Educación y biblioteca, n.º 178 (julio/agosto, 2010)

8/15/2019 Educación y biblioteca, n.º 178 (julio/agosto, 2010)

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`ðb 44 i. 07< ouafb/`gbstb 4808 00 ₡

Cspcmfà sbdrc AFO cst`jbuifjciscSi` prbycmmfýi fkprcmfs`

Cspcmfà Ci prfkcr` pcrsbi`Mbacg`s cst`jbuifjciscs

JbssfcrA` rcacvìmf` sbmfà jc a` dfdafbtcm`ci tfckpbs jc mrfsfs


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@ðb 44 I. 07< ouafb-`gbstb 4808

:0Jbssfcr? A` rcacvìmf` sbmfà jc a` dfdafbtcm`ci tfckpbs jc mrfsfs4

43Cspcmfà Ci prfkcr` pcrsbi`. Mbacg`s cst`jbuifjciscs

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MBI A@ MBA@DBT@MFÝI C]XCMF@A JC A@ CKD@O@J@ JC C

5 Afdrbs fieìtfacs y ouvcifacs


3/128=CJSM@MFÝI V DFDAFBZCM@I. 07< ~ OSAFB-@GB]ZB 4808

Cjftbrfà 3

Afdrbs fieìtfacs y ouvcifacsIbvcj`jcs 5Cspcmfà sbdrc AFO cst`jbuifjcisc? Si` prbycmmfýi fkprcmfs`.Mbbrjfi`jb pbr Gust`vb Xucrt` Acfssc 00

A. Erìn Dùk pbr @i` A`rtftcguf 04

Tudc Gbajdcrg pbr @ftì` M`rr`smb 0:Gbrcy pbr Bjrfbzba` 05L`rpcr Acc pbr Baàa` Lcriàijcz 07Ofk Eabr` pbr @adcrtb G`kýi 06Xctcr ]ës pbr Cafs` Vustc 40Zbif Kbrrfsbi pbr Obsæ Kbrài 4=

Cspcmfà Ci prfkcr` pcrsbi`. Mbacg`s cst`jbuifjciscsCitrcvfst` ` M`kfa` @afrc, Xrcsfjcit` jc @A@ y jfrcmtbr` ckærft`jc a` Sifvcrsfj`j jc Iucvb Kæxfmb y jc a` Sifvcrsfj`j Cst`tàjc Mbabr`jb. @i` @abisb K`rtëi-Abcmlcs y K`rt` K`rtëiczUàcimf` 43Citrcvfst` ` Bràf` G`rz` jc Mbrtæs, Cxpcrt` ci àe`dctfz`mfýip`r` ifðbs y oývcics lfspìbs ci CC SS, dfdafbtcm`rf` ycx prcsfjcit` jc TCEBTK@. K`rt` K`rtëicz Uàcimf` =8Citrcvfst` ` Abfj` G`rmë` Ecdb, prcsfjcit` jc TCEBTK@y @ssfstìt Mbbrjfi`tbr jca prbgr`k` ‑Iucvbs @kcrfmìbs‛y jc ]crvfmfbs Cspcmfàcs jc a` Dfdafbtcm` jc Puccis (Iucv` Vbrn).K`rt` K`rtëicz Uàcimf` ==Citrcvfst` ` Fs`dca Cspfià, mbbrjfi`jbr` jc ebrk`mfýi jcusu`rfbs jc a` Dfdafbtcm` W.C.D. Ju Dbfs jc a` Sifvcrsfj`j jcK`ss`mlusctts @klcrst. K`rt` K`rtëicz Uàcimf` =<

Jbssfcr? A` rcacvìmf` sbmfà jc a` dfdafbtcm` citfckpbs jc mrfsfs. Mbbrjfi`jb pbr K`rt` K`rtëicz Uàcimf`

A` dfdafbtcm` ci tfckpb jc kfcjbs. T`kýi ]à`dcrrf` :4Puæ mrfsfs, ci quæ dfdafbtcm`s, p`r` quæ gcitc.

O`vfcr Xærcz Fgacsf`s :3Duci` pràmtfm` dfdafbtcm`rf` 0? Dfdafbtcm` Mcitrà Mbivcit jc]ìt Tbm // @ :<Duci` pràmtfm` dfdafbtcm`rf` 4? Dfdafbtcm` Mcitrà Mbivcit jc]ìt Tbm // D 38

Duci` pràmtfm` dfdafbtcm`rf` =? Dfdafbtcm` Xÿdafm` jc ]ìObrgc / ]ìjuzca`fnb Afdurutcgf Xudafnb` 34Mrfsfs y Dfdafbtcm` Xÿdafm`.Xcjrb Aýpcz Aýpcz 3:Duci` pràmtfm` dfdafbtcm`rf` :? Dfdafbtcm` Tcgfbià jc Kurmf` 37Dfdafbtcm`s b d`rd`rfc? muatur` ci tfckpbs jc mrfsfs.

O`vfcr Gfkcib Xcrcaaý 36Duci` pràmtfm` dfdafbtcm`rf` 3? Dfdafbtcm` jc Crku` 55A`s dfdafbtcm`s pÿdafm`s ìtc a` rcmcsfýi cmbiýkfm`.

Obsæ @itbifb Gýkcz Lcriàijcz y Ob`quëi ]cag`s Gutfærrcz 5<Duci` pràmtfm` dfdafbtcm`rf` 5? Dfdafbtcm` jc Cjum`mfýi jc a`Sifvcrsfj`j @utýibk` jc K`jrfj (S@K) 73‑Ci a` dfdafbtcm` pÿdafm` sf m`dckbs tbjbs‛. Jfrcmtrfmcs p`r` a`fimausfýi scgÿi a` @kcrfmì Afdr`ry @ssbmf`tfbi.Kª Ocsÿs jca Bakb G`rmë` 77Dfdafbtcm`s cst`jbuifjciscs? kàs àaà jc abs præst`kbs.]àv`jbr Ucrg`r`


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Jcscb susmrfdfrkc ` a` rcvfst` ` p`rtfr jca kcs? ..........................................................................................

Ibkdrc (b r`zýi sbmfà) .................................................................................................. @pcaafjbs............................................................................................................................

Jfrcmmfýi...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... M. X..................................................Xbda`mfýi .................................................................................................................................................................... Xrbvfimf .̀ ...............................................................................................................Zcaæebib..............................................................................................................................................................M.F.E./J.I.F......................................................................................................................

EBTK@ JC X@GB PSC CAFOB?

▨ Mlcquc ̀ e`vbr jc Zfajc ]crvfmfbs Cjftbrfàcs, ].@▨ Jbkfmfaf`mfýi dìm`rf`

▨ Zrìsecrcimf` ` m/m? 4088 =


5/1283CJSM@MFÝI V DFDAFBZCM@I. 07< ~ OSAFB-@GB]ZB 4808

CJF ZBTF @AMBI A@ MBA@DBT@MFÝI C]XCMF@A JC A@ CKD@O@J@ JC CC SS

Ca jbssfcr quc ca acmtbr cimbitr`rà cicstc iÿkcrb supbic a` prfkcr` mba`dbr`-mfýi, er`gu`j` l`mc ui `ðb, jc ebrk` cs-pbitàic`, citrc CJSM@MFÝI V DFDAFBZCM@y ca FTM jc a` Ckdò`j` jc Cst`jbs Sif-jbs ci K`jrfj. Ca 4< jc ouafb jc 4886, caprcsfjcitc sàfcitc jc a` @sbmf`mfýi I`-

mfbià jc Dfdafbtcm`rfbs jc Cst`jbs Sifjbs(@A@), Ofk Tcttfg, jfb ui` mbiecrcimf` cia` Dfdafbtcm` I`mfbià ci a` quc kfckdrbsjc ̀ kd`s fistftumfbics cst`dì prcscitcs.Ci su ml`ra` Tcttfg l`daý jca fkp`mtb ic-g`tfvb quc a` mrfsfs cst`d` tcifcijb ci a`sdfdafbtcm`s pbr abs rcmbrtcs suerfjbs, pcrbt`kdfæi rcmàmý a` fkpbrtìmf` quc mbdr`-dì a`s dfdafbtcm`s citrc a` mfuj`jìë` ibr-tc`kcrfmì` pbr scr abs ÿifmbs aug`rcsjbijc pbjë` `mmcjcr, gr`tuft`kcitc, ` a`fiebrk`mfýi fkprcs` c Fitcrict.

A` dfdafbtcm` cstà suoct` ` a` `mtuà pb-aëtfm` rcstrfmtfv` jc rcmbrtcs> pcrb sfgucsfcijb ui csp`mfb jbijc a`s pcrsbi`s puc-jci `mujfr p`r` ebrk`rsc y pbtcimf`r suùtbcstfk`, p`r` tcicr `mmcsb ` ui bmfbàtcri t̀fvb… Ci jcefiftfv`, p`r` accr y ibjco`rsc fieaufr pbr abs grìjcs pbjcrcs kc-jfàtfmbs, cmbiýkfmbs y pbaëtfmbs quc ibsqufcrci l`mcr mrccr quc a` sftu`mfýi jc mrf-sfs ib tfcic rcspbis`dacs, cs ficxbr`dac yi`j` sc pucjc l`mcr p`r` sàfr jca `tbaa`-jcrb.

Csc pbjcr jc a` dfdafbtcm` mbkb csp`-mfb jckbmràtfmb ‑jbijc m`dckbs tbjbs‛

”ui` pcrmcpmfýi quc abs ibrtc`kcrfmìbs

lì tcifjb kuy prcscitc jcsjc l`mc jæ-m`j`s, mbkb sc pucjc vcr ci ca mucitb jcGfi` Dcrrfùat pudafm`jb ci cstc iÿkcrb”,ibs aacvý ` tr`dò`r ouitbs ci ui iÿkcrbquc ib sýab ib sc csm`kbtc` jc a` rcàf-

j`j, sfib quc prctcijc rcsàt`r, mbkb fi-jfm` O`vfcr Xærcz Fgacsf`s, btrbs tfpbs jc rf-qucz`? ca mfvfskb, a` mbimfcimf` jc abpÿdafmb, a` mbivfvcimf` p`mëefm`… Abs scr-vfmfbs dfdafbtcm`rfbs pÿdafmbs sbi ui` pfczèuij`kcità ‑ci csc mërmuab vfrtubsb qucl`mc quc ` k`ybr gr`jb jc cjum`mfýi y

muatur` sc mrcci k`ybrcs pbsfdfafj`jcsp`r` ca jcs`rrbaab‛.

‑@aaë jbijc sc prcscit` ca pcafgrb, surgca` sàv`mfýi‛, csmrfdfý Lõajcrafi. A` dfdafb-tcm` tfcic quc prbkbmfbi`r su vàbr y‑`prbvcml`r‛ a` mrfsfs p`r` cst`dfafz`r su fk-pbrtìmf` mbkb eucitc gcicr`jbr` jc fjc`sy jc mrc`mfýi jc ui euturb sbstcifdac mbi-tr` ca ice`stb kcmìfskb jc us`r y tfr`r.

A` dfdafbtcm` mbkb scrvfmfb pÿdafmb ibjcdc prbtcgcrsc sýab ci æpbm` jc db-iìz`, mbkb sf eucr` ui auob. @a mbitr`rfb,cs `lbr` muìjb kàs jcdc mbbpcr`r mbia` mbkuifj`j quc suerc y muìtb kàs `pb-y`j` jcdcrë` cst`r pbr a` pbda`mfýi y a`sùtbrfj`jcs.

Ouì Zbrrcs, m`tcjràtfmb jc Cmbibkë``pafm`j` jc a` Sifvcrsfj`j jc ]cvfaa`,èfrk` quc cst` mrfsfs sc l` prbjumfjb pbrui` sumcsfýi jc cstè`s jc a` quc abs dì-mbs y abs grìjcs efiìmfcrbs sbi abs prfi-mfpàcs `rtëefmcs, y quc sc l` scrvfjb jc a`fiutfafj`j jc uibs gbdfcribs quc caabs kfs-kbs l`dë̀ i `t`jb jc pfcs y kìbs.

Jcsgr`mf`j`kcitc, `së cstà y` a` sftu`-mfýi> ib bdstìtc, pcis`kbs, mbkb Uf-mcitc Ucrjÿ, quc a` mrfsfs ibs pucjc

sàv`r… Puc ca euturb pbjrà scr kàs cs-t`dac sf auml`kbs mbitr` ca jcscqufafdrb sb-mfà y pbr ui` pbaëtfm` rcjfstrfdutfv` cefm`z.@quë a` dfdafbtcm` tfcic kumlb quc `pbr-t`r. bu

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@rfìic E`dcr A` eàdrfm` jc iudcs D`rmcabi`? @ duci p`sb, 4808

` ð

b s+:

Ibs tukd`kbs ci ui sucab sfi tcmlb ya`s vckbs p`s`r? ebrk`s jc `mu`rca`, mbi-tbribs fkprcmfsbs, pcrsbiòcs fivcit`jbsquc `vìzì pbr a` rcàfj`j, iudcs jc à-gbjýi quc jcsjfduoì ca mfcab mbi lfstb-rf`s> mruzì abs k`p`s y sc àboì ci a`fk`gfi`mfýi.

²Jýijc sc l`mci a`s iudcs2 @rfìicE`dcr ibs ab mucit` mbi ca tr`zb afkpfb jcsus scimfaabs jfduobs, ci pàgfi`s `p`fs`-j`s quc sc prbabigì p`r` jco`r csm`p`r` sus pcrsbiòcs iudbsbs. Tctr`t` ui` eà-drfm` jc grì mlfkcic` ”‑²scrài a`siudcs tì sýab lukb2‛” y a` sftÿ` ci uiaug`r fimfcrtb, tcrrftbrfb scmrctb sýab mb-ibmfjb pbr ca l`mcjbr jc p`fsòcs v`pb-rbsbs.

]bi a`s iudcs a`s quc fitrbjumci absk`tfmcs ci a`s csmci`s ci daìmb y icgrb,`p`rcmci jc mbabrcs, m`kdfì a` auz, scjfspcrsì ci gbt`s jc aauvf` quc rcmbgc cak`r y ci ui jcsmufjb jc su oucgb, `p`-rcmc ca sba.

A`s pà`dr`s ib sbi icmcs`rf`s ci cst`k`r`vfaabs` lfstbrf` quc ibs jco` cacgfrcitrc rcspucst`s, eìtàstfm`s b mfcitëefm`s,à kfstcrfb jc a`s ̀ zuacs prcscimf`s fkpà-p`dacs quc sc csm`pì jc cst`s pàgfi`s.Cs ui` i`rr`mfýi ci a` muà a` sumcsfýi jc`p`rfmfbics mbtfjfì`s abs kàs pcqucðbspucjci mbivcrtfra`s ci `vcitur`s qucmbimauyci mbi ca `sbkdrb jc a` mbitck-pa`mfýi jca `k`rfaab aukfibsb.

Cs ui` lfstbrf` p`r` ifðbs jc a` quc sc`prbpfì abs `juatbs, k`tfz`j` pbr ui`pbcsë` sfi ̀ rtfaugfbs? a`s iudcs, ca k`r, casba, mbkp`rtci ca scmrctb jc a` ‑eàdrfm` jciudcs‛.

M`rkci Eò`rjb @rquftcmt`

5

AFDTB]FIE@IZFAC] V OSUCIFAC] IBUCJ@JC]


Nci Nfkur`Fas. jc V`sui`rf Kur`n`kf666 lcrkì`s rì`s sc kujì jc ml`rm`

Màjfz? D`rd`r` Efbrc, 4808

666 jcdc jc p`rcmcr ui` fikcisfj`j ̀uibs acmtbrcs, abs ifðbs pbtcimfàkcitcjcstfi`t`rfbs jc cstc mucitb, quc jfeëmfa-kcitc s`drài mbit`r l`st` mfci.

A` mfer` cs ca murfbsb iÿkcrb jc jcs-mcijfcitcs quc k`kà rì` àukdr` ui`prfk`vcr`. A` ml`rm` quc l`dftì scqucj` pcqucð` mbi tìtb d`tr`mfb rcvba-tbsb, `së quc ca p`jrc tbk` a` jcmfsfýi jc

tr`sa`j`r ` a` e`kfaf` ` ui aug`r kàs `prb-pf`jb> ui` kujìz` quc sc tbri`rà mbk-pafm`j`, pa`g`j` jc `kci`z`s quc`mcmlì pbr jbqufcr ”scrpfcitcs quc sc`rr`strì sfgfabs`s, kfaìbs l`kdrfcitbs” y mbivfcrtci ca rca`tb ci ui` trcpfjìtc`vcitur` quc, èbrtui`j`kcitc, muakfi`ci ui efià ecafz.

Ca tëtuab ̀ itfmfp` y` ca tbib jfsp`r`t`jbjc a` lfstbrf`, ci a` quc abs ùtbrcs utfafzìfitcafgcitckcitc ca lukbr p`r` rcsbavcrabs pcafgrbs quc èrbitì a`s fijcecis`sprbt`gbifst̀ s, fiscrtìjb ui` scrfc jc lc-mlbs m`suàcs quc jcrfvì ci sftu`mfbicsfisýaft`s c figcifbs`s y ùj`mcs sbaumfbics.

