Estudio sobre la Seguridad de la Información y la e-Confianza de los hogares españoles (3er trimestre 2010) - INTECO

8/8/2019 Estudio sobre la Seguridad de la Informacin y la e-Confianza de los hogares espaoles (3er trimestre 2010) - INTE

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Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgjjk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}gjk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv

6kr zrlekvzrk jk 2070 $7: cakgjg,

CBVKR^GZCRLC JK AG VKH[RLJGJ JK AG LINCREGFLI


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Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $2 zrle) 2070, Phlig 2 jk 704

Kjlfli= Kikrc 2077

Ka lincrek jk ag 7: cakgjg jka Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk

acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv dg vljc kagbcrgjc pcr ka vlh{lkizk kw{lpc jk zrgbgmc jka Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag

Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli jk LIZKFC=

Pgbac Prk} Vgi%Mcv $jlrkffli,

V{vgig jk ag N{kizk Rcjrh{k} $fccrjligfli,Ag{rg Hgrfg Prk}

Frlvzlig H{zlrrk} Bcrhk

Kj{grjc a~grk} Gacivc

Fcrrkc kakfzrilfc jka Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli=cbvkr~gzcrlc@lizkfc)kv

LIZKFC w{lkrk vkgagr ag pgrzlflpgfli ki ag rkgal}gfli jka zrgbgmc jk fgepc k li~kvzlhgfli jk

kvzk kvz{jlc jk=

Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli

Ag prkvkizk p{balfgfli pkrzkikfk ga Livzlz{zc Igflciga jk Zkficachgv jk ag Fce{ilfgfli $LIZKFC, | kvz bgmc {igalfkiflg Rkfcicflelkizc%Ic fcekrflga 2); Kvpgg jk Frkgzl~k Fceeciv! | pcr kaac kvzg pkrelzljc fcplgr! jlvzrlb{lr |fce{ilfgr pbalfgekizk kvzg cbrg bgmc agv fcijlflcikv vlh{lkizkv=

Rkfcicflelkizc= Ka fcizkiljc jk kvzk lincrek vk p{kjk rkprcj{flr zczga c pgrflgaekizk pcr zkrfkrcv! flzgijc v{prcfkjkiflg | dgflkijc rknkrkiflg ktprkvg zgizc g LIZKFC fcec g v{ vlzlc xkb= xxx)lizkfc)kv) Jlfdcrkfcicflelkizc ic pcjr ki ilihi fgvc v{hkrlr w{k LIZKFC prkvzg gpc|c g jlfdc zkrfkrc c gpc|g ka {vc w{kdgfk jk v{ cbrg)

[vc Ic Fcekrflga= Ka egzkrlga crlhliga | acv zrgbgmcv jkrl~gjcv p{kjki vkr jlvzrlb{ljcv! fcplgjcv | ktdlbljcvelkizrgv v{ {vc ic zkihg nlikv fcekrflgakv)

Ga rk{zlal}gr c jlvzrlb{lr ag cbrg! zlkik w{k jkmgr blki fagrc acv zrelicv jk ag alfkiflg jk kvzg cbrg) Gah{ig jk kvzgvfcijlflcikv p{kjk ic gpalfgrvk vl vk cbzlkik ka pkrelvc jk LIZKFC fcec zlz{agr jk acv jkrkfdcv jk g{zcr) Igjg ki kvzgalfkiflg ekicvfgbg c rkvzrlihk acv jkrkfdcv ecrgakv jk LIZKFC) dzzp=##frkgzl~kfceeciv)crh#alfkivkv#b|%if#2);#kv#

Ka prkvkizk jcf{ekizc f{epak fci agv fcijlflcikv jk gffkvlblaljgj jka ncregzc PJN $Pcrzgbak Jcf{ekiz Ncregz,)

Vk zrgzg jk {i jcf{ekizc kvzr{fz{rgjc | kzlw{kzgjc! prc~lvzc jk gazkrigzl~gv g zcjc kakekizc ic zktz{ga! egrfgjc jkljlceg | crjki jk akfz{rg gjkf{gjc)

Pgrg gepalgr lincregfli vcbrk ag fcivzr{ffli jk jcf{ekizcv PJN gffkvlbakv p{kjk fciv{azgr ag h{g jlvpcilbak ki agvkffli Gffkvlblaljgj 9 Ncregfli 9 Egi{gakv | H{gv jk ag phlig dzzp=##xxx)lizkfc)kv
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IJLFK

IJLFK)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))6

P[IZCV FAG^K)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))8L Ekjljgv | dblzcv jk vkh{rljgj ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))8LL Lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4LLL Fcivkf{kiflgv jk agv lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj | rkgffli jk acv {v{grlcv gizkkaagv 4L^ k%Fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))


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6)2)7 Ig~khgfli pcr Lizkrikz)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))286)2)2 Fcrrkc kakfzrilfc))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))2 Rkjkv vcflgakv)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))6:

6)6 Dblzcv jk vkh{rljgj ki dchgrkv fci ekicrkv ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))686)6)7 Ekjljgv fckrflzl~gv | jk fcizrca))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))686)6)2 Ekjljgv jk fce{ilfgfli! jlachc | kj{fgfli))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))6

:)2)7 K~ca{fli jk agv lifljkiflgv jk egaxgrk))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))):>:)2)2 Zlpcachg jka fjlhc egalflcvc jkzkfzgjc )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))):8:)2)6 Jl~krvlnlfgfli jka fjlhc egalflcvc jkzkfzgjc)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))):7Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig : jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


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>)7 k%Fcinlgi}g ki ag Vcflkjgj jk ag Lincregfli ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))>7>)2 K~ca{fli jk ag pkrfkpfli jk ag vkh{rljgj ki Lizkrikz pcr pgrzk jk acv {v{grlcv

>>>)6 G{zcrrkh{agfli ~v) Z{zkagmk ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))>4

>)6)7 [v{grlcv)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))>4 >)6)2 Pgpka jk ag Gjelilvzrgfli ki ag hgrgizg jk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli80>)6)6 Pgpka jk czrcv gfzcrkv ki ag hgrgizg jk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli ))))))88

8

VLVZKEG JK LIJLFGJCRKV JK AG VKH[RLJGJ JK AG LINCREGFLI ))))))))))))8 gialvlv cialik g acv 8)6;7

kw{lpcv w{k fcepciki ka pgika)

Vk ktpciki g fcizli{gfli acv p{izcv fag~k jka gialvlv)

L Ekjljgv | dblzcv jk vkh{rljgj

Acv prlekrcv p{kvzcv ki ka rgiolih jk {zlal}gfli jkfagrgjg jk ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj

kvzi cf{pgjcv! {ig ~k} ev! pcr ekjljgv g{zcegzl}gbakv= prchrgegv gizl~lr{v $Fcec |g cf{rrlkrg ki zrlekvzrkv gizkrlcrkv! jkvzgfg ag prkjlvpcvlfli pcvlzl~g jk acv

{v{grlcv pcr lifcrpcrgr ka JIL kakfzrilfc g fcrzc pag}c= {i 66+ jk acv kif{kvzgjcv

egilnlkvzg zkikr lizkifli jk {zlal}gr ka JILk ki acv zrkv ekvkv vlh{lkizkv g ag rkgal}gfli

jk ag kif{kvzg)

Acv {v{grlcv fcingi ki agv ekjljgv f{|g fcinlh{rgfli pkrelzk {ig p{kvzg ki egrfdg

g{zcezlfg= ka 40!4+! jkfagrg w{k v{ vlvzkeg cpkrgzl~c hkvzlcig agv gfz{gal}gflcikv jk

ncreg g{zcezlfg)

Acv {v{grlcv jk rkjkv vcflgakv fgjg ~k} vci ev f{ljgjcvcv fci v{ prl~gfljgj! | kikvzk vkizljc ka >>!2+ jkfagrg w{k v{ pkrnla p{kjk vkr ~lvzc ilfgekizk pcr v{v gelhcv c

fcizgfzcv! ac w{k v{pcik {i lifrkekizc jk >!; p{izcv pcrfkiz{gakv ki acv azlecv 74

ekvkv)

Fci rkvpkfzc g acv dblzcv jk vkh{rljgj cbvkr~gjcv ki dchgrkv jcijk ~l~ki ekicrkv

w{k vk fcikfzgi g Lizkrikz! ka :8!4+ jk acv pgjrkv rkfcicfki dgbkr frkgjc {ig f{kizg

jk {v{grlc alelzgjc pgrg ka gffkvc jka ekicr g Lizkrikz) Kvzk jgzc rkv{azg e{| pcvlzl~c

p{kvzc w{k alelzg ka lepgfzc ki ka kw{lpc jk {ig pczkiflga fcij{fzg pkalhrcvg pcr pgrzk

jka ekicr)

Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig 8 jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


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LL Lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj

Ka lifljkizk ev fcei kv jk i{k~c ag rkfkpfli jk fcrrkcv kakfzrilfcv ic jkvkgjcv c

vpge) Ki acv azlecv zrkv ekvkv dg gnkfzgjc ga >>!+ jk acv kw{lpcv g{jlzgjcv gacmgi egaxgrk ki vkpzlkebrk jk 2070! {i jgzc w{k

vk egizlkik kvzgbak ki acv azlecv ekvkv)

Kvzk zrlekvzrk ~{ka~k g jceligr ka zrc|gic fcec zlpc jk fjlhc ev jkzkfzgjc ki

vkpzlkebrk! fci {i 64!8+ jk kw{lpcv w{k gabkrhgi prchrgegv jk kvzg fgzkhcrg) Pcr

jkzrv jka zlpc zrc|gic vk kifcizrgrg! {ig ~k} ev! ka gjxgrk $28!7+,)

Ki vkpzlkebrk jk 2070! {i 64!7+ jk acv kw{lpcv vci fcivljkrgjcv jk rlkvhc gazc! nrkizk

g {i 70!6+ jk rlkvhc ekjlc | {i ;!2+ jk rlkvhc bgmc) Vk fcinlreg ag prchrkvl~g

rkj{ffli jk acv il~kakv jk rlkvhc jk acv kw{lpcv g ac agrhc jka azlec gc! vcbrk zcjc! ki

ka fgvc jk rlkvhc ekjlc)

LLL Fcivkf{kiflgv jk agv lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj | rkgffli jk acv {v{grlcv

gizk kaagv

Ka >0!>+ jk acv {v{grlcv ic dg rkgal}gjc ilihi fgeblc ki v{v dblzcv jk ig~khgflipcr Lizkrikz fcec rkv{azgjc jk {ig lifljkiflg ~l~ljg! nrkizk g {i 6

gjcpzgjc gah{igv ekjljgv jk prkfg{fli)

Acv fgeblcv w{k aak~gi g fgbc acv {v{grlcv ki v{v dblzcv jk vkh{rljgj zrgv dgbkr

ktpkrlekizgjc {ig lifljkiflg vci jk fgrfzkr prk~kizl~c! fcec ka rkn{kr}c c ag

livzgagfli jk jkzkreligjgv ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj! elkizrgv w{k fci {ig nrkf{kiflg e{|

bgmg vk prcj{fki gbgijcicv ki ka {vc jk vkr~lflcv)

Kizrk agv rkgfflcikv jlrlhljgv ga rkn{kr}c c ag livzgagfli jk ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj! agv

gfflcikv ev dgblz{gakv jk acv {v{grlcv vci gfz{gal}gr acv prchrgegv jk vkh{rljgj $w{k

v{bk zrkv p{izcv jkvjk ka zrlekvzrk pgvgjc! jkvjk ka ;2!7+ ga ;;+, | fgeblgr agv

fcizrgvkgv $w{k dg jkvfkijljc jka :4! 8+ ga :;!+, gnlreg w{k vk cf{pg a elvec vli ag

g|{jg jk igjlk | {i 7


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Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig < jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli

L^ k%Fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv

Ag eg|crg jk acv lizkrig{zgv kvpgcakv fcingi ki Lizkrikz $4

rkfcicfki zkikr bgvzgizk fcinlgi}g ki ag Rkj! nrkizk g {i >!:+ w{k gjelzki jkpcvlzgre{fdg | {i :6!7+ gjlflciga w{k e{kvzrg {i il~ka jk fcinlgi}g v{nlflkizk)

Gjkev! {i 47!;+ jk acv fl{jgjgicv kif{kvzgjcv fcivljkrg w{k v{ crjkigjcr kvz

rg}cigbakekizk prczkhljc! | {i :;!2+ kvz jk gf{krjc ki gnlregr w{k Lizkrikz kv fgjg

jg ev vkh{rc)

G pkvgr jk kvzcv jgzcv! w{k v{pciki {i lijlflc jka gjkf{gjc il~ka jk k%Fcinlgi}g

ktlvzkizk ki acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv! acv {v{grlcv vlh{ki ecvzrgijc eg|cr fcinlgi}g ki

agv cpkrgflcikv nvlfgv w{k ki v{v dceachgv ki ka e{ijc ~lrz{ga) Gv! {i 82!elkizrgv w{k g {i 78!6+ ak kv lijlnkrkizk)

G ag Gjelilvzrgfli! acv {v{grlcv ak pljki prliflpgaekizk ~lhlagr ev jk fkrfg ac w{k kvz

pgvgijc ki Lizkrikz $24+, | jkvgrrcaagr | cnrkfkr dkrrgelkizgv jk vkh{rljgj hrgz{lzgv

$2>!:+,


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7 LIZRCJ[FFLI \ CBMKZL^CV

7)7 Prkvkizgfli

7)7)7 Livzlz{zc Igflciga jk Zkficachgv jk ag Fce{ilfgfli

Ka Livzlz{zc Igflciga jk Zkficachgv jk ag Fce{ilfgfli! V)G) $LIZKFC,! kv {ig

vcflkjgj kvzgzga gjvfrlzg ga Elilvzkrlc jk Lij{vzrlg! Z{rlvec | Fcekrflc g zrg~v jk ag

Vkfrkzgrg jk Kvzgjc jk Zkakfce{ilfgflcikv | pgrg ag Vcflkjgj jk ag Lincregfli)

LIZKFC kv {i fkizrc jk jkvgrrcaac jk fgrfzkr liic~gjcr | jk lizkrv pbalfc jk eblzc

igflciga w{k vk crlkizg g ag gpcrzgfli jk ~gacr! g ag lij{vzrlg | g acv {v{grlcv! | g ag

jln{vli jk agv i{k~gv zkficachgv jk ag lincregfli | ag fce{ilfgfli $ZLF, ki Kvpgg!

ki fagrg vlizcig fci K{rcpg)

V{ cbmkzl~c n{ijgekizga kv vkr~lr fcec livzr{ekizc pgrg jkvgrrcaagr ag Vcflkjgj jk ag

Lincregfli! fci gfzl~ljgjkv prcplgv ki ka eblzc jk ag liic~gfli | ka jkvgrrcaac jk

prc|kfzcv gvcflgjcv g agv ZLF! bgvijcvk ki zrkv plagrkv n{ijgekizgakv= ag li~kvzlhgfli

gpalfgjg! ag prkvzgfli jk vkr~lflcv | ag ncregfli)

Ag elvli jk LIZKFC kv gpcrzgr ~gacr k liic~gfli g acv fl{jgjgicv! g agv P\EKV! g agv

