcrc fcvirnenr su cenreckhnoti citrcs firkcs mn ocrrcr y pir tcoti mn `nnr, no `cs qun n` `nobucdn mn `c hkcbno mns-p`hnbc timi su pitnoehc` eikuohecmir.

]nrnsc Eiregntn

Aha`hitnecrhc

cis

+5

ivnmc

mns

Eio c`cs


N` pnquni `netir (...)noeunotrc pnrsiocdns y

shtucehions eio ìs qun snhmnothfhec feh`knotn y qun,cmnks, rnsu`tc cmneucmc

pcrc fcvirnenr sucenreckhnoti c itrcs

firkcs mn ocrrcr


7/108


OIVNMCMNU

2

Mn ckirns ìeis

Qianrti KcdoZntriohc y `c Qnhoc ahbitumc

Kcmrhm4 Crthegiqun, 1::2

Xi oi s sh pir vhvhr no pc`cehi kn ec-scrc eio trns gikarns pir kuy proehpnsy kuy `hkphis qun funrco. Zntriohc, shonkacrbi, ì gcen fn`hz y eiotnotc c eck-

ahi mn cacomiocr uoc vhmc mn trcacdi pn-scmi. @c rnhoc mnseiofc pirqun phnoscqun n` ckir mn euc`quhnrc mn sus ghdis piritrc kudnr mhsthotc c n``c, `c mnstriocr4 `cpiarn qunmcr si`c y sho ahbitn. Zir nsihmnc uo auno p`co qun ìs rntnobc c su`cmi pcrc shnkprn.

N` pnquni `hari àuk, nserhti y mhau-dcmi pir Qianrti Kcdo, gc rnehahmi n`prnkhi Mcohn` Bh` 1::2 c` kndir `hari ho-fcoth` y sus hùstrcehions rnprnsnotcrio cNspcc no `c ahnoc` mn Arcths`cvc mn`khski ci. No `, tnxti n hkcbno rn`nvco`c hobnohisc ocrrceho mn uoc ghstirhc mnckir shobu`cr. N` `hari ns uo eunoti mnckirns ìeis4 n` mn `c rnhoc ahbitumc pirsus trns ghdis (@cotohmi Vnrto, TutcoiKcrcoci y Qno Bucdhrhdi), n` mn n`ìs pir`c rnhoc, n` mn Zntriohc pir n` mnsecosi yn` mn uo kctrhkiohi c trns acomcs qun,cuoqun snc notrn euctri, snburi qun tck-aho ns fn`hz.

ô mc ois eiotcrio qun sì sn punmnckcr c uoi y qun duotis sn eikp`ntc uococrcodc, pnri nrc knothrc. Giy Qianrtieunotc qun sn ckc hofhohti y c tcotis eikinspcehi gcyc no n` eirczo i crmhnotn snc

n` mnsni.I`c``c Gnroomnz

Nspnehc`hstc no @HD

cis

+>

Mcvhm RhnsonrFìtcotn

Kxhei4 Iecoi ]rcvnsc, 1::7

Mcvhm Rhnsonr hùstrc `haris hofcoth`nsmnsmn gcen thnkpi. Mis mn sus kndirnstrcacdis, @is trns enrmhtis (Duvnotum) y]unsmcy (E`crhio Aiils), gco shmi prn-khcmis eio n` prnsthbhisi bc`crmo Ec`mn-eitt Knmc` no 3883 y 1::1rnspnethvcknotn. Cgirc Iecoi ]rcvnscpua`hec no Nspcc su `thki trcacdi. Fì-tcotn ns uoc ocrrceho vhsuc` kumc, pri-tcbiohzcmc pir uo ohi eurhisi no uo mcmn p`cyc. Ounstri grin iasnrvc enrec mn`kcr, gcstc qun uoc i`c `n novc uoc e-kcrc mn fitis cothbuc eio su eiotnohmi ho-tceti. C` rnvn`cr n` ecrrntn, n` ohi snqunmc fcsehocmi pir `c vhsho mn uoc snrhnmn hkbnons qun kunstrco uo kuomi su-

aceuthei hkpisha`n y kcrcvh`ìsi. No nsnkiknoti, n` kcr n ifrnen c ipirtuohmcmmn pcrthehpcr no uoc ecmnoc mn fitibrcfcs

duoti c itris ohis eurhisis, qun noeio-trcrio uo mc nsc khskc kquhoc mn fitisKn`vh``n no itrc p`cyc mn` kuomi. `cenptc.

Rhnsonr knze`c rnc`hmcm y fcotcsc yeiostruyn uo rn`cti kuy pnrsioc`. Ois su-surrc uo snernti c` imi (tco acdhti qun ecshoi sn iyn)4 c`bi qun thnon qun vnr eio fhe-ehions ienohecs pcscmcs y itrcs qun consto pir ``nbcr. ôc ghstirhc ehreu`cr mnhkbnons sneunoehcmcs qun auenco no sh-`noehi acdi n` cbuc y mco eunotc mn c nxhs-tnoehc mn itrcs vhmcs, pcrc`n`cs c `counstrc, qun siì nxhstno i nxhsthro shnk-prn qun qunrckis eioienr`cs.

I. G.

cis

+8

Cotihonttn ZirthsOi ns uoc ecdc

Vhbi4 Fcltirc L mn @haris, 1::7

Nsc ouan... ns uoc ouan i uoc ivndc9I quhz snc n` pnrri mn kh vnehoc Kcr-bcrhtc9 X nsi9 Ns uoc ecdc9 Oi ns uocecdc. X ns qun ì ks snoeh`ì sn punmneiovnrthr no i ks mhvnrthmi, kcrcvh`ìsi,nspnehc`...

Nstn àuk rnernc uoc nxpnrhnoehc kuyeiko no `c hofcoehc pcrc gca`cr mn qunoi timi ns ì qun pcrnen, mn qun timi mn-pnomn mn `c hkcbhoceho. @c pripunstcmnstcec pir su eignrnoehc mnsmn `c eu-ahnrtc y `cs bucrmcs, qun hkhtco `c tnxturcy n` eiìr mn uoc ecdc mn ecrto y eiothn-ono homhecehions siarn n` pnsi y `c pish-eho eirrnetc mn` au`ti.

@c ghstirhc nkphnzc eio uoc viz cmu`tchotnrribcomi c uo eiondi siarn `c ecdc eio`c qun nst dubcomi< stn khrc csikarcmiy, c` pcscr c pbhoc, eiotnstc4 Oi ns uocecdc< c su vnz, n` mhaudi mn trczis asheisno a`coei y onbri sn trcosfirkc brcehcs cuoc ònc ridc supnrpunstc qun kunstrc c``netir qu sn nst hkcbhocomi no nsn ki-

knoti n` pritcbiohstc4 uo eiegn, uoacrei, uo bìai, uo nmhfhehi no ``ckcs N`hotnrribctirhi eiothoc y n` pnrsiocdn snvc cecìrcomi gcstc qun sn primuen n` ki-knoti mn hof`nxho eucomi `n prnbuotcqu ns notioens nsn iadnti. @c rnspunstckuegis `c eioiehs y ìs qun oi, snburiqun is `c hkcbhohs.

ôc iarc rnc`knotn ctrcethvc, no `c qun`cs hùstrcehions siarnsc`no pir su nxprn-shvhmcm y n` dunbi mn eiìrns y pnrspneth-vcs qun sn uth`hzc pcrc mhfnrnoehcr n` p`coirnc` mn` fhethehi< uoc firkc irhbhoc` y mh-vnrthmc mn gca`cr siarn n` pimnr mn c hkc-bhoceho.

N`hsc Xustn ]unri

Fh`ìbc y netirc mn @HD

ô trhauti c `c hkcbhoceho hofcoth`

cis

+=Zcrc nstcr no sh`noehi


8/108


@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU OIVNMCMNU

7

Khqun` MnseìtWco @pnz Mikobunz (h`.)Mn pc`carcs y sc`thkacoquhs. Cotiìbc

Kcmrhm4 Nmn`vhvns, 1::2

cis

+6

Ks kshec, Mnseìt!

N` rneioiehmi pintc y trcmuetir Khqun`Mnseìt, eio uoc prnsthbhisc iarc pithectcoti pcrc cmu`tis eiki pcrc ohis, c kcyirpcrtn no ectcò, ois prnsnotc uoc cotiìbconenscrhc y pnrthonotn eio uoc sn`neeho mn

vnrsis, trcmuehmis pir n` priphi cutir, qun rn-eirrno ìs `haris4 Ansthcrhi mn kh ghdc E`crc,Znrsioc`crhi mn ]hnrrcaiac, Kckcrrcegc-rhi mn Nmwcrm @ncr, Nohbkcrhi mn UgnrìelGi`kns y Euc`quhnreiscrhi mn kh ghdi Nìh.

Mnseìt, Zrnkhi Ocehioc` mn @htnrcturc Hofcoth` y Duvnoh` no 1::1 eio n` `hari mnvnrsis Ks kshec, Knstrn! (@c Bc`nrc), ns uo rnfnrnotn hkpirtcotshki pir su ns-erhturc, sus èhmcs rnf`nxhions siarn `c pinsc y sus irbnons, pir `c mnfnosc mn ìsvnrsis pcrc ohis y su ec`hmcm, y pir snr uo mhvu`bcmir eiostcotn no fcvir mn `c rhec.Ns uo brco eioienmir mn is rneursis mn` nobucdn, mn c pc`carc eiki dunbi eio susecpcehmcmns nxprnshvcs, rtkhecs y cesthecs, qun thnono `c vhrtum mn ctrcnr c euc`-quhnr `netir, sho nthquntcs, c trcvs mn `c fcsehoceho y mn `cs snoscehions qun pri-muen4 Uh ocvnbcr ns ì qun gcen n` ocvnbcotn / n hboircr, n` hboircotn, / sh gcahtcrns i qun gcen n` gcahtcotn / y rnstcurcr,

n` rnstcurcotn, / snr qun vun`c n` vi-`cotn, / turac n` turacotn, / snka`c n`snka`cotn / y tc`c n` tc`cotn. Xc couo-ehc n` priphi Mnseìt no `c hotrimueehomn` `hari4 C `c phstc miomn `cs pc`carcscetco eiki sirprnomnotns sc`thkaco-quhs `c ``ckckis pinsc. Uho ehrei, shokshec, sho tnctri, sho pinsc... `c vhmcgukcoc snrc piei ks qun uoc vhmccohkc`. Ahnovnohmis c` ehrei pithei!.

Nstc cotiìbc rnprnsnotc uo dusti rn-eioiehkhnoti c `c ec`hmcm mn su pinsc pcrc ohis, `c euc` shnkprn gc mnfnomhmi eiovnrsis, rcziockhnotis hotn`hbnotns y eio uoc prifuomc eiovheeho. @c mnmhectirhc c

Coc Zn`nbro y Ucrc Kirnoi ois cvcozc n` giknocdn c `c trcmheho irc` y su rneu-pnrceho, eio pinkcs qun `c rnernco y mnoitco uo brco eioiehkhnoti mn` ecoehionrihofcoth`, mn sus firkcs y eikpishehions ktrhecs, eio prnmikhohi mn ìs vnrsis mniegi s`cacs no ìs pinkcs ks ocrrcthvis y mnserhpthvis eiki n` Ansthcrhi mn khghdc E`crc, ìs mn ehoei s`cacs eucomi n` vnrsi nxhbn uo rhtki ks rphmi enrecoic `c ecoeho i no itrcs iecshions no `cs qun nxpnrhknotc ecmnoehcs eikahocomi mh-vnrsis kntris. ]ckaho noeiotrcrnkis uo gc``czbi shbohfhecthvi, `c nstrueturc mn` `h-knrhel no ìs pinkcs mn uo mhvnrthmi n hrohei Kckcrrcegcrhi mn Nmwcrm @ncr.

Wco @pnz Mikobunz, c` qun yc eioiec pir nxen`notns trcacdis cotnrhirns, hùs-trc n` `hari eio pùkh``cs hkprnscs c uoc thotc, eio cpuotns kohkis no tckci, su-bnrnotns y suth`ns qun ceikpcco mn`hecmcknotn ìs pinkcs. Mn pc`carcs ysc`thkacoquhs ns uoc pripunstc `mhec y erncthvc, `hari sn`neti qun ois ifrnen uocec`hmcm mhboc mn timi nìbhi eio uoc mhvnrshmcm ktrhec y sioirc, eio uoc rhec bckcmn kcthens y rnbhstris qun ois ``nvco mn `c kcoi eio uo tiqun mn gukir notrn dun-

bis vnrac`ns, cmhvhocozcs, trcac`nobucs, `hknrhels i ecoehions pir c iarc mn Khqun`Mnseìt, uoi mn ounstris kndirns pintcs, cgirc hkprnsehomha`n tckaho no ecstn-``coi.

Znmri Vh``cr

Kcnstri y nserhtir

Brco eioienmir mn ìsrneursis mn` `nobucdn, mn `c

pc`carc eiki dunbi eio susecpcehmcmns nxprnshvcs,

rtkhecs y cesthecs, qun thnono`c vhrtum mn ctrcnr c euc`quhnr

`netir

Hvc ZriegzlivEcri`hoc4 uoc arnvn ahibrcfc

Ucotc Kcrtc mn ]irkns (Uc`ckcoec)4

@bunz, 1::2

Ecri`hoc rnmcetc su ahibrcfc, pir no-ecrbi mn uoc kcnstrc, enotromisn no ìs`thkis cis mn su vhmc4 n` pcsi mn `c ho-fcoehc c c nmcm cmu`tc, gcehnomi nsec`c no`c nstceho tnkpnstuisc mn `c cmi`nseno-ehc. No nstn ndnrehehi `htnrcrhi rnpcsc ìssnothkhnotis qun `n privieco `c kumcozcmn su Zrcbc octc` c uoc pnqunc ehumcmegnec, n` mnseuarhkhnoti mn` prhknr ckirckcrbcmi pir uo tnrrha`n ceehmnotn y uoc

rneupnrceho `crbc y miìrisc, `cs frustrc-ehions qun nxpnrhknotc c` oi snothrsneikprnomhmc pir sus pribnohtirns y c ho-enrthmukarn siarn su futuri cecmkhei ypnrsioc`.