A`s csmci`s, `jcrcz`j`s mbi vfvbs jfà-abgbs, rcprbjumci rcàfj`jcs mbtfjfì`s ymbkpbrt`kfcitbs fieìtfacs mbi abs quc caacmtbr pucjc fjcitfefm`rsc `jckàs jc rcër?a` fkp`mfcimf` jc a`s rìft`s muìjb scmìsì jurìtc à m`kfib y ckpfczì `scitfr l`kdrc y scj, a` figciufj`j ìtc cajcsmbibmfkfcitb jca pcafgrb muìjb ̀ rr`s-trì ` ui` scrpfcitc jbrkfj` p`r` kbs-tràrsca` ` su p`jrc... V ci muìtb ` abs`spcmtbs gràefmbs, ib p`sì jcs`pcrmfdf-j`s a`s pcrspcmtfv`s y ca usb jca mbabr, quc

fimrckcitì ca tbib màustfmb y a` sfigua`-rfj`j jc cst` sfkpàtfm` prbpucst`.Zcrcs` Mbrmlctc

Dfdafbtcm`rf`

` ð

b s+3

X`fsòcs v`pbrbsbs

Si` e`kfaf` jc rì`s kuy iukcrbs`

b

v c

j ` j

c s


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IBUCJ@JC]

7

Mcaf` Ufð`s (pbck`s)Fas. jc Kbitsc Gficst`Mcaf` Ufð`s p`r` ifðbs y ifð`s… y btrbs scrcs murfbsbs K`jrfj? Cjfmfbics jc a` Zbrrc, 4886

Ci 06: tbjbs caabs cackcitbsprýxfkbs ̀ a` rcàfj`j jca ifðb, efgur` bk-ifprcscitc ci tbj` a` bdr`. Abs vcrsbsmbkdfiì a` tr`jfmfýi brà mbi rckfifs-mcimf`s jc acmtur`s jc iucstrbs maàsfmbs yui` grì jbsfs jc brfgfiàfj`j> cstài aac-ibs jc fkàgcics y, sbdrc tbjb, jc fituf-mfbics pbætfm`s, quc jì aug`r ` ui` bdr`

cspbitàic`, rfsucð`, tfcri`… àt`kcitcrcmbkcij`dac.Cafs` Vustc Zucrb

Efaýabg` y acmtbr` jc AFO

` ð

b s+5

X`r` acmtbrcs, acmtbr`s y btrbs scrcsmurfbsbs

Ofkky Af`bA` ibmlc cstrcaa`j`

Màjfz? Dàrd`r` Efbrc, 4808

Mbkb Ufimcit bdscrv`d` a` vfj` jcsjca` vcitì` jca sì`tbrfb jc ]`fit-Tæky-jc-Xrbvcimc, a` prbt`gbifst` jc a` lfstbrf`kfr` y csmuml`, cisfkfsk`j`, a`s kcabjë`squc drbtì jca tco`jb dòb ca quc vfvc cakfstcrfbsb ifðb sbaft`rfb.

Ci ca ebijb, `kdbs mbimfdci ui`kfsk` ibmlc cstrcaa`j`.

Caa` icmcsft` ui` iucv` fausfýi quc a` af-dcrc jc ui kuijb ci ca quc abs p`jrcssfckprc cstài jck`sf`jb bmup`jbs. Siiucvb lbrfzbitc ci ca quc ib cxfstì abskfskbs kàjftbs mbkp`ðcrbs jc ma`sc.

Jcsjc quc ca `ducab jcs`p`rcmfý, cav`mëb p`rcmë` frrcp`r`dac. ]fi ckd`rgb a``p`rfmfýi jca `kfgb ìýifkb jcvbavcrà à` prbt`gbifst` a` mrccimf` ci a` vfj`.

Ouitbs ckprcijcrài ui` lufj` ci a`quc rcmupcr`rài a` afdcrt`j, ca s`dbr jcm`j` uib jc abs cackcitbs jc a` i`turàcz`,a` k`r`vfaabs` scis`mfýi jc jcspcrt`r m`j`k`ðì` mbi ui` `vcitur` ckbmfbiìtcp`r` mbkp`rtfr. Xcrb sbdrc tbjb, `kdbsjcsmudrfrài a` v`rfcj`j jc tbiàfj`jcs quccimfcrrì ca jë` y a` ibmlc.@lbr`, s`dcjbr` jc quc tbjb tfcic uiprfimfpfb y ui efià, prcefcrc mbiebrk`rscmbi scgufr kfrìjb a`s cstrcaa`s, qufzà ` a`cspcr` jc ui` iucv` kÿsfm` quc vucav` `m`kdf`r a`s mbs`s. V mbkb caa` ²muàitbsbtrbs bdscrvì y jfstfiguci, à efiàfz`r cajë`, a`s aumcs citrc a` bsmurfj`j2

Ca ùtbr t`fwìæs vucavc ` ckbmfbi`rgr`mf`s ` ui p`rtfmua`r uifvcrsb pfmtýrfmb,m`rg`jb jc dcaa`s fkàgcics y cxpabsfvbsmbabrcs, quc cvbm` a` fikbrtà bdr` jc UìGbgl. Faustr`mfbics ` jbdac pàgfi`, tcxtbsm`rg`jbs jc scisfdfafj`j, prcscimf` jc jfec-rcitcs gr`kòcs ci a` cjfmfýi jc abs jfdu-

obs... Si afdrb-rcgàb quc jcvucavc ̀ OfkkyAf`b à bafkpb jc abs mrc`jbrcs jc AFO kàsfieauycitcs jc cstc sfgab \\F.

Abrcizb ]btbDfdafbtcm`rfb y tr`dò`jbr sbmfà

` ð

b s+08

Aacg` `gbstb? ibmlcs mbi aauvf`s jccstrcaa`s y ui rcmucrjb

Xcjrb K`ð`sMfuj`j a`dcrfitb Ufgb? E`ntbrë` N, 4808

Ca csmrftbr k`jrfacðb Xcjrb K`ð`s jf-duo` abs vcrsbs urdìbs jcMfuj`j a`dc-rfitb, bdr` mbi a` quc sc lfzb kcrcmcjbrjca FF Xrckfb jc Xbcsë` Fieìtfa Mfuj`j jcBrfluca`. Zrcfit` pbck`s jbijc prcjb-kfiì abs vcrsbs jc `rtc kcibr, jc rfk``sbiìtc y ui rftkb mrc`jb ̀ p`rtfr jc p`-ràcafskbs, mbim`tci`mfbics, ìàebr`s, ouc-gbs jc pà`dr`s, bibk`tbpcy`s... quc ibs`jcitrì ci cstc k`p` jc màacs, mbmlcs,

m`s`s y lbrkfg`s quc K`ð`s ‑pafcg` y jcs-pafcg`, `rrug` y cstfr`, pfit` y jcspfit`,kfr` y rckfr`‛. Xbck`rfb vfsuà, tr`z`jbjcsjc ca mfcab, quc ibs pcrkftc jcsmudrfrab grìjc jfkfiutb y quc, à kfskbtfckpb, jcsmfcijc ` abs jctàacs jc a`s `mc-r`s y sc `mcrm` ` ab sudtcrràicb ` tr`væsjc a`s àmìt`rfaa`s.

Ca ‑Xbck` r`sm`mfcabs‛ cs ui cockpabjc cstc cecmtb mfick`tbgràefmb, jbijc a`màk`r` y a` kfr`j` jca acmtbr sc jfrfgci jc`dòb ̀ rrfd`, csmàìjb cst` tbrrc jc pà`-dr`s quc prbpbic ca ùtbr. Abs rufjbs y a`svbmcs jc a` mfuj`j jfsmurrci ` tr`væs jccst`s fkàgcics quc kczmaì ab biërfmb y abrcàfst`, mbi ui scitfjb jca lukbr, `vcmcs, `grfjuamc y mrëtfmb. A` sbacj`j, caìbifk`tb y a` prfs` t`kdfæi tfcici su cs-p`mfb ci cstbs vcrsbs jc lukb. K`ð`s fi-mauyc `jckàs trcs ‑mfuj`j `mcrtfobs‛,`jfvfiìz`s p`r` pcis`r y sbircër mbi cst`mfuj`j quc ‑mbkb ib tfcic ìtfe`z, sc jfs-er`z` mbi pà`dr`s‛. A` faustr`jbr` ]favfi`]bmbabvsny `mbkp`ð` à ùtbr ci cstcvfòc ̀ tr`væs jca a`dcrfitb, quc l` cjft`jbmbi scisfdfafj`j E`ntbrë` N jc Afdrbs.

Dc`trfz Bsæs G`rmë`Xbctfs`

` ð

b s+<

Ucrsbs urdìbs


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AFDTB]FIE@IZFAC] V OSUCIFAC] IBUCJ@JC]

<

G`drfca Oìcr Kìfa`Lc oug`jb mbi abdbs D`rmcabi`? A` Gàcr`, 4808

` ð

b s+04

Fieìmf` sàvòc

Jcsjc sfckprc, ùtbrcs ci jfstfitbsm`kpbs `rtëstfmbs sc lì bmup`jb jca ifðb`dìjbi`jb y mrf`jb pbr ìfkàcs ci cadbsquc b ci a` scav` ²Puæ tfcic cst` lfs-tbrf`, sc` efmmfýi b rcàfj`j, p`r` rcsuat`r-ibs tì mbikbvcjbr`2 ²Xbr quæ sc l`fitcit`jb ci tìt`s bm`sfbics ̀ lbij`r ciabs kfstcrfbs jca àk` jca ‑pcqucðb sà-vòc‛2 Ab lfzb Zrueeùt mbi su pcaëmua`sbdrc ca ifðb-abdb jc @vfgibi> y t`kdfæisbi fibavfj`dacs a`s lfstbrf`s jc Týkuab yTckb, G`sp`r Lùscr b Z`rzài. Zrìs-ebrk`kbs ci kftb ca rca`tb jca pcqucðbsàvòc c fitcit`kbs, qufzàs, jcscitr`ð`rci csbs ifðbs jc r`sgbs tì pbmb luk`-ibs a` cscimf` jc a` lukìfj`j.

Ci cstc m`sb, sc tr`t` jc a` lfstbrf` rcàjc ui ifðb `dìjbi`jb ci ]fcrr` Kbrci`,quc sbdrcvfvfý kàs jc jfcz `ðbs mbi absabdbs, a`s m`dr`s, a`s r`t`s, abs pào`rbs yui` muacdr` mbkb ÿifmbs mbkp`ðcrbs jc

oucgb. Ca csmrftbr Oìcr Kìfa` gr`dý `K`rmbs rca`tìjb su lfstbrf` y ` p`rtfr jccs`s pà`dr`s l` mrc`jb ui` ibvca` cxmc-acitc, quc ̀ tr`p` jcsjc a` prfkcr` pàgfi`.Si rca`tb e`smfiìtc, quc y` ab cr` ìtcsjc quc ca ùtbr ab trìsmrfdfcr` à p`pca,pcrb mbivcrtfjb ci bdr` aftcr`rf` gr`mf`s ̀ui` scimfaa` vbz i`rr`tfv`, lbicst` y dfcica`dbr`j`. ]fi tr`fmfbi`r ca aciguòc sfk-pac, ` vcmcs prfkftfvb, jca prbt`gbifst`,Oìcr Kìfa` cafgc a` vbz jca ifðb y` mrc-mfjb p`r` mbit`ribs ib sýab ui` scrfc jc`mbitcmfkfcitbs mbikbvcjbrcs, sfib t`k-dfæi p`r` cxprcs`r pcis`kfcitbs y rceac-xfbics jc grì prbeuijfj`j y sfgifefm`jb,p`r` jcsvca`r scitfkfcitbs quc ̀ a acmtbr acrcvucavci a`s trfp`s y ca mbr`zýi.

K`rt` @isýi Dàk`scjÀfdrcr`

www.a`k`rjcactr s̀.mbk

Erìmfs ]mbut Eftzgcràj @j`pt`mfýi jc Iuizfb JcEfafppfs y Mlrfstfi` Wcfr Fas. jc Ncvfi MbricaaCa murfbsb m`sb jc Dcio`kfi Duttbi K`jrfj? G`jfr, 4886

J`vfj Efimlcr (jfr.)Ca murfbsb m`sb jc Dcio`kfi Duttbi (JUJ)

²Cxtfigufrsc b jcs`p`rcmcr2

W`ricr Lbkc Ufjcb

Ibs `mcrm`kbs ` ui` mucstfýi kuml`s vcmcs paì-tc`j`? ²quæ l`mcr ìtcs? accr ca afdrb b vcr a` pcaëmua`2A`s bpfifbics sbi jfvcrs`s, fimausb abs l`y quc prcefcrci

qucj`rsc tì sýab mbi a` pcaëmua`.Cstài `qucaabs quc prcefcrci ckpcz`r mbi a` vcrsfýimfick`tbgràefm`. @aaë abs pcrsbiòcs sbi rctr`t`jbs eësf-m`kcitc, abs aug`rcs sbi rcprcscit`jbs mbi jctàac ciui` sba` fk`gci y a` i`rr`mfýi sc csmrfdc mbi r`pfjcz cicsmci`s quc jcsmudrci kumlbs cackcitbs ` a` kfr`j`jca cspcmt`jbr. V, aucgb, ̀ a accr ca afdrb ckpfczì ̀ mbk-prcijcr ca pbrquæ jc kuml`s mbs`s jc uibs pcrsbiòcsy` mbibmfjbs. A` i`rr`mfýi cs kàs pùs`j`, icmcsft` jcabs `joctfvbs y jc a`s jcsmrfpmfbics, p`r` sftu`ribs ci catfckpb y ca aug`r.

Xbr btrb a`jb, sc cimucitrì `qucaabs, citrc abs mu`-acs kc rcmbibzmb, quc ac mbimcjci a` prfkfmf` à afdrb.Dusmì ci a`s pà`dr`s a`s lcrr`kfcit`s quc jfduoì abs rbstrbs, quc rcmrcì abs cs-p`mfbs, quc rca`tì a` lfstbrf` quc sc l`mc rcà ci su fk`gfi`mfýi. Tcma`kì a` cx-pafm`mfýi cxtcis` jc a`s sftu`mfbics quc jcs`rrbaaì a` `mmfýi. V aucgb sc jfvfcrtci mbia` vcrsfýi jca mcauabfjc (jbijc `p`rcmci pcr-sbiòcs quc ib rcmbibmci) y quc kuml`svcmcs mcitr` su ̀ tcimfýi ci cackcitbs quc cica afdrb sbi sfkpacs ìæmjbt`s.

Afdrb y pcaëmua` sbi aciguòcs jfstfitbs y aèfjcafj`j quc ` vcmcs sc ac cxfgc ` a` scguijìb jco` jc scr `dsurj`, pucs `kdbs utfafzìcackcitbs jfecrcitcs p`r` kbtfv`ribs y ̀ quc-aab quc uib y btr` ibs trìskftc ib sfckprcmbfimfjc. @kd`s cxprcsfbics sbi kcrcmcjb-r`s jc `tcimfýi.

A`s jbs vcrsfbics quc lby rcscð`kbs jca sbrprcijcitc mucitb Ca murfbsb m`sb jcDcio`këi Duttbi (0644) jc Erìmfs ]mbtt Eftzgcràj cstài d`s`j`s ci a`s fkàgcicsy ci a` r`pfjcz jc mbkprcsfýi. Ca mucitb brfgfià sc fispfr` ci ui` rceacxfýi jc K`rnZw`fi, qufci sbstcië` quc cr` ui` pci` quc a` kcobr p`rtc jc a` vfj` sc jfcr` ̀ a prfi-mfpfb y a` pcbr p`rtc à efià.

Jc a` kìb jc J`vfj Efimlcr sc l` mbivcrtfjb ci pcaëmua`. Cs ui` vcrsfýi kuyafdrc quc, ci ca rcmbrrfjb pbr a` cvbaumfýi fivcrs` jca prbt`gbifst`, sc jctfcic ci uikbkcitb? a` lfstbrf` jc `kbr, jcsvfìjb iucstr` ̀ tcimfýi jca tck` prfimfpà.