Gjelilvzrgflcikv Pbalfgv | ga vkfzcr jk agv zkficachgv jk ag lincregfli! g zrg~v jka

jkvgrrcaac jk prc|kfzcv w{k fcizrlb{|gi g rkncr}gr ag fcinlgi}g ki acv vkr~lflcv jk agVcflkjgj jk ag Lincregfli ki i{kvzrc pgv! prcec~lkijc gjkev {ig aikg jk

pgrzlflpgfli lizkrigflciga)

Pgrg kaac! LIZKFC jkvgrrcaag gfz{gflcikv ki agv vlh{lkizkv aikgv=

Vkh{rljgj Zkficahlfg= LIZKFC kvz fceprcekzljc fci ag prcecfli jk

vkr~lflcv jk ag Vcflkjgj jk ag Lincregfli fgjg ~k} ev vkh{rcv! w{k prczkmgi

acv jgzcv pkrvcigakv jk acv lizkrkvgjcv! v{ lizleljgj! ag lizkhrljgj jk v{

lincregfli | k~lzki gzgw{kv w{k pcihgi ki rlkvhc acv vkr~lflcv prkvzgjcv) \ pcr

v{p{kvzc w{k hgrgizlfki {i f{epalelkizc kvzrlfzc jk ag icregzl~g akhga ki egzkrlgjk ZLF) Pgrg kaac fccrjlig jlvzlizgv lilflgzl~gv pbalfgv ki zcric g ag vkh{rljgj jk

agv ZLF! w{k vk egzkrlgal}gi ki ag prkvzgfli jk vkr~lflcv pcr pgrzk jka

Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli! ka Fkizrc jk Rkvp{kvzg g

Lifljkizkv jk Vkh{rljgj ki Zkficachgv jk ag Lincregfli $LIZKFC%FKRZ, fci

v{ Fkizrc Jkecvzrgjcr jk Zkficachgv jk Vkh{rljgj! | ag Cnlflig jk Vkh{rljgj

jka Lizkrig{zg! jk acv w{k vk bkiknlflgi fl{jgjgicv! P\EKV! Gjelilvzrgflcikv

Pbalfgv | ka vkfzcr zkficahlfc)

Gffkvlblaljgj= LIZKFC prce{k~k vkr~lflcv jk ag Vcflkjgj jk ag Lincregfliev gffkvlbakv! w{k v{prlegi agv bgrrkrgv jk ktfa{vli! f{gaw{lkrg w{k vkg ag

jlnlf{azgj c fgrkiflg zfilfg! ncregzl~g! kzf)! lifa{vc jlvfgpgfljgj! w{k zkihgi v{v



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{v{grlcv) \ w{k ngflalzki ag lizkhrgfli prchrkvl~g jk zcjcv acv fcakfzl~cv jk

{v{grlcv! jk ecjc w{k zcjcv kaacv p{kjgi bkiknlflgrvk jk agv cpcrz{iljgjkv w{k

cnrkfk ag Vcflkjgj jk ag Lincregfli) Gvlelvec jkvgrrcaag prc|kfzcv ki ka eblzc

jk ag gffkvlblaljgj crlkizgjcv g hgrgizl}gr ka jkrkfdc jk fl{jgjgicv | keprkvgv

g rkagflcigrvk kakfzrilfgekizk fci agv GG)PP)

Fgaljgj ZLF= LIZKFC prce{k~k {icv vkr~lflcv jk ag Vcflkjgj jk ag Lincregfli

w{k fgjg ~k} vkgi jk eg|cr fgaljgj! w{k hgrgizlfki {icv gjkf{gjcv il~kakv jk

vkr~lflc! ac f{ga vk zrgj{fk ki {ig eg|cr rcb{vzk} jk gpalfgflcikv | vlvzkegv! {i

fceprcelvc ki ag jlvpcilblaljgj | acv zlkepcv jk rkvp{kvzg! {i gjkf{gjc vcpcrzk

pgrg acv {v{grlcv! {ig lincregfli prkflvg | fagrg vcbrk ag k~ca{fli jk agv

n{iflcigaljgjkv jk acv vkr~lflcv! | ki rkv{eki! vkr~lflcv fgjg ~k} ekmcrkv) Ki

kvzg aikg lep{avg ag fcepkzlzl~ljgj jk ag lij{vzrlg jka Vcnzxgrk g zrg~v jk agprcecfli jk ag ekmcrg jk ag fgaljgj | ag fkrzlnlfgfli jk agv keprkvgv |

prcnkvlcigakv jk ag lihkilkrg jka vcnzxgrk)

Ncregfli= ag ncregfli kv {i ngfzcr jkzkreligizk pgrg ag gzrgffli jk zgakizc |

pgrg ag ekmcrg jk ag fcepkzlzl~ljgj jk agv keprkvgv) Pcr kaac! LIZKFC lep{avg ag

ncregfli jk {il~krvlzgrlcv | prcnkvlcigakv ki agv zkficachgv ev jkegijgjgv

pcr ag lij{vzrlg)

7)7)2 Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli

Ka Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli vk livkrzg jkizrc jk ag aikg kvzrgzhlfg

jk gfz{gfli jk LIZKFC ki egzkrlg jk Vkh{rljgj Zkficahlfg) Igfk fci ka cbmkzl~c jk

jkvfrlblr jk egikrg jkzgaagjg | vlvzkezlfg ka il~ka jk vkh{rljgj | fcinlgi}g ki ag

Vcflkjgj jk ag Lincregfli | jk hkikrgr fcicflelkizc kvpkflgal}gjc ki ag egzkrlg) Jk

kvzk ecjc! vk kif{kizrg ga vkr~lflc jk acv fl{jgjgicv! agv keprkvgv | agvgjelilvzrgflcikv pbalfgv kvpgcagv pgrg jkvfrlblr! gigal}gr! gvkvcrgr | jln{ijlr ag f{az{rg

jk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g)

Ka Cbvkr~gzcrlc dg jlvkgjc {i Pagi jk Gfzl~ljgjkv | Kvz{jlcv fci ka cbmkzc jk prcj{flr

fcicflelkizc kvpkflgal}gjc | zla ki egzkrlg jk vkh{rljgj pcr pgrzk jk LIZKFC! gv

fcec jk kagbcrgr rkfcekijgflcikv | prcp{kvzgv w{k jknligi zkijkiflgv ~aljgv pgrg ag

zceg jk jkflvlcikv n{z{rgv pcr pgrzk jk acv pcjkrkv pbalfcv)

Jkizrc jk kvzk pagi jk gffli vk rkgal}gi agbcrkv jk li~kvzlhgfli! gialvlv! kvz{jlc!

gvkvcrgelkizc | jl~{ahgfli w{k gzkijkri! kizrk czrgv! g agv vlh{lkizkv kvzrgzkhlgv=



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Kagbcrgfli jk kvz{jlcv k lincrekv prcplcv ki egzkrlg jk vkh{rljgj jk agv

Zkficachgv jk ag Lincregfli | ag Fce{ilfgfli! fci kvpkflga ingvlv ki ag

Vkh{rljgj ki Lizkrikz)

Vkh{lelkizc jk acv prliflpgakv lijlfgjcrkv | pcazlfgv pbalfgv rkagflcigjgv fci ag

vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag fcinlgi}g ki ka eblzc igflciga k lizkrigflciga)

Hkikrgfli jk {ig bgvk jk jgzcv w{k pkrelzg ka gialvlv | k~ga{gfli jk ag

vkh{rljgj | ag fcinlgi}g fci {ig pkrvpkfzl~g zkepcrga)

Lep{avc jk prc|kfzcv jk li~kvzlhgfli ki egzkrlg jk vkh{rljgj ZLF)

Jln{vli jk kvz{jlcv k lincrekv p{balfgjcv pcr czrgv kizljgjkv | crhgilvecv

igflcigakv k lizkrigflcigakv! gv fcec jk lincregfli vcbrk ag gfz{galjgj

igflciga | k{rcpkg ki egzkrlg jk ag vkh{rljgj | fcinlgi}g ki ag Vcflkjgj jk ag

Lincregfli)

Gvkvcrgelkizc g agv Gjelilvzrgflcikv Pbalfgv ki egzkrlg jk vkh{rljgj jk ag

lincregfli | fcinlgi}g! gv fcec ka gpc|c g ag kagbcrgfli! vkh{lelkizc |

k~ga{gfli jk pcazlfgv pbalfgv ki kvzk eblzc)

7)2 Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | k%fcinlgi}g ki acv dchgrkv

kvpgcakvKa Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | k%fcinlgi}g ki acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv

kv ka rknkrkizk igflciga! ki zrelicv jk jlghivzlfc! jka kvzgjc jk gjcpfli jk ekjljgv

jk vkh{rljgj | jka il~ka jk lifljkiflg jk vlz{gflcikv w{k p{kjki fcivzlz{lr rlkvhcv jk

vkh{rljgj! gv fcec jka hrgjc jk fcinlgi}g w{k acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv jkpcvlzgi ki ag

Vcflkjgj jk ag Lincregfli) Ka prkvkizk lincrek fcivzlz{|k ag jkfleczkrfkrg kizrkhg jka

elvec)

Ka kvz{jlc f{kizg fci jcv pgrzlf{agrljgjkv! w{k ac fci~lkrzki ki egzkrlga jk rknkrkiflg ki

vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli g il~ka igflciga k lizkrigflciga=

Ki prlekr a{hgr! ag li~kvzlhgfli vk rkgal}g fci {ig pkrvpkfzl~g k~ca{zl~g!

rkgal}ijcvk akfz{rgv pkrljlfgv jk acv lijlfgjcrkv jk vkh{rljgj | k%fcinlgi}g

w{k pkrelzki aak~gr g fgbc {i gialvlv dlvzrlfc | jknlilr zkijkiflgv | prcivzlfcv)

Ki vkh{ijc a{hgr! acv rkv{azgjcv jka kvz{jlc prcfkjki jk {ig jcbak n{kizk!

pcilkijc ki fcizrgvzk ag pkrfkpfli jka {v{grlc | ag vlz{gfli jk vkh{rljgj rkga)

7)2)7 Cbmkzl~c hkikrga

Ka cbmkzl~c hkikrga jk kvzk kvz{jlc kv ka gialvlv! bgvgjc ki agv pkrfkpflcikv jk acv

{v{grlcv! jk ag k~ca{fli jk ag vlz{gfli jk vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | fcinlgi}g kizrk



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acv {v{grlcv jk Lizkrikz kvpgcakv! ga elvec zlkepc w{k ka fcizrgvzk fci ka il~ka rkga jk

vkh{rljgj k lifljkiflgv w{k egizlkiki v{v kw{lpcv)

Vk prkzkijk! ki azleg livzgiflg! lep{avgr ka fcicflelkizc | vkh{lelkizc jk acvprliflpgakv lijlfgjcrkv | pcazlfgv pbalfgv rkagflcigjgv fci ag vkh{rljgj jk ag

lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g) Gv! ka lincrek zlkik fcec nligaljgj vkr~lr jk gpc|c ki ag

gjcpfli jk ekjljgv pcr pgrzk jk ag Gjelilvzrgfli)

Kvzk cbmkzl~c hkikrga vk jkvhacvg g v{ ~k} ki jcv=

Gigal}gr dgvzg w{ p{izc ag ngazg jk vkh{rljgj jk ag Rkj p{kjk v{pcikr {i nrkic

pgrg ka jkvgrrcaac jk ag Vcflkjgj jk ag Lincregfli)

Crlkizgr lilflgzl~gv | pcazlfgv pbalfgv zgizc ki ka rkg jk ag ekmcrg lijl~lj{ga jkag vkh{rljgj fcec ki ag hkikrgfli jk fcinlgi}g ki ag Vcflkjgj jk ag

Lincregfli! v{vzkizgjg ki {ig pkrfkpfli rkgalvzg jk acv rlkvhcv | acv bkiknlflcv

jk ag elveg)

7)2)2 Cbmkzl~cv kvpkfnlfcv

Acv gizkrlcrkv vk jkvhacvgi cpkrgzl~gekizk ki acv vlh{lkizkv cbmkzl~cv kvpkfnlfcv w{k

pkrelzki! gjkev! crlkizgr ag kvzr{fz{rg zkezlfg jka prkvkizk lincrek=

Ekjljgv | dblzcv jk vkh{rljgj

Fcicfkr ka il~ka jk lepagizgfli gfz{ga jk agv ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj

g{zcegzl}gbakv | ic g{zcegzl}gbakv | gigal}gr v{ k~ca{fli zkepcrga)

Gigal}gr ag nrkf{kiflg fci ag w{k acv {v{grlcv jk Lizkrikz gpalfgi | gfz{gal}gi agv

dkrrgelkizgv jk vkh{rljgj jk v{v kw{lpcv)

Fcicfkr acv eczl~cv w{k acv fl{jgjgicv grh{ekizgi pgrg ic {zlal}gr ekjljgv jk

vkh{rljgj)

Kvzgbakfkr prcivzlfcv vcbrk ag lepagizgfli n{z{rg jk dkrrgelkizgv jk vkh{rljgj)

Ljkizlnlfgr dblzcv vkh{rcv jk fcepcrzgelkizc vkh{ljcv pcr acv {v{grlcv

kvpgcakv jk Lizkrikz | ka hrgjc jk gjcpfli jk acv elvecv)

Lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj

Fcicfkr ag nrkf{kiflg fci ag w{k acv {v{grlcv jkfagrgi pgjkfkr lifljkiflgv jk

vkh{rljgj ki v{v kw{lpcv)



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Jkzkreligr ag k~ca{fli jka il~ka jk lifljkiflg hkikrga jka fjlhc egalflcvc c

egaxgrk | jknlilr v{v jlnkrkizkv fgzkhcrgv= ~lr{v lincrezlfcv! zrc|gicv! h{vgicv!

prchrgegv kvpg! kzf)

Gigal}gr ag jl~krvlnlfgfli jka fjlhc egalflcvc gfz{ga! g pgrzlr jk ag ktlvzkiflg jk

~grlgizkv ilfgv | jka iekrc jk jkzkfflcikv ki acv kw{lpcv)

Fgzgachgr acv zlpcv jk egaxgrk ev nrkf{kizkv | ag hrg~kjgj jk acv elvecv)

Fcicfkr ag rkgffli jk acv {v{grlcv gizk {ig lifljkiflg jk vkh{rljgj)

Pkrfkpfli jk vkh{rljgj | k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv

Jkzkreligr ka il~ka jk fcinlgi}g kakfzrilfg jkvjk ka p{izc jk ~lvzg jk acv{v{grlcv! gv fcec v{ zkijkiflg jk k~ca{fli)

Gigal}gr ki w{ ekjljg ag vkh{rljgj gnkfzg g ag {zlal}gfli jk i{k~cv vkr~lflcv)

Vkgagr acv prliflpgakv ghkizkv rkvpcivgbakv jk ag vkh{rljgj ki Lizkrikz |

fcagbcrgr fci kaacv pgrg g|{jgr g hgrgizl}gr ka kvzgjc jk prczkffli jk acv

{v{grlcv)

Kvz{jlgr agv jkegijgv hkikrgakv jk acv {v{grlcv jk Lizkrikz! dchgrkv |

fl{jgjgicv! pgrg ka ekmcr jkvgrrcaac jk {ig Vcflkjgj jk ag Lincregfli vkh{rg |

fcinlgbak)

