Estufas Tipo Cohete de Masa Térmica 2

8/12/2019 Estufas Tipo Cohete de Masa Térmica 2

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Bstu`gs Yamhbt eb Ngsg

Bstu`gs eb gdtg b`kmkbjmkg pgrg gutamajstrukr (y

gmurrumçrsbdb)

Var Kgjta Bvgjs y Dbsdkb Lgmhsaj

Vuidkmgmkajbs —Mai Mattgob„ 9660 , 966? Urgeummkýj< Majrgea Uaojbttk 9677

ÎjekmbRjg jatg ebd trgeumtar



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KjtraeummkýjBstb ngjugd bs pgrg… Kgjta sgib par quë ujg ramhbtMartb trgjsvbrsgd eb ujg tîpkmg bstu`g ramhbt y pgdgirgs mdgvbMgrgmtbrîstkmgs ebstgmgegs eb dgs bstu`gs ebd tkpa ramhbtRjg jatg sairb tkrglbs

Maniustkýj y mgdarDg majstrummkýj pgsa g pgsaEksb÷a eb dg bstu`g y igtbrîg tërnkmg

Bd gpgrgta eb maniustkýjEkrkokr bd mgdarDg igtbrîg tërnkmgRikmgmkýj ebd majeumtaBd tgng÷a ebd nubidb eb ngnpastbrîg

Vdgjk`kmgmkýj ebd mg÷a eb sgdkegNgtbrkgdbs y cbrrgnkbjtgsEknbjskajbs y praparmkajbsDg majstrummkýj eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj

Dg majstrummkýj eb dg igtbrîg tërnkmgMýna gdknbjtgr y mukegr g tu ergoýjDg ramhbt y dg mamkjgVrboujtgs eb ùboaVraidbngs manujbs bj bd ùjmkajgnkbjtaGdoujas gspbmtas jbogtkvas eb dgs bstu`gs ramhbtGegptgmkajbs y atras tkpas eb ramhbtMýna cgmbr ujg —pamhbt ramhbt„

Rjg jatg ebd tr geumtar

Mugjea bstb dkirkta ddboý g nks ngjas vkvîgnas bj ujg mgig÷ktg bj uj iasqub sairb dg dgebrg abstbebd Mbrra Atta, bj Igrkdamcb. Dg mgsktg, eb 2n x 2n, kig qubegjea dkjeg pbra dg sgdgngjerg sbouîgmankbjea db÷g eb da dkjea. Bd prknbr kjvkbrja, gjtbs eb rbvbstkr maj igrra, qubngnas 96n=, bd sboujea kjvkbrja, duboa eb rbvbstkr gdoujgs pgrbebs, nblarý igstgjtb y qubngnas nbjas. Gujqubgksdgjea dg mgsktg bnpbzgnas g gcarrgr numcg db÷g, dg mgdb`gmmkýj g sgdgngjerg jas ngjtbjîgqubngjea numcg db÷g. Mugjea bnpbzgnas g kjvbstkogr, dg bstu`g rusg sb prbsbjtý mana dg sadumkýj ýptkng. Cgiîg uj praidbng< ujg bstu`g nbekgjg jas sgdîg nçs mgrg bj ngtbrkgdbs eb da

qub cgiîgnas ogstgea bj dg mgsg cgstg bd nanbjta. Bsta ùb ujg orgj ebskduskýj, cgstg qub ujasgnkoas eb Bstgeas Rjkeas nb ngjegraj bstb dkirkta. @ub taeg ujg rbvbdgmkýj egrnb mubjtg qubmaj 766 pbsas paerîg sadumkajgr dg mgdb`gmmkýj eb dg mgsg. Rjg bstu`g bmajýnkmg bstgig g nçs ebeas nkd pbsas, y ujg rusg ” bjtrb dgerkddas rb`rgmtgrkas y cbrrbrîg- nçs taegvîg. Gsî qub mgnikë ujas72 dgerkddas rb`rgmtgrkas par ujg mcgjouktg (qub usgnas bj dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj prkngrkg),duboa majsbouknas uj tgniar par gquî, ujgs dgtgs par gddç (pgrg das mg÷as), manprgnas dgerkddasmanujbs eb sboujeg g eas par uj pbsa (pgrg dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg), lujtgnas