A` sfigua`r y dcaaësfk` ibvca` gràefm` l` sfjb rcàfz`j` pbr abs gufbifst`s IuimfbJcEfafppfs y Mlrfstfi` Wcfr y pbr ca jcst`m`jb jfscð`jbr c faustr`jbr Ncvfi Mbricaa.Mbricaa, efca ` a` actr` y à cspërftu jca mucitb, `pbrt` ci cst` vcrsfýi ui sbscg`jbkbitòc jc vfðct`s. A` brgìfz`mfýi ci m`pëtuabs sc mcitr` ci `qucaabs kbkcitbs qucsbi mbkuics ci a` vfj` jc muàqufcr scr lukìb. Jc cstc kbjb, a` i`rr`mfýi sc ̀ ac-

o`j` jc sftu`mfbics sfigua`rcs y `mcitÿ` `së a` prbpf` murfbsfj`j jca rca`tb, `mcrmài-jbibs ` ui` pcrspcmtfv` cxtr`ð` jc a` vfj` quc ibs l`mc rceacxfbi`r sbdrc susjfstfit`s ct`p`s? fieìmf`, ouvcituj, k`jurcz, vcocz... y a`s m`p`mfj`jcs y m`rcimf`s jcm`j` ui` jc caa`s... ²Zcijrà r`zýi K`rn Zw`fi b scrà kcobr ckpcz`r mbi cicrgë` `jcsmudrfr ca kuijb y quc i`jfc ibs prfvc jca mbibmfkfcitb à efià2

M. E.

` ð

b s+0=

‑Afdrb y pcaëmua` utfafzìcackcitbs jfecrcitcs p`r`kbtfv`ribs y `qucaab qucuib y btr` ibs trìskftc

ib sfckprc mbfimfjc‛


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IBUCJ@JC]

6

Zbk`r mbimfcimf` jca `dìjbib

Iìmy IcwtbiCa ifðb `jbpt`jb D`rmcabi`? @adcs`, 4808

Mbkprcijcr a` lcrfj` prfk`rf` jcaifðb `jbpt`jb cs mbkprcijcr ` tbjbs absdcdæs. Ib l`mc eàt` scr p`jrc `jbptfvbp`r` accr cstc e`smfiìtc afdrb jc ui tfrýi,pucs ibs l`da` jc ̀ agb tì uifvcrsà mbkbca `dìjbib. Uàfcitc y lbicstb, jcsmudrcìtc iucstrbs bobs ca trùk` quc sc brfgfi`mbi a` scp`r`mfýi tckprì` jca dcdæ y suk`jrc, trùk` quc ib qucrckbs ”b ibpbjckbs” vcr ci iucstr`s sbmfcj`jcsbpuacit`s, jbijc ca ifðb cs ` vcmcs utfaf-z`jb mbkb dfci jc mbisukb.

Ib cs ui afdrb mbitr`rfb ` a` `jbpmfýi,pcrb së cxpbic jc ebrk` r`zbi`dac y t`- oìtc ca j`ðb quc suerc ca scr lukìb àscr scp`r`jb jc su e`kfaf` dfbaýgfm`. Ibsàfcit` ̀ rcmbibmcr csc j`ðb y ̀ ̀ mcpt`rabp`r` pbjcr àfvf`rab, ibs `jvfcrtc jc aèàs` fausfýi jc pbjcr rckcjf`rab. Tcs-pbijc `së ` abs prbdack`s quc sc prcsci-tì mbi abs lfobs `jbpt`jbs y ` a` vczmucstfbi` mfcrt`s ebrk`s sbmfàkcitc`mcpt`j`s y kuy cxtcijfj`s jc mrfìz`.Xbrquc l`y kuml`s ebrk`s jc ̀ dìjbi`r` ui dcdæ, ùiquc ib scì tì aftcràcs

mbkb a` jc j`r ` ui ifðb ci `jbpmfýi.Mbi ui` ckp`të` rcmbiebrtìtc y ui`lukìfj`j cxmcpmfbià, a` psfmýabgÌìmy Icwtbi pbic ci cvfjcimf` ui` sb-mfcj`j jbijc ca suerfkfcitb jca dcdæ cs,kuml`s vcmcs, bdvf`jb. V `së, kfcitr`sìàfz` abs prbdack`s jc mbivfvcimf` qucsc brfgfiì ci a`s e`kfaf`s `jbptfv`s, ibsjcsgrì` a` cscimf` jc a` ebrk`mfýi jca scrlukìb? a` rca`mfýi jca pcqucðb mbi suk`jrc.

Si` acmtur` ̀ p`sfbiìtc p`r` muàqufcrpcrsbi` fitcrcs`j` ci a` ebrk`mfýi ckb-mfbià jca ifðb. Fimausb ` pcs`r jc a`s`duijìtcs crr`t`s jc a` cjfmfýi csp`ðba`.

K. @. D.

Ætfciic J`vbjcù

Ca fivfcrib ` a` vucat` jc a` csqufi`

Auaÿ. Kuocr jcsiuj` D`rmcabi`? A` Mÿpua`, 4808

A` rcecrcimf` ci ca tëtuab ` a` kuocrjcsiuj` rcsuat` cifgkàtfm` p`r` ca acmtbrquc sc `vciturc ci cst` ibvca` gràefm`.Ætfciic J`vbjcù oucg` mbi a`s jfvcrs`sfitcrprct`mfbics quc a` cxprcsfýi su-gfcrc. ²]c tr`t` jc ui` kuocr fijcecis` ̀a` quc i`jfc b i`j` `rrbp` b tà vcz qufcrc jcmfr quc s`drckbs tbjb sbdrc su vfj` pbr-quc i`j` v` ` bmuat`r su fitfkfj`j2 Si` kuocr jcsiuj` tfcic t`kdfæi mbiibt`mfb-ics crýtfm`s, pucjc scr ui` kuocr jfspucst` ` citrcg`rsc, pcrb t`kdfæi pucjctr`t`rsc jc ui` kuocr kucrt`, ibs v`kbs jcsiujbs jc a` vfj`.

Auaÿ cs ui` k`jrc jc mu`rcit` `ðbs quc tfcic trcs lfobs y ui k`rfjb pbmb kb-jæafmb. @dìjbiý su prbecsfýi p`r` jcjfm`rsc ̀ su e`kfaf` y ̀ lbr` aacv` ui` vfj` qucib ac s`tfse`mc paci`kcitc. Si jë` ̀ a sàfr jc ui` erustrìtc citrcvfst` jc tr`dòb jc-mfjc k`rml`rsc. Ib cs ui lcmlb prckcjft`jb, if jcefiftfvb, surgc jc ui` icmcsfj`jvftà. Pufcrc cst`r sba`, sàfr jc su vfj` brjfi`rf`, jcsmìs`r. Ab quc ac bmurrc ci pbmbkàs jc jbs sckì`s ab v`kbs s`dfcijb pbr a` mbivcrs`mfýi quc jurìtc ui` ibmlckìtfcici ci su m`s` sus ̀ kfgbs y a` lfo` k`ybr jc qufimc ̀ ðbs. A` i`rr`mfýi eauycpùs`j`kcitc ` ab a`rgb jc abs jbs vbaÿkcics ci abs quc sc ibs mucit` su lfstbrf`

y kìtfcic ca fitcræs l`st` a`s pàgfi`s efiàcs ci a`s quc ca suspcisc ̀ jqufcrc k`ybrfitcisfj`j ` kcjfj` quc sc `mcrm` ca jcsci-a`mc.

Auaÿ fifmf` ca btbðb jc su vfj` y ca rca`tb scjcs`rrbaa` t`kdfæi à mbkfcizb jc cst` cst`-mfýi jca `ðb. Ca csmci`rfb sbi mfuj`jcs k`rë-tfk`s, m`sf sbaft`rf`s abs jë`s jc jf`rfb jcspuæsjc a` k`rml` jc abs turfst`s, faukfi`j`s pbrui` auz jbr`j`, màafj`, pcrb kcaìmýafm`. A`prbt`gbifst` y a` i`turàcz` p`rcmci prcscitfrca euturb y sc prcp`rì p`r` a` ficvft`dac aac-g`j` jca fivfcrib, ui pcrëbjb jurb, jc m`kdfbs, ci ca quc cs prcmfsb cimbitr`r mb-dfob, rcpacg`rsc sbdrc uib kfskb. Xcrb ib sc pucjc sbdrcvfvfr ` cst` cst`mfýi mbia`s kìbs v`më`s, sfi l`dcr rcmbacmt`jb abs erutbs, sfi ̀ prbpf`rsc jc a` cicrgë` jc absÿatfkbs r`ybs jca sba.

Ca ùtbr p`rcmc qucrcr jcmfribs quc Auaÿ qufcrc ciercit`rsc ` cst` iucv` cst`-mfýi, pcrb ìtcs jcdc àco`rsc jc su vfj` mbtfjfì` p`r` quc a` jfstìmf` ac `yujc `mbkprcijcr ab quc ac bmurrc, ab quc jcsc`, ab quc icmcsft` y ab quc ac l` p`s`jb. Zàvcz, t`kdfæi, p`r` k`jur`r mfcrt`s jcmfsfbics. A`s pcrsbi`s mbi a`s quc sc cimuci-tr` ci su iucv` sftu`mfýi y a`s cxpcrfcimf`s quc mbkp`rtc mbi caa`s ac ̀ yuj`rài ̀ ci-tcijcrsc kcobr y ` paìtc`rsc muàa cs a` kìcr` kàs `jcmu`j` jc mbitfiu`r su vfj`.Ib cstà sba`, mbkb pbjckbs mbkprbd`r, tfcic ducibs `kfgbs, uibs lfobs pcqucðbsquc a` qufcrci y ui` lfo` ̀ a` quc y` pucjc tr`t`r mbkb ̀ ui ̀ juatb. Z`kdfæi ui k`-rfjb mbkpafm`jb.

J`vbjcù jfduo` mbi m`rfðb ` sus pcrsbiòcs, sbi lbkdrcs y kuocrcs jc a` vfj`rcà, ibs sbi mcrmìbs y pbjckbs fjcitfefm`ribs eàmfakcitc mbi caabs. ]bi m`p`mcsjc a` lcrbfmfj`j mbtfjfì`, sc qufcrci, tr`tì jc `yuj`rsc c fitcit`r mbkprcijcrsc.

A` jcafm`jcz` jc sus ̀ mu`rca`s rcmucrj` a` er`gfafj`j jc cstbs scrcs lukìbs, jfduo`-jbs, à fguà quc abs csmci`rfbs, mbi ui` aëic` efi` y afkpf` quc trìskftc scrcifj`jy màk` c fivft` ` a` acmtur` rceacxfv`.

Ouì Erìmfsmb GutfærrczXrbecsbr

` ð

b s+03

‑J`vbjcù jfduo` pcrsbiòcs mcrm ìbs mbi

abs quc pbjckbsfjcitfefm`ribs eàmfakcitc‛


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0) Sstcj sàc jc m`s` y citr` ci ui` dfdafbtcm`. 4) Bdfci tfcici afdrbs jc Gcbrgcs Xcrcm b dfci ib tfcici afdrbs jcGcbrgcs Xcrcm. =) ]f tuvfcr` afdrbs jc Gcbrgcs Xcrcm, ustcjscrë` ui acmtbr ̀ ebrtui`jb. :) ]f ib tuvfcr` afdrbs jc GcbrgcsXcrcm, ustcj `rk`rë` ui csmàijàb. 3) ]upbig`kbs quc ibtcig` afdrbs jc Gcbrgcs Xcrcm. 5) Citbimcs ustcj `rk` uicsmàijàb jc trcs p`rcs jc mbobics.

Xcrb ib sc jcskbràfmc? a`s prbd`dfafj`jcs jc vcrsc bdaf-g`jb ̀ kbit`r ui csmàijàb sbi m`j` vcz kcibrcs. V caab csjcdfjb ̀ a` cstupcij` a`dbr jc v`rfbs cjftbrcs fijcpcijfcitcsquc sc lì prbpucstb bercmcr ci csp`ðba a`s bdr`s jc Xcrcmquc ̀ ÿi ib l`dëì sfjb tr`jumfj`s. V` mbibmë`kbs, gr`mf`s ̀ aduci bae`tb jc Obrgc Lcrràjc,A` vfj`, fistrummfbics jc usb(‑ca ÿatfkb vcrj`jcrb `mbitcmfkfcitb ci a` lfstbrf` jc a` ib-vca`‛, scgÿi Ftàb Màvfib) bCa scmucstrb (ui` i`rr`mfýi afpbgr`kàtfm` csmrft` cierìmæs sfi a` actr` c y tr`jumfj` ` iucstr` acigu` sfi a` `). Xcrb ci abs ÿatfkbs tfck-pbs l` vcifjb prbjumfæijbsc ui `jkfr`dac gbtcb jc sus bdr`s mbisfjcr`j`s kcib-rcs, muy`s pcra`s kàs rc(au)mfcitcs sbi a`s quc lì kbtfv`jb cst` rcscð`? ²Puæ

pcqucðb mfmabkbtbr jc kìfaa`r mrbk`jb ci ca ebijb jca p`tfb2 y Ca ùkcitb,scgufjb jc Ca `rtc jc `dbrj`r ` su ocec jc scrvfmfb p`r` pcjfrac ui ùkcitb .

A` prfkcr` cs ui` ibuvcaac quc i`rr` a`s vfmfsftujcs jc ui rcmaut` jc ibkdrc fi-mfcrtb (‑N`r`kìafs, b àgb `së? ²N`r`tbrb2 ²N`r`v`m`2 ²N`r`gñcvb2 Ducib, N`r`-àgb‛), quc fitcit` afdr`rsc jc a` gucrr` jc @rgcaf` rbkpfæijbsc ui dr`zb. A`scguij` bercmc jbs vcrsfbics jfstfit`s (ui` tc`trà y btr` i`rr`tfv`) jc ui` kfsk` pc-rfpcmf`, a` jc ui tr`dò`jbr quc prctcijc citrcvfst`rsc mbi su ocec jc scrvfmfb p`r`pcjfrac ui` kcobr` sà`rfà. Xcrb, mbkb sfckprc, ci Xcrcm a` lfstbrf` cs ui tcaýi jcebijb, ui` ̀ iæmjbt`, m`sf kc ̀ trcvcrë` ̀ jcmfr quc ui` cxmus` p`r` aacv`r ̀ m`dbuitbur jc ebrmc cstfaëstfmb. Xbr caab, ib pucjc l`da`rsc jc cstbs jbs afdrbs sfi s`m`r `mba`mfýi ca ëkprbdb tr`dòb jc tr`jummfýi quc l`y jctràs, pucs y` jfob ca jcs`p`rc-mfjb Obsæ ]`r`k`gb quc ‑abs ùtbrcs l`mci a`s aftcr`tur`s abmàcs, pcrb a` aftcr`turùifvcrsà a` l`mci abs tr`jumtbrcs‛. V ci cstc m`sb ib pucjc scr kàs mfcrtb.

K`rfsba @rduæs y Lcrkcs ]àmcj` (rcs-

pbis`dacs t`kdfæi jc a` vcrsfýi m`stcaaì`jc Ca scmucstrb ) lì t`rj`jb v`rfbs `ðbsci tr`jumfr a` lfstbrf` jca rcmaut` N`r`-mbs`, ` pcs`r jc a`s csm`s`s bmlcit` pà-gfi`s jc quc mbist` ca afdrb> y cs qucXcrcm jfefmuat` a` t`rc` à fimaufr ui `pæi-jfmc mbi a`s efgur`s rctýrfm`s quc l` fjbcsp`rmfcijb ` ab a`rgb jca tcxtb, jcsjc ì-t`pbjbsfs l`st` p`ràfpsfs, p`sìjb pbrcpìàebr`s, lfpàa`gcs b kcsbzcugk`s. Xbr su p`rtc, X`dab Kbëðb l` jcdfjb afjf`rmbi ui` pfcz` tc`trà d`s`j` ci a` rcjuijìmf` jc ui brgìfgr`k` fiebrkàtfmb (muybcstfab prctcijc rckcj`r ca prfkcr pàrrèb jc cstc `rtëmuab) y mbi ui tcxtb ci prbs`jc kàs jc mu`rcit` pàgfi`s, sfi puitbs if mbk`s. Acycijb `kd`s tr`jummfbics,uib ib tfcic kàs rckcjfb quc s`m`rsc ca dbkdëi ìtc sckcoìtc l`z`ð`? ca rcsua-t`jb cs, sfkpackcitc, sbdcrdfb.

V sf ib cstà mbivcimfjb, ̀ mærqucsc ̀ ui` dfdafbtcm` y mbkpruædcab ustcj kfskb.]fckprc quc ib tcig` quc `rk`r ui csmàijàb, ma`rb.

X`dab K`rtëi ]àimlczCsmrftbr c fivcstfg`jbr

08

IBUCJ@JC]AFDTB]FIE@IZFAC] V OSUCIFAC]


Gcbrgcs XcrcmCa ùkcitb, scgufjb jc Ca `rtc jc `dbrj`r ` su ocec jc scrvfmfb p`r` pcjfrac ui ùkcitb

]cgbvf`? A` Sð` Tbt`, 4886Gcbrgcs Xcrcm²Puæ pcqucðb mfmabkbtbr jc kìfaa`r mrbk`jb ci ca ebijb jca p`tfb2 D`rmcabi`? @apl` Jcm`y, 4886

` ð

b s+05

Tc(au)mfcitcs pcra`s X`r` tcicrab ci a` cstìtcrë`

Ocsÿs @rìj` Xà`mfbs y Dcaæi Gàfijb AfzAccr y mbivcrs`r. Si` fitrbjummfýi ` abs mauds jc acmtur`

Gfoýi? Zrc`, 4886Cst` cs ui` mbacmmfýi quc jcdcrë` cst`r

ci a`s cstìtcrë`s jc muàqufcr fitcrcs`jbci a` acmtur`. Cstc tëtuab mbimrctb sc jfrfgcà cstujfìtc jc dfdafbtcmbibkë`, ̀ a dfdafb-tcm`rfb, à rcspbis`dac jc a` dfdafbtcm` cs-mba`r, à prbecsbr jc prfk`rf` b scmuij`rf`b ̀ muàqufcr pcrsbi` fitcrcs`j` ci a` acm-tur` mbkp`rtfj`.