@c cutirc tndn uoc oivn`c qun punmnpcrnenr snoeh``c c prhknrc vhstc, pnri qunnst kuy ahno nserhtc, pnrfnetcknotn gh`-vcocmc y qun nst mitcmc mn uoc brco pri-fuomhmcm pshei`bhec, brcehcs c uo eiri mnpnrsiocdns airmcmis c rn`hnvn (c mnstcecr`c fhburc mn c caun`c piei eiosnrvcmirc ybrco c`hcmc mn su ohntc) qun ceikpcco c`c pritcbiohstc no su priensi mn kcmurc-

eho. N` rn`cti eioshbun ctrcpcr c` `netircmi`nsenotn brcehcs c uo funrtn `czi mn nk-pctc qun nstca`nen n` ocrrcmir no prhknrcpnrsioc eio frneunotns hotnrpn`cehionsgcehc mhegi `netir kistromi`n `c vhmccmu`tc qun tnomr qun nofrnotcr, eio susmnsnobcis, sus c`nbrcs y sho rnspunstcscasiùtcs.

Hvc Zriegzliv ns ckp`hcknotn rnei-oiehmc pir thnrrcs enotrinuripncs gc-ahnomi rnehahmi n` prnkhi c`nko FrhnmrhegBnrstcelnr Cwcrm y `c oikhoceho no suQnpa`hec Egnec octc` pcrc n` Gcos Egrhs-thco Comnrsno. ]c`ns ernmnoehc`ns gco snr-vhmi pcrc `c rnnmheho y trcmueeho mn susiarcs no `nobuc ecstn``coc, eiki N`cs y`c caun`c qun sc`h mn uo gunvi i N`thnkpi mn ìs mnsnis snerntis.

Hrhs Bioz`nz

Aha`hitnecrhc

cis

+31

ôc viz eiofhmnotn


9/108


OIVNMCMNU

8

BhphN` ìec`

Kcmrhm4 Uhos Nothmi, 1::7

c

is

+3=

Ion, twi, tgrnn... @nts bi!

Oi sio pieis is crthstcs qun iphoco qun c k-shec ns uo crtn qun mnan ocenr mn `c ec``n y ìs ì-ec`ns mn noscyi. Nstis `thkis funrio shnkprn uoùbcr snernti y khstnrhisi, n` rnmueti mn prhvcehmcmno n` qun sn pnrfneehioco y rnbhstrco `cs ecoehi-ons. Nsecsis khoutis no firkc mn kiknotis mhfu-sis pcrc hùshiocr c kn`kcois u iynotnsehreuostcoehc`ns, c c vnz qun uo shkp`n nspcehi mnpnrfneehiockhnoti y mn mhvnrthknoti pcrc ìs k-sheis.

]imi ckcotn mn `cs knìmcs gc sicmic`buoc vnz eio pnrmnr sus tcrmns tiecomi

QieloQi``, no aunoc eikpcc, no uoùbcr c`ndcmi miomn oi sn ki`nstn c ocmhn.

ô suni qun ìs pritcbiohstcs mn nstnfukntti eiovhnrtno no rnc`hmcm brcehcs c`pcmrn mn uoi mn n`ìs, quhno prnstc uo vhndic`kceo pcrc qun shrvc eiki ùbcr mn no-eunotri mn `c pcomh``c.

Bhph ``nvcac uois cis eio `c nthquntc mncutir prikntnmir, pnri sus `thkcs iarcs ìgco eiovnrthmi no uoc mn `cs ks fhrknsrnc`hmcmns mn` ekhe htc`hcoi y nuripni. Uunsthì y tnkthecs nseibhmcs, qun notrioecoeio n` homhn wcy if `hfn, gco shmi nìbhcmcs pir erthec y pa`hei, c`bi trcmhehioc`-

knotn mhfeh` mn eiosnbuhr. Uiarn timi c rcz mn `c eiosneueho mn` prnsthbhisi Zrn-khi mn Cobiu`nkn pir susCpuotns pcrc uoc ghstirhc mn bunrrc (Uhos Nothmi), non` ci 1::6.

N` ìec` nst mhvhmhmi no ehoei eirtns, ehoei tnkczis qun snburi qun sn eio-vnrthrco no ghts sh `cs rcmhi-frku`cs sn mnehmhnrco c phoegcrìs no gircrhi mn kxhkccumhnoehc. Ehoei frcbknotis, eiki nxtrcmis mn` N. Z., prnsnotceho mn uo brupihkcbhocrhi eio uo nsthì mhfeh` mn mnfhohr, tc` vnz c knmhi eckhoi notrn n` gcrm-riely n` arht-pip.

No ecmc uoi mn n`ìs ois hotrimuen no n` mc c mc mn uois cmi`nsenotns euyisuni ns vhvhr mn `c kshec. C trcvs mn sus rnc`hmcmns, ahno mhfnrnotns notrn s, Bhphois nosnc ìs notrnshdis mn `cs rn`cehions pnrsioc`ns, `cs crhstcs mn `c ckhstcm y `csìeurcs qun sio ecpcens mn gcenr ìs ckcotns mn `c kshec, ìs pnrsnbuhmirns mnsunis, pir snbuhr eu`thvcomi sus cfhehions eio pieis knmhis.

]imcs `cs c`nbrcs, `cs frustrcehions, ìs khnmis n hoeikprnoshions qunmco rnf`n-

dcmcs no `cs hùstrcehions, sho pc`carcs, eio `cs qun n` cutir p`cskc ìs kiknotisks `bhmis mn ecmc noscyi.

Eiki nxtrcmis mn uo vhmnie`hp mn Uphln Diozn i Egrhs Euoohobgck, ìs egheismn `c acomc sn kunvno, brhtco, bi`pnco `c actnrc hotnotcomi nsecpcr mn sus vhmcscoimhocs, phmhnomi uoc ipirtuohmcm.

Cs, is netirns snothkis qun c kshec, nseiomhmc notrn is eiìrns ceuisis y ìstrczis mhfusis, hoeùsi sho pimnr nseuegcr`c, puna`c `c si`nmcm mn `c gcahtceho i n`ùbcr cmiomn quhnrc qun ois ``nvnkis nstn ìec` kcbofhei, qun ahno pimrc nstcrshtucmi no n` nxtrcrrcmhi mn euc`quhnrc mn `cs ehumcmns no `cs qun vhvhkis. Uhnkprnnspnrcomi itri brupi mn dvnons eio `c ecoeho pnrfnetc.

Znri nstc ghstirhc cmnks nseiomn uoc sitnrrcmc cpiìbc mn `c gionsthmcm ku-shec`, mn` vnrmcmnri rnspnti qun knrneno timcs cqun``cs acomcs qun oceno mn c ec``n,qun sio ecron mn ecrrntnrc y ìec` mn noscyi no thnkpis mn siohmis no`ctcmis,

cgirc qun `c eu`turc kushec` sn irhnotc gcec ìs crthstcs prnfcarhecmis, ghdis mn` ecs-thob no gircrhis mn kxhkc cumhnoehc. Suhz pir nsi n` xhti mn nstc iarc knrnenuo mia`n rneioiehkhnoti y mnankis rneiknomcr`c eio `c khskc nonrbc eio `c qunìs pritcbiohstcs tnrkhoco ecmc ecptuì noscycomi sus ecoehions.

@irnozi C. Uiti Gn`bunrc

Nmuecmir siehc` y aha`hitnecrhi

@is `netirns snothkis qun

`c kshec, nseiomhmc notrnìs eiìrns ceuisis y ìs

trczis mhfusis, hoeùsi shopimnr nseuegcr`c, puna`c `csi`nmcm mn `c gcahtceho in` ùbcr cmiomn quhnrc qun

ois ``nvnkis nstn ìec`kcbofhei

Kcrei MnonvhKcx (h`.)ô pnrri no n` brcacmi mn Murnri thtu`cmi

N` ecac``nri, `c Kunrtn y n` MhcaìVc`noehc4 Knmhc Vcec, 1::6

No 3>35, Càrnegt Mrnr brca N` ec-ac``nri, c Kunrtn y n` Mhcaì, iarc mn ah-zcrrc eikpisheho qun gc knrnehmivcrhcmcs y cbumcs hotnrprntcehions. Zhnosino `cs mn Anrbkco, Euoqunhri y Uehcsehc.stc, qun nserhahnrc no 3866 Kcrei Mn-onvh, eikprnomn n` cotns, n` murcotn y n`mnspus mn `c nsenoc, c trcvs mn pribrn-

shions y rnbrnshions, mn mn`hecmcs enrtnzcsn hoenrthmukarns. Mnonvh dunbc c supionrcqun`ì qun ìs pritcbiohstcs scano n hb-oirco mn is itris, gcstc eiosukcr uo rn-`cti pnrfneti, uo ndnkpì mn nsthì y mnùehmnz. N` trcacdi mn Kcx oi mnsknrnennsc eiosneueho< c trcvs mn su pcrtheu`cr`nobucdn, sus hùstrcehions cthnomno y ck-p`co `cs ehreuostcoehcs hkcbhocmcs pirMnonvh. Mrnr eikpion uo brcacmi< Mn-onvh, uo tnxti siarn nsn brcacmi< Kcx,uocs cmkhrca`ns nstckpcs siarn n` tnxtimn Mnonvh y n` brcacmi mn Mrnr. N` `netir,honvhtca`nknotn, prnshnotn qun ns pcrtn mnuoc nsphrc qun eikprnomn ìs cis y `csmhsehp`hocs. Uhnkprn gcy uo hari, sun`n su-enmnr no `c duvnotum, qun ois eiomnoc csnr `netirns mn pir vhmc. Nsn `hari thnon n`mio mn rnvn`crois qun gcy nxpnrhnoehcsqun sì `c `neturc eioenmn. @cs pistnrhi-rns, no ehnrti kimi, sio uoc ausec mncqun` homnfhoha`n bien hohehc`, qun c`bithnon mn scbrcmi. Nothnomi qun c nsn sho-bu`cr `hocdn pnrtnonen nstn `hari.

C`ndcomri Bcrec Uegontznr

Nserhtir y nmhtir

cis

+35

ô brcti ndnrehehi mn `c hkcbhoceho


10/108


11/108


@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU Z^O]IU MN F^BC

31


12/108


@cs hùstrcehions qun vnkis no uo `hari sio sì n` rnsu`tcmi mn uopriensi. Zriensi qun cecrrnc aientis, nxpnrhknotis, coitcehions, tc-egcmurcs. Znri qun tckaho thnon no su irhbno c uo mhaudi harn qun oipnrsnbuc uo iadnthvi u`tnrhir, c uo ndnrehehi prethei, c uo trczi fur-

thvi Ifrnenkis Zuotis mn fubc c timcs nstcs nxprnshions y c cqun-`ìs hùstrcmirns prifnshioc`ns i oi qun, c pnscr mn `c ec`hmcm mn sutrcacdi, co oi thnono `c mhfusho qun knrneno. Zcaì mn `c Eruz oisifrnen uo nstumhi mn pnrsiocdn, ceehions y eikpishehions prnvhis c`crtn fhoc`. Uu wna4 hùstrnois.aìbspit.eik.

Zcaì mn `c Eruz


13/108


14/108

qun n` csikarcmi oi ns Khbun` Ec`ctcyumshoi timis is qun cmkhrckis su iarc. Gncùmhmi c nsc coemitc tco brfhec y pi-thec pirqun eionetc eio n` pimnr y `c fcs-ehoceho qun ndnren `c hkcbno, eio ìs idis

mn` csikari, eio `c ecpcehmcm pcrc `cnkieho, eio c khrcmc mn c hofcoehc, nsckhrcmc qun timcvc eiosnrvc hotcetc Ec`c-tcyum. Mnsmn cqun`ìs hohehis gcstc cgircknmhc uoc trcynetirhc arh``cotn, cis mnnsfunrzi eiothoucmi, mnmheceho c uo trc-acdi `cairhisi, tnocz, gircs mn si`nmcm ysh`noehi y ehnrtc hoeikprnosho qun timierncmir pcmnen.

C` phn mn `c ntrc ns uo hari mn hkbn-ons puri, sho ìs eiomhehiocotns mn uotnxti prnvhi. Ns uo `hari mn crtn, uo can-enmcrhi hùstrcmi qun nmhtc Lc`comrclc no`c ei`neeho C`fcantis shbuhnomi `c trc-

mheho mn is canenmcrhis h ùstrcmis miomnKhbun` Ec`ctcyum mnsp`hnbc subnrnotnshkbnons, uoc mia`n pbhoc pcrc ecmc`ntrc.

Ec`ctcyum ois kunstrc shnkprn uo pnr-fneti nquh`harhi notrn òncs y eiìrns, subckc mn eiìr shnkprn crkohec sn eik-p`nknotc eio uoc heioibrcfc qun `n ec-rcetnrhzc, eio rnfnrnoehcs c` ehon, c `ckhtiìbc i c ìs brcacmis pipu`crns, nsuo erncmir mn uo uohvnrsi bniktrheikuy irhbhoc`.

Zisnn uo pnrsioc`shki usi mn` eiìr,

tioc`hmcmns crkohecs, sho nstrhmnoehcs,eio brco mikhohi mn cs ceucrn`cs quhmcseio `cs qun eioshbun mhfukhocmis hosupn-rca`ns. Ernc sus eikpishehions eio uocctksfnrc pneu`hcr qun mco cs tioc`hmcmnssnkndcotns mn` eiìr, c trcvs mn` euc` `csfhburcs tckaho eiofirkco n` fiomi mcomiuoc snosceho bìac` mn hotnbrceho mnfiomi y firkc eio sirprnscs vhsuc`ns, cpc-rhehions honspnrcmcs qun mnscrri``co no n`nspnetcmir mhsthotcs firkcs mn pnrenp-eho. C`buocs `ntrcs dunbco c` nseiomhtn ic` eckuf`cdn hotn`hbnotn mn is eckc`nions.Itri cspneti qun `n ecrcetnrhzc ns `c cu-

snoehc mn pnrspnethvc no n` mhaudi fruti mnsus rnf`nxhions siarn `c pnrspnethvc eiki

shstnkc mn rnprnsnotceho, mnfhohomiìeiki uo eiovnoehioc`hski, uoc knothrc,

eiosneunoehc mn` hoth` nkpni mn rnmuehrtrns mhknoshions c uoc supnrfhehn qun sìthnon mis. Khbun` ois rneunrmc eiostcotn-knotn4 n` idi nobcc, euhmcmi eio ì qunvns.