Vlvzkeg jk lijlfgjcrkv

Kvzgbakfkr {i vlvzkeg jk lijlfgjcrkv w{k pkrelzg ecilzcrl}gr ag k~ca{fli jk ag

vkh{rljgj ki ka gffkvc g Lizkrikz jkvjk acv dchgrkv)

Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig 7: jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


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Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig 7; jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli

2 JLVKC EKZCJCAHLFC

Ka Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakvvk rkgal}g g pgrzlr jk {ig ekzcjcachg bgvgjg ki ka pgika cialik jkjlfgjc)

Ki ag jknlilfli jk ag ekzcjcachg jka kvz{jlc! vk dg fcivljkrgjc {ig nre{ag w{k

pkrelzg cbzkikr lincregfli! fci {ig pkrvpkfzl~g k~ca{zl~g! rkagzl~g ga il~ka jk vkh{rljgj

| k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv) Ag ikfkvljgj jk {icv jgzcv rcb{vzcv vcbrk acv

elvecv dchgrkv | {v{grlcv ki jlnkrkizkv ecekizcv jka zlkepc dgfk w{k ka pgika cialik

jkjlfgjc rkv{azk ag ekzcjcachg ljikg pgrg vgzlvngfkr acv cbmkzl~cv jka prc|kfzc)

Ka prkvkizk lincrek fcivzlz{|k ag jkfleczkrfkrg kizrkhg jka kvz{jlc! f{|g prlekrg akfz{rg

jgzg jk jlflkebrk jk 200>)

Ki ag gfz{galjgj ka pgika kvz fcep{kvzc pcr 8)6;7 dchgrkv fci fciktli g Lizkrikz

rkpgrzljcv pcr zcjc ka zkrrlzcrlc igflciga) Vcbrk acv elkebrcv jka pgika vk gpalfgi jcv

zfilfgv jlnkrkiflgjgv! w{k pkrelzki cbzkikr jcv zlpcv jlnkrkizkv jk lincregfli=

Kif{kvzgv cialik g {v{grlcv kvpgcakv jk Lizkrikz eg|crkv jk 7; gcv fci

gffkvc nrkf{kizk jkvjk ka dchgr! aak~gjgv g fgbc fci {ig pkrlcjlfljgj zrlekvzrga)

Acv jgzcv ktzrgjcv jk agv kif{kvzgv pkrelzki cbzkikr ag pkrfkpfli vcbrk ag

vlz{gfli jk ag vkh{rljgj ki Lizkrikz | il~ka jk k%fcinlgi}g jk acv {v{grlcv

jcevzlfcv) Ki ka pkrcjc gigal}gjc ki ag prkvkizk kizrkhg $6kr zrlekvzrk jk

2070,! 6);64 {v{grlcv dgi rkvpcijljc g ag kif{kvzg) Jk gf{krjc fci acv frlzkrlcv

jka e{kvzrkc gakgzcrlc vlepak pgrg ~grlgbakv jlfczelfgv ki agv w{k p5w50!; |

pgrg {i il~ka jk fcinlgi}g jka 4+)

G{jlzcrg rkeczg cialik jka il~ka jk vkh{rljgj rkga jk acv kw{lpcv lincrezlfcv

ktlvzkizkv ki acv dchgrkv! rkgal}gjcv ekiv{gaekizk) Pgrg kaac! vk {zlal}g ka

vcnzxgrk lVfgi7! jkvgrrcaagjc pcr LIZKFC! w{k gigal}g acv vlvzkegv | agv

lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj ki acv kw{lpcv hrgflgv g ag {zlal}gfli fcim{izg jk :>eczcrkv gizl~lr{v) Kvzk vcnzxgrk vk livzgag ki acv kw{lpcv | acv gigal}g!

jkzkfzgijc zcjc ka egaxgrk rkvljkizk ki acv elvecv | rkfchlkijc gjkev jgzcv

jka vlvzkeg cpkrgzl~c! jk v{ kvzgjc jk gfz{gal}gfli | jk agv dkrrgelkizgv jk

vkh{rljgj livzgagjgv) Ka prchrgeg lincrezlfc rkelzk kvzg lincregfli g LIZKFC!

w{k ag zrgzg jk egikrg giileg | ghrkhgjg) Ag e{kvzrg ki kvzk zkrfkr zrlekvzrk

jk 2070 vk fcepcik jk 6)4:> dchgrkv w{k kvfgikgrci cialik v{ crjkigjcr kizrk

m{alc | vkpzlkebrk jk 2070) Ka iekrc zczga jk gialvlv rkeczcv jk vkh{rljgj c

kvfgikcv rkgal}gjcv ki ka pkrcjc dg vljc 4)46>)

7 Ki ka Giktc L vk lifa{|k {i gp{izk ekzcjcahlfc fcepakzc jcijk vk ktpalfg jk ncreg jkzgaagjg ka n{iflcigelkizc jklVfgi)


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Ag ncrzgak}g jk ag ekzcjcachg kepakgjg vk bgvg ki jcv plagrkv=

Agv akfz{rgv pkrljlfgv $zrlekvzrgakv ki ka fgvc jk agv kif{kvzgv | ekiv{gakv ki

ka fgvc jk acv gialvlv cialik, pkrelzki fcepgrgflcikv k~ca{zl~gv w{k ljkizlnlfgi~grlgflcikv | zkijkiflgv)

Ag fcebligfli jk ekjljgv cbmkzl~gv jk lifljkiflg fci ekjljgv v{bmkzl~gv jk

pkrfkpfli jk vkh{rljgj | fcinlgi}g ki ag Rkj hgrgizl}g ka fcizrgvzk kizrk ag

pkrfkpfli vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj w{k zlkiki acv kif{kvzgjcv | ag vlz{gfli rkga jk

acv kw{lpcv jk acv pgikalvzgv)

Ka akfzcr p{kjk dgaagr {ig fgrgfzkrl}gfli ev jkzgaagjg jk ag e{kvzrg | jka vcnzxgrk

lVfgi ki ka giktc zlz{agjc Jlvkc ekzcjcahlfc jkzgaagjc)

Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig 7> jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


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6 EKJLJGV \ DBLZCV JK VKH[RLJGJ

Ka {vc jk agv i{k~gv zkficachgv |g ic vk fciflbk vli ag vkh{rljgj gvcflgjg | gfzl~gjgjkvjk v{ jlvkc) Acv ajkrkv jka ekrfgjc jk acv i{k~cv jlvpcvlzl~cv! vlvzkegv cpkrgzl~cv

| prchrgegv! dgi zcegjc ag vkh{rljgj fcec {ig prlcrljgj! | ic fcec gahc gffkvcrlc

$gahc w{k! vcrprkijkizkekizk! cf{rrg dgfk pcfcv gcv,) Kvzk kvn{kr}c jk acv

ngbrlfgizkv | prchrgegjcrkv! g{iw{k pcvlzl~c! ic kv v{nlflkizk= acv {v{grlcv jkbki

egizkikr {igv ekjljgv | dblzcv jk vkh{rljgj vga{jgbakv pgrg w{k agv ekjljgv zfilfgv

v{rzgi rkgaekizk knkfzc)

Ki kvzk kphrgnk vk gigal}gi agv ekjljgv | dblzcv jk vkh{rljgj w{k vlh{ki acv

lizkrig{zgv kvpgcakv)

6)7 Ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj

Ki ka gialvlv jk agv ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj! vk cnrkfk ka fcizrgvzk kizrk ag cplili jka

{v{grlc gfkrfg jk agv w{k frkk zkikr livzgagjgv ki v{ kw{lpc | acv rkv{azgjcv cnrkfljcv

pcr lVfgi2! w{k cnrkfk {ig ~lvli jk agv dkrrgelkizgv rkgaekizk lepagizgjgv) Kvzg

lincregfli pkrelzk ljkizlnlfgr ka hrgjc jk ngelalgrl}gfli jk acv pgikalvzgv fci ka

kw{lpgelkizc jk v{ ew{lig)

6)7)7 Ekjljgv g{zcegzl}gbakv | ic g{zcegzl}gbakv= il~ka jk lepagizgfli |

k~ca{fliKi n{ifli jka il~ka jk pgrzlflpgfli jka {v{grlc! agv ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj vk fagvlnlfgi

ki g{zcegzl}gbakv | ic g{zcegzl}gbakv)

Agv ekjljgv g{zcegzl}gbakv c jk fgrfzkr pgvl~c vci gw{kaagv w{k! pcr ac

hkikrga! ic rkw{lkrki {ig gfz{gfli kvpkfnlfg pcr pgrzk jka {v{grlc! c f{|g

fcinlh{rgfli pkrelzk {ig p{kvzg ki egrfdg g{zcezlfg) Ki hkikrga! vk pcjrgi

fcivljkrgr dkrrgelkizgv jk vkh{rljgj ki vkizljc kvzrlfzc)

Agv ekjljgv ic g{zcegzl}gbakv c jk fgrfzkr gfzl~c rkw{lkrki ag pgrzlflpgfli jka{v{grlc pgrg v{ n{iflcigelkizc) Ev w{k jk dkrrgelkizgv! vk zrgzg jk gfflcikv

aak~gjgv g fgbc pcr ka {v{grlc w{k rkj{ijgi ki {ig eg|cr vkh{rljgj $pcr

kmkepac= {zlal}gfli jk fcizrgvkgv! rkgal}gfli jk fcplgv jk vkh{rljgj! pgrzlfli

jk jlvfc j{rc! kzf),)

Ki ag Zgbag 7 vk e{kvzrg ka pcrfkizgmk jk {v{grlcv w{k jkfagrg {zlal}gr fgjg ekjljg | vk

fcizrgvzg! ki acv fgvcv ki acv w{k kv pcvlbak! fci ka jgzc rkga cbzkiljc g zrg~v jka

2 Cp) flz 7


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prchrgeg lVfgi6) Vk kif{kizrgi crjkigjgv jk ncreg jkvfkijkizk pcr pcrfkizgmk jk {vc

jkfagrgjc | vk jlvzlih{k kizrk g{zcegzl}gbakv $vcebrkgjgv, | ic g{zcegzl}gbakv)

Ki ka fcim{izc jk ekjljgv! gw{kaagv ki agv w{k ag lepalfgfli jka {v{grlc kv pgvl~ge{kvzrgi {ig ekmcr pkikzrgfli nrkizk g agv ekjljgv w{k rkw{lkrki prcgfzl~ljgj)

Acv prlekrcv p{kvzcv fclifljki fci ekjljgv g{zcegzl}gbakv= prchrgegv gizl~lr{v

$Ag }cig ekjlg jk ag zgbag vk rkpgrzk kizrk ekjljgv g{zcegzl}gbakv | ic g{zcegzl}gbakv)

Ki ka prlekr fgvc! jkvzgfgi acv prchrgegv jk bacw{kc jk ~kizgigv kekrhkizkv $82!;+,!

prchrgegv gizl%vpge $>4!6!7!8+,! agv fcplgv jk jlvfcv jk rkvzg{rgfli jka vlvzkeg $>0!6+, | pgrzlfli jka jlvfc

j{rc $:>!4+,)

Agv ekjljgv f{|c {vc jkfagrgjc kv linkrlcr vci ka flnrgjc jk jcf{ekizcv c jgzcv

$27!7+,! ka JIL kakfzrilfc $27!8+, | acv fkrzlnlfgjcv jlhlzgakv jk nlreg kakfzrilfg

$60!8+,)

W{ bkiknlflcv gpcrzgi acv fkrzlnlfgjcv jlhlzgakv jk nlreg kakfzrilfg3

Acv fkrzlnlfgjcv vci jcf{ekizcv kakfzrilfcv w{k hgrgizl}gi ag ljkizljgj jka {v{grlc

w{k acv {zlal}g) G{iw{k vk {zlal}gi fceiekizk ki acv vkr~ljcrkv xkb fci fciktlcikv

flnrgjgv pgrg g{zkizlfgr ag phlig g ag w{k ka {v{grlc vk fcikfzg! zgebli p{kjki vkr

{zlal}gjcv jkvjk ka agjc jka falkizk) Gv! kvzk zgebli vk g{zkizlfg gizk ka vkr~ljcr) Vci

fcec {ig kvpkflk jk JIL pgrg acv vlvzkegv lincrezlfcv) Gvcflgi {ig nlreg kakfzrilfg

g {i {v{grlc) E{fdcv vlvzkegv jk g{zkizlfgfli cialik vk bgvgi ki fkrzlnlfgjcv | ic

vcac ki fcizrgvkgv pgrg pkrelzlr gffkvc g acv rkf{rvcv) Ka gffkvc ga fkrzlnlfgjc! g v{

~k}! p{kjk kvzgr prczkhljc pcr fcizrgvkg) Kvzc kak~g ag vkh{rljgj hkikrga jka gffkvc

p{kvzc w{k ki kvzk fgvc ka ngfzcr jk g{zkizlfgfli kv jcbak= gahc w{k vk pcvkk $ka

fkrzlnlfgjc, | gahc w{k vk fcicfk $ag fcizrgvkg w{k ac prczkhk,) Acv fkrzlnlfgjcv vk

gaegfkigi ki {i a{hgr jkzkreligjc jka vlvzkeg cpkrgzl~c! | vci {zlal}gjcv pcr ka

ig~khgjcr f{gijc ag phlig ac vcalflzg) Ka ilfc lifci~kilkizk pgrg ka {v{grlc kv w{k

ic pcjrg gffkjkr g acv rkf{rvcv ki zcjcv acv vlvzkegv cpkrgzl~cv! vlic vcac ki acv

kw{lpcv ki acv w{k dg|g livzgagjc pkrvcigaekizk v{ fkrzlnlfgjc jlhlzga)

6 Cp) flz) 7


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Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig 7< jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli

Zgbag 7= [zlal}gfli jkfagrgjg | rkga jk ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj g{zcegzl}gbakv | ic

g{zcegzl}gbakv 6Z 2070 $+,

Ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj: Jkfagrgjc6Z 70

RkgaVkp) 70

Prchrgegv gizl~lr{v Kaleligfli jk grfdl~cv zkepcrgakv | fccolkv 8

Prchrgegv jk bacw{kc jk ~kizgigv kekrhkizkv 82!;+

Prchrgegv gizl%vpge >4!6!7!8+

Fcplg jlvfcv jk rkvzg{rgfli jka vlvzkeg >0!6+

Pgrzlfli jka jlvfc j{rc :>!4+

Bvw{kjg lincregfli vcbrk vkh{rljgj lincrezlfg :;!