Accr y mbivcrs`r cs t`kdfæi ui` acm-tur` cs së kfsk`, sfi ca bdoctfvb jc qucrcrebrk`r p`rtc b jc mrc`r ifigÿi maud jc acm-

tur`.@rìj` y Gàfijb l`daì jc abs maudsjc acmtur` mbkb jc ui aug`r jc mbfimfjci-mf`s? ui grupb jc pcrsbi`s sc rcÿic pbrui fitcræs mbkÿi, ca jfserutc mbkp`rtfjbjc ui` kfsk` acmtur` ci ui` mbkuifj`jjc acmtbrcs.

A` prfkcr` p`rtc jca afdrb cs ui` r`-jfbgrèë` jc abs mauds? su lfstbrf`, a`s jfec-rcitcs ebrk`s jc brgìfz`rabs, absprfimfpfbs quc abs rfgci, a`s brfcit`mfbicsp`r` ebrk`rabs, a`s ̀ mtfvfj`jcs quc sc rc`-afzì, ca rba jc abs p`rtfmfpìtcs, a` cvàu`-mfýi, a`s scsfbics, abs tck`s jcmbivcrs`mfýi b a`s acmtur`s quc sc pucjciprbpbicr.

A` scguij` sc mcitr` ci abs prbt`gb-ifst`s? acmtbrcs mbkb Fs`dca G`rmë` b Tf-m`rjb Xft` y csmrftbrcs mbkb AufsAìjcrb, Ouì Obsæ Kfaaài b Dcri`rjb @t-x`g`. Ouitbs tcoci ui fitcrm`kdfb jc cx-pcrfcimf`s y mbi su mbkp`ðë` trìsft`kbsca ftficr`rfb vftà quc sus vbmcs mrcì ̀ tr`-væs jc a` acmtur`.

Si afdrb, p`r` muàqufcr acmtbr, sbdrcui` cxpcrfcimf` lukì` quc jfspbic aàcmtur` ci ca mcitrb jc su cxfstcimf`.

Gckk` AaumlSifvcrsft`t jc Uàìimf`

lttp?//www.uv.cs/aaumlg/‑Ci Xcrcm a` lfstbrf` cs ui

tcaýi jc ebijb,ui` ìæmjbt`, m`sf kc

`trcvcrë` ` jcmfr quc ui`cxmus` p`r` aacv`r ` m`db ui

tbur jc ebrmccstfaëstfmb‛


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C]XCMF@A ]BDTC AFO C]Z@JBSIFJCI]C

00

MBI A@ MBA@DBT@MFÝI C]XCMF@A JC A@ CKD@O@J@ JC CC SS

A` aftcr`tur` fieìtfa cst`jbuifjcisc tfcic, citrc ibsbtrbs, ui` prbycmmfýi fkprcmfs`. @ pcs`r jca rcmbibmfkfcitb y jc a` cs-tfk` quc gbzì àguibs rcibkdr`jbs csmrftbrcs c faustr`jbrcs `kcrfmìbs, tìtb citrc abs cspcmfàfst`s mbkb citrc ca grì pÿ-dafmb, su e`k`, vfgcimf` c fieaucimf` sucac pcrjcrsc ci ca afkdb jc abs afdrbs jcsm`tàbg`jbs. Xbmbs jc `qucaabs afdrbs-àadukcs bjc `qucaa`s ibvca`s fieìtfacs quc lby sbi `prcmf`jbs mbkb maàsfmbs ibrtc`kcrfmìbs sbdrcvfvci ci iucstrb p`ës. V abs quc `ÿicimbitr`kbs ci mbacmmfbics csmba`rcs, lì sfjb kutfa`jbs l`st` rcjumfrsc ` a`s jfkcisfbics y m`r`mtcrëstfm`s tæmifm`s jc ui ebr-

k`tb uifebrk`jbr. Ci muìtb à gbtcb jc rccjfmfbics quc, gr`mf`s ` a` k`gf` jca mcauabfjc, sàci ìuàkcitc ̀ a` auz jc a` kìbjc abs grìjcs mbisbrmfbs cjftbrfàcs, su vfj` cstà sfgi`j` pbr su ceëkcrb rcijfkfcitb mbkbkcrmlìjfsfig .Ci muàqufcr` jc cstbs m`sbs pbjckbs fimaufr `qucaabs afdrbs quc ci iucstrb p`s`jb rcmfcitc k`rm`rbi ` ui` gcicr`mfýi jc

acmtbrcs fdcrb`kcrfmìbs? ibs rcecrfkbs à tr`dòb jc `rtfst`s mbkb Kùrfmc ]cij`n, Wfaaf`k ]tcfg, Aujwfg Dckcakìs, KuirbAcè, C. D. Wlftc, Ocì Gr`fglc`j Gcbrgc, @ribaj Abdca, Casc Lbakcauij b Tbsck`ry Wcaas. @jckàs, cs bpbrtuib scðà`r qucfimausb a`s tr`jummfbics à csp`ðba jc a`s bdr`s jc cstbs rcmbibmfjësfkbs ùtbrcs eucrbi fitcrrukpfj`s ` kcjf`jbs jc a` jcm`j`jc 06 faustr`mfbics jc Cjw`rj Gbrcy, Ofk Eabr` y Tudc Gbajdcrg> b afdrbs-àadukcsmbkbK`jacin` jc Xctcr ]ës bA` grì mò` jc Zbif Kbrrfsbi y Gfscaac Xbttcr lì tcifjb cimrc`jbrcs c fivcstfg`jbrcs csp`ðbacs? @i` A`rtftcguf, Baàa` Lcriàijcz, Caci` Bjrfbzba`,@adcrtb G`kýi, @ftì` M`rr`smb y Obsæ Kbrài.

Cspcmfà sbdrc AFO cst`jbuifjcisc

Si` prbycmmfýi fkprcmfs`

Faustr`mfýi tbk`j` jc Bafvf` jc FìEàmbicr. D`rmcabi`? ]crrcs, 4888

Mbbrjfi`jb pbr Gust`vb Xucrt` Acfssc


12/128A. Er`in D`uk pbr @i` A`rtftcguf

]us bobs sc mcrr`rbi sfi quc pujfcsc cvft`rab, y bavfjý jýijc cst`d` y m`yý citrc a`s `k`pba`s, prbeuij`kcitc jbrkfj`.


Ca k`gb jc Bz


13/128Jbrbtc` jucrkc

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M u ` i j b c r ` p c q u c ð ` k f k ` j r c i b s a a c v ` d ` ` u i ` s m ` s c t ` s a a c i ` s j c t c d c b s j c s c g u i j ` k

` i b

q u c l ` d ë ` m c r m `

j c ] ` i t ` M ` t ` a f i ̀, c i U ` a c i m f ̀. A ` m b s ` e u i m f b i ` d ` ` s ë ? m b k p r ` d ` s r c v f s t ` s j c

l f s t b r f c t ` s u s ` j ` s u i ` v c z y a u c g b p b j ë ` s a c c r l ` s t `

c a f i e f i f t b , p b r q u c r c g r c s ` d ` s y a ` s m ` k -

d f ` d ` s p b r b t r ` s

. E u c ` s ë m b k b k f l c r k ` i b y y b c k p c z ` k b s ` a c c r p u d a f m ` m f b i c s j c a b s ` ð b s m u ` -

r c i t ` ` a b s s c t c i t ` m b k b Z D B

, X u a g ` r m f t b

, c a J J Z , K b r t ` j c a b . . .

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p ` a ` d r ` s i u c v ` s y m b i b m f k b s ` @ k ` p b a b I c v c r b

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t ` j c a b y E f a c k ý i

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d a c E f e ë

, À i g c a ] f s c ð b r

, a ` e ` k f a f ` M c d b a a c t

̀, T f g b d c r t b X f m ` p b r t c y ` a b s f i q u f a f i b s j c 0 = T u c j c a

X c r m c d c

, c i t r c b t r b s . K c g u s t ` d ` i k u m l b a ` s s c m m f b i c s j c v f ð c t ` s j c l u k b r

( ‑ M ý m t c a j c l u k b r ‛ ,

‑ I u c s t r ` v b r ` z t f o c r ` ‛ , ‑ @ m ` r m ` o ` j ` a f k p f ` ‛

, ‑ ¡ E

ë o c s c q u æ m l f s t c s ! ‛ ) y a ` s j c m b i b m f k f c i t b s

( ‑ J c -

k u c s t r ` q u c c r c s a f s t b ‛

, ‑ @ a ` m ` k ` i b t c f r à s

. . . s f i s ` d c r u i ` m b s ` k à s ‛ , ‑ @ u i q u c a c m u c s t c m r c -

c r a b ‛ , ‑ J c t b j b u i p b m b ‛ )

. V ,

s b d r c t b j b

, k c g u s t ` d ` i a b s ‑ J f à a b g b s p ` r ` d c s u g b s ‛ j c @ r k ` i j b

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( c i K b r t ` j c a b )

y a b s F i v c i t b s j c a Z D B

, f a u s t r ` j b s p b r I f t c i a b s ` ð b s m u ` r c i t ` y

j c s p u æ s p b r b t r b s m b k b Z ë i c z c i a b s m f i m u c i t

̀, E r ` i m c s m Z u r y ] ` d ` t æ s c i a b s s c s c i t

̀. Z ` i t b

k c g u s t ` d ` i q u c j f s c ð ` d ` k f s p r b p f b s f i v c i t b s

, y l ` s t ` m b i s t r u ë

m b i k f l c r k ` i b u i ` ` a ` r k `

q u c s b i ` d ` s f

` a g u f c i c i t r ` d ` c i i u c s t r ` l ` d f t ` m f ý i

( g r ` m f ` s j c s j c ` q u ë

` i u c s t r ` k ` j r c

, q u c

i b s j c o ` d ` m a ` v ` r m a ` v b s c i a ` s p ` r c j c s s f c r ` i c m c s ` r f b

) .

I b l ` s f j b l ` s t ` l ` m c p b m b q u c k c l c c i t c r ` j b j c q u c a b s f i v c i t b s j c a Z D B t u v f c r b i u i p r c -

m c j c i t c c i C s t ` j b s S i f j b s , a b s ‑ F i v c i t f b i s b e X r c e c s s b r A u m f e c r G b r g b i z b a ` D u t t s ‛ j c T u d c

G b a j d c r g

, y q u c a b s j c a Z D B c r ` i f i v c i t b s m a ` r ` k c i t c f i s p f r ` j b s c i a b s s u y b s . L c j c s m u d f c r t b

s u j f s p ` r ` t ` j ` b d r ` m b i g r ` i e ` s m f i ` m f ý i

. V k c l c r c ë j b k u m l ë s f k b

.


T u

d c

G b

a j d c r g p b r

@ f t ` i `

M ` r r ` s m b


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AFDTB]FIE@IZFAC] V OSUCIFAC] C]XCMF@A ]BDTC AFO C]Z@JBSIFJCI]C MBI A@ MBA@DBT@MFÝI C]XCMF@A JC A@ CKD@O@J@ JC CC SS


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07


Zcigb ui afdrb jc scguij` b tcr-mcr` kìb citrc a`s kë`s. Oustb`m`db jc accrab. ]c aa`k` K`t`r ùi rufscðbr .

Ca afdrb jca quc acs l`dab cs ui` jc cs`sibvca`s jc ebrk`mfýi ci a`s quc su i`rr`-jbr, ci cstc m`sb ]mbut Efiml, mrcmc ìtcabs bobs jca acmtbr pàgfi` ` pàgfi`. A` ib-vca`, csmrft` pbr L`rpcr Acc y pudafm`j`ci 0658, cs lby ui maàsfmb jc a` aftcr`turìbrtc`kcrfmì`, prckf`j` mbi ca Xuaftzcr.

]mbut cs i`rr`jbr` y pcrsbiòc. Aìfð` vfvc mbi su lcrkìb y su p`jrc ciK`ymbkd, ui pucdab efmtfmfb jca Cst`jb jc@a`d`k` jbijc ‑a`s cst`mfbics ib cstàidfci jcefifj`s> ca vcrìb eabt` ` a` jcrfv`jcitrb jca btbðb y à btbðb ` vcmcs ib acsfguc ca fivfcrib, sfib quc sc mbivfcrtc ciui` v`g` prfk`vcr` quc sc euijc btr` vczmbi ca vcr̀ ib‛ (p. quc Dbb cr` ui lbkdrc ‑ducib jcvcr`s‛ y quc ` a` gcitc duci` l`y quc jco`ra` cip`z.

Vb sæ quc ca tëb Xcpc sc l`drë` efo`jb ci qucEfiml, ca ̀ pcaafjb e`kfaf`r jc a` i`rr`jbr`, ci fi-gaæs sfgifefm` ofagucrb. Ci csc puitb sc l`drë` jcs-pfst`jb p`r` mbit`rkc sbdrc sus `ðbs jc ouvcituj,tr`dòìjb ci Abijrcs jc m`rifmcrb (kc ab lu-dfcr` mbit`jb ci ui figaæs ‑rbtàmfmb‛ jcafmfbsb).]cgurb quc sc `mcrm`d` l`st` ca mòýi jc abs mu-dfcrtbs p`r` cml`rac ui vfst`zb ` abs mumlfaabs ymbkprbd`r sf cst`dì dfci èfa`jbs, pcrb cisc-gufj` ludfcr` vucatb à tck` jc abs pào`rbs mì-tbrcs? ofagucrbs y rufscðbrcs. Ac ludfcr` j`jb a`r`zýi ` @ttfmus, jc iucvb, pbr `mbisco`r ` suslfobs, jcspuæs jc quc ca tëb O`mn acs rcgà`r` uirfeac, quc pbjrëì k`t`r ` tìt`s urr`m`s mbkbjcsc`rì pcrb iuim` ` ui rufscðbr. Ca tëb Xcpciuim` ab ludfcr` mbisfjcr`jb ui pcm`jb, mbkb acsumcjë` ` @ttfmus? k`t`r ` ui rufscðbr, jfgb.Kàb, së, pcrb ib pcm`jb. V csb ibs l`drë` aac-v`jb ̀ mbivcrs`r sbdrc a` fgacsf`, abs ëimudbs y abssÿmudbs btrb duci r`tb.

K`t`r ` ui rufscðbr euc pudafm`j` cipaci` auml` pbr abs jcrcmlbs mfvfacs. Ku-ml`s jc a`s àusfbics quc ci caa` sc l`mcitfcici quc vcr mbi sumcsbs rcàcs quc ̀ mbi-tcmfcrbi ci abs ̀ ðbs mfimucit` ci ca Cst`jbjc @a`d`k`. Xbr cockpab, muìjb Tbs`X`rns sc icgý ̀ scit`rsc ci a` p`rtc tr`scr`jc ̀ quca ̀ utbdÿs, rcscrv`j` ̀ abs icgrbs, bca mbiscmucitc Kbitgbkcry Dus Dbymbttci ca 33, b a`s àusfbics ` a`s rcvucat`s jc0635 ci A` Sifvcrsfj`j jc @a`d`k`.

Ci ui kbkcitb j`jb, ca tëb Xcpc ludfcr` s`-m`jb ui` dbtcaa` jc sfjr` jc a` mò`, a` l`drë` cs-mìmf`jb ci ui v`sb y kc ab ludfcr` bercmfjbkfcitr`s sc fijfgi`d` mbi kfss Judbsc.

Kc ludfcr` jcskciuz`jb ca cpfsbjfb jc Ock y a`s m`kcaf`s (muìjb sc m`rgý jc pur` r`df` a`seabrcs jc kfss Judbsc pbrquc caa` l`dë` aa`k`jb` su p`jrc ‑`kìtc jc icgrbs‛), a`s jbs lbr`s jcacmtur` ci vbz àt` y m`stfgb jf`rfb ` abs pbdrcs

ifðbs. Mrcb quc pbr `lë ib l`drë` p`s`jb. ‑Cs`kuocr cs bjfbs`, ci vcrj`j‛ ”ludfcr` `scit`jb” y aucgb mbkpact`jb, sfi ifigui` m`rg` kbrà, qucac p`rcmë` pcrecmtb quc Acc L`rpcr sc a` ludfcr`m`rg`jb (` kfss Judbsc) ` ui`s mfci pàgfi`s jcmbkciz`r a` ibvca`. ‑Dfci lcmlb‛, ludfcr` mbi-maufjb, y sc l`drë` tcrkfi`jb jc ui gbapc a` sfjr`ci ca v`sb, mbkb sc dcdc a` sfjr` `quë? jc ui sbabgbapc.