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pkberg, grbjg y grmkddg, y jas pusknas g majstrukr dg bstu`g. Gd prkjmkpka ùb uj `rgmgsa ratujea. Bdcuna vadvîg pgrg gebjtra, bd ùboa ja greîg, sb gpgogig, ja tkrgig, btm. pbra db ùknas iusmgjea dgvubdtg y gd `kjgd ùb uj kjvkbrja maj uj nîjkna rbqubrknkbjta eb db÷g y uj jkvbd eb manaekegeknpbjsgea. Uaea sb cgmîg grrkig ebd igjma mgdbjtkta< manbr, dbbr, earnkr dg skbstg, mgdbjtgr dg rapg pgrg dg ng÷gjg, luogr. Vgrg mamkjgr< uj dula, brg pajbr ujg addg y advkegrsb, mugjea tb qubrîgs

gmaregr bstgig taea mamkjgea y sgirasa, bspbmkgd pgrg mamkjgr mbrbgdbs y dbounirbs, tgnikëj pgrgmcgpgttks y ogddbtktgs.

Nçs gebdgjtb tuvb dg apartujkege eb majstrukr atrg nçs par bjmgroa. Ëstg sboujeg bxpbrkbjmkgtgnikëj trgla gprbjekzglb parqub gd prkjmkpka tgnpama qubrîg gjegr, y das mdkbjtbs ja bstgigj ebdtaea majàrnbs. @kjgdnbjtb db bjmajtrgnas dg vubdtg (brg bd nksna praidbng qub tbjîg dg atrg) ytgnikëj ùb ujg rbvadumkýj bj bd naea eb vkeg eb das trbs jk÷as eb bsg `gnkdkg (y eb das orgjebstgnikëj). Uaea sb cgmîg sairb bd igjma mgdbjtkta. [ cb gquî dg orgj ek`brbjmkg maj ujg bstu`g rusg<ja tb db paeës suikr grrkig. Bs uj grngtastb (jgeg qub vbr maj uj igjma qub sbrpbjtbggrnajkasgnbjtb ebtrçs eb ujg nbsg, par blbnpda) qub mana numca tb skrvb pgrg gpaygr dgsjgdogs. Nb cg pgsgea numcgs vbmbs eb bjtrgr bj ujg mgsg maj ujg bstu`g rusg y vbr g dg objtb

pgrgeg mbrmg eb dg bstu`g, eb `rbjtb a eb bspgdeg. Rj igjma eýjeb sb pubebj sbjtgr ujg, eas ycgstg 0 pbrsajgs bs atrg ckstarkg, jk cgidgr eb rbmastgrsb y earnkr ujg skbstg. (Pgdb gmdgrgr qubcgstg dg `bmcg eb dg rbvkskýj eb bstb tbxta, 72 eb Ngya eb 9679, yg cbnas grngea 5 ramhbt nçs -=maj skstbng eb 3„ y ujg maj skstbng eb 0„- y bstçj taegs gjegjea eb ngrgvkddg).

Cgy atrgs masgs pgrg manpgrgr maj ujg bstu`g rusg< pgrg bnpbzgr, dg bstu`g rusg objbrgdbnbjtbja tkbjb dg kjbrmkg qub tkbjb ujg ramhbt eb ngsg (y pgrg qub dg tbjog sb cgmb trbnbjegnbjtb nçsmgrg). Rjg rusg nbekgjg a orgjeb paerîg ddbogr g pbsgr ujg tajbdgeg. Rjg ramhbt pubeb tbjbr ujgngsg eb 2 tajbdgegs. Rjg rusg ja tkbjb paskikdkege eb dkibrgr mgdar rgekgjtb eb kjnbekgta, dgramhbt, bj mgnika, maj su tgniar kjtbrmgnikgear eb mgdar, dkibrg mgdar rgekgjtb kjstgjtbs duboa eb prbjebr uj ùboa. Dgs bstu`gs ebd tkpa rusg tgnikëj rbqukbrbj gdoujgs pgrtbs eb cbrrbrîg mana dg