C` phn mn c `ntrc mnsùkarc, mnrriegchobnohi, pinsc y snoshah`hmcm. Ns uoc pri-punstc hotn`hbnotn sustnotcmc mnsmn n` rheiuohvnrsi mn kntfircs y brnbunrcs vhsuc-`ns qun ois notrnbc4 `ntrcs qun sn nofrno-tco c uo mnscfi, c uo dunbi mn eckuf`cdni c uo nohbkc, no iecshions eio uo tiqunmn hrioc y gukir. N` `hari ns uo puri bienmn mnseuarhkhnotis, nspcehi pcrc `c eio-tnkp`ceho y ìs sunis, eio mhvnrscs `ne-turcs pcrc uo pa`hei gntnriboni mn` qunecuthvc shnkprn `c khrcmc pcrc ``nvcrì c`tnrrhtirhi mn `c hkcbhoceho y `c sirprnsc.Cs `c nkn sn eiovhnrtn no n` phei mn uosikarnri, `c nquhs no `c acomnrc phrctci `c uvn no `c aiec mn uo pnz, y eio uopcr mn ocrhens, no snothmi `htnrc` y fhbu-rcmi, gcen surbhr uoc non. Znri gcy tck-aho itrcs `neturcs qun suayceno no `chkcbno y qun ecmc euc` punmn cgiomcr. N`bien mn khrcr ns tckaho bien mn nnr, mn`nnr hkbnons. Khbun` Ec`ctcyum ns uo oc-

rrcmir vhsuc` pir nxen`noehc, y cuo sho pc-`carcs, eiki no nstn hari, shnkprn punmn

cpcrnenr uo ghì eiomuetir qun noehnomn`c eghspc y subhnrn uoc ghstirhc.

Gca`cr tckaho mn is mnsthoctcrhis mnC` phn mn `c ntrc, eki oi, pirqun n`ìsno mnfhohthvc, oisitris is netirns, sikisìs rnenptirns mn ìs `haris. X cuoqun sncarnvnknotn, pir rczions mn pnrthonoehc ynspcehi, s kn bustcrc cpuotcr c` rnspneti`cs hkprnshions mn Kcrc Miìrns Hosc, mh-rnetirc mn `c aha`hitnec mn Eienotchocsiarn n` `hari. Mhen cs4

Kcbofhei y irhbhoc` canenmcrhi hùs-trcmi, uo `hari qun vc mhrhbhmi c timi thpimn `netirns, hofcoth`ns y cmu`tis, yc qunprnsnotc kuegcs `neturcs. Znri siarn-

timi kn bustcrc rnsc`tcr c nxen`notn ns-tthec tco pnrsioc` mn Khbun` Ec`ctcyum.Uio `haris eiki stn ìs qun ks cyumcoc firkcr `netirns. @is cmu`tis, kcnstris,pcmrns, aha`hitnecrhis, mnano pionr no`cs kcois mn ìs egheis y eghecs `harisqun, eiki n` qun rneikhnomi, `ns cyu-mco c rnerncrsn, c mhsfrutcr mn `cs hùstrc-ehions, c firkcrsn nstthecknotn shomcrsn eunotc, c hkcbhocr c trcvs mn `cshùstrcehions. Uio haris mn uo acbcdn hk-prnsehomha`n no `c firkceho `netirc mnìs pnqunis.

Zc`carcs mn Kcrc Miìrns Hosc qun eiouoc vc`hisc nxpnrhnoehc no aha`hitnecs ycohkceho `netirc scan qun `c hùstrceho,qun `c hkcbno ns `neturc.

No `c nseun`c, no ìs hosthtutis ì vhsucòi firkc pcrtn nsnoehc` mn ìs cprnomhzc-

dns, qunmc timcvc pnomhnotn `c nmuecehomn `c khrcmc. Unc`c `c kcnstrc n hùstrc-mirc Miìrns ]imi`4

Kuegcs vnens `cs hkbnons mn ìs `h-aris sio `c prhknrc gnrrckhnotc mnòhi/c pcrc mcr snothmi c uo kuomi qunnkphnzc c eioienr. Nseuegcm cgirc `c rns-punstc qun mc uo ohi mn 6 cis c `c prn-

buotc. Zcrc qu shrvno ìs `haris9 Mhen4Zcrc khrcr. C`buois thnono mhaudis y itris`ntrcs. Uh oi scans nnr thnono qun eiotcrtnì qun mheno. Znri yi `ni ì qun eunotcopir ìs mhaudis.


ACDI @C @^ZC

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15/108


16/108


17/108

O. K. Arhobc,hùstrcmir hofcoth`

No uo prhknr cenreckhnoti c `c iarc mnOcrehsi Komnz Arhobc y sh eikpcrckissus brcacmis eio ìs mn euc`quhnr itri hùs-

trcmir mn nstc piec, ì prhknri qun ois``ckc `c ctnoeho ns su e`crhmcm no `c mnfh-oheho mn `cs firkcs y n`nknotis quneiosthtuyno ecmc nsenoc y `c pnrfneeho mnsu mhaudi.

Zcrc eiosnbuhr ì prhknri, O. KomnzArhobc uth`hzc `c vcìrceho mn ìs eiotrcs-tns no n` puoti cmneucmi, pcrc qun ecmcn`nknoti mn ìs qun eikpiono `c iarcsnc hmnothfhecmi pir n` pnquni `netir shomhfheu`tcm. Qnouoehc c` usi bnonrc`hzcmi mn`cs knmhcs thotcs, rnsnrvomi`cs pcrc uoh-fhecr is n`nknotis qun vco no p`cois pis-

tnrhirns y cs mhstcoehcrìs, eio ì euc`fcvirnen `c e`crhmcm y `c eikprnosho vh-suc` mn i rnprnsnotcmi. C vnens gcstc mndcuo gcì no tiroi c ìs pnrsiocdns pcrcmnspnbcrì ks mn` fiomi (vnr fhbs. > y 6).

ôc hoeikp`ntc vcìrceho mn tiois yuo tirpn kcondi mn `c knmhc thotc snrcuoc mn `cs rczions mnehkioohecs pcrcmnsec`hfhecr c euc`quhnr photir y tcegcrì mnmhaudcotn< pnri eiosehnotn i hoeiosehnotn-knotn, O. Komnz Arhobc rneioieh no ì no sus eintonis n` rnsu`tcmi fcrrcbisimn uo mhaudi pnquni nxenshvcknotn phe-trhei y n`hbh uoc ùz ks murc pcrc sus

eikpishehions, ùz qun oi sì ce`crcacìs iadntis y iseurnec sus eiotirois, shoiqun ia`hbcac c` cuknoti mn` brisir mn mh-egis eiotirois, snbo `cs ziocs, c` snrstis `c ohec sikarc mn` iadnti mhaudcmi.

Nstc n`neeho mn ùz ns cmneucmc mnsmn n`kiknoti no n` qun sn prntnomn ocrrcruoc nsenoc mrckthec no uoc supnrfhehntco pnqunc< mn gnegi O. K. Arhobc oifrneunotc ìs tckcis mn `cs nmhehions

ks pnquncs, oi scankis sh pir su mneh-sho i pir `c mn` nmhtir, Ucturohoi Ec``ndc eks., mn ìstrnsehnotis oknris rnpcrthmis notrn euc-tri i ehoei hùstrcmirns, ` sì hùstrc vnho-thehoei.

N` snbuomi mn ìs vcìrns p`stheis mnsu trcacdi y qun rneioienkis mn kimi ho-knmhcti, ecsh mnsmn `c hboircoehc mn` on-fhti, ns `c pnrfneeho mn su mhaudi.

Uhnkprn mnotri mn ì qun ns `c hùstrc-eho mn hari hofcoth`, sus trcacdis siarnsc-`no pir n` mikhohi mn` trczcmi y uo

pnrfneti eioiehkhnoti mn `c pripireho yn` kivhkhnoti< eio ì euc` sn eioshbun qunc` vnr sus hùstrcehions, n` mhsfrutn mn su nx-prnshvhmcm oi sn vnc hotnrrukphmi pir n`rne`cki i c sirprnsc vhsuc` mn c`buoc tir-pnzc< `c tphec fceeho qun sn gc mnsei`-bcmi, n` bnsti arusei i n` kivhkhnoti`hbnrcknotn rhmeuì pir hkpisha`n oi oisvco c ki`nstcr c` eiotnkp`cr sus hùstrc-ehions.

N` nspnetcmir-`netir mn hùstrcehions oionenshtc scanr mhaudcr pcrc pnrehahr ìsnrrirns mn` mhaudi, y cuoqun oi sn snpco

mnfhohr eiki nrrirns, s qun sn rnbhstrcoeiki ``ckcmcs c ounstrc ctnoeho y pirtcoti eiki hotnrrupehions, priviecmircsmn uoc rupturc mn rhtki no `c hotnrhirhzc-eho mn `c ghstirhc `nmc. No n` ecsi mn O.K. Arhobc nsti ns tco hkpisha`n qun sh c`-buoc vnz n` eioduoti mn su mhaudi oi no-ecdc mnotri mn ì qun ois thnonceistukarcmis, nosnbuhmc sn negc uoc idn-cmc c` oikarn mn` brcacmir, pir `c pcrtnmn eu`pc qun punmc tnonr no n` gnegi.

ôc vnz qun ounstri idi sn gc gcah-tucmi c` brcacmi no a`coei y onbri, n` rn-eirrhmi pir sus hùstrcehions snr shnkprntrcoquhì.

Uus eikpishehions oi cauomco no eno-tris mn hotnrs, ìs rneirrhmis vhsuc`ns sioeiki kuegi ehreu`crns.

Eio ks vcrhnmcm y rhnsbi qun su eik-pcnri Kcoun` obn`, O. Komnz Arhobccairmc ìs rn`ctis eio uo shofo mn nofi-quns y rneursis no `c mhstrhaueho mn pnr-siocdns< eckahcomi tckcis, noeucmrns,mhspishehions mn pritcbiohstcs y brupis).

]imis ìs eioiehkhnotis onenscrhis pcrc`c rnprnsnotceho mn uoc nsenoc no e`cvnrnc`hstc nsto c su mhspisheho. Hoeùsi vn-rnkis c`bi tco crrhnsbcmi y nxtrci no `chùstrceho hofcoth` eiki n` rntrcti.

G^N@@CU MN ]HO]C


Fhb. 1. \s.c.[4 @c eikcmrn kunrtn, Aha`hitnecHùstrcmc, v.4 3:. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc. \s.f.[.

Fhb. 5. \s.c.[ @c cbudc irbu`ìsc< EunotisFcotstheis, v. 75. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc. 38:1.

Fhb. =. \s.c.[ @c firtuoc y `c mnsbrcehc< EunotisFcotstheis, vi`. 58. Kcmrhm4 U.Ec``ndc. 38:3.

Fhb. >. \s.c.[ @cs eczun`cs qun gca`co< EunotisFcotstheis, vi`. 76. Kcmrhm4 U.Ec``ndc. 38:3.


18/108

Uio thnkpis mn hohehi y noeiotrckistcotnis mn rneursis qun oi vi`vnro c uth-`hzcrsn mn cqu no cmn`cotn. O. KomnzArhobc pcrnen qun eiofc no qun n` priphipritcbiohstc sn nxp`hqun c s khski y nx-

p`hqun sus vhvnoehcs no uo mhìbi mhrnetieio n` netir< sus fhburcs chs`cmcs, rn`cdcmcsy c vnens noecrcomi c` nspnetcmir, snmndco iasnrvcr mnsmn `c snburhmcm mn uocetir prhoehpc` qun nst pir noehkc mnounstrc vcìrceho i duhehi (vnr fhbs. mn 2 c3:).

Murcotn n` rneirrhmi vhsuc` pir is mhfn-rnotns n`nknotis mn `c hùstrceho vckisrneioiehnomi ìs pnrsiocdns `nmis prn-vhcknotn, n` ckahnotn, n` ubcr, hmnothfhec-kis `c shtuceho no `c qun mnstceco ìspritcbiohstcs qun, c su vnz, ois hotrimu-eno no su vhvnoehc pnrsioc`, cenreomiois

c `cs snoscehions priviecmcs pir n` ki-knoti qun ns gc tiecmi vhvhr y qun eio ckcyir octurc`hmcm eikpcrtno eio oisi-tris. N` iadnthvi prhkirmhc` mn `c hùstrc-eho, qun ns noeckhocr c` nspnetcmirmnsmn `cs firkcs p`sthecs c `c mrckctur-bhc, sn eioshbun no nstn cutir mn `c firkcks snoeh``c.

Eio timi, c prhoehpc` cpirtceho mn O.Komnz Arhobc c` qungcenr mn `c hùstrc-eho hofcoth` nst no `c ernceho mn uochkcbno ks cmneucmc pcrc sus prhoehpc`nspritcbiohstcs4 is ohis. ]imis is hùstrc-

mirns mn `c piec mhaudcrio ohis, pnriohobuoi cacomioc n` eioenpti mn kun-eo eiki Qcko Eh``c y O. KomnzArhobc. Eucomi cgirc sn mhaudco ohispcrc hùstrcr, sn sun`n gcenr mnsmn mis oh-eis puotis mn vhstc4 `c ohc i n` ohi pcsh-vis, kim`heis y pir tcoti ks thpinsecpcrctn qun cetir, y eucomi `cs y isks pnqunis sio cethvis, yc oi sn mnfh-ono eio hkbnons mn ohis shoi ks ahnomn cmi`nsenotns.

Zir nsecsnz mn nspcehi oi pimnkis ho-eùhr n` co`hshs mn ìs ounvis kimnìs ho-fcoth`ns qun cpirtc O. Komnz Arhobc,

pnri cmduotckis hkbnons rnprnsnotcthvcsmn sus kndirns cpirtcehions no nstneckpi4 Znùsc yCotihti, uo ohi ki-mnì (>) (vnr fhbs. 33 y 31).iu

Aha`hibrcfc mn Ocrehsi Komnz Arhobc eikihùstrcmir mn tnxtis hofcoth`ns

Dubuntns hostruethvis. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc

\s. c.[ N` munomn ridi, v. 87.

Diycs pcrc ohis. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc

\s. c.[ @cs trns prnbuotcs, v. >.\s. c.[ Mn ph`ùnì c snocmir, v. 33.

\s. c.[ @cs bcfcs mn` mhcaì, v. 31.\s. c.[Suho eirrn ks9, v. 52.\s. c.[ Fn, Nspnrcozc y Ecrhmcm, v. =3.\s. c.[ @c `nynomc mn `c snmc, v. >5.

\s. c.[ N` prnkhi y n` ecsthbi, v. 6>.\s. c.[ @is pdcris hodurhcmis, v. 68.