K`t`r ` ui rufscðbr cs ui` ibvca` `vcmcs jur`, ` vcmcs màijfj`, màafj` y jcmbstukdrcs. Cs ui` ibvca` frýifm` ci catbib y jcsjc a` figciufj`j jc su i`rr`-jbr` b a` s`pfcimf` jc ui` ifð` jc scfs`ðbs l`st` jfcz. Cs pbaækfm`, puizìtc,csqufv` y jfrcmt`? tbjb ` a` vcz. Cst` ib-vca` tc j` ui` jc mà y btr` jc `rci`.

L ` r p c r

A c c p b r

B a ` a a ` L c r i à i

j c z


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Ci bm`sfbics cs tfcri` ci sftu`mfbicsquc e`smfiì jcsjc ca prfimfpfb, pbr mýkb`mtÿì sus pcrsbiòcs. Ca mufj`jb mbi caquc æstbs sc lì jcs`rrbaa`jb sbdrc cap`pca y mýkb aacgì à acmtbr, jcst`p` a`pbsfdfafj`j jc rcsm`tc ci a` prbpf` cxpc-rfcimf` jc su ùtbr`. ]fi juj`, jc a` kc-kbrf` jc Acc l`dë` jc jýijc s`m`r pbrquc‑scgÿi p`rcmë`, ci K`ymbkd tbjb cakuijb tcië` ui` tcijcimf` ` a` dcdfj`,tcijcimf` à oucgb, tcijcimf` rufi, tci-jcimf` rfjëmua`‛ (p. 057).

Acobs jc a`s acmmfbics kbràcs, ca acmtbrtfcic a` scis`mfýi jc cst`r ercitc ` pcrsb-iòcs jc m`ric y lucsb. Gcitc rcjbij`quc kczma` tck`s scrfbs mbi mbtfjfìfj`jy abs `jcrczì mbi lukbr.

Ci csbs r`tbs ci quc ca tëb Xcpc jfv`g̀ (‑ciK`ymbkd ui r`tb sfgifefm`d` ui pcrfbjb jctfckpb quc pbjë` bsmfa`r citrc trcs jë`s y trcfit`

`ðbs‛ ^p. 05:[), yb kc ludfcr` `mbrj`jb jc @f-tì` y jc su Mbacmmfýi jc kcitfr`s faustr`j`s(Zìjck, 4887). Ludfcr` paìc`jb ci sfacimfbaccr ca afdrb y csmrfdfrac aucgb ui mbrrcb p`r` rc-mbrj`rac quc t`kdfæi caa` ab acycr` c lfmfcr` cs-pcmfà lfim`pfæ ci ca er`gkcitb sbdrc a` mbijumt`jc abs ifðbs y ca kà tfckpb ci K`ymbkd. Ci cscp`sòc, mbkb ci kumlbs btrbs, a` dura` jca su-pucstb n`rk` quc sbpbrtì abs ifðbs kàbs ”abspcm`jbrcs” fieauyc ci a` kctcbrbabgë` jca puc-dab. Csbs btbðbs fivcriàcs y sus pbrquæs ̀ kë kck`tì…

‑Zuvfkbs jbs sckì`s jca tfckpb kàs erëbjcsjc 0


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Si cjftbr, jcspuæs jc vcr ca jbssfcr jcfaustr`mfýi quc ac l`dë` ciscð`jb, kc prc-guitý sf mbibmë` a` bdr` jc O`kcs (Ofk)Eabr`. Euc a` prfkcr` vcz quc bë l`da`r jccstc faustr`jbr ibrtc`kcrfm`ib (060:-066


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Faustr`jbr jc afdrbsfieìtfacs

Ci 0633, Ofk Eabr` csmrfdc c faustr` suprfkcr afdrb fieìtfaZlc e`duabus Efrc-wbrns E`kfay , d`s`jb ci ui` e`kfaf` qucmbibmfý muìjb vfvfý ci Z`xmb (Kæxfmb).Zbjbs abs kfckdrbs jc a` e`kfaf` sc jcjf-m`dì ` a` e`drfm`mfýi jc eucgbs `rtfefmf`-acs.

Ci tbtà rcàfzý jfcmfsfctc afdrbs fieìtf-acs, kumlbs jc abs muàcs eucrbi aacv`jbsà mfic mbkb pcaëmua`s jc jfduobs ìfk`-jbs, muyb gufýi cr` `j`pt`jb pbr ca prb-pfb Ofk Eabr`.

Xbr cimfk` jc su k`giëefmb acg`jb, kcqucjb mbi a` vfsfýi quc tuvb jc a` vfj` yjca tr`dòb. Ca vcrj`jcrb trfuieb jc Eabrèuc l`mcr jc sus p`sfbics (ca o`zz y a` faus-tr`mfýi) su prbecsfýi, su kbjb jc vfj`.Xbr csb sfckprc sc sfitfý kuy ̀ ebrtui`jb.

Cs ̀ jkfr`dac su lukfaj`j. Ib sc mbisf-jcr`d` ui ̀ rtfst`, scimfaa`kcitc ac gust`d`jfduo`r.

Ci abs jë`s quc jcsmudrë a` bdr` jc cstcgrì faustr`jbr, tuvc quc rcàfz`r ui tr`dòby jcmfjë l`mcr ui gufðb, ` kf kìcr`, Òfk Eabr`. Æstc euc ca rcsuat`jb?bu


AFDTB]FIE@IZFAC] V OSUCIFAC] C]XCMF@A ]BDTC AFO C]Z@JBSIFJCI]C

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A` k`ybrë` jc a`s vcmcs àgb tì mbtfjfìbmbkb j`r ui p`scb pbr ca d`rrfb, ib rcsuat` ui`cxpcrfcimf` jfvcrtfj`, cirfqucmcjbr`, cvbm`jbr`>cs, scimfaa`kcitc, ui p`scb. V l`y vcmcs quc lfs-tbrf`s mbkb a`s jc K`jacin` tc l`mci j`rtc mucit`jc quc m`j` jctàac fkpbrt`.

@utbr, faustr`jbr y mfic`st` mlcmb, mbi pbmbkàs jc trcfit` ̀ ðbs Xctcr ]ës sc tr`sa`j` ̀ Cst`jbsSifjbs. Jcsjc citbimcs l` rcmfdfjb iukcrbsbs rc-mbibmfkfcitbs y gà`rjbics pbr su bdr`, citrc a`quc jcst`mì a`s lfstbrf`s jc K`jacin`. ]c tr`t`jc jbs àadukcs ̀ tr`væs jc abs muàcs ibs prbpbicui` ebrk` cxtr`brjfi`rf` jc vcr ca kuijb y su jf-vcrsfj`j. Ci caabs sudr`y` ca mbimcptb jc vfsfýi `

tr`væs jc a`s muàfj`jcs jc a` ifð` prbt`gbifst` ykcjfìtc ca jcsèëb quc ac paìtc` à acmtbr-bdscr-v`jbr p`r` quc æstc jcs`rrbaac su m`p`mfj`j p`r`‑accr fkàgcics‛ y ‑bdscrv`r tcxtbs‛.

Zìtb K`jacin` mbkbCa pcrrb jc K`jacin`sbi lfstbrf`s jc ui vfòc. Ci ca prfkcr cpfsbjfb, à` prbt`gbifst` sc ac kucvc ui jfcitc y cstà tìcxmft`j` quc jcmfjc rcmbrrcr a` kìzì` ci a` quccstà su m`s` p`r` mbitàrscab ` tbjbs sus vcmfibs.Si pì`jcrb erìmæs, ui qufbsqucrb fijfb, ui` sc-ðbr` àckì`, su `kfg` Macbp`tr` jc Cgfptb... acjì a` cilbr`duci` ci sus rcspcmtfvbs fjfbk`s. Cica scguijb tëtuab, K`jacin` qufcrc ui pcrrb y, ̀ itca` icg`mfýi jc sus p`jrcs, jcmfjc fk`gfiàrscab ys`m`rab jc p`scb. Ci su pcrfpab, vbavckbs ` vcrm`r`s mbibmfj`s y t`kdfæi ` vcmfibs iucvbs jc jfs-tfit`s p`rtcs jca kuijb quc mucitì a` lfstbrf` jcsus rcspcmtfvbs pcrrbs. X

c t c r

] ë s p b r

C a f s `

V u s

t c

A` vucat` à kuijb ciui` kìzì`


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]ftu`j` a` ̀ mmfýi ci ca Abwcr C`st ]fjcjc Kìl`ttì, abs rcmbrrfjbs jc K`jacin`sbi ui lbkciòc ̀ a` sfkdfbsfs muaturà jcIucv` Vbrn, aug`r jc rcsfjcimf` jca ùtbr,ci ca quc sc `mcitÿ` a` rfqucz` jc a` jf-vcrsfj`j ` tr`væs jc ui` jcst`m`dac prb-pucst` gràefm`> citcijfj` æst` ib sýabmbkb ui` prbpucst` jc faustr`mfýi quc`mbkp`ð` à tcxtb, sfib mbkb ui tbjb cica quc tcxtb c faustr`mfbics sc prcscitìjc ui` ebrk` mbkpaco` jcsjc ca puitb jcvfst` gràefmb. ]ës utfafz` p`r`tcxtbs, jfstfi-tbs ebrk`tbs y a` eusfýi jc tcxtbs c faus-tr`mfbics p`r` rctr`t`r cxpcrfcimf`s jc su

vfsfýi jca kuijb.

Kàs àaà jca tcxtbCi `kd`s lfstbrf`s, ]ës sc vàc jc cac-

kcitbs quc vì kàs àaà jca `rgukcitbp`r` fitrbjumfr ca tck` y cst`dacmcr ui` rc-a`mfýi jfiàkfm` citrc tbjb ab quc mbi-ebrk` ca afdrb. Jc lcmlb, a`s lfstbrf`sckpfczì ci a`s gu`rj`s y ci a`s prfkcr`spàgfi`s, mbi ui oucgb jc zbbk quc paì-tc` ui` acmtur` jc prfimfpfb ` efi sfi fitc-

rrupmfbics, ci mfcrtb kbjb mfrmua`r. Cst`fitcrrca`mfýi citrc abs jfstfitbs cackcitbse`vbrcmc ui` cxpcrfcimf` aftcr`rf` mbimrct`y cstfkua` iucstr` p`rtfmfp`mfýi ci a` lfs-tbrf`.

Jìjb ebrk` àmbitcifjb

]ës t`kdfæi ckpac` jfecrcitcs ebrk`tbsp`r` rcebrz`r abs tck`s ci tbrib ̀ abs mu`-acs sc mbistruyci a`s lfstbrf`s, p`r` fitrb-jumfr jfstfit`s vbmcs, y kbtfv`r a`fitcr`mtfvfj̀ j> jcsèë` ̀ a acmtbr ̀ mbkdfi`rfiebrk`mfýi, ci aug`r jc sfkpackcitc rc-mfdfra`. Cs ca m`sb jc a`s jfecrcitcs m`p`sjc i`rr`mfýi, jca k`p` ci K`jacin` y a`t`da` fjcitfefm`tfv` jc cspcmfcs jc pcrrbs ciCa pcrrb jc K`jacin` . Abs mbitcifjbs scprcscitì jc ui` ebrk` ib aficà y eacxf-dac, kàs prýxfk` à kbjb ci ca quc pci-s`kbs y `prcijckbs> fimausb, ` a` kìcr`ci a` quc rcmfdfkbs a`s acmtur`s ci pìtàa`.

]uk` jc cecmtbsXbr btr` p`rtc, ]ës kbajc` tcxtbs c faus-

tr`mfbics mbi ca bdoctfvb jc mbiscgufr ui`sficrgf`, jc tà ebrk` quc a`s pà`dr`s scmbivfcrtci ci jfduobs y vfmcvcrs`. Ab bd-scrv`kbs ci K`jacin` muìjb æst` rcpftcquc su jfcitc cstà sucatb y ca tcxtb ckua`ca sbifjb b muìjb sc j` tcstfkbifb jcakuijb fitcrfbr jc abs jfstfitbs pcrsbiòcsmbi abs quc sc cimucitr`> y ciCa pcrrbjc K`jacin` tr`s abs trbqucacs b muìjb

sus p`jrcs a` aa`kì p`r` quc vucav` `m`s`.

Fivft`mfýi ` a`mbkpacofj`j

A` bdr` jc Xctcr ]ës cstà m`rg`j` jcjctàacs, sëkdbabs y àusfbics quc rcma`-kì iucstr` `tcimfýi y quc ibs aacvì jcebrk` sbrprcijcitc, jc ab kàs p`rtfmua`r(ui dabquc jc vfvfcij`s ci ui d`rrfb jcIucv` Vbrn) ̀ ab kàs uifvcrsà (ca kuijb),ab muà `pbrt` ui` cibrkc eucrz` à mbi-

ouitb y pcrkftc quc a` bdr` mrczm` mbim`j` acmtbr y mbi m`j` acmtur`. Ci caa`,tcxtb c fk`gci fitcr`mtÿì y ibs fivftì ̀fitcr`mtu`r mbi caabs, pbr ab quc sc pucjcìtbo`r quc abs àadukcs jc Xctcr ]ës sbimbkpafm`jbs kàs quc rfmbs, quc su mbk-pacofj`j cs ui bdstàmuab, kàs quc ui` fi-vft`mfýi ` kfr`r y accr. X`r` kë, ]ës utfafz`tbjbs cstbs jctàacs c fitcrmbicxfbics cisu bdr` jc ebrk` jcafdcr`j` p`r` jcsèf`ra`s mbivcimfbics jc mýkb sc jcdc mbis-trufr ui` i`rr`tfv` ”tcxtuà y pfmtýrfm`-

kcitc” y jc mýkb sc jcdc accr y kfr`r uiàaduk. ]u bdr` ib cs mbkpafm`j` jcebrk` gr`tuft` sfib quc sc rcvca` mbitrà`s fjc`s prcmbimcdfj`s sbdrc a` cxpcrfci-mf` jc a` acmtur`.bu



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Ib cs fiercmucitc quc àguibs csmrftb-rcs ibrtc`kcrfmìbs gà`rjbi`jbs mbi caIbdca l`yì lcmlb fimursfbics ci ca tc-rrftbrfb jc a` aftcr`tur` fieìtfa. Ab lfmfcrbi,citrc btrbs, ]tcfidcmn mbi suXbif rbob ,Eùanicr y suCa àrdba jc abs jcscbs yXc`ra ]. Dumn mbiCa jr`gýi kàgfmb .

Xcrb i`jfc l`st` Zbif Kbrrfsbi y A` grì mò` citr`rbi mbi ca cstræpftb jc uicaceìtc ci ui` m`ml`rrcrë` ci ca befmfà-kcitc fjëafmb p`r`ësb jc a`s actr`s fieìtf-acs, rbkpfcijb tbj`s a`s rcga`s ymucstfbiìjb sfi `jbribs ca kbjcab cju-m`tfvb jc a` sbmfcj`j cst`jbuifjcisc.

Mbibmfcijb ` a` ùtbr`, ib pbjë` scrjc btr` kìcr`. Zbif Kbrrfsbi (Blfb,06=0) cs ui` èrb`kcrfmì` jc dò` mui`y ̀ rk`s tbk`r, ui` auml`jbr` icgr` mbk-prbkctfj` pbaëtfm`kcitc mbi abs kbvf-kfcitbs prb jcrcmlbs mfvfacs, ui` kuocr

mbkd`tfv` quc ib tfcic pcabs ci a` acigu`y muìjb csmrfdc utfafz` a`s pà`dr`s jcebrk` pbætfm`, frýifm` y mbituijcitc.

Muìjb sc pudafmýA` grì mò` ci ebr-k`tb jc àaduk faustr`jb ci 0666, Kbrrf-

sbi, quc l`dë` tr`dò`jb mbkb cjftbr` jcTìjbk Lbusc y prbecsbr` uifvcrsft`rf`jc Csmrftur` Mrc`tfv`, y` cr` Ibdca jc Af-tcr`tur` jcsjc l`më` scfs `ðbs. Xbr tìtb,su kcisòc mrëtfmb ib p`sý prcmfs`kcitcfi`jvcrtfjb. Ca afdrb ̀ amìzý ui` eucrtc rc-sbiìmf` y brfgfiý ui fitcrcsìtc jcd`tc,kàs sbmfà quc aftcr`rfb.

Mbkb jctàac (kàs dfci ìcmjýtfmb,mrcb), l`y quc kcimfbi`r quc a` bdr` t`k-dfæi a` efrk` ]a`jc Kbrrfsbi, uib jc absjbs lfobs jc a` csmrftbr`.

Abs prbt`gbifst`s jc A` grì mò` sbitrcs ifðbs prbdackàtfmbs? X`tty, Kfmncy yAfz` (lfspì`, daìmb y icgr`, rcspcmtfv`-kcitc). Mbkb ib mukpaci a`s ibrk`s cs-t`dacmfj`s, acs cimfcrrì mbi kumlb m`rfðby a`s kcobrcs fitcimfbics ci a` Grì Mò`?ui aug`r-lbg`r mýkbjb y trfstc, pa`g`jbjc ouguctcs, pcrb ib jc vfj`, mcrr`jb mbi

trcs mìj`jbs. A` Grì Mò` rcprcscitùi` aÿmfj` kctàebr` jc ui sfstck` ci caquc abs ifðbs tfcici jc tbjb, cxmcptb af-dcrt`j. Si kbjcab mbisukfst` pcrb jcs-mbief`jb, aacib jc prblfdfmfbics, ci ca quc

Z b i

f K b r r

f s b

i p b r

O b s

æ K

b r à i

Zbif Kbrrfsbi (mbi ]a`jc Kbrrfsbi)Fas. jc Gfscaac Xbttcr

A` grì mò` D`rmcabi`? Cjfmfbics D, 4888


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fkpbrt` kàs ‑ca tcicr‛ quc ‑ca scr‛. Ci caquc mbi ercmucimf` sc mbkpr` ‑ca scr‛ mbi‑ca tcicr‛, y tbjbs trìqufabs. L`st` quc...