20/108


[zlal}gfli fci pkrelvcv rkj{fljcv= nrkizk g {i 68!8+ jk {v{grlcv w{k jkfagrgi ag

{zlal}gfli jk f{kizgv fci pkrelvcv rkj{fljcv! ag dkrrgelkizg jk kvfgikc

fcinlreg {i 27!$+,

4!6!0+

80+

40+

7Z 08 2Z 08 6Z 08 :Z 08 7Z 04 2Z 04 7Z 0< 2Z 0< 6Z 0< :Z 0< 7Z 70 2Z 70 6Z 70

Prchrgegv gizl~lr{v Gfz{gal}gflcikv jka VC | prchrgegvFcrzgn{khcv c nlrkxgaa Prchrgeg jk bacw{kc jk ~kizgigv kekrhkizkvPrchrgegv gizl%vpge Prchrgegv gizl%kvpgPrchrgegv gizl%nrg{jk Prchrgegv jk fcizrca pgrkizga

Bgvk= Zczga {v{grlcv $i56);64 ki 6Z70, N{kizk= LIZKFC

> Cp) flz) ;


21/108

Ka Hrnlfc 2 prkvkizg ag k~ca{fli jk agv ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj ic g{zcegzl}gbakv) Ki

kvzk fgvc! ka azlec zrlekvzrk e{kvzrg {i alhkrc jkvfkivc ki ag eg|crg jk agv

dkrrgelkizgv gigal}gjgv! vga~c ki ka fgvc jk ag {zlal}gfli jk fkrzlnlfgjcv jk nlreg

kakfzrilfg! w{k ktpkrlekizg {ig v{bljg jk 0!4 p{izcv pcrfkiz{gakv fci rkvpkfzc ga

zrlekvzrk gizkrlcr! dgvzg gafgi}gr ka 60!8+)

Jkvjk fcelki}cv jk 200

{vc jkfagrgjc ki zcric ga 40+ ki {zlal}gfli jk fcizrgvkgv | kaleligfli jk fccolkv

$80+ jk vkh{lelkizc vk kif{kizrgi ag

rkgal}gfli jk fcplgv jk vkh{rljgj jk grfdl~cv $>7!8+, | fcplg jk acv jlvfcv jk

rkvzg{rgfli jka vlvzkeg $>0!6 +,) Pcr jkzrv jk kvzgv ekjljgv! ag pgrzlfli jka jlvfc

j{rc | ag bvw{kjg jk lincregfli jk vkh{rljgj lincrezlfg zgebli prkvkizgi {ig

k~ca{fli fci ~gacrkv fkrfgicv ga ;0+! vlz{ijcvk ki ka :>!4+ | ka :;!kakfzrilfc! w{k fcinlreg ka rkp{izk ktpkrlekizgjc j{rgizk 2070 dgvzg gafgi}gr ka

27!8+! pcr jkagizk jka flnrgjc jk jcf{ekizcv c jgzcv $27!7+,)

Hrnlfc 2= K~ca{fli jk ag {zlal}gfli jkfagrgjg jk ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj ic g{zcegzl}gbakv

$+,

8

>7!8+

>0!6+:>!4+

:;!0+

80+

40+

7Z 08 2Z 08 6Z 08 :Z 08 7Z 04 2Z 04 7Z 0< 2Z 0< 6Z 0< :Z 0< 7Z 70 2Z 70 6Z 70

Kaleligfli jk grfdl~cv zkepcrgakv | fccolkv Fcizrgvkgv $kw{lpcv | jcf{ekizcv,Fcplgv jk vkh{rljgj jk grfdl~cv Fcplg jlvfcv jk rkvzg{rgfli jka vlvzkegPgrzlfli jka jlvfc j{rc Bvw{kjg lincregfli vcbrk vkh{rljgj lincrezlfg[zlal}gfli dgblz{ga fci pkrelvcv rkj{fljcv JIL kakfzrilfcFkrzlnlfgjcv jlhlzgakv jk nlreg kakfzrilfg Flnrgjc jk jcf{ekizcv c jgzcv

Bgvk= Zczga {v{grlcv $i56);64 ki 6Z70, N{kizk= LIZKFC

6)7)2 Kvzlegflcikv g n{z{rc

Ka Hrnlfc 6 e{kvzrg ag lizkifli w{k jkfagrgi acv {v{grlcv jk {zlal}gr agv ekjljgv jk

vkh{rljgj g{zcegzl}gbakv ki acv zrkv ekvkv vlh{lkizkv g ag rkgal}gfli jk ag kif{kvzg)



22/108


Agv ekjljgv ekicv livzgagjgv gfz{gaekizk vci agv w{k prkvkizgi eg|cr lizkifli jk

{vc ki ka n{z{rc liekjlgzc) Gv! acv {v{grlcv prkzkijki lifcrpcrgr ki eg|cr ekjljg

prchrgegv gizl%nrg{jk $27!kvpg $76!8+,)

Hrnlfc 6= Lizkifli jkfagrgjg jk {vc jk ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj g{zcegzl}gbakv ki acv

prtlecv 6 ekvkv $jgzcv jka 6Z 2070,8 $+,

68!:+

:7!:+

>6!4!77!;+

77!0+ 80+ 40+


23/108

Hrnlfc := Lizkifli jkfagrgjg jk {vc jk ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj ic g{zcegzl}gbakv ki acv

prtlecv 6 ekvkv $jgzcv jka 6Z 2070, $+,

27!7+

68!8+

60!8+

27!8+

:>!4+

:;!0!6+

8

>7!8+

8

27!0+ 80+ 40+ +,! acv prchrgegv gizl%

kvpg $62!4+, c prchrgegv jk bacw{kc jk ~kizgigv kekrhkizkv $62+,! kizrk czrcv) Kvzg

vlz{gfli p{kjk vkr jkbljg! ki pgrzk! g ag zkijkiflg jk ag lij{vzrlg gizl~lr{v g

fcekrflgal}gr pgw{kzkv ilfcv w{k lifcrpcrgi ~grlgv jk kvzgv n{iflcigaljgjkv $ej{acv

gizl%nrg{jk! gizl%kvpg! gizl%vpge! kzf),)



24/108


Rkgaekizk! dc| ki jg! jkbljc ga {vc egvl~c pcr pgrzk jk vpgeekrv | gzgfgizkv jka

fcrrkc fcec ~kdf{ac pgrg jln{ijlr egaxgrk | fcrrkc bgv{rg! ic kv pcvlbak rkgal}gr {i

{vc knlfg} jk ilih{ig f{kizg jk fcrrkc vl prk~lgekizk ic dg vljc nlazrgjg pcr gahi

vlvzkeg gizl%vpge) G{iw{k ka {v{grlc nliga ic ac pkrflbg! v{ fcrrkc p{kjk dgbkr vljc

nlazrgjc $kv e{| prcbgbak, pcr pgrzk jka vkr~ljcr ki {ig kzgpg gizkrlcr w{k ka {v{grlc

ic fcizrcag) Lifa{vc! e{fdcv falkizkv gfz{gakv jk fcrrkc f{kizgi fci gahi vlvzkeg

gizl%vpge w{k! jk ncreg zrgivpgrkizk pgrg ka {v{grlc! kalelig ka fcrrkc bgv{rg jk ag

bgijkmg jk kizrgjg)

Zgbag 2= Eczl~cv pgrg ic gpalfgr ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj g{zcegzl}gbakv 6Z 2070 $+,

Eczl~cv

Ekjljgv

+ dchgrkvw{k iczlkiki

lizkiflijk {zlal}gr

Icfcicfk

Icikfkvlzg

Prkflc

Kizcrpkfki

Jkvfcing

Liknlfgfkv

Czrcv

Prchrgegv gizl~lr{v 6!8+ 6!7 2>!8 7>!7 22!2 0!0 70!8 27!2

Gfz{gal}gflcikv jka VC | prchrgegv 4!7+ 26!< ;!7 7>!8 27!2 2!7 4!< 22!7

Fcrzgn{khcv c nlrkxgaa 77!6+ 67!2 72!7 72!4 27!; 7!0 8!7 7:!6Prchrgegv jk bacw{kc jk ~kizgigvkekrhkizkv 7;!8+ 62!0 72!6 70!; 22!0 0!; 8!; 7;!6

Prchrgegv gizl%vpge 7+ 20!; 20!; !0Prchrgegv gizl%kvpg 22!:+ 62!4 7;!8 77!> 7;!> 7!6

Prchrgegv jk fcizrca pgrkizga4 6 78!> 0!> 4!4 76!4

Prchrgegv gizl%nrg{jk :0!8+ :0!> 78!; 70!; 77!;

Bgvk= [v{grlcv w{k ic zlkiki lizkifli jk {zlal}gr fgjg ekjljg N{kizk= LIZKFC

Ki f{gizc g acv eczl~cv jkfagrgjcv pgrg ic {zlal}gr agv ekjljgv ic g{zcegzl}gbakv ki ka

prkvkizk c n{z{rc fkrfgic! lh{gaekizk jkvzgfgi ag ngazg jk ikfkvljgj | ka

jkvfcicflelkizc)

Ka ;8!!


25/108

$:7+,! flnrgjc jk jcf{ekizcv c jgzcv $:0! 6!> 76!> 0!0 72!0 7

Fcplg jk vkh{rljgj jk grfdl~cv 7:!!; 2>!< :!4 4!8 0!2 4!6 2:!>

Fcizrgvkgv $kw{lpcv | jcf{ekizcv, 7;!6+ 8!0 ;8!< 0!> 4!4 0!2 8!4 78!8

Fcplg jlvfcv jk rkvzg{rgfli jka vlvzkeg 22!;+ 60!> 7;!2 ;!2 8!2 0!> >!8 6:!;Bvw{kjg lincregfli vcbrk vkh{rljgjlincrezlfg

2 >!0 7!> 4!7 62! >!> 2:! :!: 2!8 ;!; >!2 ::!;

Fkrzlnlfgjcv jlhlzgakv jk nlreg kakfzrilfg :4!4+ :2!4 7>!7 6!: 6!0 2!7 >!2 2>!6[zlal}gfli dgblz{ga fci pkrelvcvrkj{fljcv

:

Flnrgjc jk jcf{ekizcv c jgzcv ;8!0+ :0!< 22!8 2!: >!> 0!8 :!4 27!+ 8!0+

80+

40+

jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


27/108

Ki kvzk vkizljc! ka Hrnlfc > prkvkizg ag nrkf{kiflg jk kvfgikc jka crjkigjcr fci ka

prchrgeg gizl~lr{v fci jgzcv jk acv azlecv vlkzk zrlekvzrkv) Ka >:!8+ jk acv {v{grlcv

fcing ki ka gizl~lr{v ka kvfgikc jka kw{lpc! jkakhgijc ki ag dkrrgelkizg ag nrkf{kiflg

fci ag w{k vk rkgalfk kvzk gialvlv) Vk cbvkr~g {ig aikg gvfkijkizk! akizg pkrc

fcivzgizk! ki f{gizc g ag prcpcrfli jk {v{grlcv w{k fcingi ki ka gialvlv g{zcezlfc jk

acv gizl~lr{v)

Hrnlfc >= K~ca{fli jk ag nrkf{kiflg jkfagrgjg jk kvfgikc jka crjkigjcr fci ka prchrgeg

gizl~lr{v $+,

;;!0!8+>7!6+ >:!2+ >:!7+ >:!8+

6!2+ 6!7+2!+ 6!7+ 6!0+;!!:+ ;!:+ :!>+:!:+ ;!2+

74!6+ 7>!4+7:!7+ 7:!;!2+ ;!2+ :!8+ :!8+ :!8+ 6!;+ 6!6+

0+

70+

20+

60+

:0+

;0+

>0+

80+

40+

fgzkhcrgv= 7, ig~khgfli pcr Lizkrikz? 2, fcrrkc

kakfzrilfc? 6, fdgzv | ekivgmkrg livzgizikg? :, bgifg ki aikg | fcekrflc kakfzrilfc?

;, rkjkv P2P | >, rkjkv vcflgakv)

Pgrg fgjg {ig jk kvzgv fgzkhcrgv vk dgi k~ga{gjc zgizc acv fcepcrzgelkizcv w{k

p{kjki v{pcikr {i rlkvhc! fcec acv w{k p{kjki g|{jgr g prk~kilr lifljkizkv jk

vkh{rljgj) Vk dgi prkvkizgjc g acv pgikalvzgv {ig vkrlk jk gfzlz{jkv ki kvzk vkizljc | vk

akv dg pkjljc w{k rkvpcijgi vl vk e{kvzrgi jk gf{krjc c ki jkvgf{krjc fci ag

gnlregfli)

6)2)7 Ig~khgfli pcr Lizkrikz

Ka ig~khgjcr dg pgvgjc ki gpkigv {icv gcv jk vkr {ig dkrrgelkizg cpflciga ki {ivlvzkeg cpkrgzl~c! g fci~krzlrvk ki fkizrc jk cpkrgflcikv jk acv kw{lpcv gfz{gakv) Fci ka

g~gifk jk acv akih{gmkv jk prchrgegfli gjlflcigakv ga DZEA w{k ac pczkiflgi |



28/108

jligel}gi! ag xkb 2)0 | ka zrgvagjc jk agv gpalfgflcikv g ag Xkb $| g ag i{bk,! ag

ig~khgfli vk dg fci~krzljc ki ka fkizrc ik{rahlfc jka Lizkrikz gfz{ga |!

fcivkf{kizkekizk! ki {i p{izc cbmkzl~c pgrg gzgfgizkv)

Fci rkvpkfzc g ag ig~khgfli pcr Lizkrikz! vk gigal}gi zrkv fcepcrzgelkizcv pr{jkizkv)

Ag gprkflgfli ki jkvgf{krjc lepalfg w{k ka pcrfkizgmk jk {v{grlcv lijlfgjc ic

rkgal}gi kvgv prfzlfgv ki v{ ig~khgfli ki Lizkrikz! k~lzgijc gv fcepcrzgelkizcv w{k

pcjrgi jkrl~gr ki vlz{gflcikv pkalhrcvgv pgrg v{ vlvzkeg | jgzcv)

Plifdc ki zcjcv acv gi{iflcv lizkrkvgizkv c gzrgfzl~cv! g{iw{k ic fcic}fg ga

gi{iflgizk $ki jkvgf{krjc,) Rkecizg alhkrgekizk! fci rkvpkfzc g jgzcv jka acv

azlecv zrkv zrlekvzrkv! ka pcrfkizgmk jk {v{grlcv w{k vk e{kvzrg ki jkvgf{krjc

fci plifdgr ki zcjcv acv gi{iflcv $40!6+,)

Gigal}c! egi{ga c g{zcezlfgekizk! fci {i gizl~lr{v zcjc grfdl~c w{k jkvfgrhc

jk Lizkrikz gizkv jk gbrlrac # kmkf{zgrac) Kvzk jgzc jlveli{|k alhkrgekizk fci

rkvpkfzc ga pcrfkizgmk jka zrlekvzrk gizkrlcr | vk vlzg ki ka >;!4+ jk acv

kif{kvzgjcv) Ic cbvzgizk! ag k~ca{fli ktpkrlekizgjg jkvjk fcelki}cv jk 200!7 p{izcv pcrfkiz{gakv jkvjk ka lilflc

jk ag vkrlk)

Vl kv ikfkvgrlc! ecjlnlfc ag fcinlh{rgfli jk elv prchrgegv jk vkh{rljgj c jka

vlvzkeg cpkrgzl~c jk el crjkigjcr pgrg pcjkr gffkjkr g vkr~lflcv xkb c m{khcvw{k ek lizkrkvgi $ki jkvgf{krjc,) Vk egizlkik ag zkijkiflg fcivzgizk jka azlec

gc! fci {i :2!8+ jk acv kif{kvzgjcv) Ag k~ca{fli jkvjk fcelki}cv jk 200!6+

40!6+

>;!4+

:2!8+

0+

70+

20+

60+

:0+

;0+

>0+

80+

40+

!6+ jk acv {v{grlcv jk Lizkrikz kvpgcakv fcrrcbcrgi kvzg

gnlregfli! ag ev vkh{ljg jk agv f{gzrc gigal}gjgv) Jkvjk ka lilflc jk ag vkrlk

$prlekr zrlekvzrk jk 200agrhc jk ag vkrlk)