pubrtg. Vgrg cgmbr ujg ramhbt ja cgmb `gdtg tbjbr jkjoüj a`kmka nçs qub dgs ogjgs eb cgmbrdg. Gebnçs, bj dg rusg bstç bd tbng eb dg pubrtg mbrrgeg maj bd ùboa prbjekea, mana bxpdkmg bstbdkirkta dg `gdtg eb axîobja bj dg maniustkýj cgmb g ujg maniustkýj kjmanpdbtg, gsî qub numcgs ebdgs rusgs qub sb bstçj majstruybjea ja bstçj cgmkbjea uj usa b`kmkbjtb eb dg db÷g qub qubngj.

Cgmb nçs eb 72 g÷as qub sb vkbjb obstgjea dg majstrummkýj jgturgd bj dg mangrmg gjekjg. Bj dasüdtknas 2 g÷as cg cgikea ujg vbregebrg bxpdaskýj eb majstrummkajbs y vgrkbegebs eb tëmjkmgs,eksb÷as y bstrumturgs, gquî y bj taea bd pgîs. ]kj bnigroa bs kjmrbîidb dg orgj `gdtg eb ngtbrkgdknprbsa sairb bd tbng. Da nksna amurrb maj das skstbngs eb mgdb`gmmkýj. ]b cgj ebsgrraddgeanumcîsknas skstbngs maj orgj bspîrktu kjjavgear, maj rbsudtgeas vgrkas ebseb bd ëxkta ratujea, gd `rgmgsa. ]kj bnigroa bd majmbpta eb dg ramhbt ja cg ddbogea lustgnbjtb par ujg manpdbtg `gdtg eb

ngtbrkgd knprbsa qub mkrmudb, kjàrnb y bstknudb, y bs par bsta qub nb pgrbmb ujg knpartgjtbmajtrkiumkýj gd navknkbjta eb dg majstrummkýj jgturgd bstg trgeummkýj. Bspbra qub g ustbebstgnikëj. ]ubrtb y iubj ùboa.

Kjtraeummkýj



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Bstb dkirkta sb trgtg eb uj majmbpta rbvadumkajgrka bj bstu`gs g db÷g, qub gsbourgj ujg maniustkýjdknpkg y orgj b`kmkbjmkg bj bd usa ebd mgdar objbrgea. Dgs bstu`gs ramhbt güj saj bxpbrknbjtgdbs, ygqub pgrg bd 9660 sada cgiîgj ujgs =66 ùjmkajgjea8 skj bnigroa, numcgs cgj gjegea ikbj, g ekgrka,eurgjtb nçs eb ujg eëmgeg. Gcarrgj numcg db÷g y mgnikgj jubstras majmbptas sairb dg mgdb`gmmkýjbj dg vkvkbjeg, eb dg bjbroîg eb dg db÷g, y eb dg ebpbjebjmkg eb dg bjbroîg pravbjkbjtb eb

maniustkidbs `ýskdbs y eb dg bjbroîg jumdbgr b ckerabdëmtrkmg pgrg jubstra ikbjbstgr. Nkbjtrgs qubsaj kebgdbs pgrg mgsgs eb igrra ” maj gdtas jkvbdbs eb gksdgmkýj y/a ngsg tërnkmg bj sus pgrbebs - bd pksa y nubidbs eb ngnpastbrîg bj igrra, sb gegptgj g mugdqukbr tkpa eb majstrummkýj.