Ca jcscia`mc, sudvcrsfvb, rcsuat` bdvfb?a` afdcrt`j, y kàs ci a` tfcrr` jc a`s afdcr-t`jcs, ib sc kcijfg`, sc tbk`? abs ifðbs,` su kbjb, mbkb lì lcmlb jcsjc quc cakuijb cs kuijb, sc rcdca`rài, sc sàt`-rài a`s rcga`s.

Zà cs ca icrvfb y a` jciuimf` jc cstc rc-a`tb rfk`jb, pa`g`jb jc cstrfdfaabs tcxtu`-acs y gràefmbs, ci ca quc a`s faustr`mfbicst`kdfæi mucitì y rceucrzì k`r`vfaabs`-kcitc, jc ebrk` kuy ̀ rtëstfm` y mbi jct`-

aacs sfckprc sfgifefm`tfvbs, ca scitfjb jc a`lfstbrf`.

Ci cecmtb, a` faustr`jbr`, Gfscaac Xbttcr,`mfcrt` mbi ui`s pcrspcmtfv`s jfstbrsfbi`-j`s, abs gcstbs `grfbs jc abs ̀ juatbs, a` `t-kýsecr` bp`m` y `sefxfìtc quc sc rcspfr`jcitrb jc a` grì mò`, a` fiefifj`j jc bd-

octbs ‑kucrtbs‛ (pcmcs jc paàstfmb, auz `r-tfefmfà, mu`jrbs quc fkftì a` i`turàcz`,jfsmbs quc rcprbjumci sbifjbs rcàcs) cimbitr`stc mbi abs mbabrcs àcgrcs y vfvbsjc a` i`turàcz` y abs ìfkàcs.

Xbrquc, ` efi jc mucit`s, abs ìfkàcs,jcspuæs jc sfgabs jc mfvfafz`mfýi y sfstck`s

cjum`tfvbs, sbi kàs afdrcs quc a`s pcrsb-i`s. ²Ib scrà quc ibs lckbs cqufvbm`jbci àgb2

Ci jcefiftfv`, ui àaduk faustr`jb mbi uitcxtb c fkàgcics jc màfj`j, jfstfitb, mrë-tfmb, vàfcitc, p`r` tbj`s a`s cj`jcs, qucib jcdcrë` jcs`p`rcmcr jca kcrm`jb (ùi-quc ci Csp`ð` y` l`mc tfckpb quc ib sccimucitr`...).

A` grì mò` mbistftuyc ui ecstëi, uiduci gufsb, eucrtc y s`drbsb, ùiquc sfijuj` fijfgcstb p`r` cstýk`gbs jcafm`jbsy acmtbrcs mbkpa`mfcitcs.bu



4:


@ftì` M`rr`smb p`s` kumlbmàbr ci ca vcrìb, ac gust`rë` lf-dcri`r jurìtc cst` æpbm` pcrbscrë` ui` pci` quc pbr caab `dì-jbi`sc sus fisbspcml`j`s fivcstf-g`mfbics. @lbr` `tr`p` su`tcimfýi ca jcsckpcðb jc ui``vfsp` àe`rcr` quc csmbgfý ui`kàsm`r` èrfmì` mbag`j` ci susà` p`r` ìfj`r. ²A`s `vfsp`s ìf-jì2, sbdrc `suitbs mbkb æstc bsbdrc a`s tcbrë`s jc a` gcicr`mfýicspbitàic̀ jc a`s ̀ igufa`s, @ftì`

tfcic kumlb quc jcmfr. ]u dabg?lttp?//`ftìct`.dabgspbt.mbk

@adcrtb G`kýi l`mc quc a` rctë-mua` vfdrc mbi ca rftkb jc sus

`tkýsecr`s civbavcitcs. M`rtcafst`,faustr`jbr, jbmcitc… pbr kàs qucsc sukcro` ci ui uifvcrsb tr`sgrc-sbr, jcitrb jc su csmàèìjr` rcs-pfr`kbs `frc purb y p`rtfmfp`kbsjc ui`s jc a`s kàs fitcrcsìtcskfmrb-`tkýsecr`s jca pìbr`k``mtuà. ]u dabg? lttp?//g`kbi-`j`s.dabgspbt.mbk

Baàa` Lcriàijcz ìtcs sc ku-j`d` y `lbr` quc cs kàs mbis-mfcitc vfò`. ]fckprc mbi cs`m`p`mfj`j tì suy` jc jfserut`r jcakbkcitb, jc trìsebrk`r a` vfj`ci rca`tb y ca rca`tb ci vfj`.

@i` A`rtftcguf dusm` ca àadukpcrecmtb. Zfcic a` gcicrbsfj`j jcrcvca`ribs sus scmrctbs àquëkfmbs,

jc kbstr`ribs eucitcs jc a` ctcri` ouvcituj, jc scgufr d t̀àaìjb mbi-tr` ca a`jb bsmurb y jc scitfr, pci-s`r c fitufr ` p`rtcs fguàcs. Ci a``mtuàfj`j aacv` ca mfic citrc

kìbs. Z`kdfæi tfcic btrbs prb-ycmtbs jc jfkcisfbics mbskbaýgf-m`s quc cspcr`kbs quc prbitb sck`tcrfàfmci ci cstc kuijb.Mbkb gcst`jbr` jc fjc`s pbjæfsmbisuat`ra` ci? www.pìtàf`.cs

Obsæ Kbrài muatfv` ca jbi jc bd-scrv`r. Ib tfcic if a` kfr`j` jcajctcmtfvc if a` jca mfruoìb. Kàsdfci l`mc mbkb Ercjcrfmn? p`r`kfr`r mfcrr` abs bobs. Citbimcs mb-kfciz` ̀ jcmfribs ab quc vc, iucs-trbs scitfjbs p`rtfmfpì jc suspà`dr`s y ab quc m`j` uib fk`-gfi` pbr scp`r`jb jc prbitb scmbivfcrtc ci ui fk`gfi`rfb mbacm-tfvb. @ Xcpæ Kbrài l`drë` qucj`rac a`s aa`vcs jca Fk`gfi`rfb Mb-acmtfvb.

Caci` Bjrfbzba` l` jco`jb tck-pbràkcitc su lcrkbsb `p`rt`-kcitb mbi vfst`s ca rëb Srukc`p`r` ̀ jcitr`rsc ci ui` m`s` jbijc

ib sfckprc sc vci a`s csmàcr`s,l`dft`j` pbr kuatftuj jc scitf-kfcitbs y quc sc trìsebrk` scgÿiqufci citrc ci caa` (prýxfk`kcitcci @ duci p`sb ). Sibs kcscs`tràs, euc a` mcacstfi` qufci aacvý ̀sudfrsc ` ìj`kfbs y pfit`r cak`giëefmb kurà jc A` Mcacstfi`(Zcfjc) y ̀ së, Caci` sc cimucitr` ciui kbkcitb jc kujìz`s.

Cafs` Vustc pbjrë` `p`rcmcr cikuml`s ibvca`s. Jcsjc ifð` ̀ vci-turcr` l`st` ci`kbr`j` cspë`,jcsjc rcpafmìtc rcdcajc l`st` ̀ k`jc m`s` jc mbabif` fkpcrfà. Puf-zàs cs`s pbsfdacs vfj`s aftcr`rf`sprbvcigì jc sus acmtur`s, ci tbjbm`sb cst` fkprcsfýi a` tcickbsmuìjb a` csmuml`kbs l`da`r jc af-

drbs? ̀ r`tbs, citusf`st`> ̀ r`tbs cs-mæptfm`> ` r`tbs dcafgcrìtc> `r`tbs, t`xfjcrkfst`… Ci jcefiftfv`,ui` efaýabg` y acmtbr` jc AFO, tàmbkb caa` sc jcefic.

Lì mba`dbr`jb


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C]XCMF@ACI XTFKCT@ XCT][email protected]@] C]Z@JBSIFJCI]C]

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@i` @abisb K`rtëi-Abcmlcs y K`rt`K`rtëicz Uàcimf` Citrcvfst` ` M`kfa`

@afrcXrcsfjcit` jc @A@ y jfrcmtbrckærft` jc a` Sifvcrsfj`j jcIucvb Kæxfmb y jc a`Sifvcrsfj`j Cst`tà jcMbabr`jb

i p r f k c r ` p c r s b i `

M`kfa` @afrc cs ̀ mtuàkcitc prcsfjcit` jc a` @kcrfmì Afdr`ry @ssbmf`tfbi (@A@) y jcmjc a` Sifvcrsfj`j jc Iucvb Kæxfmb y jc a` Sifvcrsfj`j Cst`tà jc Mbabr`jb.

L` cocrmfjb t`kdfæi mbkb jfrcmtbr` jc dfdafbtcm`s ci a` Sifvcrsfj`j jc Mbabr`jb ci Jcivc@mtuàkcitc cs prbecsbr` jc pràmtfm`s `jouit` ci ca mursb jcKì`gcrfà Ac`jcrslfp fi tlc Fiebrk`tfbi Xrbecssfbisjca ]fkkbis Mbaacgc, y prbecsbr` `jouit` ci ca KAF] (Kàstcr ci Dfdafbtcm y Mfcimf`s jc a` Fiebrk`mfýi) jc a` Sifvcrsfj`j jc ]ì Obsæ. Btr`s jc sus cxpcrfcimf`s dfdafbtcmfimauyci scr jfrcmtbr` jc a` dfdafbtcm` jc ui` fistftumfýi `m`jækfm`, jfrcmtbr` jc ui` dfdacspcmfà, dfdafbtcm`rf` csmba`r y `yujìtc jca jcmìb jca Gr`ju`tc ]mlbba be Afdr`rfìslfpFiebrk`tfbi Kì`gckcit jc a` Sifvcrsfj`j jc Jcivcr.

Mucit` mbi ui` a`rg` tr`ycmtbrf` mbkb kfckdrb `mtfvb ci jfvcrs`s @sbmf`mfbics? @A@TCEBTK@, @TA, ctmætcr`.

A`s pudafm`mfbics jc M`kfa` @afrc sc mcitrì ci k`rnctfig dfdafbtcm`rfb, jcecis` jc abs fijc dfdafbtcm`s y dfdafbtcm`rfbs, rcmupcr`mfýi jc dfdafbtcm`s j`kifefm`j`s, jcs`rrbaab jc afscrvfmfbs dfdafbtcm`rfbs p`r` a`tfibs y btr`s kfibrë`s, y rcmaut`kfcitb jc cst`s kfibrë`s tìtbprbecsfýi dfdafbtcm`rf` mbkb ci cjum`mfýi supcrfbr. Cs mbùtbr` jc]crvfig A`tfib Mbkkuiftfcs(4887) y@m`jckfm Afdr`rfìs `s Ckbtfbiàay Fitcaafgcit Ac`jcrs(4887), y l` cjft`jbAfdr`ry Jfs`stcr Xaìifig ìj Tcmbvcry Lìjdbbn (4888).

M`kfa` @afrc l` rcmfdfjb abs sfgufcitcs rcmbibmfkfcitbs? @A@/@AZ@ I`tfbià @jvbTbaa, pbr su tr`dòb ci jcecis` jc abs jcrcmlbs jc a`s dfdafbtcm`s> ]mlba`r-fi-Tcsfjcimc ci a` MXudafm Afdr`ry ]ystck, @A@ Cafz`dctl Eut`s M`tàyst ebr Mlìgc @w`rj y TCEBTK@‖s AVc`r.

Ci jfmfckdrc jc 4886 vfsftý Csp`ð` gr`mf`s à FTM jc a` Ckdò`j` jc CCSS ci K`jrfj y a@sbmf`mfýi Muaturà Cjum`mfýi y Dfdafbtcm`s (mbcjftbr` ouitb mbi Zfajc ]crvfmfbs Cjfrcvfst`) y euc pbicitc ci jfvcrsbs `mtbs prbecsfbiàcs mcacdr`jbs ci K`jrfj, Uàcimf`, Zbac_`r`gbz`.

‑A`s dfdafbtcm`stfcici abs rcmursbs yabs prbecsfbiàcs`jcmu`jbs p`r``yuj`r ` abs

mfuj`jìbs ` ebrk`rsc,rcbrfcit`rsc ycimbitr`r iucvbstr`dòbs‛


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C]XCMF@ACI XTFKCT@ XCT][email protected]@] C]Z@JBSIFJCI]C] MBI A@ MBA@DBT@MFÝI C]XCMF@A JC A@ CKD@O@J@ JC C

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@jckàs jc scr `mtuàkcitc caprfimfpà m`rgb jc a` @A@ cskfckdrb jc d`stìtcs ̀ sbmf`mfbicsprbecsfbiàcs. ²Puæ vàbr tfcicp`r` ustcj ca `sbmf`mfbifskb ci a`

prbecsfýi dfdafbtcm`rf`2Mrcb quc a`s `sbmf`mfbics jcitrb jciucstr` prbecsfýi tfcici ui p`pca kuyfkpbrtìtc ci ca jcs`rrbaab jc absdfdafbtcm`rfbs y jca pcrsbià jc `pbyb jca`s dfdafbtcm`s prbpbrmfbiìjb cjum`mfýimbitfiu` y bpbrtuifj`jcs jc jcs`rrbaabprbecsfbià. @itcs jc mcacdr`rsc a`smbiecrcimf`s ìuàcs sc rcàfzì prc-mbiecrcimf`s, sckfi`rfbs y prbgr`k`sjfvcrsbs, jc ebrk` quc mu ìjb aacg` a`rcuifýi ìuà sc pucj` p`rtfmfp`r cijfecrcitcs tfpbs jc scsfbics y tr`dò`r ciàrc`s sbdrc a`s quc sc icmcsftc kàsfiebrk`mfýi. Z`kdfæi prbpbrmfbi`kbsui aug`r p`r` cst`r prbecsfbiàkcitcfkpafm`jbs kcjfìtc ab quc aa`k`kbs‑scrvfmfb prbecsfbià‛, quc pcrkftcjcs`rrbaa`r l`dfafj`jcs jc afjcr`zgb ymbibmfkfcitbs sbdrc àgui`scspcmfàfj`jcs> pbr cockpab, ebrk`rp`rtc jc a` `sbmf`mfýi TS]@ (Tcecrcitcìj Sscr ]crvfmcs @ssbmf`tfbi) rcsuat` jcgrì `yuj` p`r` qufcics qufcrci cst`rkàs fivbaumr`jbs ci scrvfmfbs jcrcecrcimf`. Xbr tbjb caab kc p`rcmc quca`s `sbmf`mfbics prbecsfbiàcs sbi jc

grì vàbr p`r` abs dfdafbtcm`rfbs.²Mbi quæ pà`dr`s ìfk`rë` `

quc sc `sbmf`sci ` abs `lbr`cstujfìtcs jc Dfdafbtcmbibkë` yjc Jbmukcit̀ mfýi2

Mbi r`zbics sckcoìtcs ` a`s qucmbkcit`d` ci kf rcspucst` ìtcrfbr.Muìjb vby ` j`r ui` ml`ra` ` àgÿisftfb sfckprc prcguitb sf l`y àgui`csmuca` jc dfdafbtcmbibkë` mcrm` y kc`mcrmb ` l`da`r mbi abs cstujfìtcssbdrc a`s bpbrtuifj`jcs prbecsfbiàcs yca scrvfmfb prbecsfbià. @jckàs jc a`svcitò`s quc `m`db jc kcimfbi`r, acsfisfstb ci quc cs ui` fivcrsfýi ci susm`rrcr`s. Cs icmcs`rfb quc scfivbaumrci ci a` `sbmf`mfýi cst`tà y cia`s i`mfbiàcs pbrquc cs `lë jbijcjcs`rrbaa`rài su rcj jc mbit`mtbsprbecsfbiàcs, jc a` quc pbjràimbiscgufr `yuj` y `pbyb muìjbdusquci tr`dòb b icmcsftcircecrcimf`s. @jckàs acs pcrkftc

jcs`rrbaa`r sus l`dfafj`jcs jc afjcr`zgby gcstfýi. ]ucab cxpafm`racs quc yb sbyui duci cockpab jc caab? mrcmë cijfecrcitcs `sbmf`mfbics (ci a``sbmf`mfýi TCEBTK@ y ci a` ]A@ b

@sbmf`mfýi jc Dfdafbtcm`s jcFivcstfg`mfýi) jcs`rrbaaìjb ci caa`skfs l`dfafj`jcs jfrcmtfv`s ymbistruycijb ui` eucrtc rcj jcmbit`mtbs ` ab a`rgb jc tbjb ca p`ës, cim`j` uib jc abs 38 cst`jbs.