Gigal}c zcjcv acv nlfdkrcv gjm{izcv ki ka fcrrkc kakfzrilfc fci {i gizl~lr{v gizkv

jk gbrlracv) Ag k~ca{fli jk kvzg prfzlfg jk vkh{rljgj e{kvzrg vlhic pcvlzl~c!

pgvgijc jk {i ;4!>+ jkfagrgjc ki ka prlekr zrlekvzrk jk 200< g {i >4!2+ ki ka

zkrfkr zrlekvzrk jk 2070) Kvzk azlec jgzc kv e{| vlelagr g acv zrlekvzrkv

gizkrlcrkv)



30/108

Bcrrc ka dlvzcrlga jk jkvzligzgrlcv f{gijc rkki~c {i fcrrkc kakfzrilfc g eazlpakv

jlrkfflcikv) Ag k~ca{fli jk acv {v{grlcv w{k jkfagrgi bcrrgr ka dlvzcrlga jk

jkvzligzgrlcv ga rkki~lgr {i fcrrkc kakfzrilfc egizlkik v{ aikg gvfkijkizk! fci

ka >;!> + jk {v{grlcv! nrkizk ga ;6!:+ jk prliflplcv jk 200+40!+;6!:+

4>!6+8

>4!2+ >;!>+

0+

70+

20+

60+

:0+;0+

>0+

80+

40+

p{izcvpcrfkiz{gakv jkvjk ka prlekr zrlekvzrk jk 200+! e{kvzrg v{

etlec dlvzrlfc ki kvzk zrlekvzrk)

Rkfdg}c agv li~lzgflcikv # ekivgmkv jk {v{grlcv w{k ic fcic}fc c jk acv w{k ic

w{lkrc rkflblr ekivgmkv) Ka ~gacr w{k gafgi}g kvzk dblzc kv ka 4:!7+! ac w{k

lijlfg {i gepalc vkh{lelkizc pcr pgrzk jk acv lizkrig{zgv kvpgcakv | {ig

kvzgblaljgj ki v{ k~ca{fli jkvjk fcelki}cv jk 200


31/108

Bcrrc acv nlfdkrcv gjm{izcv w{k ic dk vcalflzgjc | w{k rkflbc pcr ekivgmkrg

livzgizikg) Kvzk dblzc pr{jkizk zgebli jke{kvzrg kvzgblaljgj ki v{ k~ca{fli!

fci {i 46+ jk zgvg jk vkh{lelkizc ki ka azlec zrlekvzrk gigal}gjc)

Ghrkhc fcizgfzcv jk zkrfkrcv jkvfcicfljcv ga prchrgeg jk ekivgmkrg

$Ekvvkihkr! LFW, $ki jkvgf{krjc,) Kvzk kv ka fcepcrzgelkizc ekicv

fcrrcbcrgjc jk acv flifc! vl blki {i eg|crlzgrlc 87!7+ jk acv fl{jgjgicv {v{grlcv

jk Lizkrikz ac vlh{ki) V{ k~ca{fli e{kvzrg {ig alhkrg zkijkiflg g ag bgmg ki

rkagfli g ~gacrkv jk prliflplcv jk 200< $8;!8+,! pkrc fci {ig eg|cr kvzgblaljgj

ki ka azlec gc)

Jk ncreg hkikrga! vk egizlkik ka kak~gjc il~ka jk f{epalelkizc jk fcepcrzgelkizcv

vkh{rcv ki kvzcv vkr~lflcv w{k zlkiki w{k ~kr fci acv fdgzv | ekivgmkrg livzgizikg=f{gzrc jk acv flifc fcepcrzgelkizcv prkvkizgi {ig zgvg jk vkh{lelkizc v{pkrlcr ga 40+)

Hrnlfc +4:!7+ 46!0+

87!7+

0+

70+

20+

60+

:0+

;0+

>0+

80+

40+


32/108


K~lzc {vgr kw{lpcv pbalfcv c fcepgrzljcv $flbkrfgnv! kvzgflcikv c gkrcp{krzcv,)

Ka vkh{ijc dblzc fci eg|cr zgvg jk vkh{lelkizc $46!2+, e{kvzrg {ig zkijkiflg

bgvzgizk kvzgbak jkvjk fcelki}cv jk 200

^lhlac pkrljlfgekizk acv ec~lelkizcv jk ag f{kizg bgifgrlg ki aikg) Fgjg ~k}

vci ev acv {v{grlcv $8

vlhic pcvlzl~c ki v{ k~ca{fli) Kvzk dblzc fcivzlz{|k {ig gakrzg zkeprgig gizk {i

lizkizc jk nrg{jk)

Vk jkbki ~lhlagr pkrljlfgekizk acv ec~lelkizcv jk ag f{kizg bgifgrlg ic vac jkvjk

ka elvec kw{lpc jkvjk ka w{k dgblz{gaekizk vk rkgal}gi agv zrgivgfflcikv! vlic jkvjk

{i fgiga jlnkrkizk fcec p{kjki vkr acv fgmkrcv g{zcezlfcv c acv ktzrgfzcv nvlfcv w{k

ka bgifc ki~g g v{v falkizkv) Vk dgi jkzkfzgjc ngelalgv jk zrc|gicv w{k gjkev jkzcjgv agv zfilfgv dgblz{gakv w{k {vg ka egaxgrk pgrg pgvgr jkvgpkrflbljc! ngavkg ka

bgagifk jka {v{grlc ~fzleg {ig ~k} dg vljc rcbgjc) Gv! ka gnkfzgjc ic p{kjk jkzkfzgr

ag ngazg jk jlikrc ki v{ f{kizg g ekicv w{k gigalfk {i ktzrgfzc pcr gahi czrc ekjlc) !!2+ gfz{ga)

Vlkeprk zkfakc ag jlrkffli xkb jk el bgifc ki ag bgrrg jk jlrkfflcikv) Ka dblzc

ekicv vkh{ljc jk acv vklv gigal}gjcv kv zkfakgr jlrkfzgekizk ag jlrkffli xkb jka

bgifc ki ag bgrrg jka ig~khgjcr! fci {i ;

< N{kizk= dzzp=##xxx)dlvpgvkf)fce#{iggajlg#6


33/108

frkflelkizc dg ktpkrlekizgjc ki acv azlecv 8 zrlekvzrkv! fci fgvl 70 p{izcv

pcrfkiz{gakv ev w{k ki ka prlekr zrlekvzrk jk 200< $:

Hrnlfc 70= K~ca{fli jk acv dblzcv pr{jkizkv rkagflcigjcv fci bgifg ki aikg | fcekrflc

kakfzrilfc $+,

47!;+

48!0+

42!7+ 46!2+

86!>+

8

88!7+8>!!2+

:

;

:;+

;0+

;;+

>0+

>;+

80+

8;+

40+

4;+

:!8+ jk acv {v{grlcv P2P kvpgcakv cbvkr~g kvzk dblzc

pr{jkizk! ac w{k fcivcaljg ag zkijkiflg frkflkizk lilflgjg ki ka 7kr zrlekvzrk jk

2006!6+, g acv

jk fcelki}c jk vkrlk $>6!8+,! ac w{k vlhilnlfg w{k kvzcv {v{grlcv vci fcivflkizkv



34/108

jk ag lepcrzgiflg jk prczkhkr v{ lizleljgj | ag vkh{rljgj jk v{ kw{lpc! k~lzgijc

w{k zkrfkrcv zkihgi gffkvc g ag lincregfli gaegfkigjg ki v{ kw{lpc=

nczchrgngv! jcf{ekizcv! ~jkcv! kzf)

Dghc n{iflcigr ka prchrgeg jk P2P fci {i {v{grlc fci pkrelvcv alelzgjcv) Kvzk

dblzc! g pkvgr jk v{ k~ca{fli pcvlzl~g $vk dg pgvgjc jk {i 2

jk 200< g {i 64!2+ ki kvzg azleg akfz{rg,! lijlfg w{k acv {v{grlcv P2P ic vlh{ki

jk egikrg eg|crlzgrlg {i fcepcrzgelkizc pr{jkizk g ag dcrg jk hkvzlcigr acv

prl~lakhlcv jk gffkvc)

Hrnlfc 77= K~ca{fli jk acv dblzcv pr{jkizkv rkagflcigjcv fci agv rkjkv P2P $+,

;;!4+

>6!8+

2

>:!8+ >6!6+

64!2+

0+

70+

20+

60+

:0+

;0+

>0+

80+

40+

6 ki 6Z70, N{kizk= LIZKFC

6)2)> Rkjkv vcflgakv

J{rgizk 2070 agv flnrgv vcbrk ka {vc jk agv rkjkv vcflgakv ki Kvpgg jke{kvzrgi w{k vk

kvzi dgflkijc leprkvflijlbakv pgrg acv lizkrig{zgv kvpgcakv) Ki ka 6kr

zrlekvzrk jk2070! {i 87!>+ gnlreg {zlal}gr dgblz{gaekizk agv rkjkv vcflgakv! | {i 76+ jlfk dgfkrac

kvpcrjlfgekizk)



35/108

Hrnlfc 72= K~ca{fli jk ag {zlal}gfli jkfagrgjg jk rkjkv vcflgakv $+,

22!>+

;2!>+;8!4+ >7!6!4+ >8!4+87!0+ 87!>+

7>!7+7;!>+

7;!8+ 7>!2+7:!2+

72!4+ 76!0+

0+

70+

20+

60+

:0+

;0+

>0+

80+

40+

8!>+,! egizkikr ka fcizgfzc |rkkifcizrgr g ~lkmcv gelhcv $>6!;+, | fcepgrzlr nczcv $;>+,)

Pcr jkzrv kvzgrgi gfzl~ljgjkv fcec p{balfgr ekivgmkv pbalfcv $;;!7+, | ~kr fcizkiljc

e{azlekjlg | fczlaakgr $:

Acv azlecv a{hgrkv acv cf{pgi gfzl~ljgjkv fci fgrfzkr ev kvpcrjlfc pgrg acv

{v{grlcv! fcec li~lzgr g k~kizcv $2>!2+,! b{vfgr kepakc $74!7+, c b{vfgr i{k~cv

gelhcv | alh{kv $78!:+,)

Jk ncreg hkikrga! ag k~ca{fli e{kvzrg {ig eg|cr lizkivljgj jk {vc ki zcjcv acvvkr~lflcv! fci ~gacrkv gfz{gakv v{pkrlcrkv g acv jk prliflplcv jk ag vkrlk)

Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig 6; jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


36/108

Hrnlfc 76= K~ca{fli jk acv {vcv jkfagrgjcv jk agv rkjkv vcflgakv $pcvlblaljgj jk

rkvp{kvzg eazlpak, $+,

7!4+

78!:+

74!7+

2>!2+

2

62!>+

:

;;!7+

;>!0+

>6!;+

>8!>+

62!4+

0+ 70+ 20+ 60+ :0+ ;0+ >0+ 80+ 40+ >!2+ jkfagrg w{k v{ pkrnla p{kjk vkr ~lvzc ilfgekizk pcr v{v

gelhcv c fcizgfzcv! ac w{k v{pcik {i lifrkekizc jk >!; p{izcv pcrfkiz{gakv ki

acv azlecv 74 ekvkv)

[i 7:!4+ e{kvzrg zcjg~g eg|cr pr{jkiflg ga pkrelzlr ka gffkvc ga pkrnla

ilfgekizk g gah{icv gelhcv c | fcizgfzcv! jgzc w{k zgebli e{kvzrg {ig

k~ca{fli pcvlzl~g! jkvjk ka 77!:+ jka 2 zrlekvzrk jk 200 jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


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Hrnlfc 7:= K~ca{fli jka il~ka jk prl~gfljgj jka pkrnla jka {v{grlc jk rkjkv vcflgakv $+,

77!:+72!;+ 7:!4+ 7:!2!:+

>;!0+ >:!>+ >>!2+

74!2+ 7>!>+ 7>!;+ 7:!>+ 7:!2+ 7:!;+

0+

70+

20+

60+

:0+

;0+

>0+

80+

40+

ki 6Z70, N{kizk= LIZKFC

6)6 Dblzcv jk vkh{rljgj ki dchgrkv fci ekicrkv

Pgrg gigal}gr ag fgzkhcrg jk dblzcv jk vkh{rljgj ki dchgrkv fci ekicrkv vk dgi

k~ga{gjc {ig vkrlk jk fcepcrzgelkizcv w{k zlkiki w{k ~kr fci ka ncekizc jk {i {vcvkh{rc jk Lizkrikz pcr pgrzk jk acv ekicrkv) Acv jgzcv jk kvzk kphrgnk vk dgi

fcivzr{ljc ktfa{vl~gekizk vcbrk ag v{be{kvzrgv jk 4;< dchgrkv jcijk ~l~k ga ekicv {i

ekicr w{k gffkjk g Lizkrikz)

Vk dgi fcivljkrgjc {i zczga jk 77 fcepcrzgelkizcv! w{k vk dgi vlvzkegzl}gjc ki zrkv

hr{pcv! ki n{ifli jka fgrfzkr jk ag ekjljg=

Ekjljgv fckrflzl~gv | jk fcizrca)

Ekjljgv jk fce{ilfgfli! jlachc | kj{fgfli)

Lepalfgfli jka pgjrk ki ag ig~khgfli jka dlmc)

Ki hkikrga! acv dchgrkv fci ekicrkv w{k vk fcikfzgi g Lizkrikz prkvkizgi {i gazc

fceprcelvc fci ka f{epalelkizc jk b{kicv dblzcv jk vkh{rljgj! | acv gj{azcv v{kaki

vkr fcivflkizkv jk acv pkalhrcv jk Lizkrikz pgrg v{v dlmcv) Ki acv vlh{lkizkv v{bkphrgnkv

vk prcn{ijl}g ki fgjg zlpc jk ekjljg! | vk gigal}g ag k~ca{fli ktpkrlekizgjg jkvjk ka

prlekr zrlekvzrk jk 200


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Ic ak jkmc w{k dghg {ig fceprg ki Lizkrikz c prcpcrflcik jgzcv jk f{kizgv c

zgrmkzgv vli {i gj{azc jkagizk) Kvzg icreg kv ag ev gjcpzgjg pcr acv dchgrkv

pgrzlflpgizkv ki ka kvz{jlc! {i Kvzk jgzc rkv{azg e{| pcvlzl~c! p{kvzc w{k alelzg ka lepgfzc ki ka kw{lpc jk {ig

pczkiflga fcij{fzg pkalhrcvg pcr pgrzk jka ekicr)