G^N@@CU MN ]HO]C@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU

NMÊCEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::71:

Fhb. 6. \s.c.[ @c thnomc mn` dumi< EunotisFcotstheis, v.4 3, Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc,3781.

Fhb. 2. \s.c.[ Buhscmi mn eiondi< EunotisFcotstheis, v.4 12. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc,378=.

Fhb. 7. Uegkhm, Erhstac`. Eunotis nseibhmis.

\s. c.[ @c girkhbuhtc, v. 357.\s. c.[ @c aunoc kcbc, v. 3==.\s. c.[ @c prhoensc Eckn`hc, v. 3=>.\s. c.[ N` coh`ì mn Bhbns, v. 3=2.\s. c.[ N` ohmi mn ehbncs, v. 3=7.\s. c.[ N` mnmi eirtcmi, v. 3>3.\s. c.[ Knrò, v. 3>1.\s. c.[ ]rns bucrmhcs mn Qianrti, v. 16:.\s. c.[ Zcp ehbnc, v. 165.\s. c.[ Znpn Znìs, v. 16=.\s. c.[ Vcyc uo pnz!, v. 12:.\s. c.[ ]rns eiscs rcrcs, v. 126.

Eunotis pcrc ohis. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc

\s. c.[ @c thnomc mn` dumi, v. 3.

\s. c.[ Knègir Ecsecrrcahcs, v. 35.\s. c.[ @ùvhc mn iri, v. 3=.\s. c.[ ô acoquntn nxtrci, v. 32.\s. c.[ N` pnrc` khstnrhisi, v. 37.\s. c.[ @c fckc mn` nkaustnri, v. 38.\s. c.[ @c kiotcc mn Hko, v. 1:.\s. c.[ N` eurcomnri, v. 1>.\s. c.[ Mio Uunri n` irbu`ìsi, v. 16.\s. c.[ Buhscmi mn eiondi, v. 15.\s. c.[ @c ehumcm Firtuoc, v. 17.\s. c.[ @c si`nmcm y n` i`vhmi, v. 5>.\s. c.[ N` acrrh` mn cenhtuocs, v. 56.\s. c.[ N` diriacmi, v. 57.\s. c.[ @c firtuoc y `c mnsbrcehc, v. 58.\s. c.[ N` mhcaì aur`cmi, v. =:.

\s. c.[ N` ecac``nri Acycrmi, v. =3.\s. c.[ N` ecsthbi mn uo arhao, v. =1.\s. c.[ N` ei``cr mn mhckcotns, v. >3.\s. c.[ N` si`mcmi nkaustnri, v. >5.\s. c.[ N` rny ]rcbc`mcacs, v. 63.\s. c.[ Qneunrmis ghstrheis, v. 2: (eua.)\s. c.[ Zrnkhi mn uoc aunoc ceeho, v. 21. K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ @cs cbumnzcs mn Duco, v. 26 (eua.) K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ An``nzc y kimnsthc, v. 27. K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Ecsthbi mn uoc nkaustnrc, v. 28. K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Fìr mn `hoi, v. 7:. K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ ]rcpcò n` ocvnbcotn, v. 73. K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ @c cbudc irbu`ìsc, v. 75. K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ @c biìomrhoc, v. 7=.\s. c.[ N` shàcti primhbhisi, v. 7>. K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ @cs eczun`cs qun gca`co, v. 76. K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ @c fn`hehmcm, v. 72. K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Knothri`c n` eczcmir, v. 81.\s. c.[ A`coecfìr, v. 87. K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Zir uoc fìr, v. 88. K. obn` y K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ ]ikc tc`hskcons!, v. 3=7.\s. c.[ N` susti mn` ki`honri, v. 3>:.\s. c.[ N` phthrridi, v. 3>6. K. Zheiì (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Oi kn i`vhmns, v. 3>8.

Aha`hitnec mn Qnerni. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc

\s. c.[ @is sustis mn Znrhei, v. :. Q. Eh``c, Ecrrntnri y@pnz (itris h`s.)

\s. c.[ Gircs c`nbrns, v. 3. K. obn`, N. Eirioc (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Eunotis rcris, v. 1. K. obn`, N. Eirioc (itri h`.)\s. c.[ @c ecrhmcm, v. 1:. K. obn`, @pnz (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Zir biìsis, v. 13. K. obn`, N. Eirioc, Mcz Gunr-

tcs, Qhumcvnts (itris h`s.)\s. c.[ @cs ecocs mn` isi a`coei, v. 16. K. obn`, N. Ei-

rioc, Q.Eh``c y K. Zheiì (itris h`s.)

\s. c.[ N` `nbi mn` eiovnoti, v. 17. K. obn`, Cvrhc`, MczGunrtcs, Znrnc, K. Zheiì (itris h`s.)

\s. c.[ N` gikarn brhs, v. 53. K. obn`, Mcz Gunrtcs, Zrnzy K. Zheiì (itris h`s.)

\s. c.[ @is ckhbis mn Kcrto, v. 56. K. obn` y Acrrhc`(itris h`s.)

\s. c.[ @is ghdis mn Ecouti, v. 57. Znrnc, N. Eirioc, @pnz(itris h`s.)

\s. c.[ @c gnrkisc Uhntn`homcs, v. 58. K. Cobn`, N. Eiriocy @pnz (itris h`s.)

\s. c.[ N` mietir qun timi i scan, v. =3. Q. Eh``c, K. Zheiìy @pnz (itris h`s.)

Aha`hitnec Nsei`cr Qnerncthvc. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc

\s. c.[ @c c`knomrhtc, v. 3.\s. c.[ Ohei`cso y Ohei`csh`ì, v. 6. Mcz Gunrtcs (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Eunotis nxtrcirmhocrhis, v. 7. Znmrnri y Ecarhonty

(itris h`s.)\s. c.[ @is eunotis mn Fnrocomh`ì, v. 31.\s. c.[ @c knmc``c mn `c Vhrbno, v. 35.\s. c.[ N` pnmczi mn pìki, v. 3>.

\s. c.[ N` ]u`hpo Onbri, v. 37.\s. c.[ @c funotn mn ìs `nions, v. 38. Eris y Znrnc (itris

h`s.)\s. c.[ N` pnmczi mn pìki, v. 1:.\s. c.[ @is siarnsc`tis mn uo scstrn, v. 13.\s. c.[ Ghstirhc mn uo rny tunrti, v. 15. K. obn` (itri h`.)UEGKHM, E. N` risc`, v. 1>.\s. c.[ Htgc, eiomnsc mn ]ibbnoaiurb, v. 16.\s. c.[ N` divno nrkhtci, v. 12.\s. c.[ @c Oiegnaunoc, v. 17.UEGKHM, E. N` eirmnrhti, v. 18.UEGKHM, E. @is gunvis mn Zcseuc, v. 5:.

Aha`hitnec hùstrcmc pcrc ohis. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc

\s. c.[ @cs 5 pùkcs, v. 1. K. obn` (itri h`.)

\s. c.[ @c ecarhtc mn iri, v. >. K. obn` (itri h`.)\s. c.[ N` vhndi gneghenri, v. 2. K. obn` (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Mhis no timcs pcrtns, v. 7. K. obn`< D Ecarhonty

(itris h`s.)\s. c.[ @c bc``hohtc y n` pi``hti, v. 8. K. obn`< K. Zheiì y

D. Ecarhonty (itris h`s.)\s. c.[ @c eikcmrn Kunrtn, v. 3:. K. obn`< K. Zheiì< Zn-

mrnri< Mcz Gunrtcs (itris h`s.)\s. c.[ @c divno y gnrkisc oivhc, v. 31. K. obn` (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Kcrc Znz y Kcrc Iri, v. 35. K. obn` y Mcz Gunr-

tcs (itris h`s.)\s. c.[ N` ecac`ì crthfhehc`, v. 3=. K. obn` (itri h`.)\s. c.[ N` fiei nètrhei, v. 11.

Aha`hitnec Noeheìpmhec pcrc ohis. Kcmrhm4 U.

Ec``ndc

\s. c.[C`kceo mn eunotis, v. 6. K. obn`, Ckct y itris.\s. c.[ N` tnsiri mn ìs ohis, v. 2. K. Zheiì y Ecarhonty

(itris h`s.)V@NT MN CQCBO, T. Bnibrcfc Fshec, v. 36.KÎT NUEKNT, D. N` rnerni mn khs ghdis, v. 1:. K.

obn`, Cvrhc`, Mcz Gunrtcs, K. Zheiì (itris h`s.)\s. c.[ Eunotis czu`ns, v. 13. K. obn`, Cvrhc`, K. Zheiì,

Qhumcvnts, C. Znrnc y M. Gunrtcs (itris h`s.)KÎT NUEKNT, D. Eunotis hofcoth`ns, v. 15. K.

obn`, Cvrhc`, Mcz G. y K. Z heiì (itris h`s.)EI@IKC, @uhs Z. y itris. Znùsc, v. 1>.

Aha`hitnec Ec``ndc. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc

]I^MIÊN, Bustcvi. @cs pnscmh``cs. 38:6, v. 7. MczGunrtcs, Knmhoc Vnrc, Bh`, Zc`ci y Zcghssc (itris h`s.)

AÛOCEG, Rh``hck. Xnrris pi`heceis (N` erhkno mn` ais-qun mn Anrrhrns). 38:6, v. 16.

MC^MN], C. ]crcoto mn ]crcseo. 38:6, v. 25 ahs.

Aha`hitnec Znr`c. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc

COMNQUNO, D. Egrhsthco. Eunotis mn Comnrsno, v. 3.Mcz Gunrtcs, K. obn`, K. Zheiì y ]. Cànrth (itrish`s.)

KÎT NUEKNT, D. Czu` en`nstn. 38:1, v. 32. K.obn`, K. Zheiì, M. Gunrtcs, Znrnc, Qhumcvnts nt c`.

(itris h`s.)ZIZ^@CQ. @cs kh` y uoc oiegns (eunotis nseibhmis), v.

37. K. obn`, M. Gunrtcs (itris h`s.)UEGHKM, Erhstac`. Eunotis nseibhmis mn` ecoohbi Ueg-

khm, v. 12. K. obn`, K. Zheiì y Q. Eh``c (itris h`s.)

Itris

KIOOHI], V. N` mhcrhi mn Kcrbcrhtc i ìs mis cis prn-pcrctirhis pcrc `c prhknrc eikuoho. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec-``ndc \s.f.[.

\s. c.[ N` pnosckhnoti hofcoth` Noeheìpnmhc pcrc ohis. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc, 38:3.

UCKCOHNBI. Fau`cs no vnrsi. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc \s.f.[.

@htnrcturc mn cmu`tis

C@EIEL, Mairc. @is gnrkcois nspci`ns. Kcmrhm4 C.Kcrzi, 3813.

KNOMVH@, Kcoun` mn. N` kc` eckhoi. Kcmrhm4 Hkprnotcmn C`rnmnmir mn` Kuomi, 3833.

@ZNT MN@ CQEI, Cotiohi Q. ]ituk rnviùtuk. Kc-mrhm4 Fnrocomi F, 378>.

AÛOCEG, Rh``hck. Xnrris pi`heceis. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc,38:3. Iarcs `htnrcrhcs mn cutirns e`narns v. 16.

Zrnosc

@c Hùstrceho Nspci`c y Cknrhecoc.Cpuotns.A`coei y Onbri.

Aha`hibrcfc siarn Ocrehsi Komnz Arhobc

BH@-MNT ÛCOMHTCBC, Hbocehi. @c hùstrceho hofcoth`4uo kimnì vhsuc` (3726-383>). Kcmrhm4 Biyc rnvhstcmn crtn, du`hi-ietuarn 3872, pp. ==-=8.

VV. CC. Mheehiocrhi mn photirns y nseu`tirns mn` shbìWW. Kcmrhm4 Firuk Crths, 3887, pp. 1653.

FQCOEU, Dis. @is mhaudcotns n hùstrcmirns nspci`nseiotnkpironis. Kcmrhm4 Nseun`c mn Crtns y Ifhehis,38=>. pp. 36-38.

ZQNOUC NUZCI@C U. C. Ectìbi mn c nxpisheho ôshbì mn hùstrceho nspci`c no `cs pbhocs mn A`coeiy Onbri. Tcrcbizc4 Hanrecdc, 3881, pp. 8>-3:1.

FIO]AIOC, Frcoense. @c hùstrceho brfhec. No VV. CC.N` brcacmi no Nspcc, shbìs WHW y WW. Kcmrhm4 Ns-pcsc Ec`pn, 3877. p. =6:.

OHNVC, Frcoehsei. No ZQNOUC NUZCI@C U. C. ôshbì mn hùstrceho nspci`c no `cs pbhocs mn A`coeiy Onbri. Ectìbi mn `c nxpisheho. Tcrcbizc4 Hanr-ecdc, 3881.

Oitcs(3) FQCOEU, D. @is mhaudcotns n hùstrcmirns nspci`ns

eiotnkpironis. Kcmrhm4 Nseun`c mn Crtns y Ifhehis,38=>. p.36.

(1) ZQNOUC NUZCI@C U. C. Ectìbi mn `c nxpishehoô shbì mn hùstrceho nspci`c no `cs pbhocs mn

A`coei y Onbri. Tcrcbizc4 Hanrecdc, 3881, pp. 8>-3:1.

(5) Ip. eht. p. 32.(=) FIO]AIOC, Frcoense. @c hùstrceho brfhec. No

VV. CC. N` brcacmi no Nspcc, shbìs WHW y WW. Kc-mrhm4 Nspcsc Ec`pn, 3877. p. =6:.

(>) Ckais no4 EI@IKC, Q. Z. @uhs. Znùsc. Kcmrhm4 U.Ec``ndc, ec. 3831. Aha`hitnec noeheìpmhec pcrcohis. v. 1>.


G^N@@CU MN ]HO]C

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N` nserhtir y pnrhimhstc crbnothoi ]iksNìy Kcrtonz, no uo crteuì thtu`cmi @cvhmc hotnrhir mn Zcu` Custnr, mnspus mnrnf`ndcr y `cknotcr ì kc` qun nst n`kuomi, ns mnehr, ìs Nstcmis ôhmis, sis-tnoc qun, knois kc`, ois qunmc `c `htn-rcturc.