Xrcmfs`kcitc a` sckì` p`s`j` vf uikcisòc jc ui cstujfìtc quc jcmë`? ‑Lcp`g`jb kf fismrfpmfýi ci a` @A@ mbkbcstujfìtc pcrb muìjb kc gr`jÿc ibmrcb quc pucj` scgufrpcrkftfæijbkcab‛. Kc p`rcmfý kuytrfstc, pbrquc sf sc tc cstrbpc` tu mbmlcab `rrcga`s sfi pcis`rab jbs vcmcs y cstbjcdcrë` scr jca kfskb kbjb? ùiqucpucj` rcsuat`r kàs m`rb, cs ui`fivcrsfýi euij`kcità ci su m`rrcr`prbecsfbià.

²Puæ jfecrcimf`s jcst`m`rë` jca` ebrk` jc pcis`r y `mtu`r jc absdfdafbtcm r̀fbs jc a`s ÿatfk`sgcicr`mfbics y mýkb mrcc qucècmt` à euimfbi`kfcitb jc a`sdfdafbtcm`s2

Si` jc a`s mbs`s quc kc prcbmupìmbkb prcsfjcit` jc a` @A@ cs ca sàtb

gcicr`mfbià citrc abs lfobs jca ‑d`dy-dbbk‛ (a` gcitc jc kf gcicr`mfýi) y a`siucv`s gcicr`mfbics quc vfcici jctràs.Mrcb quc a` @A@ icmcsft` `mcrm`rsc ` a`gcitc obvci pbrquc su ebrk` jcmbkuifm`rsc cs kuy jfecrcitc? ibsbtrbstbj`vë` us`kbs ca mbrrcb cacmtrýifmb,caabs usì E`mcdbbn y tbjb tfpb jckcjfbs d`s`jbs ci a`s iucv`stcmibabgë`s. Jc lcmlb, muìjbmbitr`t`kbs iucvbs dfdafbtcm`rfbs acscsmbgckbs ` caabs prcmfs`kcitc pbr cs`cxpcrfcimf`.

Kf prcbmup`mfýi cs quc pucjì ibvcr a` @A@ mbkb àgb fkpbrtìtc ci suvfj` prbecsfbià. Xbr csb lc fifmf`jb uigrupb jc tr`dòb aa`k j̀b ‑Sifj j̀ jcOývcics Xrbecsfbiàcs‛ p`r` mbisuat`r à` gcicr`mfýi kàs obvci jc dfdafbtcm`rfbsquæ cs ab quc a` @A@ icmcsft`rë` p`r`rcsuat`racs jc k`ybr fitcræs. Xrbitbtcijrckbs ui fiebrkc à rcspcmtb ycstby kuy fitcrcs̀ j` ci mbibmcr susrcsuat`jbs.

Ci a` `mtuàfj`j tcickbs kfckdrbsjc gcicr`mfbics quc ci figaæs aa`k`kbs‑d`dy-dbbkcrs‛, ‑Gcicr`tfbi \‛ y‑Kfaaciifàs‛. Kumlbs jc abs kfckdrbsjc a` gcicr`mfýi jc pbstgucrr̀ ibs

frckbs rctfrìjb y cs icmcs`rfb quc abskfckdrbs jc a` gcicr`mfýi \ pucjìsumcjcribs p`r` quc aucgb ` su vcz scìabs kfckdrbs jc a` gcicr`mfýi jcakfacifb qufcics acs sumcj̀ i ` caabs.Icmcsft`kbs citcijcr ci quæ pucjc`yuj`r a` @A@ ` e`mfaft`r a` trìsfmfýigcicr`mfbià mbkb ebrk` jckìtcicracs ci a` `sbmf`mfýi.

²Muàa mrcc quc cs ca euturb jc a`prbecsfýi2

]by kuy bptfkfst` sbdrc iucstrbeuturb. ]c` muà sc` iucstr` mbkuifj`j(uifvcrsft`rf`, pÿdafm`, csmba`r, ctmætcr`)mrcb quc sfckprc v` ` icmcsft`rscfiebrk`mfýi y `mmcsb ` caa` y kfcitr`s`së sc` tcijrckbs ui` fkpbrtìtc a`dbrquc rcàfz`r. Ab quc l` m`kdf`jb cs camýkb `mmcjcr ` a` fiebrk`mfýi, a` ebrk`ci quc sc l`mc cs kuy jfecrcitc ` a` jcl`mc 43 `ðbs. Xcrb kfcitr`s scìcmcs`rf` a` fiebrk`mfýi y kfcitr`sCst`jbs Sifjbs sc` ui` jckbmr`mf`jbijc sc pucj` tcicr afdrc `mmcsb ` caa`,a` euimfýi jc abs dfdafbtcm`rfbs cst`rà`scgur`j`.

²L`mf` jýijc cstài brfcitìjb `sus `sbmf`jbs2]fckprc jfgb ` abs rcmfæi afmcimf`jbsquc l`y ui sfieëi jc mbs`s quc scpucjci l`mcr mbi ca tëtuab jc prbecsfbiàjc a` fiebrk`mfýi> ib icmcs`rf`kcitc sctfcic quc tr`dò`r ci ui` dfdafbtcm`. ]cpucjci vcijcr iucstr`s l`dfafj`jcs `muàqufcr tfpb jc brgìfz`mfýi qucicmcsftc àgufci m`p`z jc cimbitr`r,ìàfz`r, sfitctfz`r y aucgb trìskftfr a`fiebrk`mfýi. ]c pucjc tr`dò`r ci cascmtbr ckprcs`rfà b mbkcrmfà y utfafz`rcst`s l`dfafj`jcs pbrquc ab quc sc`prcijc ci a` uifvcrsfj`j y tr`dòìjbci jfecrcitcs tfpbs jc dfdafbtcm`s cstrìsecrfdac ` kuml`s btr`s sftu`mfbics.

Cs fitcrcsìtc quc ci abs Cst`jbsSifjbs l`y` m`j` vcz kàs pcrsbi`s qucaacgì ` a` prbecsfýi dfdafbtcm`rf`l`dfcijb bdtcifjb ca tftuab jc k`cstrë`mbkb scguij` m`rrcr` uifvcrsft`rf` yprbecsfbià. Æstc tfpb jc prbecsfbiàcs

‑Cst` jcecis` `mtfv` cs icmcs`rf` pbrquc a` k`ybrë` jc a`s dfdafbtcm`s sc efiìmfì mbi ebijbspÿdafmbs prbmcjcitcs jc abs fkpucstbs. Zcifcijb ci mucit` quc sc mbkpftc mbi btr`s citfj`jcspbr csbs ebijbs befmfàcs cs mrumfà quc sc jcefcij` ercitc à rcstb jc scrvfmfbs y quc sc scp`cxprcs`r pbr quæ cs icmcs`rf`, jc ebrk` quc a` mbkuifj`j `dfcrt`kcitc a` `pbyc ci ca rcp`rtbjc csbs ebijbs‛.


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cstà fitcitìjb us`r su ebrk`mfýi prcvf`y l`mcr àgb jfecrcitc mbi caa`.

]c pucjci l`mcr mbs`s kuy jfstfit`spbrquc ui` vcz sc tfcici a`s d`scs scpucjc tr`dò`r ci muàqufcr tfpb jc

jfsmfpafi`> sbi vcrj`jcrbs cxpcrtbs cifiebrk`mfýi y pbr caab pucjci us`r sumbibmfkfcitb eucr` jc a`s dfdafbtcm`s. Jclcmlb kuml`s jc a`s csmuca`suifvcrsft`rf`s lì m`kdf`jb sus ibkdrcsjc csmuca`s jc dfdafbtcmbibkë` `cstujfbs ci Mfcimf`s jc a` Fiebrk`mfýi ymrcb quc mbi `mfcrtb, pbrquc rcàkcitcci Cst`jbs Sifjbs sc pucjc scrdfdafbtcm`rfb y eàmfakcitc m`kdf`r ` btr`scspcmfàfj`jcs ib dfdafbtcm`rf`s.

Jcsjc su pucstb ci @A@ l`kìfecst`jb su fitcimfýi jctr`dò`r p`r` quc ‑a`s dfdafbtcm`ssc mbivfcrtì ci ca iÿmacb jc a`mbkuifj`j ` a` quc sfrvci‛. ²Mýkb

y pbr quæ2Zcickbs quc cst`r kcobr prcp`r`jbs

p`r` a` jcecis` jc a` prbecsfýi> cstcmbimcptb cs kuy fkpbrtìtc ci absCst`jbs Sifjbs y, ùiquc pucjc quc ibsc` `së ci btrbs p`ëscs, y` ca `ðb p`s`jba` FEA@ aacvý ` m`db ui` fifmf`tfv`prcsfjcimfà p`r` prbkbvcr a` jcecis` yca vàbr jc a`s dfdafbtcm`s.

Ci Ibrtc`kærfm` l`mckbs ui grìtr`dòb ci cstc scitfjb quc p`s` sbdrctbjb pbr mbivcimcr à mbacmtfvb à quc scsfrvc jc quc a` dfdafbtcm` cs ca mbr`zýijc a` mbkuifj`j. A` dfdafbtcm`prbpbrmfbi` ui `prcijfzòc mbitfiubquc cs a` ma`vc p`r` tcicr æxftb cimuàqufcr àkdftb y tcickbs qucprbkbvcra` jc ebrk` quc iucstr`mbkuifj`j citfcij` ab fkpbrtìtcs qucsbkbs p`r` caabs.

@itcs jc paìtc`ribs æstc tfpb jcjcecis` tcickbs quc scr kuy ducibsl`mfcijb k`rnctfig. Icmcsft`kbs scrm`p`mcs jc `vcrfgu`r ab quc abs usu`rfbsqufcrci, jcs`rrbaa`r sus jckìj`s p`r`jcspuæs l`mcr uì prbkbmfýi quccxpafquc pbrquæ ca scrvfmfb cs cscimfàp`r` caabs.

Æst` jcecis` `mtfv` cs icmcs`rf`pbrquc a` k`ybrë` jc a`s dfdafbtcm`s scefiìmfì mbi ebijbs pÿdafmbsprbmcjcitcs jc abs fkpucstbs. Zcifcijbci mucit` quc sc mbkpftc mbi btr`scitfj`jcs pbr csbs ebijbs befmfàcs csmrumfà quc sc jcefcij` ercitc à rcstb jcscrvfmfbs y quc sc scp` cxprcs`r pbr quæcs icmcs̀ rf`, jc ebrk` quc a` mbkuifj`j`dfcrt`kcitc a` `pbyc ci ca rcp`rtb jcæsbs ebijbs.

²Mbkb sc èrbit` æs` jcecis`ci a`s dfdafbtcm`s ibrtc`kcrfmì`s

jcsjc ab quc ustcj l` aa`k`jb ‑a`prfkcr` aëic`‛2

Ci abs Cst`jbs Sifjbstr`jfmfbiàkcitc cst̀ a`dbr l` sfjbrcàfz`j` pbr ca jfrcmtbr jc a` dfdafbtcm`

b jcsjc pucstbs jc jfrcmmfýi y sc aacv` `m`db tr`dòìjb mbi abs acgfsa`jbrcs(tìtb cst`tàcs mbkb ecjcràcs), mbi absm`rgbs pbaëtfmbs cacmtbs b mbi abs quctbkì a`s jcmfsfbics ci gcicrà. Mrcbquc l`mckbs ui` jcecis` kuy duci` `cstc ifvca.

Ab quc qufsfcr` quc sc lfmfcr` `jckàscs fivbaumr`r à rcstb jc abs kfckdrbs jca` dfdafbtcm`? quæ pbjcrbsbs scrë`kbs sfpujfær`kbs `rtfmua`r su vàbr mbitìjbmbi tbjbs abs ifvcacs jc pcrsbià. ]fmbit`kbs `jckàs mbi a` paìtfaa` jc‑prfkcr` aëic`‛ l`mfcijb cxtcisfv` cstà`dbr jc prbkbmfýi ci a` dfdafbtcm` yeucr̀ jc caa` mbi sus ̀ kfgbs be`kfaf`rcs, cst`rë`kbs ìtc ui` jcecis`jcsjc a`s d`scs quc `m`d`rë` aacgìjbfguàkcitc l`st` abs acgfsa`jbrcs ciebrk` jc jckìj` p`r` quc sc efiìmfcia`s dfdafbtcm`s.

Tcmfcitckcitc, pbr cockpab, sc lìmcrr`jb dfdafbtcm`s ci Màfebrif` ygr`mf`s ` a` jcecis` quc a` @A@ l`prbkbvfjb mbitìjb mbi abs mbacmtfvbsjc d`sc, ca `yuit`kfcitb efiàkcitcjcmfjfý kìtcicr à kcibs a`dfdafbtcm` mcitrà `dfcrt` mbi tbjb supcrsbià. Cs ui cst̀ jb quc cstà àdbrjc jc a` dìm`rrbt` y lì tcifjbquc tbk`r jcmfsfbics kuy jfeëmfacs>pcrb, gr`mf`s ` a` prcsfýi cocrmfj` pbrabs mfuj̀ jìbs jc ` pfc, sc mbisfgufýkìtcicr a` dfdafbtcm` prfimfpà`dfcrt`.

Ci cstbs tfckpbs jc mrfsfs cmbiýkfm`l`y kcibs jficrb jfspbifdac p`r` g`st`rci dfdafbtcm`s y ci kumlbs btrbsscrvfmfbs pÿdafmbs, ab quc l`mc quctcig`kbs quc mbkpctfr pbr abs kfskbsebijbs. Vb sfckprc rcmucrjb ` absgbdcri ìtcs quc, ùiquc a` pbafmë` y absdbkdcrbs sbi fkpbrtìtcs, sýab a`dfdafbtcm` mbkb scrvfmfb pÿdafmb pucjc`yuj`r ` a` gcitc ` mbiscgufr tr`dòb y àbs ckprcs`rfbs quc abs tfcici qucmbitr`t`r. ]bi kàbs tfckpbs citærkfibs cmbiýkfmbs, pcrb a` gcitc usà`s dfdafbtcm`s kàs quc iuim` pbrquctcickbs tbjb tfpb jc rcmursbs p`r``yuj`r ` a`s pcrsbi`s ` cimbitr`rtr`dòb? mursbs p`r` l`mcr ca murrëmuab,p`r` prcp`r`rsc ui` citrcvfst`, `mmcsb `Fitcrict, ctmætcr`.

Ci cstc scitfjb gabdà cs ci ca qucmrcb quc sc jcdc `rtfmua`r ca mbimcptb jcjcecis` jc a` dfdafbtcm`, mbitìjb mbiabs trcs mu`rtbs jca pcrsbià ib jfrcmtfvbquc tr`dò` ci caa`s.

²Mýkb sc k`tcrfàfz` a` a`dbr jcabs jbs grupbs jc tr`dòb quc l`mrc`jb p`r` j`r `pbyb ` cst`mùs`2

Abs grupbs jc tr`dòb cstài

jcs`rrbaaìjb lcrr`kfcit`s p`r`jcecijcr a` prbecsfýi y a`s dfdafbtcm`sjcsjc a` prfkcr` aëic` ci dfdafbtcm`spÿdafm`s, `m`jækfm`s y cspcmfàcs. Cst`slcrr`kfcit`s cst`rài jfspbifdacs ` tr`væsjc Fitcrict y scrvfrài ` abs prbecsfbiàcsp`r` j`racs fjc`s sbdrc mýkb l`da`rsbdrc su prbpf` dfdafbtcm` ci casupcrkcrm`jb, ci ca `p`rm`kfcitb b cisu maud jc acmtur`.

L`drà kuml` fiebrk`mfýi jc cstctfpb p`r` quc pucjì rcvfs`ra` y cxpafm`rca vàbr jc a` dfdafbtcm` ` a` gcitc quckcobr mbibmci. Ci cst` a`dbr cstàtr`dòìjb ca grupb XC@TA. Ca grupbTC@MZ `mtu`rà sbdrc ab quc scjcs`rrbaac ci ca XC@TA sugfrfcijb`spcmtbs quc pucjì l`dcrsc bavfj`jb ycvàuìjb ca tr`dòb rcàfz`jb.

Ci su prbgr`k` j` t`kdfæikuml` fkpbrtìmf` ` a` euimfýiàe`dctfz`jbr` jc a` dfdafbtcm`.Jfecrcimfìjb citrc àe`dctfz`mfýitr`jfmfbià y tcmibaýgfm`, ²scprbkbmfbiì `kd`s pbr fguà cia`s dfdafbtcm`s cst`jbuifjciscs2

Ci abs Cst`jbs Sifjbs cxfstc uicx`kci i`mfbià jc àe`dctfz`mfýi qucsc utfafz` p`r` mbibmcr abs ifvcacs jcìàe`dctfskb citrc a` pbda`mfýi jcap`ës. A`s ÿatfk`s prucd`s jcsvca`dì qucui ::% jc a` pbda`mfýi a`tfi` cseuimfbiàkcitc ìàe`dct` b tbtàkcitcìàe`dct`> cs jcmfr, ib pucjci accr cifigaæs if pucjci citcijcr mbimcptbskuy sfkpacs ci acigu` figacs`. Xbr btrba`jb, ui 4:% jc abs èrb`kcrfmìbs sbiìàe`dctbs, `së mbkb ui 0:% jc absprbmcjcitcs jc a`s fsa`s jca X`mfefmb y@sf`. ]fi ckd`rgb, sýab ui 7% jc a`pbda`mfýi daìm` cs ìàe`dct`.