Bd tërnkja —bstu`g ramhbt„ sb cg gpdkmgea bj das üdtknas vbkjtb g÷as g ujg orgj vgrkbege eb gpgrgtas

eb maniustkýj pgrg mgdb`gmmkýj y pgrg mamkjgr. Gpgrtb ebd naebda qub sb ebsmrkib bj bstb dkira, das prkjmkpkas eb maniustkýj eb dg ramhbt sb cgj gpdkmgea eb ek`brbjtbs ngjbrgs. Maj Dgrry Lgmaisebsgrraddgnas uj naebda qub usg jgeg nçs qub uj tgniar nbtçdkma y eas mg÷as (qub duboa sb ddgný—Vamhbt Yamhbt,„ vbr bj bstb dkira). Nçs gebdgjtb, g `kjbs eb das g÷as ‚ 36, madgiarë bj bd ebsgrraddaeb ujg bstu`g pgrg mamkjgr eb ujg carjgddg cbmcg eb carnkoýj gdkvkgjgea (par pkberg pýnbz) pgrgusgr bj zajgs urigjgs eb Ougtbngdg. Ybmkbjtbnbjtb sb cgj ebsgrraddgea pbqub÷gs mamkjgs partçtkdbs

cbmcgs maj dgtgs y uj sknpdb gksdgjtb. Numcas carjas y tbrnatgjqubs maj skstbngs ramhbt tgnikëjsb cgj majstrukea.

Vbra tgd vbz da nçs kjtbrbsgjtb bs qub dgs Bstu`gs Yamhbt eb Ngsg qub bstçj bnpbzgjea g gpgrbmbr par taea bd jartb eb Gnërkmg y Burapg iglgj dg mgjtkege eb maniustkidb qub sb qubng nkbjtrgs qubgunbjtg dg manaekege qub irkjegj, rbeumkbjea dgs bnkskajbs eb ogsbs kjvbrjgebra y dgebpbjebjmkg eb maniustkidbs `ýskdbs. Urgjsàrngj dg ngyarîg eb dg db÷g bj mgdar y gdngmbjgj mgsktaea bd mgdar objbrgea pgrg irkjeçrtbda mugjea da jbmbsktbs.

Bstb ngjugd bs pgrg… pkrangjkgmas y pkrangjkgmgs, pgrg objtb maj murkaskege par bd ̀ uboa, guta-

majstrumtarbs/gs, objtb maj ujg nbjtb bxpbrknbjtgd, y taegs gqubddgs pbrsajgs qub qukbrbj sbrnbjas ebpbjekbjtbs eb das maniustkidbs `ýskdbs y g qukbjbs dbs prbamupg bd nbeka gnikbjtb, y sairbtaea, pgrg qukbjbs qukbrbj bstgr mýnaeas mugjea bj mgsg. Dg vgrkbege eb bstu`gs ramhbt bsbxpbrknbjtgd, cgy qub luogr b kjjavgr. ]k tb `gdtg ujg pkbzg, praiç maj atrg. ]k ja paeës cgmbr ujgddgngeg rçpkeg pgrg pbekr uj majsbla, maj`kç bj tu lukmka. ]k ja bjtbjeës ujg pgrtb, tbjë pgmkbjmkg,sbouî maj atrg masg qub dg rbspubstg yg vg ddbogr. ]airb taea, ja gpurbs dgs masgs. Mugjea tbrnkjbsvgs g qubrbr qub ùjmkajb, gsî qub tançtbda maj mgdng.

Rjg vbz qub bjtkbjegs das prkjmkpkas eb ujg bstu`g ramhbt eb ngsg dg paerçs naek`kmgr eb gmubrea gtus jbmbskegebs. Bd eksb÷a eb bstgs bstu`gs bs bxpdargtarka y su usa bs bxpbrknbjtgd. Dg gtbjmkýj qubrbqukbrbj tb pubeb `gsmkjgr a sus ng÷gs tb pubebj krrktgr. Vgrg dg prýxkng bekmkýj bspbrgnas tusmanbjtgrkas, bpk`gjîgs y damurgs. Gsî qub ngjegjas knçobjbs y ekiulas, a da qub sbg. ]k usgnas tungtbrkgd tb ngjegnas eas mapkgs orgtks eb dg prýxkng bekmkýj.