39/108

Hrnlfc 7;= K~ca{fli jk acv dblzcv rkagflcigjcv ag v{pkr~lvli jk acv ekicrkv ki ka {vc

jk Lizkrikz egilnkvzgjcv $ekjljgv fckrflzl~gv | jk fcizrca, $+,

88!>+ 84!2+ 8;!8+

;;!4+

2

:!7+

:8!4+

0+

20+

:0+

>0+

40+

700+

Ic ak jkmc w{k

dghg {ig fceprgki Lizkrikz c

prcpcrflcik jgzcv

jk f{kizgv c

zgrmkzgv vli {i

gj{azc jkagizk

Zkihc ka

crjkigjcr ki kaw{k ig~khg ki {i

a{hgr fcei g ag

~lvzg jk zcjcv

^lhlac | alelzc ka

zlkepc jkfciktli jka

ekicr g Lizkrikz

V{pkr~lvc acv

fcizkiljcv g acvw{k gffkjk

jkvp{v jk fgjg

vkvli $dlvzcrlga,

Dk frkgjc {ig

f{kizg jk {v{grlcalelzgjc pgrg ka

gffkvc jka ekicr

g Lizkrikz

7Z 0< 2Z 0< 6Z 0< :Z 0< 7Z 70 2Z 70 6Z 70

Bgvk= [v{grlcv w{k ~l~ki fci dlmcv ekicrkv w{k vk fcikfzgi g Lizkrikz $i54;< ki 6Z70, N{kizk= LIZKFC

6)6)2 Ekjljgv jk fce{ilfgfli! jlachc | kj{fgfli

Ki kvzg fgzkhcrg vk gigal}gi acv vlh{lkizkv fcepcrzgelkizcv=

Gjkev jk acv bkiknlflcv! zgebli dk lincregjc g elv dlmcv vcbrk agv gekig}gv

w{k ktlvzki ki Lizkrikz) Ka + jk acv ekicrkv rkflbki kvzg gj~krzkiflg ki v{v

dchgrkv! fcepcrzgelkizc eg|crlzgrlc | fcivzgizk g ac agrhc jka zlkepc)

Gj~lkrzc g el dlmc jk acv prcbakegv jk ngflalzgr jgzcv pkrvcigakv prcplcv c jk

pkrvcigv fkrfgigv g a fcec v{v ngelalgrkv) Fgvl ag zczgaljgj jk acv dchgrkv

kvpgcakv fci ekicrkv lizkrig{zgv akv gfcivkmgi vcbrk ag lepcrzgiflg jk

egizkikr v{ prl~gfljgj ki ag Rkj ${i !! ka il~ka jk gjcpfli

jk acv zrkv fcepcrzgelkizcv gigal}gjcv kv e{| kak~gjc $v{pkrlcr ga 4;+ ki zcjcv acv

fgvcv, | vk egizlkik fcivzgizk g ac agrhc jka zlkepc) Kvzc jg {ig ljkg jka il~ka jk

jlachc pcvlzl~c w{k vk kvzgbakfk ki acv dchgrkv fci rkvpkfzc g ag Rkj | v{ {vcrkvpcivgbak)



40/108

Hrnlfc 7>= K~ca{fli jk acv dblzcv rkagflcigjcv ag v{pkr~lvli jk acv ekicrkv ki ka {vc

jk Lizkrikz egilnkvzgjcv $ekjljgv jk fce{ilfgfli! jlachc | kj{fgfli, $+,

fcizgfzc fci jkvfcicfljcv)

Fcic}fc ka ilfo | ka pkrnla w{k el dlmc {vg ki acv fdgzv#rkjkv vcflgakv) Kvzk

zrlekvzrk! ka 82!6+ jk acv pgjrkv fcrrcbcrgi kvzk ki{iflgjc) Rkagflcigjc fci ka

p{izc gizkrlcr! vk fcinlreg w{k acv pgjrkv vci fgjg ~k} ev prcgfzl~cv ki ag

v{pkr~lvli knkfzl~g jk acv fdg~gakv)

Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig :0 jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


41/108


Hrnlfc 78= K~ca{fli jk acv dblzcv rkagflcigjcv ag v{pkr~lvli jk acv ekicrkv ki ka {vc

jk Lizkrikz egilnkvzgjcv $ekjljgv jk lepalfgfli jka pgjrk ki ag ig~khgfli jka dlmc, $+,

0+

70+

20+

60+

:0+

;0+

>0+

80+

40+


42/108

: LIFLJKIFLGV JK VKH[RLJGJ

Ki ag Zgbag : vk e{kvzrg ka pcrfkizgmk jk {v{grlcv w{k dgi v{nrljc gah{ic jk acvlifljkizkv jk vkh{rljgj ev fce{ikv! ki n{ifli jka ecekizc jk v{ jkzkffli)

Ka lifljkizk ev fcei kv! jk i{k~c! ag rkfkpfli jk fcrrkcv kakfzrilfcv ic jkvkgjcv

c vpge) Ki acv azlecv zrkv ekvkv dg gnkfzgjc ga >>!


43/108


Zgbag := Lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj jkfagrgjgv pcr acv {v{grlcv ki n{ifli jka ecekizc jk

jkzkffli 6Z 2070 $+,

JKFAGRGJC RKGA

LifljkiflgI{ifg Gah{ig

~k}

Gah{ig~k}

$azlecgc,

Gah{ig ~k}$azlecv 6

ekvkv,Vkp) 70

Rkfkpfli jk fcrrkcv kakfzrilfcvic jkvkgjcv 76!7+ >!>!!:+ >!6+

Rcbc jk gifdc jk bgijg ki ag

fciktli g Lizkrikz $lizr{vli Xl%Nl, 46!0+ 8!0+ >!7+ :!0+

Bgvk= Zczga {v{grlcv $i56);64, N{kizk= LIZKFC

:)7 Lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj pcr egaxgrk c fjlhc egalflcvc= fcifkpzcv prk~lcv

Ka zrelic egaxgrk prcfkjk jka lihav egalflc{v vcnzxgrk! | kv f{gaw{lkr vcnzxgrk w{k

zlkik fcec cbmkzl~c linlazrgrvk c jggr {i crjkigjcr vli ka fcicflelkizc jk v{ j{kc |

fci nligaljgjkv jl~krvgv) G acv knkfzcv jka kvz{jlc! vk kepakgi acv zrelicv egaxgrk |

fjlhc c prchrgeg egalflcvc jk ncreg lijlvzlizg) Ki ka akih{gmk fczljlgic vk {zlal}g ag

ktprkvli hkirlfg "~lr{v lincrezlfc" pgrg jkvfrlblr zcjcv acv zlpcv jk egaxgrk! vl blki

ki rkgaljgj acv ~lr{v vci {ig jk agv eazlpakv zlpcachgv jka egaxgrk)

Vk jkvfrlbk g fcizli{gfli ag fgzkhcrl}gfli kepakgjg pgrg ghr{pgr agv egilnkvzgflcikv

jk fjlhc egalflcvc w{k vk gigal}gri ki kvzk kphrgnk=

Zrc|gicv c fgbgaacv jk Zrc|g= vk zrgzg jk vcnzxgrk jglic jlvnrg}gjc jk

vcnzxgrk akhzlec) Acv fgbgaacv jk Zrc|g ic vci fgpgfkv jk rkpalfgrvk pcr v

elvecv | p{kjki vkr gjm{izgjcv fci f{gaw{lkr zlpc jk vcnzxgrk pcr {i

prchrgegjcr | fcizgeligr g acv kw{lpcv pcr ekjlc jka kihgc) Ic prcj{fki

knkfzcv rkgaekizk ~lvlbakv c gprkflgbakv ki ka ecekizc jk aakhgr ga kw{lpc) Jkizrcjk acv zrc|gicv! g v{ ~k}! ktlvzki jlnkrkizkv zlpcv! ki n{ifli jk acv knkfzcv vcbrk

ka vlvzkeg) Ki hkikrga prkvkizgi {i il~ka jk pkalhrcvljgj gazg) Kmkepacv jk fagvkv

jk zrc|gicv=

c Bgiokrv c zrc|gicv bgifgrlcv= rkgal}gi ka rcbc jk frkjkiflgakv jk

g{zkizlfgfli {zlal}gjgv pcr {v{grlcv pgrg rkgal}gr cpkrgflcikv bgifgrlgv

cialik) Ag lincregfli rcbgjg jkpkijk jk ag lepakekizgfli jk vkh{rljgj

jka vlzlc fcizrg ka w{k gfzg | ~grg jkvjk fgpzgjcrkv jk ncre{agrlcv jk

70 Kvzk jgzc prcfkjk jk ag rkj jk vkivcrkv jk LIZKFC! | rknakmg ka pcrfkizgmk jk vpge jkzkfzgjc kizrk ka 7 | ka 60 jkvkpzlkebrk jk 2070) Jgzcv jlvpcilbakv ki= dzzpv=##krvl)lizkfc)kv#lijkt)pdp3cpzlci5fceSvgikzgmgt.Lzkelj5;;.agih5kv
https://ersi.inteco.es/index.php?option=com_sanetajax&Itemid=55&lang=eshttps://ersi.inteco.es/index.php?option=com_sanetajax&Itemid=55&lang=eshttps://ersi.inteco.es/index.php?option=com_sanetajax&Itemid=55&lang=es


44/108

~galjgfli dgvzg acv w{k rkgal}gi fgpz{rgv jk ~jkc jk ag gfzl~ljgj

rkgal}gjg pcr ka {v{grlc pgrg rkgal}gr jlfdg ~galjgfli c acv w{k rcbgi

fkrzlnlfgjcv jlhlzgakv) Kvzk zlpc jk egaxgrk kvz ki ga}g! | v{ cbmkzl~c vk

fkizrg ki ka nrg{jk)

c Bgfojccrv c p{krzgv zrgvkrgv= pkrelzk ga gzgfgizk zcegr ka fcizrca rkeczc

jka vlvzkeg linkfzgjc! p{jlkijc aak~gr g fgbc jl~krvgv gfflcikv $kvplgr ka

kvfrlzcrlc rkeczc! rkgal}gr fgpz{rgv jk pgizgaag c jk ag xkbfge! v{blr c

jkvfgrhgr grfdl~cv! gazkrgr ka n{iflcigelkizc icrega jka vlvzkeg! kzf),)

c Ok|achhkrv c fgpz{rgjcrkv jk p{avgflcikv= zlkiki fgpgfljgj pgrg fgpz{rgr

| gaegfkigr agv p{avgflcikv knkfz{gjgv vcbrk ka zkfagjc) Pcvzkrlcrekizk

kvzg lincregfli $w{k p{kjk fcizkikr fcizrgvkgv! jgzcv bgifgrlcv! kzf),vk ki~g g {i gzgfgizk! w{k agv p{kjk {zlal}gr ki v{ prcplc prc~kfdc) Ki

jknlilzl~g! vk zrgzg jk {ig ~grlkjgj w{k zgebli vk fkizrg ki ka nrg{jk)

c Jlgakrv c egrfgjcrkv zkaknilfcv= prchrgegv w{k! {ig ~k} livzgagjcv ki ka

kw{lpc! jkv~gi ag fciktli zkaknilfg crlhliga dgflg czrc iekrc jk

zgrlnlfgfli kvpkflga $40>! 408! kzf), fci ka fcivkf{kizk pkrm{lflc

kfcielfc pgrg ka gnkfzgjc) ilfgekizk p{kjki gnkfzgr g acv {v{grlcv

w{k gffkjki g Lizkrikz g zrg~v jk bgijg kvzrkfdg ekjlgizk RZB $Rkj

Zkaknilfg Bvlfg, c RJVL $Rkj Jlhlzga jk Vkr~lflcv Lizkhrgjcv,! pcr kvc

vk zrgzg jk {ig fgzkhcrg linrkf{kizk)

c Rch{kxgrk= ka Rch{kxgrk c rch{k vcnzxgrk kv {i zlpc jk egaxgrk f{|g

prliflpga nligaljgj kv dgfkr frkkr g ag ~fzleg w{k kvz linkfzgjg pcr gahi

zlpc jk ~lr{v! lij{flkijc g pghgr {ig jkzkreligjg v{eg jk jlikrc pgrg

kaleligrac) Ka fcifkpzc jka pghc v{kak vkr ag fceprg jk {i ngavc gizl~lr{v!

w{k rkv{azg ki rkgaljgj ka egaxgrk ki v) Ki acv azlecv zlkepcv! kvzk zlpc

jk egaxgrk kvz vlkijc e{| jln{ijljc | vk kvzi jkzkfzgijc hrgi

fgizljgj jk ~grlgizkv)

Gjxgrk c vcnzxgrk p{balflzgrlc= e{kvzrg gi{iflcv p{balflzgrlcv w{k gpgrkfki

likvpkrgjgekizk ki ka kw{lpc f{gijc vk kvz {zlal}gijc ag fciktli g {ig phlig

xkb c jkvp{v jk w{k vk dg livzgagjc ki ag ekecrlg jk ag fcep{zgjcrg) Ki

cfgvlcikv rkfcplagi lincregfli vcbrk acv dblzcv jk ig~khgfli jk acv {v{grlcv

pgrg a{khc rkjlrlhlrakv g ag p{balfljgj fclifljkizk fci v{v lizkrkvkv)

Dkrrgelkizgv jk lizr{vli= prchrgegv w{k! vli ikfkvljgj jk vkr egaxgrk!

p{kjki vkr kepakgjcv pcr {i gzgfgizk rkeczc pgrg rkgal}gr gialvlv jk vkh{rljgj!

gffkjkr ga vlvzkeg gnkfzgjc! c aak~gr g fgbc czrgv gfflcikv lakhgakv $frgfolih jkfcizrgvkgv! kvfikr jk p{krzcv! kvfgagjc jk prl~lakhlcv! kzf),) Ag pkalhrcvljgj c

ic jk ag dkrrgelkizg jkpkijkr jk vl dg vljc livzgagjg fci ka fcivkizlelkizc jka

Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig :: jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


45/108

{v{grlc | vk fcicfk v{ n{iflcigaljgj) Pcr kmkepac! {ig dkrrgelkizg jk

gjelilvzrgfli rkeczg p{kjk {zlal}grvk pgrg ka egizkilelkizc jka kw{lpc c

fciktli jkvjk czrc crjkigjcr! pkrc zgebli pcjrg vkr livzgagjg pcr {i gzgfgizk

pgrg gffkjkr vli ka fcivkizlelkizc jka {v{grlc! kvplgr! ktzrgkr lincregfli

vkivlbak! kzf)

H{vgic c xcre= prchrgegv fci fgpgfljgj pgrg prcpghgrvk g czrgv pgrzkv jka

kw{lpc gnkfzgjc! g jlvpcvlzl~cv ktzrgbakv c g czrcv kw{lpcv) Jkpkijlkijc jk v{

fjlhc! pcjrg rkgal}gr jlvzlizgv gfflcikv jgligv ki acv vlvzkegv) G jlnkrkiflg jk

acv ~lr{v! acv h{vgicv ic ikfkvlzgi czrc grfdl~c pgrg rkpalfgrvk) P{kjki ecjlnlfgr

ka vlvzkeg cpkrgzl~c fci ka nli jk g{zc kmkf{zgrvk fcec pgrzk jka prcfkvc jk

lilflgal}gfli jka vlvzkeg) Pgrg fcizgeligr czrcv vlvzkegv! acv h{vgicv ktpaczgi

~{aikrgblaljgjkv jka cbmkzl~c c {zlal}gi gahi zlpc jk lihkilkrg vcflga pgrg kihggrg acv {v{grlcv | pcjkrvk kmkf{zgr)