Cst` jfecrcimf` jc mfer`s kc prcbmup`kumlb mbkb prcsfjcit` jc a` @A@> ibpbjckbs sbaumfbi`rab pcrb mrcb qucpbjckbs `yuj`r ` kcobr`rab. Jcitrb cagrupb XC@TA l`y ui sudgrupb quc cstàtr`dòìjb cspcmëefm`kcitc ci caàe`dctfskb e`kfaf`r. Lc prbpbrmfbi`jbàguibs ebijbs prcsfjcimfàcs ` mfimb`sbmf`mfbics efafàcs jc a` @A@ qucrcprcscitì ` abs grupbs kfibrft`rfbs jcabs Cst`jbs Sifjbs? TCEBTK@, quc scbmup` jc prbkbvcr scrvfmfbs

dfdafbtcm`rfbs p`r` a` mbkuifj`j a`tfi` clfspìbl`da ìtc> Da`mn Mùmus, quctr`dò` p`r` ca mbacmtfvb èrb`kcrfmìb>M@A@, quc sc mcitr` ci abs mlfibs`kcrfmìbs> @X@A@, p`r` a` mbkuifj`j


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C]XCMF@ACI XTFKCT@ XCT][email protected]@] C]Z@JBSIFJCI]C] MBI A@ MBA@DBT@MFÝI C]XCMF@A JC A@ CKD@O@J@ JC C

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prbmcjcitc jc a`s Fsa`s jca X`mëefmb y@sf`> y @FA@, quc j` `pbyb ` abs fijfbsibrtc`kcrfmìbs. ]us prbycmtbs pbjràiscr kàs b kcibs fiibv`jbrcs, pcrbtbjbs cst`rài jfspbifdacs ` tr`væs jc

Fitcrict p`r` quc a`s dfdafbtcm`s qucsfrvci ` muàqufcr` jc cst`s mbkuifj`jcsætifm`s pucjì cimbitr`r k`tcrfàcsjcsjc a` pàgfi` wcd jc a` @A@, qucjfspbic jc ui` befmfi` jc àe`dctfz`mfýi.Zbjbs sc lì mcitr`jb ci sus prbycmtbsy kc rcsuat` kuy ckbmfbiìtc pbrqucmrcb quc v` ` `yuj`r ` a`s dfdafbtcm`s `cst`r kàs e`kfaf`rfz`j`s mbi ca tck`. ]fpucjcs accr pucjcs us`r a`s dfdafbtcm`s>cs tì dàsfmb mbkb csb? accr cseuij`kcità p`r` a`s dfdafbtcm`s, s`dcraccr cs euij`kcità p`r` ui` i`mfýijckbmràtfm`. Xbr csb cs tì fkpbrtìtctcicr ui prbgr`k` jc àe`dctfz`mfýip`r` e`kfaf`s.

Fitcit`kbs prbkbmfbi`r a`àe`dctfz`mfýi tr`jfmfbià y a`àe`dctfz`mfýi fiebrk`mfbià. Z`kdfæiprbkbvckbs a` àe`dctfz`mfýi muaturà yefiìmfcr`, kuy fkpbrtìtcs ci ui p`ësjbijc ui àrcjcjbr jc ui tcrmfb jc a`pbda`mfýi tfcic brëgcics ætifm` br`mfàkcitc jfvcrsbs. A` àe`dctfz`mfýitcmibaýgfm` cs kàs pbpua`r ci a`sdfdafbtcm`s uifvcrsft`rf`s, pcrb sc cstàl`mfcijb t`kdfæi ci dfdafbtcm`scsmba`rcs y pÿdafm`s. @yuj`r ` absusu`rfbs ` cimbitr`r fiebrk`mfýi,cvàu`ra` y us`ra` cs t`kdfæi icmcs`rfbpcrb sf ib s`dcs accr ca rcstb jc aèbrk`mfýi ci àe`dctfz`mfýi pfcrjcscitfjb.

Zcifcijb ci mucit` sucxpcrfcimf` mbkb jbmcitc, ²mrccquc a` rca`mfýi citrc ca murrëmuabuifvcrsft`rfb y sus `pafm`mfbicsprbecsfbiàcs cstà ci cqufafdrfb2²Puæ mrcc quc pucjc eàt`r bicmcsft`r m`kdf`rsc2

Mrcb quc jcsjc iucstr`s e`muat`jcs jcMfcimf`s jc a` Fiebrk`mfýi sc l`mc uiduci tr`dòb. ]u murrëmuab cs d`stìtcducib ci muìtb ` abs euij`kcitbstcýrfmbs jc a` Dfdafbtcmbibkë` y a`Jbmukcit`mfýi. ]bi t`kdfæi d`stìtcducibs prcp`rìjb ` qufcics jcscìebrk`r p`rtc jc ui tfpb jc dfdafbtcm`s cip`rtfmua`r (`m`jækfm`s, pÿdafm`s,ctmætcr`) c fimausb ebrkìjb ` qufcicsjcscì cspcmfàfz`rsc ci a`s àrc`sbpucst`s ` a` dfdafbtcmbibkë`tr`jfmfbià. ]fi ckd`rgb mrcb quc eàt`prcp`r`mfýi ci ca tr`tb mbi a` jfvcrsfj`j,y` sc` jc gæicrb, jc scxuàfj`j, pbrcj`j b jfsm`p`mfj`j, pcrb sbdrc tbjb a`ætifm` y r`mfà. A`s csmuca`s jcdfdafbtcmbibkë` y jbmukcit`mfýi tfcici

quc fitcgr`r a` fjc` jc jfvcrsfj`j ci sumurrëmuab tr`tàijba` ci m`j` mursb, jcebrk` quc sus cstujfìtcs pucjì scrmuaturàkcitc mbkpctcitcs. A`pbda`mfýi prbmcjcitc jc kfibrë`s cstà

mrcmfcijb, sbi ui` kfibrë` ckcrgcitc.]f ib pbjckbs prcp`r`r ` iucstrbstftua`jbs p`r` tr`dò`r mbi caa`scst`rckbs sfcijb fioustbs mbi iucstr`pbda`mfýi. Mrcb quc cs rcàkcitcfkpbrtìtc quc abs gr`ju`jbs cstæi cimbit`mtb mbi a`s mbkuifj`jcs cikfibrë` pbrquc l`st` ca kbkcitb lìsfjb jco`jbs jc a`jb, cspcmfàkcitc cia`s dfdafbtcm`s pÿdafm`s. Ci cstc scitfjbmrcb quc ib jcdcrë` fkpbrt`r a`sftu`mfýi acgà jca usu`rfb> abstr`dò`jbrcs fikfgrìtcs t`kdfæi p`gìàqufacrcs, fkpucstbs fijfrcmtbs cfkpucstbs sbdrc a` rcit`, quc sbi absquc sbstfcici a`s dfdafbtcm`s. @uiquc ibtcigì ui` sftu`mfýi acgà rcgua`rfz`j`t`kdfæi l`y quc j`racs scrvfmfb y aacg`r` caabs.

Ci cstbs jë`s jc vfsft` ciCsp`ð` l` tcifjb bpbrtuifj`j jcmbibmcr ui pbmb iucstrb sfstck`dfdafbtcm r̀fb y a`s m`r`mtcrëstfm`s jcàguibs jc iucstrbs prbecsfbiàcs.²Ibs vc prcp`r`jbs p`r` abs rctbseuturbs2 ²Puæ ac lì p`rcmfjb

iucstrbs mcitrbs2Cecmtfv`kcitc lc tcifjb bpbrtuifj`jjc vfsft`r àgui`s dfdafbtcm`s pcrb lctcifjb `ÿi kàs bpbrtuifj`jcs jcfitcr`mmfbi`r mbi dfdafbtcm`rfbs.

Lc cst`jb ci a` Dfdafbtcm` I`mfbià yt`kdfæi ci Zbacjb vfsftìjb a` Dfdafbtcm`Tcgfbià jc M`stfaa`-A` Kìml`.M`kfiìjb pbr æst` tcië` a` fkprcsfýijc cst`r ci ui` dfdafbtcm` jc abs Cst`jbsSifjbs? tfcici abs kfskbs scrvfmfbs yprbgr`k`s, cst`dì ìuimfìjb ui`cstupcij` cxpbsfmfýi jc afdrbs murfbsbsy r`rbs jc a` mbacmmfýi quc jbi`rbi jbsm`rjciàcs ` a` dfdafbtcm`, tfcici ui`pìtàa` jbijc kucstrì a` fiebrk`mfýisbdrc `mtfvfj`jcs, ui maud jc acmtur` cifigaæs, àckài, csp`ðba y àr`dc y uiprbgr`k` fkprcsfbiìtc aa`k`jbdcdctcm` p`r` ifðbs jc kcibs jc trcs`ðbs. Cr` mbkb cst`r ci ui` dfdafbtcmìbrtc`kcrfmì`, pcrb mbi abs afdrbs cicsp`ðba> kc l` fkp`mt j̀b kumlb.

A` Dfdafbtcm` I`mfbià cs kuyjfecrcitc, cs kàs mbkb iucstr`Dfdafbtcm` jca Mbigrcsb. Kf fkprcsfýijc cst`s dfdafbtcm`s l` sfjb fimrcëdac,ùiquc crì jbs tfpbs jc dfdafbtcm`skuy jfstfit`s.

Ab quc cimbitr`jb sckcoìtc ci absdfdafbtcm`rfbs quc lc mbibmfjb csiucstrb `p`sfbi`kfcitb pbr a`

prbecsfýi, ci muìtb ` quc ibtr`dò`kbs sýab pbr jficrb. Zbjbs absdfdafbtcm`rfbs quc lc mbibmfjb ci caFistftutb Mcrvìtcs, ci a` DfdafbtcmÌ`mfbià, ci Zbacjb y ci abs cvcitbs ci

abs quc lc p`rtfmfp`jb mbkp`rtci a`p`sfýi pbr prbpbrmfbi`r a` kcobrdfdafbtcm` pbsfdac p`r` sus usu`rfbs. Kcl` ckbmfbi`jb mbkprbd`r qucmbkp`rtfkbs csc scitfkfcitb y l` sfjbui grì pa`mcr p`r` kë pbjcr vcifr ymbibmcr a` sftu`mfýi ci Csp`ð`> cspcrbquc pucj` l`dcr kàs mbbpcr`mfýifitcri`mfbià citrc ibsbtrbs.

Ci a` mbiecrcimf` ìuà jc a` @A@ jca 4886 sc `prbdý ui paìjc `mmfýi p`r` àcrt`r ` absjfrfgcitcs jca rfcsgb quc fkpafm`d`rcmbrt`r prcsupucstbs p`r`dfdafbtcm`s ` pcs`r jc a` mrfsfs.Jcsjc citbimcs lckbs tcifjbibtfmf`s jc mfcrrcs, jcspfjbs,prfv`tfz`mfbics, ctmætcr`. ²Lìmbiscgufjb tr`sa`j`r cst`sfiqufctujcs ` a` `jkfifstr`mfýi jcBd`k`2 ²Puæ sc cstà mbisfgufcijbà rcspcmtb2

A` @A@ tfcic 00 jfvfsfbics (m`j` ui`mbi sus mbkftæs) y jfstfit`s befmfi`s. A`befmfi` jc W`slfigtbi ibs `yuj` `prcsfbi`r y jcecijcr iucstrbs fitcrcscsgcicràcs, pbsfmfbiàijbsc ` e`vbr b cimbitr` jc jfecrcitcs prbpucst`s jc acy.A` Befmfi` jc Jcecis` tr`dò` ouitb `caa`, rcàfzìjb ui` fkpbrtìtc a`dbr ci`yuj` jc abs dfdafbtcm`rfbs y`jkfifstr`jbrcs jc abs jfecrcitcs Cst`jbsprcp`ràijbibs p`r` l`mcr prcsfýi ciW`slfigtbi y ci a`s `sbmf`mfbicscst`tàcs. Zbj`s cst`s ̀ sbmf`mfbicstfcici mbkftæs sbdrc acgfsa`mfýi quctr`dòì mbi abs dfdafbtcm`rfbs p`r`prcsfbi`r ` abs acgfsa`jbrcs cst`tàcs yecjcràcs. Cs kàs cecmtfvb p`r` ibsbtrbsmcitr`ribs ci ca mbigrcsb b ci absacgfsa`jbrcs cst`tàcs, pbrquc sbi caabsabs quc l`mci a`s acycs.

Muìjb ca prcsfjcitc Bd`k` euccacgfjb ac civf`kbs ui` m`rt`jcst`màijbac abs `suitbs kàsfkpbrtìtcs p`r` a`s dfdafbtcm`s jc absCst`jbs Sifjbs, sbdrc abs quc qucrë`kbsquc æa y su `jkfifstr`mfýi cstuvfcrì àtìtb. Xbr ab jckàs, ib l`mckbsicmcs`rf`kcitc k`ybr prcsfýi sbdrc a``jkfifstr`mfýi gcicrà> ibs mcitr`kbsci ca mbigrcsb pbrquc caabs jcmfjci sf sc`prucd` b ib ui` acy. Mrcb qucl`mckbs ui duci tr`dòb ci cstc scitfjbl`st` ca puitb jc quc ` vcmcs rcmfdfkbsaa`k`j`s jc acgfsa`jbrcs `druk`jbs pbrcst`r rcmfdfcijb jck`sf`j`s pctfmfbicsjc dfdafbtcm`rfbs b pcrsbi`s jc a`


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mbkuifj`j p`r` `dbg`r pbr àgÿi`suitb. ]`dckbs quc tcickbs ui` rcjcecmtfv`.

Pufzà ci Csp`ð` ib cs icmcs`rfb`mtu`r `së, pcrb ci Cst`jbs Sifjbs

tcickbs quc l`mcr mùs` mbkÿi p`r`jcecijcr iucstr`s afdcrt`jcs y l`mcrprcsfýi ` e`vbr b ci mbitr` jc `qucaaàcgfsa`mfýi quc pucj` j`ð`r iucstrbsscrvfmfbs b ` iucstrbs usu`rfbs> æsc cs camrftcrfb euij`kcità p`r` jcmfjfr sf a``pby`kbs b a` rcml`z`kbs. Iucstr`jcecis` cs kuy eucrtc pcrb pbjrë` scrabkàs sf mbitàr`kbs mbi ca `pbyb jc absdfdafbtcm`rfbs jc kcibr ifvca, susvcmfibs, sus e`kfaf`rcs y ci gcicràtbjbs abs mfuj`jìbs quc pucjìmbivcrtfrsc ci grupbs jc prcsfýit`kdfæi jcsjc a` d`sc.

]`dckbs quc a`s dfdafbtcm`spucjci l`mcr kumlb pbr absscmtbrcs jc a` mbkuifj`j quc kàssuerci a` mrfsfs cmbiýkfm` `mtuà.²L`st` quæ puitb æstc lcmlbpucjc scr ui `rgukcitbfimbitcst`dac p`r` cvft`r rcmbrtcsb mbiscgufr a` `prbd`mfýi jckcobr`s mbkb a` rcmfcitc pctfmfýijc ùkcitb jc a` dìj` ìml` cikbkcitbs jfeëmfacs mbkb abs`mtuàcs2

Zcickbs mbistìmf` jc quc j`j` a`rcmcsfýi `mtuà a` gcitc cstà usìjbiucstrbs scrvfmfbs dfdafbtcm`rfbs kàs quciuim`. Abs quc cstài jcsckpac`jbsicmcsftì ebrk`mfýi p`r` fitcit`rmbiscgufr iucvbs tr`dòbs y `mmcsb `Fitcrict. A`s dfdafbtcm`s pÿdafm`s jc tbjbca p`ës, sfi fkpbrt`r su t`k`ðb, cstàil`mfcijb ui` kfsk` prbgr`k`mfýi p`r`prbpbrmfbi`r scrvfmfbs y rcmursbs ci cscscitfjb. Ci ca `ðb 4888 suerfkbs uiàcvc mrfsfs cmbiýkfm` (i`j` mbkp`r`jbmbi ab jc `lbr`) y y` citbimcs ibsaacg`dì ibtfmf`s jc quc a` gcitc cst`dùsìjb kàs a`s dfdafbtcm`s, pbr ab qucefiìmf`kbs ui cstujfb p`r` `vcrfgu`r abquc bmurrë` y jcsmudrfkbs quc jurìtc4888 y 4880 l`dë` l`dfjb ui ùkcitbjca usb jc a`s dfdafbtcm`s pudafm`s j

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Educación y biblioteca, n.º 178 (julio/agosto, 2010)