X ns qun n` gnegi coimhoi mn qun snkunrco c` ci mhnz kh`ìons mn ohis, mnqun gcyco cuknotcmi, no `cs mnkiercehcscetuc`ns, `cs `cercs mn `c tirturc y `cs vhi-

`cehions mn is mnrnegis gukcois no pri-brnsho bniktrhec, piei hkpirtc, sh, pirì knois, ehnrtis nxquhshtis punmno snbuhr`nynomi c sus cutirns fcvirhtis.

Zirqun eiki mhen n` ipthkhstc NìyKcrtonz `c vhmc nst `ndis mn snr pnr-fnetc. Su `n vckis c gcenr! Ns ks, pc-rnen subnrhr qun eucoti ks hkpnrfnetcsnc, kndir. Mn nstn kimi, vhvhrnkis eioks hotnoshmcm ì qun `nnkis.

Cs qun oi c`crkcrsn. C` eiotrcrhi, fn-`hehtkiois nfushvcknotn, yc qun c htnrc-turc pnrkhtn c `c nspnehn gukcoc snr ìqun oi sn ctrnvn c snr no `c rnc`hmcm, y c

sicr eio `cs eiscs qun no `c vhbh`hc pcrn-eno hkpisha`ns. (]. Nìy Kcrtonz, N`Zcs, 35-8-1::2).

Eucomi nstn rcoehi hmnc`hstc, ``ckcmiNìy Kcrtonz, gca`c mn `c nspnehn gu-

kcoc, mnmuzei qun pcrc `, no su hkcbh-ocrhi kcohqunstc, nxhstno mis nspnehnsgukcocs mhsthotcs, `cs qun `nno y `cs qunoi.

@c prhknrc snrc, ehnrtcknotn, prhvh`n-bhcmc, pirqun brcehcs c `c `htnrcturc quhn-ons pnrtnoneno c n``c punmno mndcr mn snruois pcrhcs y uois mnsbrcehcmis casiùtis.Hboiri qu knecohskis mn trcosfirkc-eho i mn prnsthmhbhtceho uth`hzcro pcrcìbrcrì, pnri nsi ns ì qun sn csnburc.

Brcehcs c c htnrcturc sn punmn snr mhsthotic` qun sn ns y vhvhr i qun oi sn punmn vhvhrno `c rnc`hmcm. Cs qun gcar qun supionrqun timis ìs qun vhcdco no pctnrcs sio`netirns y qun, no uo sahti ceti mn hosph-rceho `neturh`, gco mnehmhmi ``nvcr c `cprethec cqun`ì qun `nynrio i sicrio.

I, quho scan, sh nstn ecretnr mn prhvh-`nbhi ctrhauhmi oi ns tc` y, kuegi pnir,snc funotn prhknrc mn brcomns frustrcehi-ons y tnoshions hotnrocs qun hkphmno qun`c siehnmcm ``nbun c eignshiocrsn mn vnr-mcm. Zir ndnkpì, y nstn ns uo ndnkpìkuy pnrthonotn, Nuslcmh pcsc pir snr uoc

mn `cs eikuohmcmns ks `netircs. Uh sn-buhkis `c hotnrprntceho mn Nìy Kcrtonzshbohfhecrc qun cs tnoshions pi`thecs y si-ehc`ns qun sn mco no Nuslcmh sio fruti mn`cs `neturcs qun gceno sus ehumcmcois, ìs


@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU ZHMI @C ZC@CAQC

11

UcrecskiVetir KirnoiMietir no Fhììbc Ghspohec, prifnsir mn@nobuc y @htnrcturc no n` Hosthtuti mn sneuomcrhcZ. Kirnt-Hruahmn (Zckpìoc). Uus pua`hecehions

eiosthtuyno uoc cprixhkceho, cmnks mn

erncthvc y gntnrimixc, shstnkthec c `cmhvu`bceho mn `c `neturc y `c nserhturc notrn ìscmi`nsenotns, puns cacrec n` co`hshs tnrhei y

erthei (pir ndnkpì, @nnr pcrc eikprnomnr\A`hz[, Kntfircs mn `c `neturc \@nobuc mn

trcpi[ i no Mn arukcs y mn vnrcs \Zckhn`c[),pripunstcs mn cp`heceho prethec (@netirns

eikpntnotns \Cocyc[, Vc mn pinsc \Zckhn`c[,N` mnsni mn nserhahr \Zckhn`c[ i @nnr eio ìs

ehoei snothmis \Zckhn`c[) n hoeùsi tnxtisnsei`crns (Qneirmcr y Qneioienr H y HH,

Hotnrprntcr H y HH\Eo`ht[). Eiki nserhtir sneiahdc acdi n` snumohki mn Qcko @cpnslnrc

y mnstceco sus `haris N` siairoi mn` ehnì(Zckhn`c) y Erknons no `cs ec``ns mn

Zckpìoc (Zckhn`c)

Euotis tpheis, prnduhehis, aunocs hotnoehions eio pnrdumhehc`ns

eiosneunoehcs rimnco n` kuomi mn` ohi y `c `neturc. No eiovnrscehions

y crteuìs ois gc``ckis eio uoc snrhn mn duhehis i vcìrns cenptcmis

eiki vnrmcmnris qun thnomno c ieu`tcr, mn firkc eiosehnotn i oi, uoc

eikp`ndc rnc`hmcm. Z`cotnckis `c sneeho Zhmi `c pc`carc eiki uoctrhauoc no `c euc` ìs nspnehc`hstcs thnono `c pishah`hmcm mn eunsthiocr

nstis ùbcrns eikuons.


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euc`ns, no aunoc `bhec, csphrco c snr ìqun `c rnc`hmcm `ns ohnbc. Ecarc eioeùhrqun khnotrcs is vcseis oi kimhfhquno sus`neturcs snbuhro shnomi ì qun sio i ìqun ernno qun sio. Zir tcoti, mnsnob-

nsn Hacrrntxtn, n` mnsthoi mn Nuslcmh oinst no su p`co, shoi no `cs ehsurcs mn quhn-ons `nno y eki ì gceno c Fcu`lonr,Diyen y Custnr.

@c snbuomc nspnehn, no eckahi, oisì pcmnenr `c rnc`hmcm mn` sufrhkhnotiks vh`, shoi qun oi pimr eiosi`crsn nokimi c`buoi. C` oi tnonr ceensi c `c `htn-rcturc, ìs piarns oi pimro hkcbhocrsnuoc vhmc mhsthotc c `c qun ``nvco, qun, pirsupunsti, snr uoc vhmc crrcstrcmc, eiki`c mn uoc ìkarhz crhstit`hec mn thnrrc mnrhaczi. Oh tnomro vhmc hotnrhir oh nstcmismn vhbh`hc ecpcens mn ``nocr eio uois rno-

bìons qun ns nspcah`no is screi`nkcs mnsus kseuìs. @is screi`nkcs, `cs ehsurcsy `c nspnrcozc mn snr itri. Su piarnbnotn, t! Oh shquhnrc cthsacr qun nxhstnokndirns priynetis mn vhmc qun ìs suyis.Unburi qun cqun`ìs qun vhnono no pctnrcc cs eistcs mn is erhsthcois i gceno pcrcpcscr n` rcti, y oi pirqun gcyco `nmi sh-quhnrc uoc gidc mn ec`nomcrhi mn Z`cy Aiyi zcrcbizcoi, vc`bc `c rnmuomcoehc. X,e`cri, sh oi gco nmi, ns hkpisha`n qun cs-phrno c snr mhsthotis. Zuns eiki qunmcmhegi4 sì `c `htnrcturc `ns punmn pripir-

ehiocr mhegc csphrceho kntcfshec. Oi gcyvhmc mhboc sho ocrrceho.Oi ohnbi qun c `neturc kivh`hen ehnrtis

rnsirtns pshei`bheis mn` sudnti `netir. Ho-eùsi gcy pnrsiocs qun csnburco qun,mnspus mn `nnr c Firtuoctc y Dcehotc, oisio ìs khskis, eiki mnec mn sus ahbi-tns n` oe`hti Kuiz Ki`hoc. Cuoqun,e`cri, vcyc ustnm c mnseuarhr no qu sn `noitc c uoc pnrsioc sus kntckirfishs ho-tnrhirns, y su eirrnspiomnoehc vhtc`, y mn-tnrkhocr sh funrio fruti mn `c `neturc mnuo hari i mn c hobnstc mn uocs gcacs thnr-ocs eio dcko i mn gcenr `c phecrmc eiouo pcrcrrcyis.

Ocmc iadntcrc c nstn thpi mn knrkn`c-mcs pshei`bhecs, qun mheno mhsfrutcr c`bu-ois `netirns, sh mhegis eckac`cegns sn ìsbucrmcrco no `c mhserntc rnekcrc mn suaczi, y oi sn ìs eiotcrco oh c sus ks gu-kh`mns notrccs. Un pcrneno c quhnons,mnspus mn pcmnenr uoc nofnrknmcm hoeu-rca`n cecaco eurcmis, ì euc` ns n` cec-asn, trcs hoviecr c `cs ``cbcs mn scotc]nrnshtc mn @hshnux i ìs e`cvis qun uth`hzc-rio pcrc mcr ku` c` Oczcrnoi, y eunotcoy eunotco y eunotco uocs ghstirhcs qun oh

`cs mn` cùehocmi G. Z. @ivnercft.@i qun mn vnrmcm duzbi eiki screcski

ns mnserhahr uoc rnc`hmcm kuomhc` girri-risc y sistnonr c eiothouceho qun brcehcsc `c `htnrcturc quhno `nc sn vnr kndircmi,

pirqun c` vnrsn hoeikp`nti hotnotcr su-pnrcrsn y snr itri.

Knoumc hobnouhmcm. Oh `c mn Ucvctnreio su ounvi pcrthmi mn `c thec y mn `ckirc`. Uho qunrnrì, Nìy Kcrtonz nst su-

bhrhnomi qun sc snc c rczo suprnkc pir`c qun oi nno is oniecphtc`hstcs y is nk-prnscrhis piskimnrois. Zirqun, eikinkphneno c nnr, c i kndir ns notrc c ei-knzo mn rnpcrthr n` :,2% mn sus bcoco-ehcs c ìs trcacdcmirns oi `netirns, y uo:,3:% c ìs `netirns eiosukcmis.

Ns pisha`n qun c htnrcturc c`hvhn ehnrtispria`nkcs pshei`bheis y mn hmnothmcm mnc`buocs pnrsiocs tckaho ì gceco ìseiofnshiocrhis, eiki mnec sco CotiohiK E`crnt y rnpntc pir nstis pcbis su hùs-trn snbuhmir, n` crziahspi Unacstho cuo-qun mumi kuegi qun `c `htnrcturc eurn

pria`nkcs euyi irhbno oi nst no n``c, ohìs gc erncmi.

Gcy pria`nkcs qun ohobuoc `htnrcturcmn nstn kuomi, `c nserhac Custnr, Enrvco-tns i Diyen, snr ecpcz mn siùehiocr. Nonspnehc`, ìs qun primuen n` Fiomi Kion-tcrhi Hotnrocehioc` y `c Mnumc NxtnrocKuomhc`.

Cs qun mnkis c `c `htnrcturc ì qun nsmn `c `htnrcturc, y c `c rnc`hmcm rnc` ì qunns mn n``c. Nspnehc`knotn, eucomi ocmcthnon qun vnr eio `c fheeho.iu


ZHMI @C ZC@CAQC

15

Eirtnsc Chtcoc Ecrrcsei


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Mn` tnkir mn nserhahr iarcs qun punmconotnomnr timis, gco surbhmi haris qun, nornc`hmcm, ocmhn punmn `nnr. Suhzs pirqungcy nserhtirns qun eiofuomno sus iadnthvisc c girc mn p`cskcr sus hmncs pir nserhti.

I pirqun oi thnono mn` timi e`cri supcpn` no `c `htnrcturc. Suhzs pirqun ìscutirns mn `htnrcturc hofcoth` y duvnoh` gcosupnrcmi cotns nsn khnmi hkpèhti c mcrc `nnr c`bi feh`, i pirqun notrn sus viec-ehions sn eunotc prnehscknotn n` mnsni mn``nbcr, sh oi c timis, s c uoc brco kcyi-rc mn `netirns y `netircs, ìs `haris pcrcohis y dvnons sn gco eiovnrthmi no uopuoti mn noeunotri hotnrbnonrcehioc` non` qun cs hmncs mhcìbco eio quhno cs `nn,homnpnomhnotnknotn mn `c nmcm mn nscpnrsioc. Sun ìs mhìbis mn N` prhoehphtishrvco pcrc ohis i pcrc cmu`tis, cpir-

tcomi mhsthotis shbohfhecmis eio ìs khskisshbohfhecotns, `ndis mn cànrbcr acoc`hmcm,nvhmnoehc uoc ecpcehmcm nxtrcirmhocrhcpcrc `c eikuoheceho. X ahno scankisqun `c eikuoheceho, nsi qun, pir octu-rc`, ois pcrnen iavhi, ns uoc mn `cs euc`h-mcmns ks eikp`ndcs y mhfeh`ns mneiosnbuhr no su eikp`ntc titc`hmcm. Mn`khski kimi, mnsmncr c octurc`hmcm qunn` mhìbi cpirtc c uoc iarc, pir n` knrignegi mn c``cocr friotnrcs mn nmcm i eik-prnosho, ns shkp`nknotn oi vcìrcr `c `h-tnrcturc no su nsnoehc. Uh nserhahr tnxtis

`htnrcrhis ns uo crtn, ns no aunoc knmhmcbrcehcs c su pishah`hmcm pcrc susehtcr nki-eho. Ois nkiehioc uo tnxti no `c knmhmcno qun ois ctrcpc, eiki ois ctrcpc uoeucmri i uo frcbknoti kushec`. Ois nki-ehioc uoc viz qun ois `nbc mnsmn uoc p-bhoc pirqun no n``c rneioienkis `c vhmcmn uo pnrsiocdn qun trcsehnomn ìs `homnscrthfhehc`ns mn ì eiotrcgnegi, pcrc eio-vnrthrsn no pnrsioc. X timis ìs qun ckc-kis i gnkis ckcmi c c`bo gikarn ikudnr qun sì nxhstn no `c fheeho mn uociarc qun ois gc suayubcmi, scankis qunnsi ns i fun cs pirqun tckaho ernnkis

i ernkis no nsc firkc mn gca`cr qun sucutir supi eucdcr pcrc n``c i `, knz-e`comi, c pcrtns hbuc`ns, subnrnoehc, eio-tnohmi y mhknosho pshei`bhec eio itrcskuegcs eiscs.