Vp|xgrk c prchrgegv kvpg= vci prchrgegv w{k rkfcplagi lincregfli vcbrk ka

{v{grlc vli v{ fcivkizlelkizc) Pcr icreg hkikrga vk livzgagi fcec pa{hliv ga

ig~khgjcr vli ka fcicflelkizc jka {v{grlc | ki~gi g {i vkr~ljcr ki Lizkrikz acv

dblzcv jk ig~khgfli! fcec pcr kmkepac w{ phligv ~lvlzg ka {v{grlc) Gjkev

jk ag li~gvli g ag prl~gfljgj! kvzcv prchrgegv zrgivelzki lincregfli jk ncreg

fcivzgizk! pcr ac w{k fciv{eki gifdc jk bgijg jk ag fciktli jka vlvzkeg g

Lizkrikz | gnkfzg ikhgzl~gekizk g ag ~kacfljgj jka rkvzc jk vkr~lflcv w{k ka {v{grlckvz {zlal}gijc)

^lr{v= vci prchrgegv lincrezlfcv w{k p{kjki linkfzgr g czrcv

nlfdkrcv#prchrgegv ecjlnlfijcacv pgrg lifa{lr rpalfgv jk v elvec ki ka

kakekizc linkfzgjc) [i ~lr{v ikfkvlzg gacmgrvk ki czrc grfdl~c) Krrikgekizk vk

kihacbg bgmc kvzk icebrk g zcjc ka vcnzxgrk egalflcvc)

Grfdl~cv vcvpkfdcvcv jkzkfzgjcv dk{rvzlfgekizk= ka ezcjc dk{rvzlfc kv

{ic jk acv ezcjcv {zlal}gjcv pcr agv gpalfgflcikv gizl~lr{v pgrg jkzkfzgr fjlhcv

egalflcvcv! bgvijcvk ki ag vlelalz{j jk fjlhc! lijlflcv | ki fcepcrzgelkizcvktzrgcv vlelagrkv g acv jk czrcv ~lr{v |g fcicfljcv) Ic cbvzgizk! ic ktlvzk ag

fkrzk}g jk w{k acv fjlhcv jkzkfzgjcv fcec ~lr{v pcr kvzk ezcjc vkgi

rkgaekizk egalflcvcv! | p{kjgi prcj{flr ngavcv pcvlzl~cv)

Czrcv= vk lifa{|ki jkizrc jk kvzg fgzkhcrg agv vlh{lkizkv=

c Ktpaclz= fjlhc egalflcvc frkgjc fci ka nli jk gprc~kfdgr gahi ngaac c

~{aikrgblaljgj jk acv vlvzkegv) Vk v{kaki {zlal}gr pgrg kmkf{zgr fjlhc

grblzrgrlc jk ncreg rkeczg! kizrgr ki acv kw{lpcv ~{aikrgbakv vli w{k ka{v{grlc akhzlec vk pkrflbg jk kaac | gfz{gr fci albkrzgj jkizrc jka vlvzkeg

gzgfgjc)

Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig :; jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


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c Rcczolzv= vci prchrgegv livkrzgjcv ki {ig fcep{zgjcrg jkvp{v jk w{k

gahi gzgfgizk dg hgigjc ka fcizrca jk {i vlvzkeg) Acv rcczolz

hkikrgaekizk lifa{|ki n{iflcikv pgrg cf{azgr acv rgvzrcv jka gzgw{k! fcec

kv bcrrgr acv ach jk kizrgjgv c kif{brlr acv prcfkvcv jka gzgfgizk)

c Vfrlpzv= vci fjlhcv kvfrlzcv ki gahi akih{gmk jk prchrgegfli fci ka

cbmkzl~c jk rkgal}gr gfflcikv ic jkvkgjgv ki ka vlvzkeg! icregaekizk g

zrg~v jka ig~khgjcr c fcrrkc kakfzrilfc ki ncregzc DZEA) Acv akih{gmkv

ev dgblz{gakv pgrg kvzk zlpc jk fjlhcv vci ^lv{ga Bgvlf Vfrlpz!

Mg~gVfrlpz! kzf)

Mcokv c brcegv= gazkrgi ka icrega n{iflcigelkizc jka kw{lpc fci gfflcikv w{k

ecakvzgi c jlvzrgki ga {v{grlc! vl blki ic fg{vgi jgc gah{ic ga vlvzkeg)

:)2 Lifljkiflgv jkzkfzgjgv

Kvzk gpgrzgjc kvz fcivzr{ljc izkhrgekizk g pgrzlr jk acv jgzcv rkgakv cbzkiljcv jka

kvfgikc jk acv kw{lpcv jk acv pgikalvzgv hrgflgv g ag dkrrgelkizg lVfgi jkvgrrcaagjg pcr

LIZKFC) [ig ktpalfgfli ev jkzgaagjg jk ag dkrrgelkizg vk kif{kizrg jlvpcilbak ki ka

Giktc L= Jlvkc ekzcjcahlfc jkzgaagjc)

:)2)7 K~ca{fli jk agv lifljkiflgv jk egaxgrk

Ka Hrnlfc 74 e{kvzrg fcim{izgekizk acv jgzcv prcfkjkizkv jk acv kvfgikcv jk acvkw{lpcv fci lVfgi $aikg rcmg, fci ag lincregfli prcfkjkizk jk agv kif{kvzgv

zrlekvzrgakv $fca{eigv rcvgv,)

Ki vkpzlkebrk jk 2070! {i 2:!7+ jk acv {v{grlcv jkfagrgi dgbkr v{nrljc egaxgrk ki acv

azlecv zrkv ekvkv! {i ~gacr w{k kif{kizrg v{ eilec dlvzrlfc fci rkvpkfzc g jgzcv jk

zrlekvzrkv gizkrlcrkv) Ka jgzc rkga rkfcplagjc pcr ag dkrrgelkizg lVfgi! vli kebgrhc! ic

rknakmg kvzk jkvfkivc) Ka ;6!>+ jk acv kw{lpcv g{jlzgjcv gacmgi egaxgrk ki vkpzlkebrk

jk 2070! {i jgzc w{k vk egizlkik kvzgbak ki acv azlecv ekvkv)

G w{ p{kjk jkbkrvk kvk jkvfkivc jk ag pkrfkpfli jk acv {v{grlcv fci rkvpkfzc g agvlifljkiflgv jk egaxgrk3 [ig jk agv ncregv ev fagrgv pcr agv w{k {i {v{grlc p{kjk

pkrflblr w{k dg vljc linkfzgjc pcr gahi zlpc jk fjlhc egalflcvc kv ag jkzkffli pcr pgrzk

jk v{ gizl~lr{v jk kvzk fjlhc! | ka ki~c jk {ig gakrzg) F{gijc ka gizl~lr{v rkfcicfk ka

egaxgrk! gakrzg ga {v{grlc | kvzk pkrflbk ag linkffli) Vl ag pkrfkpfli jka {v{grlc dg

jkvfkijljc! kv pcvlbak w{k ag rg}i vk jkbg g w{k ic dgi vljc gakrzgjcv pcr v{ gizl~lr{v)

Vli kebgrhc! ag rkgaljgj lijlfg w{k v w{k ktlvzk linkffli= {i gialvlv rkga | e{fdc ev

ktdg{vzl~c $rkgal}gjc fci ev eczcrkv, vcbrk ka vlvzkeg lijlfg w{k acv il~kakv jk

linkffli vlh{ki ki {icv il~kakv vlelagrkv g zrlekvzrkv gizkrlcrkv) Kizcifkv! ag fcifa{vli

ic kv w{k vk dg|gi prcj{fljc ekicv linkfflcikv! vlic w{k ag brkfdg kizrk pkrfkpfli |rkgaljgj vk dg gblkrzc g{i ev $ki zcric g 60 p{izcv pcrfkiz{gakv,) Ka prcbakeg! pcr

Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig :> jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


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zgizc! p{kjk vkr gfdgfgbak g {ig pcbrk jkzkffli pcr pgrzk jk acv gizl~lr{v! w{k ic dgi

gakrzgjc ga {v{grlc |! pcr zgizc! ic dgi pkrflbljc {ig linkffli w{k vk dg jkecvzrgjc

rkga)

Zgebli kv pcvlbak w{k ka {v{grlc gacmk egaxgrk ic gfzl~c ki v{ vlvzkeg) Jk kvzg ncreg

ic vkrg gakrzgjc pcr v{ gizl~lr{v! pkrc v pcr lVfgi)

Hrnlfc 74= K~ca{fli jk kw{lpcv w{k gacmgi egaxgrk $+,

60!7+ 2

;!7+ ;2!4+

;>!+

0+

70+

20+

60+

:0+

;0+

>0+

80+

40+


48/108

Hrnlfc 760!>+

26!4+26!8+2:!>+2:!4+2:!6+2:!0+27!


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Ki ka vlh{lkizk hrnlfc vk gigal}g ag ekjlg jk grfdl~cv linkfzgjcv pcr kw{lpc! fagvlnlfgjcv

pcr zlpcachg) Ki zczga! ki ka ekv jk vkpzlkebrk vk jkzkfzgi 2!; grfdl~cv egalflcvcv pcr

kw{lpc)

Ki acv ekvkv jk ghcvzc | vkpzlkebrk! vk ~{ka~k g gafgi}gr ag ekjlg jk 7 zrc|gic pcr

crjkigjcr! zrgv ka jkvfkivc cf{rrljc ki eg|c! m{ilc | m{alc! jcijk pcr prlekrg ~k} vk

jkzkfzgrci ekicv jk 7 zrc|gicv pcr ew{lig $0!< jk ekjlg,)

Hrnlfc 27= K~ca{fli jka iekrc ekjlc jk grfdl~cv egalflcvcv pcr kw{lpc

7!

27!

6

7!

77!

7

7!

7

7!

0

7!

0

0!

ki vkpzlkebrk | 2)846 ki vkpzlkebrk $~kr

Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig :< jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


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Zgbag : 72):7: 72)028

70)872 70);48 70);82

2; ;):87 :);8: :)68)000

4)000

70)000

72)000

7:)000

7>)000

Cfz(0< Ic~(0< Jlf(0< Kik(70 Nkb(70 Egr(70 Gbr(70 Eg |(70 M{i(70 M{a(70 Ghc(70 Vkp(70

Iekrc jk grfdl~cv egalflcvcv ^grlgizkv ilfgv jk egaxgrk

N{kizk= LIZKFC

Ag jl~krvlnlfgfli vk cbvkr~g vcbrk zcjc! fcec lijlfg ka Hrnlfc 26! ki ag fgzkhcrg jk

zrc|gicv! fgzkhcrg jcijk vk kif{gjrgi ka ;2!6+ jk agv ~grlgizkv ilfgv kifcizrgjgv ki

vkpzlkebrk jk 2070) Acv zrc|gicv $ki v{ eg|crg jkvzligjcv ga rcbc jk lincregfli!prliflpgaekizk jk fgrfzkr bgifgrlc, vlh{ki vlkijc ka zlpc prknkrljc pgrg acv gzgfgizkv

pcr ka a{frc w{k akv pcjrg aakhgr g prcpcrflcigr)

Kvz{jlc vcbrk ag vkh{rljgj jk ag lincregfli | ag k%fcinlgi}g jk acv dchgrkv kvpgcakv $6kr zrle) 2070, Phlig ;0 jk 704Cbvkr~gzcrlc jk ag Vkh{rljgj jk ag Lincregfli


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Hrnlfc 26= Fgzkhcrgv jk fjlhc egalflcvc jk agv ~grlgizkv ilfgv! vkpzlkebrk 2070 $+,

;2!6+

2:!4+

74!2+

7!8+7!0+0!2+

7!2 vk egilnkvzgrci

vcac {ig ~k}) Vk vlh{k fcinlregijc ag zkijkiflg g w{k! ki fgjg kw{lpc! fci~l~gi~grlgizkv ilfgv w{k ic vci e{| g~lvzgjgv jkizrc jk czrcv vlvzkegv)

Hrnlfc 2:= Iekrc jk jkzkfflcikv jk fgjg ~grlgizk ilfg jk egaxgrk! vkpzlkebrk 2070

2:>2

:64

7;jk

zkfflc

ikv

/>j

kzkf

flci

kv

N{kizk= LIZKFC



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:)2): Pkalhrcvljgj jka fjlhc egalflcvc | rlkvhc jka kw{lpc

Jknlilfli jka il~ka jk pkalhrcvljgj jka fjlhc egalflcvc

Vk dgi jknliljc zrkv fgzkhcrgv jk rlkvhc jk agv ~grlgizkv jk egaxgrk jkzkfzgjgv= gazc!ekjlc | bgmc) Ki ag gvlhigfli jk fgjg ~grlgizk g {ic { czrc hr{pc vk dg vkh{ljc ka

vlh{lkizk frlzkrlc=

Rlkvhc gazc= vk lifa{|ki ki kvzg fgzkhcrg acv kvpkfekikv w{k! pczkiflgaekizk!

pkrelzki ka gffkvc rkeczc pcr pgrzk jk {i gzgfgizk ga vlvzkeg ~fzleg? p{kjki

v{pcikr {i pkrm{lflc kfcielfc pgrg ka {v{grlc? ngflalzgi ag fgpz{rg jk lincregfli

fcinljkiflga c vkivlbak jk ag ~fzleg? vk kepakgi fcec pgvgrkagv pgrg gzgfgr

czrcv kw{lpcv $p{jlkijc gfgrrkgr fcivkf{kiflgv akhgakv pgrg ag ~fzleg, | eligi

ka rkijlelkizc | n{iflcigaljgj jka vlvzkeg! |g vkg bcrrgijc grfdl~cv! rgakizl}gijcka kw{lpc! fkrrgijc ~kizgigv! kzf)

Ki bgvk g kvzk frlzkrlc! vk gvlelagi g ~grlgizkv jk egaxgrk jk rlkvhc gazc acv

zrc|gicv! jlgakrv $egrfgjcrkv zkaknilfcv,! ok|achhkrv $rkhlvzrgjcrkv jk

p{avgflcikv jk zkfagjc,! ~lr{v! h{vgicv! rcczolzv | ktpaclzv)

Rlkvhc ekjlc= vk lifa{|ki gw{ kmkepagrkv w{k! vl blki zlkiki {i lepgfzc ic

jkvkgjc vcbrk ka vlvzkeg! ic pkrm{jlfgi jk ncreg iczcrlg v{ rkijlelkizc= gbrki

~kizgigv ic jkvkgjgv ga ig~khgr? lifr{vzgi p{balfljgj ki phligv xkb akhzlegv

w{k rkgaekizk ic fcizlkiki p{balfljgj? ngflalzgi ag fgpz{rg jk lincregfli ic

vkivlbak jk ag ~fzleg $pcr kmkepac! pgzrcikv jk ig~khgfli pgrg frkgr pkrnlakv jk

p{balfljgj jlrlhljg! kzf),)

Agv fgzkhcrgv fcivljkrgjgv vci= gjxgrk $vcnzxgrk p{balflzgrlc ic jkvkgjc,!

vp|xgrk $prchrgegv kvpg,! vfrlpzv77! gv fcec agv jkzkfflcikv dk{rvzlfgv)