Zir su firkc mn nxprnscrsn, uaheckisc uo pnrsiocdn no uoc piec, no uo nsec-ò siehc`, no uoc pcrtn mn` kuomi i nouoc mntnrkhocmc pnrsioc`hmcm. Zir ekigca`c ois rnsu`tc ks i knois prxhki.Oi gcy brco mhfnrnoehc, no n` fiomi, no ìqun ois suenmn eio `cs pnrsiocs rnc`ns yìs pnrsiocdns mn fheeho< quhzs, sì quh-zs, n` gnegi mn qun uo snr mn ecron ygunsi thnon timc uoc vhmc pcrc eiostruhrsu firkc mn mhcìbcr eio n` kuomi, su oi-vn`c vhtc`, sh ns qun quhnrn gcenrì, y uopnrsiocdn mn fheeho eunotc eio n` tnrrhti-

rhi vcsti i eirtshki mn `cs pbhocs mn uo`hari, uoc firkc mn vhvhr rnsukhmc y qun,mnpnomhnomi mn su hotnoshmcm y ec`hmcm,punmn nquhvc`nr c vcrhcs mienocs mn vhmcssuenshvcs.

@is ohis y ìs coehcois ì sun`no tnonrks e`cri no ì qun ctcn c nstcs eiscsfuomcknotc`ns. @is ohis y ìs coehcois

qun vun`vno c snr ohis, quhzs mnanrcce`crcr. ]hnono `c onenshmcm urbnotn mnnoeiotrcr, pnri, c` khski thnkpi, c kn-mhmc qun noeunotrco, ns siarc c urbnoehcmn tnonrì casiùtcknotn timi. ô pnmczimn kuomi eiotcmi ns no c knmhmc no qun``nbc c n`ìs y is tiec, mn uo kimi u itri.X gcahtuc`knotn is tiec n` noeunotri eiouoc pnrsioc`hmcm qun cmkhrco i quhshnrcoeioienr. Nscs pnrsioc`hmcmns gcahtuc`-knotn gca`co. No su firkc mn gca`cr `ctnsu firkc mn vhvhr.

No n` fiomi, rneioizekisì i oi,

timis, homnpnomhnotnknotn mn ounstrcsnmcmns, vhvhkis c`bi pcrnehmi no n` no-eunotri eio n` tnxti `htnrcrhi. Ois snmueneiotnkp`cr c crquhtneturc nstrueturc`, cm-khrckis su prifuomhmcm y nrumheho,cprnomnkis mn ` y cbrcmnenkis qun oism ks y kndirns eiotnohmis, pnri c` fhoc`qunmc prnomhmi no uoc crrubc mn ounstrirneunrmi pir n` gnegi mn gcanrois gc-a`cmi, mn gcanr `nbcmi c mhcìbcr eio oi-sitris mn nsc kconrc qun dcksi`vhmcrnkis.

Suhzs ns qun no n` fiomi gnkis eio-fuomhmi mhìbi eio ceeho. I gnkis rn-

vnsthmi `c ceeho mn tpheis y prnduhehisqun oi sio onenscrhis. I ois gnkis i`vh-mcmi uo piei mn qun `nnr vnrmcmnrcknotnns mhcìbcr c fiomi eio uo `hari, gcstc n`puoti mn eiovnrthr c nsn `hari no uo eik-pcnri mn` c`kc, uo ckhbi hosusthtuha`n,uo eckcrcmc i uo gnrkcoi qun, sh ois gcgca`cmi y ì gnkis ``nbcmi c ir, yc ouoecks ois rnsu`tcr homhfnrnotn.

]nrkhoi nxprnscomi kh nstupir y no-vhmhc cotn ìs mhìbis ahno tndhmis, nsistrizis mn vhmc cutothec qun pc`phtc notrnpbhocs mn pcpn`, nsn kh`cbri mn `c ei-kuoheceho, nsn crtn. Gcar c`bo nserh-tir i nserhtirc qun rnc`knotn oi mnsnn igcyc mnsncmi, no c`bo kiknoti mn sutrcynetirhc, p`cskcr eio pc`carcs `c vhmcqun sn nseuegc9iu


ECQ]CU MN OCVNBCEHO

1>

Eirtnsc

]nrnscOivic


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@is ormheis gco `nbcmi c `c `htnrcturcuohvnrsc` khtiìbcs, scbcs y nynomcs qungco pnrkhthmi c kuegis ghstirhcmirns rn-eiostruhr `c vhsho qun tnoco nstis punaìs

mn piecs prntrhtcs mn ouknrisis vnsth-bhis mn su pcscmi. Brcehcs c `cs scbcs sngc prnsnrvcmi n` rhei cenrvi eu`turc` mn suscotnpcscmis. Kcrhonris pir nxen`noehc,vhcdcrio y mndcrio sus gun``cs pir miquhnr,no ìs thnkpis mn `c brco nxpcosho vh-lhobc. Nstis fcauìsis bunrrnris y ocvn-bcotns funrio tnkhmis pir timis ìspunaìs mn` kuomi eioiehmi. Eio susocvns ``nbcrio c ìs ks rneomhtis ùbc-rns mn` vhndi eiothonotn, tckaho c `cs hs`csmn` Ctòthei Oirtn n hoeùsi Ckrhec, mn-

dcomi su hkpriotc `htnrcrhc y sus bnstcsqun, c pnscr mn ìs shbìs, shbuno ecotcomisu pcsi pir `c ghstirhc.

Giy ois mntnonkis no c nynomc mn ckudnr fiec qun ns eiko c timis ìs pun-aìs eistnris mn` Ctòthei Oirtn, cuoqunsnc uoc `nynomc prethecknotn uohvnrsc`qun pimnkis noeiotrcr no kuegis pun-aìs kcrhonris. @is eunotis y nynomcs mnìs eczcmirns mn c`tc kcr, quhzs tnobcosu phec eio ìs rn`ctis acscmis no n` co-tci pn`hbrisi kuomi mn ìs ac``nonris.@c kudnr fiec ifrnen n` khstnrhi, n` ckir,n` mhcaì, `c kunrtn, `c an``nzc, `c erun`-mcm

No `cs hs`cs Fnrin, c piei qun prifuo-mhenkis no su ghstirhc y khtiìbc, noeio-trcrnkis vcrhis puna`nehtis othkcknotn`hbcmis c `c `nynomc qun giy ois rneunrmcuoc ounvc nkhsho pistc` fnrinsc4 Khl`c-

mcùr (hs`c mn Lc`siy) ns `c zioc no `c qunsn hosphr n` nserhtir V. . Gckknrsgckapcrc su e`narnCotiìbc fnrinsc (3783),tckaho fun rneibhmc no uoc vhndc ac`cmc.

Ocrrc c ghstirhc mn uo brcodnri qun vn mn-scpcrnenr su ghdhtc no n` kcr y `cknotc, mu-rcotn `crbi thnkpi, duoti c su nspisc, `cprmhmc mn su ghdc qun sn gcac eiovnrthmino fiec4 sn pcsc `c vhmc eio `c nspnrcozcmn pimnr ìec`hzcr`c, y shnkprn ceumc c `ceistc pcrc vnr sh `c ohc rnbrnscac. @iskcrhonris qun vi`vco c thnrrc ocrrcaco `cprnsnoehc mn `c divno khnotrcs n`ìs nstc-aco fcnocomi no c`tc kcr. Uhkh`cr ns tck-aho `c vnrsho mn ìs ùbcrnis mn `csziocs mn Gckcr y Ul`cvl (hs`c mn Uco-miy).

@c vnrsho mn Khl`cmcùr fhoc`hzc eiouoc trcbnmhc. N` mnsnspnrcmi pcmrn mnehmnpcrthr, kcr cmnotri, no ausec mn `c fiecpcrc pimnr mcr`n eczc, pnri, `c oiegn co-tnrhir c c pcrthmc, su nspisc sn n cpcrnenno sunis y n phmn qun oi vcyc no su as-qunmc yc qun nst ckckcotcomi c susercs< oi n gcen ecsi y pcrtn no ausec mn`cohkc` c` qun mcr eczc y ì eiehocr duotic `cs ercs qun snro eikhmcs pir `c fckh-`hc. ôc fiec gnkarc sn `n cpcrnenr nosunis no firkc mn tri`` y `n cmvnrthr mn`c tnrrha`n vnobcozc qun rnecnr no is gc-ahtcotns mn `c zioc4 ìs gikarns ecnro

pir ìs cecoth`cmis khnotrcs nsto rnei-`netcomi ìs gunvis mn `cs cvns qun cohmcono nstis pncseis eiothoucknotn acthmispir is funrtns vhnotis y cs i`cs mn` Ctò-thei Oirtn \kcyirknotn sio gunvis mn`


@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU UN@@IU S^N UN@@CO

17

@nynomcs fnrinscs4@c kudnr fiec

Duco Frcoei Ernspi

ô sn`ì ns c`bi ks qun uo trhauti pistc` i uo iadnti mn ei`neehiohski,

ecmc nkhsho ns uoc vnotcoc qun ois pnrkhtn cmnotrcrois no uo kuomi

ounvi, eioienr rnc`hmcmns cdnocs, mnseuarhr kithvis, nstthecs,

trcmhehions y pnrsiocdns y cprnehcr uoc pripunstc nstthec qun sn hosnrtc

mnotri mn` uohvnrsi fh`ct`hei. Un`ìs qun sn``co ns uo nspcehi no n` qun snrcstrnco tnkcs vhoeu`cmis c `c `htnrcturc hofcoth` y `c hofcoehc no `cs

nkhshions pistc`ns mn timi n` p`contc.

Kcnstri eio uoc trcynetirhc mn ks mn 5:cis y pnrhimhstc nspnehc`hzcmi no prnosc

fh`ct`hec y mn eikuohecehions eiopua`hecehions no Nspcc, Homhc, Nstcmis

ôhmis, Crbnothoc, ^rubucy y Znr


25/108

shkpthei frch`neh`ì i Frctnreu`c cre-thec, qun kuegc bnotn oi vnrscmc no ir-ohtiìbc sun`n eiofuomhr eio phobhois,hoeùsi pnrhimhstcs mn @c Vcobucrmhc y N`Zcs[ i ahno qun sn cgibcro khnotrcs sn

gc``co fcnocomi no c`tc kcr i ecnro c`cbuc y ouoec pimro ocmcr, yc qun susarczis qunmcro hoknmhctcknotn pcrc`h-zcmis.

No mnfhohthvc, p`cotnc ìs e`sheis n`n-knotis mn `c aiomcm y `c mnsbrcehc, mnàhno y n` kc`, mn` gikarn y n` frbh` nquh`h-arhi eio c octurc`nzc. N` snr gukcoi, pirtcoti, oi mnan mnscfhcr c ìs n`nknotis y,sh ì hotnotc, mnanr ctnonrsn c `cs eiosn-eunoehcs qun rnecnro no ` y ìs suyis.@c hmnc mn snkndcozc eio n` snr gukcoimn `c fiec vhnon mn nsc an``nzc y tnrourcqun kunstrco nstis kckfnris, gnrkisis,

dubuntions y eiofhcmis qun sn gco hoeir-

pircmi c` hkcbhocrhi mn timis ìs punaìspnsecmirns y qun ùnbi cecacrio hoeir-pircomi `c `nynomc c su vhmc trcmhehioc` ckimi mn pcrai`c rn`hbhisc ocrrcmc no `crhec trcmheho irc` nsecomhocvc no `cs `cr-

bcs oiegns hovnroc`ns c ìs ks pnqunis.No mnfhohthvc, uoc ghstirhc eio knoscdnqun ois nosnc c rnspntcr tckaho c ouns-tris snkndcotns (no nstn ecsi, oi eczcrfiecs) eiki firkc mn kcotnonr n` nquh`h-arhi mn` rhei `nbcmi cohkc` y vnbntc` qunmhsfrutc nstn hosusthtuha`n p`contc czu`.

@c nkhsho mnmhecmc c nstc an``c ghsti-rhc sn pusi no ehreu`ceho n` 31 mn fnarnrimn 1::2. N` mhsni fun iarc mn NmwcrmFubì. Un hkprhkh no `htibrcfc iffsnt no`c hkprnotc nstctc` custrhcec no khohp`hn-bis mn 3: x >,>: eiriocs (tcrhfc ashec oc-ehioc ), tckci 5: x =5 kk. (vnrthec ) ymnotcmi 3=.iu

UN@@IU S^N UN@@CO

Zir Erhsthoc Zrnz Ocvcrri y Dirbn SuhribcOunstrc vhntc mn @HD. N` ocoi


26/108

Zcrc eiofneehiocr uo khohkioibrfhei gcen fc`tc eu-rhishmcm, hofirkceho, thnkpi y sunrtn . Gcy qun thrcr mnuo ghì qun ois eiomuen pir pcscmhzis, noeunotris ymnsvhcehions. Ns mhfeh` prnvnr gcehc miomn hrnkis y nseiko qun is gc``czbis surdco mn uo kimi hkprnvhsti.N` ecretnr iasnshvi y tnrei, cyumc. ]ckaho `c hkcbhoc-eho. No eucoti c `cs hkhtcehions neiokhecs, i khski

dunbco c fcvir qun no eiotrc. Znri n` n`nknoti sunrtnns vhtc`.

Ounstrc hmnc hohehc` mn rnuohr pcrc nstn oknri uocsnrhn mn tnxtis vhoeu`cmis eio n` tnkc mn `c enosurc no`c `htnrcturc hofcoth` gc shmi uoc nkprnsc hoehnr tc. Suhsh-kis nkpnzcr eio uo crt euì siarn n` priensi durmhei

sufrhmi murcotn c trcosheho nspci`c pir uo nmhtir qunpua`he uo hari ec`hfhecmi notioens mn pnrohehisi, pir-oibrfhei y mhsi`vnotn mn `c hosthtueho fckh`hcr. Oi rn-ehahkis rnspunstc. Hotnotckis, cmnks, trcmuehr mn`hob`s uo ecptuì siarn ìs usis y causis mn `c enosurcmn haris hofcoth`ns murcotn n` frcoquhski, hoeùhmi no uoiarc mn rnfnrnoehc qun pnrkconen homhtc no nspci`.Uu cutir rnspiomh notushcstc. Uho nkacrbi, eucomieiosu`tckis c `c nmhtirhc` pcrc qun ois cutirhzcrc c rn-primuehrì, sn ois phmh uoc sukc casiùtcknotn mhs-pcrctcmc pir ìs mnrnegis. ]ckaho, ois p`cotnckishoeùhr itrc ei`cairceho siarn `c pi`khec knmhthecqun suseht no Nspcc gcen piecs mecmcs `c priyne-eho mn uoc nxhtisc snrhn tn`nvhshvc mnsthocmc c `c cu-mhnoehc hofcoth`. No nstc iecsho, itrc rnvhstc sn oiscmn`cot pua`heomi`c pr hknri.