Rlkvhc bgmc= gw{ vk kihacbgi agv egilnkvzgflcikv w{k ekicr il~ka jk gnkffli

zlkiki vcbrk acv kw{lpcv) Vk zrgzg jk zlakv kepakgjcv pgrg dgfolih $kvfgikc jk

p{krzcv! ecjlnlfgjcrkv jk jlrkfflcikv kzdkrikz! kzf),) Ki ag eg|crg jk acv fgvcvvci dkrrgelkizgv livzgagjgv pcr ka {v{grlc jk ncreg lizkiflcigjg! pgrg alvzgr |

egzgr prcfkvcv! c fcikfzgrvk rkeczgekizk g v{ kw{lpc! kzf) Pcr czrg pgrzk!

zgebli vk fcivljkrgi kvpkfekikv jk rlkvhc bgmc acv zplfcv prchrgegv brceg

$pcr kmkepac gw{kaacv w{k jkvpalkhgi {ig ~kizgig w{k vk ~g ec~lkijc | rkv{azg

lepcvlbak fkrrgrag fci ka rgzi, | acv ~lr{v ktfa{vl~cv pgrg pagzgncregv e~lakv

p{kv kvzcv ic vci fgpgfkv jk kmkf{zgrvk vcbrk acv kw{lpcv jk acv {v{grlcv)

77 Agv vkf{kiflgv jk fcegijcv egalflcvcv $vfrlpzv, p{kjki rkprkvkizgr rlkvhc gazc ki jkzkreligjcv fgvcv)


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G acv knkfzcv jka kvz{jlc! vk fcivljkrgi fcec egaxgrk jk bgmc il~ka jk rlkvhc agv

dkrrgelkizgv jk lizr{vli72! brcegv | egaxgrk gacmgjc ki acv crjkigjcrkv pkrc

crlkizgjc g czrcv jlvpcvlzl~cv $e~lakv! PJGv,)

Vk zrgzg jk {ig fagvlnlfgfli hkirlfg |! pcr zgizc! v{mkzg g {i egrhki jk krrcr76) Ka

vkvhc p{kjk prcfkjkr ic vac jk ag ikfkvgrlg hkikrgal}gfli ki fgzkhcrgv! vlic zgebli

jka kizcric ki jcijk vk kif{kizrk ka grfdl~c egalflcvc) Pcr kmkepac! {i jlgakr c

egrfgjcr zkaknilfc vkr ki rkgaljgj jk rlkvhc i{ac pgrg {i kw{lpc w{k ic pcvkk {i

ecjke fci~kiflciga pgrg rkj zkaknilfg bvlfg |g w{k pcr rkhag hkikrga acv rc{zkrv

GJVA ic zlkiki ag pcvlblaljgj jk dgfkr aagegjgv? vli kebgrhc! ki ag fagvlnlfgfli

kepakgjg ki ka kvz{jlc vk kvz fcivljkrgijc g acv jlgakrv fcec jk rlkvhc gazc! pcr v{

pczkiflga lepgfzc kfcielfc vcbrk ag ~fzleg)

Il~ka jk rlkvhc jk acv kw{lpcv

Ka gialvlv w{k gw{ vk prkvkizg vk knkfzg vcbrk acv kw{lpcv! | ic vcbrk ka fjlhc

egalflcvc ki v elvec) Vk lizkizg fagvlnlfgr gw{ ac grrlkvhgjc jk {vgr {i kw{lpc

linkfzgjc pcr agv fagvlnlfgflcikv gizkrlcrekizk ktp{kvzgv) Agv fgzkhcrgv jk egaxgrk

ev vcnlvzlfgjgv v{pciki {i rlkvhc eg|cr)

[i kw{lpc linkfzgjc fci zrc|gic | gjxgrk kvzgr lifa{ljc ki ka hr{pc jk rlkvhc gazc

$zrc|gic,! | ic ki ka ekjlc $gjxgrk,)

Ki vkpzlkebrk jk 2070! {i 64!7+ jk acv kw{lpcv vci fcivljkrgjcv jk rlkvhc gazc! nrkizk

g {i 70!6+ jk rlkvhc ekjlc | {i ;!2+ jk rlkvhc bgmc) Vk fcinlreg ag prchrkvl~g

rkj{ffli jk acv il~kakv jk rlkvhc jk acv kw{lpcv g ac agrhc jka azlec gc! vcbrk zcjc! ki

ka fgvc jk rlkvhc ekjlc) Ki fcifrkzc ki ka ekv jk vkpzlkebrk! w{l}v eczl~gjc pcr ka

ekicr iekrc jk gialvlv rkgal}gjcv! vk cbvkr~g zgebli {i alhkrc jkvfkivc jka

pcrfkizgmk jk kw{lpcv fci rlkvhc gazc)

72 Ka egaxgrk jka zlpc dkrrgelkizg p{kjk zkikr {i rlkvhc ~grlgbak jkpkijlkijc jk vl dg vljc livzgagjg fcivflkizkekizkpcr ka {v{grlc akhzlec jka kw{lpc c pcr {i zkrfkrc vli v{ fcicflelkizc) Pcr kaac! ki kvzk lijlfgjcr vk dg gpalfgjc pcrjknkfzc ka il~ka jk rlkvhc bgmc! g{iw{k ki gah{igv flrf{ivzgiflgv {i egaxgrk fgzgachgjc fcec dkrrgelkizg p{kjg vkr jkrlkvhc gazc)76 Ag jkzkreligfli jka rlkvhc jk agv e{kvzrgv ekjlgizk gialvlv egi{ga jk agv ~grlgizkv! vl blki ev rlh{rcvg! vkrg ki

ktfkvc akizg | fcvzcvg) Fcivljkrgijc w{k agv prcplkjgjkv jk agv jlvzlizgv fgzkhcrgv jka egaxgrk kvz{jlgjc vlh{ki {igjlvzrlb{fli hg{vvlgig! ag jkv~lgfli hacbga jk ag gjcpfli jk {i kincw{k hkirlfc kv jkvprkflgbak ki zrelicvkvzgjvzlfcv)


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Hrnlfc 2;= K~ca{fli jka il~ka jk rlkvhc jk acv kw{lpcv $+,

;!6+ ;!;+ >!7+ :!;+ :!;+ :!>+ ;!;+ ;!:+ ;!4+ ;!6+ :!+ 76!4+ 76!6+ 76!6+ 72!:+ 72!0+ 70!:+ 70!6+ 70!6+

:0!2+ :7!2+68!6+ 6

64!7+ 6>!:+ 6;!8+ 64!6+:0!0+ 64!7+

0+

70+

20+

60+

:0+

;0+

>0+

80+

40+


55/108

; FCIVKF[KIFLGV JK AGV LIFLJKIFLGV JK

VKH[RLJGJ \ RKGFFLI JK ACV [V[GRLCV

GIZK KAAGV

;)7 Fcivkf{kiflgv jk agv lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj

Ki kvzk kphrgnk vk gigal}gi agv fcivkf{kiflgv egzkrlgakv w{k v{nrki acv {v{grlcv! fcec

fcivkf{kiflg jk agv lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj v{nrljgv)

Ki prlekr a{hgr! ka Hrnlfc 2> e{kvzrg ag k~ca{fli jk ag prjljg jk lincregfli fcec

fcivkf{kiflg jk gah{ig lifljkiflg jk vkh{rljgj) Acv ~gacrkv vk egizlkiki rkagzl~gekizk

kvzgbakv fci rkvpkfzc g zrlekvzrkv gizkrlcrkv) Ka :>!>+ jk acv kif{kvzgjcv gnlreg w{ki{ifg dg v{nrljc {ig prjljg jk jgzcv! nrkizk ga ;6!:+ w{k v dg ktpkrlekizgjc {ig

vlz{gfli gv ki gahi ecekizc? jk vzcv! {i 4!:+ ac dg dkfdc ki acv azlecv zrkv

ekvkv)

Hrnlfc 2>= K~ca{fli jk agv fcivkf{kiflgv jk agv lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj= prjljg jk

jgzcv $+,

70!7+

72!!7+ 7;!>+ 7:!;+ 7;!7+ 76!;+

6;!;+ 68!4+ 66!:+ 28!8+ 24!4+ 67!7+ 67!;+

:7!;+ 64!8+ :7!4+:>!;+ :8!0+ :>!7+ :>!>+

0+

70+

20+

60+

:0+

;0+

>0+

80+

40+

dgbkr v{nrljc kvzg ktpkrlkiflg ki gah{ig cfgvli) Fcifrkzgekizk {i 72!7+ jk kvzcv ac

dg zkiljc w{k dgfkr ki ka azlec zrlekvzrk! {i 27!7+ ki ka azlec gc | {i 6;!


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Dg| w{k zkikr ki f{kizg w{k ag rklivzgagfli jka vlvzkeg cpkrgzl~c ic vlkeprk p{kjk

vca{flcigr acv prcbakegv cfgvlcigjcv pcr ka egaxgrk) Gah{icv zlpcv jk rcczolzv

fcivlh{ki egilp{agr ka Egvzkr Bccz Rkfcrj $EBR,) Kvzg kv ag prlekrg }cig jka jlvfc

j{rc w{k akk ka crjkigjcr pgrg kifcizrgr ka vlvzkeg cpkrgzl~c | fceki}gr ka grrgiw{k)

Ki kvg }cig! flkrzcv egaxgrk fcivlh{ki lizrcj{flr fjlhc w{k ecjlnlfgr pcr

fcepakzc $zrc|gil}gr, ka fcepcrzgelkizc jka vlvzkeg cpkrgzl~c! jk ncreg w{k pcjrg

pgvgr jkvgpkrflbljc) Vl j{rgizk ka ncregzkc ic vk kalelig gjkev ka EBR fci agv

dkrrgelkizgv gjkf{gjgv $pcr kmkepac vl vk rkpgrzlflcig ka jlvfc j{rc,! ka egaxgrk

pcjrg vcbrk~l~lr ki ka kw{lpc)

Hrnlfc 28= K~ca{fli jk agv fcivkf{kiflgv jk agv lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj= ncregzkc |

rklivzgagfli jka VC $+,

74!2+ 7:!8+ 76!0+ 7:!8+ 7>!6+ 72!;+ 72!7+

27!;+ 26!4+ 26!;+ 22!0+ 20!2+ 22!;+ 27!7+

62!;+ 66!6+ 6>!2+ 62!7+ 62!8+ 66!


57/108

Hrnlfc 24= K~ca{fli jk agv fcivkf{kiflgv jk agv lifljkiflgv jk vkh{rljgj= jgcv ki ka

dgrjxgrk $+,

4!!72!:+72!0+ 77!8+

72!0+ 72!7+ 77!>+ 72!2+

28!2+ 28!4+ 2

;7!;+ ;6!6+ ;2!7+ ;>!8+ ;;!:+ ;>!:+ ;8!6+

0+

70+

20+

60+

:0+

;0+

>0+

80+

40+

0!>+ jk acv {v{grlcv ic dg rkgal}gjc ilihi fgeblc ki v{v dblzcv jk ig~khgfli

pcr Lizkrikz fcec rkv{azgjc jk {ig lifljkiflg ~l~ljg! nrkizk g {i 6

gjcpzgjc gah{igv ekjljgv jk prkfg{fli)

Ki ka vlh{lkizk kphrgnk fkizrgecv ag gzkifli vcbrk kvzk vkh{ijc hr{pc) Ki fcifrkzc vk

gigal}g fec gnkfzg kvzg ktpkrlkiflg ga {v{grlc ki f{gizc g fgeblcv ki v{v dblzcv |

ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj | ki f{gizc g fgeblcv ki ka {vc jk acv vkr~lflcv jk Lizkrikz)

;)2)7 Fgeblcv ki agv ekjljgv c dkrrgelkizgv jk vkh{rljgj

Acv fgeblcv w{k aak~gi g fgbc acv {v{grlcv ki v{v dblzcv jk vkh{rljgj zrgv dgbkr

ktpkrlekizgjc {ig lifljkiflg vci jk fgrfzkr prk~kizl~c! fcec ka rkn{kr}c c aglivzgagfli jk jkzkreligjgv ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj! elkizrgv w{k fci {ig nrkf{kiflg e{|

bgmg vk prcj{fki gbgijcicv ki ka {vc jk vkr~lflcv)

Kizrk agv rkgfflcikv jlrlhljgv ga rkn{kr}c c ag livzgagfli jk ekjljgv jk vkh{rljgj! agv

gfflcikv ev dgblz{gakv jk acv {v{grlcv vci gfz{gal}gr acv prchrgegv jk vkh{rljgj $w{k

v{bk zrkv p{izcv jkvjk ka zrlekvzrk pgvgjc! jkvjk ka ;2!7+ ga ;;+, | fgeblgr agv

fcizrgvkgv $w{k dg jkvfkijljc jka :4!8+ ga :;!


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vkh{rljgj jk acv grfdl~cv $2:+, | ag livzgagfli pcr prlekrg ~k} jk prchrgegv jk

vkh{rljgj $2:!0+

:;!0+

Livzgagfli jk prchrgeg#v

jk vkh{rljgj pcr 7 ~k}

Fgeblc jk prchrgeg#v jk

vkh{rljgj

Fcplgv jk vkh{rljgj jk

grfdl~cv

Fgeblc jk fcizrgvkgv

Gfz{gal}gfli jk

prchrgeg#v jk vkh{rljgj

7Z0< 2Z0< 6Z0< :Z0< 7Z70 2Z70 6Z70

Bgvk= [v{grlcv w{k gjcpzgi fgeblc zrgv {i lifljkizk jk vkh{rljgj $i57)6;0 ki 6Z70, N{kizk= LIZKFC

;)2)2 Fgeblcv ki ka {vc jk vkr~lflcv jk Lizkrikz

Ki ka Hrnlfc 60 vk gigal}gi agv rkgfflcikv rkagflcigjgv fci ka {vc jk vkr~lflcv cialik)

Acv fgeblcv w{k lepalfgi {i gbgijcic jk ag {zlal}gfli jk vkr~lflcv jk Lizkrikz ic vci

nrkf{kizkv! zcegijc kvzg jkflvli {i pcrfkizgmk e{| rkj{fljc jk ag pcbagfli)

Ka vkr~lflc ki ka w{k ev bgmgv jk {vc vk prcj{fki! vkhi jkfagrgi acv {v{grlcv! kv ag

jkvfgrhg jk grfdl~cv ekjlgizk rkjkv P2P! fci {ig lifljkiflg jka 76+) Ki ka rkvzc jk

vkr~lflcv ag zgvg jk gbgijcic kv gi bgvzgizk ekicr! g{iw{k ki kvzk zkrfkr zrlekvzrk vkdg lifrkekizgjc ki 6 p{izcv ka pcrfkizgmk jk {v{grlcv w{k dgi gbgijcigjc ka {vc jk

vkr~lflcv hkikrgakv jk Lizkrikz fcec kegla! ekivgmkrg livzgizikg! rkjkv vcflgakv)))

pgvgijc jka 6!>+ w{k jkfagr kvk gbgijcic ki ka zrlekvzrk gizkrlcr ga >!6+ jk kvzg

cfgvli)



59/108

Hrnlfc 60= K~ca{fli jk agv rkgfflcikv gjcpzgjgv zrgv v{nrlr {i lifljkizk jk vkh{rljgj=

fgeblc ki ka {vc jk acv vkr~lflcv jk Lizkrikz $+,

6!6+

6!!4+

6!6+

7!;+

>!6+

>

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Estudio sobre la Seguridad de la Información y la e-Confianza de los hogares españoles (3er trimestre 2010) - INTECO