Oi ois mhkis pir vnoehmis. Auseckis cqu y c``. Ho-vhtckis tcoti c nspnehc`hstcs eiki c nserhtirns, hùstrc-mirns y nmhtirns qun gcaco nxpnrhknotcmi mn uokimi u itri shtucehions mn enosurc. Zir mhvnrscs rczi-ons, oi ì eiosnbuhkis. Ns kc`c sunrtn i ks ahno sn

trctc mn qun `c sikarc mn `c enosurc sn priynetc ksc`` mn ìs eiofhons qun `c `hkhtco9 Cuoqun oi tnonkis

uoc rnspunstc, s pimnkis mnehr qun guai quhno cenpt,nserhah y no n` `thki kiknoti rnthr su eiotrhaueho,

tnkhnomi pisha`ns rnprnsc`hcs mn` nmhtir y `c nmhtirhcèio `c qun pua`hec. Uho nkacrbi, eucomi gcackis mn-ehmhmi cacomiocr n` priyneti, suphkis mn `c knsc rn-miomc qun sn en`narcrc no `c Fnrhc mn Aiìohc siarnNserhahr pcrc ohis y dvnons acdi `c mhetcmurc.

Ckca`nknotn, @curc Mnvntceg ceenmh c pua`hecr suhotnrvnoeho. Zir itrc pcrtn, ounstrc ei`caircmirc Fc-ahcoc Kcrbi`hs vnoc trcacdcomi mnsmn gcec c`bo

thnkpi eio n` `hari mn Brcehn`c Kiotns N` bi`pn y ìsegheis. ô crteuì y itri vnoco c snr mis ecrcs mn `ckhskc kionmc. Ckacs rnf`nxhions pcrtno, c`hknotco y

priphehco `c knkirhc ghstrhec. Knkirhc ghstrhec qun,mhegi snc mn pcsi, no Nspcc sn gc eiovnrthmi no aco-mnrc mn pi`theis y bnstirns eu`turc`ns, pnri qun nopiecs iecshions trcsehnomn `c mhknosho mn thtu`cr mnprnosc i prie`ckc n`netirc`. X ns qun siarn n` pcscmirnehnotn n` sh`noehi, n` rnsqunkir, `c mnfirkceho pco-f`ntcrhc y `c hboircoehc shbuno prhkcomi.

@cs mhfheu`tcmns eio `cs qun tripnzckis c` si`hehtcrei`caircehions siarn c enosurc trcmhehioc` sn rnphthn-rio eucomi auseackis crteuìs siarn itrcs kimc`h-mcmns mn enosurc ks hoknmhctcs y knois nvhmnotns(eiki `cs hognrnotns c ehnrtcs sn`neehions i rneikno-mcehions mn is knmhcmirns, c cs eirrneehions c cs qunehnrtis nmhtirns sikntno ìs kcouserhtis i hùstrcehions,c c cutienosurc mn` erncmir, c is tcans mn `c htnrcturchofcoth` y duvnoh`, y c uo `crbi ntetnrc). Qneibnkis uocrnernceho fheehioc` rnc`hzcmc pir Ano E`crl mn uoc ecrtc,kuy pcrnehmc c `c qun ` khski uo mc rnehah. Eucomisu cutir ois novh nstc ei`cairceho cpuotcac4 ]imi nsvnrmcm. Mn vnrmcm. Ceidiocotn.

Ois qunmc `c hkprnsho mn qun oi sn punmn gca`crmn `c enosurc eio `hanrtcm y, sh nsi ns vnrmcm, ns ceidi-ocotn.iu

EIIQMHOCMI ZIQ BÛ]CVI Z^NQ]C @NHUUN

Cetuc`hmcm mn `c enosurc

KHOHM

IUUHNQ

mn

@HDEirtnsh cChtcocEcrrcsei


27/108

Mnmhei nstn trcacdi c timis ìs mieno-tns crbnothois y eikuohmcm no bnonrc`qun ghehnrio rimcr khs eunotis no eiphcskhknibrfhecs, no thnkpis mn prighah-

eho, y cs ìs kcotuvhnrio vhvis.Eucomi kn eioviecrio pcrc firkcrpcrtn mn` pcon` snot qun, uoc vnz ks, no-trcrc no n` vrthbi mn rnvhscr cvc`coegcsmn phnzcs mn rikpnecanzcsrneunrmistnsthkiohis, qun oi sn mndco kcondcr f-eh`knotn. Gh`vco nstcs phnzcs qun mnsni

snco uo ceti mn rnpcrceho pcrc kh pcs,pcrc is mnscpcrnehmis y pcrc cs hooukn-rca`ns vethkcs qun co giy eiovhvno eiotrhstnzcs y ecrnoehcs.

Gcy uoc funrzc qun nkpudc4 ns n` mnsnimn trcoskhthr c is dvnons cs nxpnrhnoehcsvhtc`ns, is vchvnons mn` eioiehkhnoti y csnkiehions mn erncr no mhetcmurc. Nstisgnegis co oi pnrtnoneno c` pcscmi.

@c enosurc trcsehnomn `cs shtucehionspnrsioc`ns y rnprnsnotc uo cspneti ks


@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU CE]^C@HMCM MN @C ENOU^QC

51

Nserhahrno mhetcmurc

@curc Mnvntceg

Zintc, nserhtirc y mienotn crbnothoc. Mn supri`fhec iarc mnstceco4 Eunotis y ecotis, N`rcto qun qunrc eiknrsn `c ùoc, @cs 3::3

mn` bcracozi pn`hbrisi, @c fhnstc mn Egtzzzz,

@c girkhbc qun ecotc, Ifhehi mn pc`carnrc yCvho qun vc, cvho qun ``nbc.

Eirtnsh c

ChtcocEcrrcsei


28/108

mn c suprnsho y n` nxtnrkhohi no sus sno-thmis ks bnouhois. Ns aunoi rneirmcrì,pirqun nsto kuy e`crcs giy no n` kuomi`cs tnomnoehcs c `c nxeùsho. X mn `c nx-eùsho c `c suprnsho gcy sì uo pcsi.

Co giy ìs kh`htcrns qun shbuno shnomiduzbcmis oi csukno sus eu`pcs y ohnbco cmhknosho qun tuvi, pir ndnkpì, thrcrpnrsiocs c` kcr, c` hbuc` qun Bnirbn Ausgeioshmnrc giy qun suknrbhr c `cs pnrsiocsgcstc `c csfhxhc pcrc qun gca`no, ns uoktimi th`. (E`cro, Aunois Chrns, 33 mnkcrzi mn 1::7). ]ckaho rnsu`t mhfeh` ho-eu`pcr mn mn`htis mn `nsc gukcohmcm c isehvh ns, pi`hecs y kh`htcrns qun, mnsmn3825 cotns mn` bi`pn, irbcohzcrio `cfunrzc pcrcpi`hehc` ]rhp`n C (C`hcozc Coth-eikuohstc Crbnothoc). Funrio quhnons ei-arcrio sus prhknrcs phnzcs mn eczc, mnsmn

`c nstrueturc mn` Nstcmi.No n` mnvnohr ghstrhei `c siehnmcm y

ecmc uoi mn sus homhvhmuis vco eiostru-ynomi uoc `nobuc, uo mhseursi. Eio n`bi`pn kh`htcr sn hkpusi itri irmno, itrimhseursi cutirhtcrhi y ifhehc` qun rnsqun-arcd `c vhmc y `c pc`carc priphc mntimis.

Guai quhnons rnshsthnrio c` mhseursi cu-tirhtcrhi, guai quhnons oi. Kuegis oipriouoehackis `c pc`carc suavnrshvi,oh ìecs mn Z`czc mn Kcyi, oh sikismnrnegis y gukcois. Znri ìs qun gc-

ackis nserhti cis cotns eio uo nobucdny uoc hmniìbc oi ifhehc`ns, nstackissnotnoehcmis mn cotnkcoi. Uiarn timipirqun `c tipcmirc kh`htcr uth`hz notrnitris n` shstnkc mn mnouoehcs pir pcrtnmn quhnons sn p`nbcrio, cuoqun oi ì mh-

dnrco cahnrtcknotn.No mhsthotis khohstnrhis mn Nmueceho y

mn Eu`turc funrio is khskis fuoehiocrhisc vnens ei`nbcs ounstris quhnons sn ieu-pcrio mn gcenr `hstcs y rnmcetcr fuomc-knotis pcrc cvc`cr `cs prighahehions,ctnomhnomi c hostrueehions mn` pimnr.

Cs sn nxprns `c mhetcmurc no uoi mn

ìs mnerntis mn prighaheho mn kh `hari @ctirrn mn euais4

Ai`nto o 3=1 du`hi 3828

Khohstnrhi mn Eu`turc y Nmueceho

Zrighaheho mn uoc iarc

VHU]I4 Sun sn gc``c no ehreu`c-

eho `c iarc @c tirrn mn euais mn

`c cutirc @curc Mnvntceg mnsthocmc

c ìs ohis, euyc `neturc rnsu`tc

iadntca`n y EIOUHMNQCOMI4

(...) Sun mn` co`hshs mn `c

iarc @c tirrn mn euais, sn mns-

prnomno brcvns fc`noehcs tc`ns

eiki shkaiìbc eiofusc, eunsthi-

ockhnotis hmni`bhei-siehc`ns, ia-

dnthvis oi cmneucmis c` gnegi

nstthei, h`hkhtcmc fcotcsc, ec-

rnoehc mn nstkuìs nsphrhtuc`ns y

trcsenomnotns.1 mn `c @ny 3:/1::2, mn 11 mn duohi,

mn `c `neturc, mn` `hari y mn `cs aha`hitnecs.Uu mnscrri`ì ns n` Qnc` Mnernti3>25/1::2, mn 5: mn oivhnkarn, pir n`qun sn cprunac n` Qnb`cknoti mn` Eiosndimn Eiipnrceho Aha`hitnecrhc (pua`hecmino n` AIN mn 3 mn nonri mn 1::7). Gcyqun snc`cr qun mhegi rnb`cknoti gc shmieiosnosucmi pir timcs `cs cmkhohstrcehi-ons pa`hecs thtu`crns i eio eikpntnoehcssiarn aha`hitnecs.

No `c @ny, `c eiipnrceho aha`hitnecrhcqunmc eiofhburcmc eiki `c cutothec vnr-tnarcmirc mn` Uhstnkc Nspci` mn Aha`hi-tnecs, mn cg `c hkpirtcoehc mn` Eiosndieiki rbcoi ei`nbhcmi mn eikpishehohotnrcmkhohstrcthvc qun ecoc`hzcr `c eii-pnrceho aha`hitnecrhc notrn `cs cmkhohs-trcehions pa`hecs, tc` y eiki nstca`nenn` knoehiocmi crteuì 3>.1. No ` nstornprnsnotcmcs timcs `cs cmkhohstrcehionspa`hecs eio eikpntnoehcs i thtu`crns mnaha`hitnecs y timis ìs mhfnrnotns thpis mnaha`hitnecs nxhstnotns. No nstn kcrei, tc` yeiki nstca`nen n` crteuì 3=.5 mn `c @ny,ecmc cmkhohstrceho (no pcrtheu`cr, `c Cm-khohstrceho Bnonrc` mn` Nstcmi) no n` k-ahti mn sus eikpntnoehcs prikivnr uo

mnscrri`ì nquh`harcmi, eignrnotn, pribrn-shvi, hooivcmir y eiostcotn mn` eioduotimn aha`hitnecs, shstnkcs, rnmns y eiosir-ehis nxhstnotns no Nspcc y fiknotcr `chbuc`mcm no n` ceensi c uo snrvhehi pa`hei

mn aha`hitnec mn ec`hmcm no n` eioduoti mn`Nstcmi pcrc qun oi sn primuzeco mnsh-buc`mcmns notrn ìs ehumcmcois mn sus mhs-thotcs ziocs i mn ìs kuohehphis eioknoir omhen mn pia`ceho.

Eiofirkn c` rnb`cknoti, ìs rbcoismn` Eiosndi sio euctri4 n` Z`noi, `c Ei-khsho Znrkconotn, `cs eikhshions teoh-ecs mn eiipnrceho ehoei, uoc pir ecmcthpi mn aha`hitnec4 ocehioc`ns y rnbhioc`ns,pa`hecs, nsei`crns, uohvnrshtcrhcs y nspn-ehc`hzcmcs- y ìs brupis mn trcacdi. Gcy

qun snc`cr qun n` knoehiocmi rnb`c-knoti rneioien c QNAHÔ (Qnm mn Ah-a`hitnecs ôhvnrshtcrhcs) eiki Eikhsho]eohec mn Eiipnrceho mn Aha`hitnecsôhvnrshtcrhcs, y c` rbcoi qun c tc` nfnetisn ernn no n` kcrei mn c Eiofnrnoehc Une-tirhc` mn Nmueceho, eiki Eikhsho ]e-ohec mn Eiipnrceho mn Aha`hitnecsNsei`crns. Cmnks, n` rnb`cknoti prnvqun ìs brupis mn trcacdi erncmis no n`kcrei mn cs Dirocmcs mn Eiipnrceho Ah-a`hitnecrhc sn hotnbrno eiki brupis mn trc-acdi mn` Eiosndi.

No bnonrc`, `c hmnc qun suaycen no n`rnb`cknoti ns qun `c hofirkceho, `cs hoh-ehcthvcs y priynetis vcyco no mis mhrne-ehions4 mn cacdi c crrhac y mn crrhac ccacdi. Ns mnehr, mnsmn ìs brupis mn trc-acdi y `cs eikhshions teohecs c `c Eikh-sho Znrkconotn y c` Z`noi y, c trcvs mnnstn, c `c Eiofnrnoehc Unetirhc`, y vhen-vnrsc.

Cs, pir uo `cmi, `cs hohehcthvcs i euns-thions qun sn eioshmnrno mn hotnrs, i qunknrnzeco snr trctcmcs, surbhro no `cs ei-khshions teohecs, sh cfnetco c uo oheithpi mn aha`hitnecs, i no `c Eikhsho Znr-

kconotn, sh cfnetco c vcrhis thpis mn ah-a`hitnecs. N` co`hshs, nstumhi y firku`cehomn pripunstcs siarn nstcs eunsthions pi-mro rnc`hzcrì, i ahno mhrnetcknotn cs ei-khshions teohecs i `c Eikhsho

N` Eiosndi mn Eiipnrceho Aha`hitnecrhchohehc sus cethvhmcmns

rczis


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AHA@HI]NECU ZA@HECU

>1

Qcko Uc`canrrhc Aha`hitnec pa`hec y

cprnomhzcdncutoiki4siarnvunì nuripni

@c pc`carc nmueceho nst kuy mnsecs-ecrh``cmc, y no Nspcc kuegi ks. Zriac-

a`nknotn sn `c csiehc eio nxknons,cpuotns, ri`ìs, mhpìkcs, ia`hbceho, mns-eionxho, gircrhis, knkirhzceho. Cau-rrhkhnoti.

Khnotrcs qun no Nspcc uohvnrshmcmpipu`cr sunoc c csiehceho mn vnehois y

dnrsny birmi, c thnkpis pcscmis no timiecsi, no ìs ùbcrns qun gco cècozcmikcyir mnscrri`ì aha`hitnecrhi c nmuecehopipu`cr y pnrkconotn gc firkcmi pcrtnmn su CMO mn` pcs (prhoehpc`knotn, ìsnsecomhocvis).

No cs prxhkcs pbhocs oi sn vc c trc-tcr mn `c nmueceho acdi su firkc mn no-

sncozc rnb`cmc. Oi gcy nxknons,mhpìkcs, e`csns kcbhstrc`ns, oh snpthnk-arn ns n` kns mn hr c rnkcr no bc`nrcs.

Vhndc ounvc fuoeho

@c `neturc mn `c `htnrcturc prifnshiocòis kunstrc eki `cs aha`hitnecs giynsto no n` hotnoti mn hovnotcr ounvis snr-vhehis pcrc ounvis pa`heis y mn mnscrri-``cr ounvcs eikpntnoehcs y gcah`hmcmnsprifnshioc`ns.

Znri oi sì sn hotnotco mnscrri``crounvis snrvhehis shoi qun vhndcs fuoehions,qun surbhnrio eio n` khski ocehkhnotimn` eioenpti mn aha`hitnec pa`hec, vun`vnoeio funrzc no `cs aha`hitnecs ks cvcozc-

mcs. @c aha`hitnec eiki gnrrckhnotc pcrc

n` cprnomhzcdn pnrkconotn, pcrc `c fir-

kceho c i crbi mn c vhmc, vun`vn c nstcrno n` ecomn`nri. Zriaca`nknotn cmiptn uoounvi snothmi no n` thnkpi mn` ku`thknmhc

y mn `c siehnmcm mn `c hofirkceho.Eiki Bucmhcoc, eiki ghì gh`vcocmir

mn` eioenpti aha`hitnec pa`hec, eiki no-rnmcmnrc, eiki nspndi, shnkprn vc cpcrn-

ehnomi c aha`hitnec pa`hec eiki ubcr mn

eu`thvi mn `c eikuohmcm, mn cutikndirc-khnoti, mn cprnomhzcdn mn ounvis scanrns.

Zir nsi khski, no n` hkcbhocrhi y pre-thec cocrquhstc c aha`hitnec gc nstcmi prn-

snotn. No Frcoehc, no Nspcc, `csaha`hitnecs pa`hecs oceno eio c prhoehpc`

fuoeho pctrhkiohc` mn cànrbcr `cs ei`ne-ehions privnohnotns mn `cs mnsckirthzc-

ehions. Murcotn kuegcs mecmcs cs

pnrkconenro, cthairrcmcs mn khsc`ns y `h-aris nrumhtis. No itris pcsns oi fun nsn

su irhbno, shoi qun nstuvi ks hbcmi c `cnmueceho pipu`cr. Nsi, eki oi, kcrec

noirkns mhfnrnoehcs timcvc giy notrn `csaha`hitnecs pa`hecs mn mhvnrsis pcsns y

bnibrcfcs. Murcotn kuegcs mecmcs, noounstri eiotnxti, funrio `cs aha`hitnecs

pipu`crns (rneirmnkis n` nxtrcirmhocrhi

ecsi mn `cs aha`hitnecs pipu`crns csturhc-

ocs), `cs aha`hitnecs mn ctnonis, `cs aha`hi-tnecs mn shomhectis `cs qun euarhnrio `cfuoeho nmuecthvc. Kuegcs, kuegcs, ku-

egcs aha`hitnecs no ouknrisis pcsns mntimis ìs eiothonotns sn erncrio mnsmn nsn

ha

`hitnec

spa`hecs


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NMÊCEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7 >5

AHA@HI]NECU ZA@HECU

irhbno y eio n` fho mn qun shrvhnrco pcrc n`kndirckhnoti, firkceho, nmueceho,

eioehnoehceho. Zcrc mnehrì arnvnknotn,

`c aha`hitnec eiki gnrrckhnotc pcrc trco-

shtcr mn gcahtcotn c ehumcmcoi.

Uhbohfhecthvcknotn, `c hmnc mn `c aha`hi-

tnec pa`hec eiki ùbcr pcrc n` cprnomh-

zcdn, `c cutifirkceho, `c aha`hitnec

pa`hec eio p`cotnckhnotis mn nmuecehoeikuohtcrhc, siehc`, sn rnhostc`c eio funrzc

no ìs pcsns kuy mnscrri``cmis aha`hitn-

ecrhcknotn.

No ìs `thkis cis n` ceensi c mieu-

knotis (tnxtuc`ns, sioiris, cumhivhsuc-

`ns) gc eckahcmi rcmhec`knotn. @c

aha`hitnec pa`hec mndc mn snr brcmuc`-

knotn ùbcr mn cprivhshiockhnoti mn mi-

euknotis (3). No Nspcc `c aha`hitnec

pa`hec ouoec gc ``nbcmi c eukp`hr nsc

fuoeho4 sn prnstc 3 mieuknoti gcah-

tcotn/ci. No pcsns qun prnstco kuegis

mieuknotis, Fho`comhc, Mhockcrec, Hob`c-

tnrrc, C`nkcohc, Frcoehc eiarc rn`nvco-

ehc c aha`hitnec pa`hec eiki hostruknoti

pcrc c firkceho, cutifirkceho, cprno-

mhzcdn mn ìs ehumcmcois. Ns eio ì qun ec-

`hnotco `c irndc ìs mnfnosirns mn `c

aha`hitnec pa`hec c ìs rnspiosca`ns mn `cscmkhohstrcehions pa`hecs (cèc`mns, eio-

endc`ns, mhputcmis). @cs aha`hitnecrhcs

sio eiosehnotns mn qun ìs thnkpis nsto

eckahcomi c uoc vnìehmcm nomhca`cmc y

qun `c aha`hitnec pa`hec onenshtc ctnoeho,euhmcmi, vhbh`coehc. Zrnehscknotn pcrc rn-firzcr`c, ns pir i qun eiarc funrzc c hmncmn ]nceghob @harcry. C th, cmkhohstrcehonmuecthvc/eu`turc`, sukhmc cotn mnscfisnmuecthvis noirkns, tn pripionkis uoeioenpti mn aha`hitnec pa`hec ounvi, ksprnieupcmi, ks `hbcmi c `c nmueceho si-ehc`.

Fho`comhc

No 1::5 sn pua`he no Fho`comhc uo cu-tierthei mieuknoti4 Nstrctnbhc mn cs Ah-a hitnecs pcrc 1:3:4 pi`thec mn`Khohstnrhi mn Nmueceho pcrc bcrcothzcrn` ceensi c` eioiehkhnoti y `c eu`turc(1). X timis i scankis, Fho`comhc nst non` pimhuk kuomhc` (n hoeùsi uohvnrsc`, c`knois pir is mctis mhspioha`ns) no c ec-tnbirc aha`hitnecs pa`hecs4 pir n` oknrimn prstckis qun rnc`hzco (38 gcah-tcotn/ci< no Nspcc, trcs is thtoheis ns-funrzis mn ìs `thkis vnhotn cis, 3 yeceghti). Mhegi mn itrc kconrc, pcrc oignrhr susenpthah`hmcmns4 `cs aha`hitnecs p-

a`hecs fho`comnscs, eio uoc pia`ceho mienvnens knoir, prnstco tcotis mieuknotiseiki `cs aha`hitnecs pa`hecs frcoenscs. Nstc` Aha`hitnec`comhc qun sn nsthkc qun uo7:% mn `c pia`ceho`c usc. Znri gcy

Hùstrceho mn uo hkcbhocrhi nspcehi mn cprnomhzcdn. Mn` hofirkn4 Mnshbohob Upcens fir Nffnethvn @ncrohob


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itrc ecrcetnrsthec pir `c qun knrnenonstcr no nsn pimhuk kuomhc` aha`hitnecrhi4pir nxpnrhknotcr no bnonrcr ounvis cenr-eckhnotis mn `c pia`ceho c `c aha`hitnec

pa`hec. Eioenptis ounvis mn aha`hitnecs

pa`hecs, eiki lhrdcsti3: (5), ounvis snr-vhehis (HBU4 qun sc`n c nstcehions mn trn-ons, enotris eiknrehc`ns c, `htnrc`knotn,

ifrnenrsn c is ehumcmcois) (=).Cmnks, ns uo ùbcr tco `ndcoi mn Ns-

pcc qun c`` `c pi`thec cethvc mn` biahnroino nstcs `thkcs mecmcs gc gnegi mn` pcs

`c prhknrc siehnmcm mn `c hofirkceho mn`kuomi (Kcoun` Ecstn``s mhxht). N` Khohstn-rhi mn Nmueceho gc hmi pua`hecomi mhvnr-sis hofirkns, p`cons, nstrctnbhcsquncsikariscknotn gco shmi fhocoehcmis, mn-

scrri``cmis y gcstc gco mcmi fruti. No388>, Nstrctnbhc ocehioc` no kctnrhc mn

nmueceho, firkceho prethec n hovnsth-bceho. C` ci shbuhnotn, Gcehc uoc si-ehnmcm mn `c hofirkceho irhnotcmc c `ceu`turc. X no 3888, Aha`hitnecs Za`hecsno Fho`comhc4 ukarc`ns c` eioiehkhnotiy `c eu`turc, miomn notrn itrcs kuegcseiscs mneco cqun`ì mn4 ns tcrnc mn c ah-a`hitnec csnburcr qun `c siehnmcm mn `c ho-firkceho snc tckaho uoc siehnmcm mn cnmueceho y c eu`turc, y qun timis is ehu-mcmcois tnobco ceensi c `cs aha`hitnecs

pa`hecs y sus kctnrhc`ns sho rnpcrcr no nècoc` no ìs qun nsto mhspioha`ns. Hovnrthr

no aha`hitnecs shbohfhec hovnrthr no mnki-ercehc n hbuc`mcm.

@c vhsho mn Nstrctnbhc mn `cs aha`hi-tnecs pcrc 1:3: ns qun duoti eio c nmu-eceho ashec, `cs aha`hitnecs pa`hecseiosthtuyno `c gnrrckhnotc ks hkpir-

tcotn mn cs cmkhohstrcehions pa`hecs pcrcshtucr `cs acsns mn `c ehumcmcoc no `c si-ehnmcm mn c hofirkceho. Qnprnsnotco uosnrvhehi eu`turc` y ehvh`hzcmir vhtc`< scthsfc-eno `cs onenshmcmns mn ìs homhvhmuis y

ndnreno uoc ckp`hc hofùnoehc no n` cprno-mhzcdn, `c nosncozc y `c ehumcmcoc cethvc.No `c siehnmcm mn `c hofirkceho y mn` ei-oiehkhnoti mn giy no mc, `cs aha`hitnecs

nsto eioshmnrcmcs ùbcrns no miomn n` ei-oiehkhnoti y `c eu`turc fùyno `harnknotn), qun punmno snrvhr mnirhnotceho c `cs aha`hitnecs c`nkcocs4 Mh-ockcrec (nspnehc`knotn no sus cspnetis`nbhs`cthvis), Fho`comhc (pir ì qun rnspnetcc `c nviùeho tneoi`bhec y su cp`hecehoc `c fuoeho nmuecthvc mn `c aha`hitnec p-

a`hec), Brco Arntcc, Nstcmis ôhmis yUhobcpur.No nstis `thkis cis n` tnkc mn `c ah-

a`hitnec eiki ùbcr mn cprnomhzcdn, `c nmu-eceho c `c hofirkceho, `c firkceho ctimi ì `crbi mn `c vhmc, `c ]nceghob @h-arcry, nst prnsnotn mn kconrc hkpir-tcotn no c htnrcturc prifnshioc` c`nkcoc.Zir ehnrti, notrn ìs vcrhcmis tnkcs qun sncoc`hzco, mnactno, pripiono, uoi, y oiknoir, ns n` mn` pnrfh` mn` prifnshioc` mnnsc aha`hitnec pa`hec mn cprnomhzcdn,nmuecmirc4 uoc rupturc rcmhec` eio n`pnrfh` mn` aha`hitnecrhi trcmhehioc`, pirqun

`c fuoeho mn trcoskhsho mn `c eu`turc mn`c hofirkceho hkp`hec uo eckahi mn pc-rcmhbkc \[. @cs cethvhmcmns pnmcbbhecsmn cs aha`hitnecs mnano nstcr nofiecmcs no`cs onenshmcmns mn is usucrhis. @cs aha`hi-

>=

AHA@HI]NECU ZA@HECU



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uo nspcehi mn firkceho y mhvu`bceho mn`cs ehnoehcs y teohecs. No sus hohehis ns-

tuvi kuy mhrhbhmi c dvnons, puns ìs pri-phis pribrckcs hofirktheis mn ecretnrnmuecthvi nxhstnotns no n` knrecmi nstc-aco, ecsh nxeùshvcknotn, mhrhbhmis c nstnbrupi pia`cehioc`. No n` trcoseursi mn iscis funrio nviùehiocomi y norhquneho-misn gcstc ``nbcr c` cetuc` nspcehi mn fir-kceho mnoikhocmi Ecrrnfiuroukrhqun (eruen mhbhtc`) (31).

No mhehnkarn mn 1::> c Aha`hitnec p-a`hec mn hofirkceho irbcohz `

Documents

Educación y biblioteca, n.º 166 (julio/agosto, 2008)