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Kgjta sgib par quë ujg ramhbt…

Dgs bstu`gs ramhbt jgmkbraj ebd trgigla qub ckmb bjtrb 7;?0 y `kjbs eb das g÷as ‚36 iusmgjeasadumkajbs g dg mrksks kjtbrjgmkajgd eb db÷g y bd praidbng ebd cuna bj dgs vkvkbjegs eb objtb eb pubidas trgekmkajgdbs. Bj das g÷as ‚?6 gyueë maj bd ebsgrradda eb dg —Darbjg„ bj Ougtbngdg, qub usg

ujg nbzmdg eb grbjg y grmkddg pgrg majtbjbr bd ùboa, sastbjbr dgs addgs y gdngmbjgr mgdar. Gtrgpgrajuj rçpkea kjtbrës g jkvbd nujekgd, y gcarg sb usgj numca bj Gnbrkmg Dgtkjg, Gskg y Ç`rkmg. Nçsgebdgjtb trgiglë maj uj bqukpa bj nçs eb vbkjtb pgîsbs gyuegjea g pbrsajgs g objbrgr nblarbsbspgmkas eb mamkjg. Nb pgsë mgsk ujg eëmgeg bj taea tkpa eb pubidktas, manpgrtkbjea bj dgsvkvkbjegs maj dgs `gnkdkgs eb das ek`brbjtbs duogrbs y bj dgs mamkjgs maj dgs nulbrbs qub sb amupgjeb mamkjgr. Atrg pgrtb eb nk trgigla mana pkrangjkgma ùb bj das Bstgeas Rjkeas bj bd kjtbjta ebnblargr dg mgdb`gmmkýj g db÷g bj mdkngs `rîas.

Bj ësg ëpamg dgs bstu`gs g db÷g gpbjgs cgiîgj nblargea eurgjtb das üdtknas mkbj g÷as. Bd àrngta içskma skbjea ujg sknpdb mglg nbtçdkmg maj uj mg÷a eb sgdkeg. Dg bstu`g mgdkbjtg bd gkrb qub dg raebg,qub duboa sb bdbvg pgrg mgdbjtgr bd tbmca y `kjgdnbjtb mkrmudgr g nbekeg qub sb bj`rîg. Vgrg

gpravbmcgr dg mgdb`gmmkýj eb uj naea ýptkna tbjerîgs qub bstgr bstgmgea gd tbmca sairb dg bstu`g.Gebnçs, par da objbrgd, muçjta nçs mgdar sb ebspbrekmkg par bd mg÷a, nblar bs dg mgdkege eb dgmaniustkýj.

Bvkebjtbnbjtb bsta bs ujg damurg eb kjb`kmkbjmkg. Gd mkbda ja db knpartg qub da mgdkbjtbj, bjmkng, dgngyarîg eb dgs bstu`gs g db÷g qubngj ngd, a sbg ja taeg dg bjbroîg qub majtkbjb dg db÷g sbtrgjsàrng bj mgdar. Numcg eb dg bjbroîg patbjmkgd eb dg db÷g sgdb par bd mg÷a bj dg àrng eb cuna, pgrtîmudgs y ogsbs skj qubngr. Das rbsudtgeas saj bd bjvbjbjgnkbjta eb das vbmkjas qub bstëj pgrgeýjeb sapdg bd vkbjta, bd usa bxmbskva eb db÷g y `rustrgmkýj.

Jubstrg nbtg bj bd ebsgrradda eb bstu`gs ebd tkpa Yamhbt ùb rbpbjsgr par manpdbta bd mýna qubngr

db÷g ebjtra eb ujg mgsg pgrg nblargr dg manaekege cungjg, usgr nbjas db÷g y objbrgr nbjasmajtgnkjgmkýj.

Das rbsudtgeas saj knprbskajgjtbs. Bj nk prapkg mgig÷g usa gdrbebear eb = n= par g÷a, nkbjtrgsqub nks vbmkjas usgj uj pranbeka eb bjtrb 79 y 96 n= par g÷a. Var da objbrgd uja sgib muçjeagdouja eb das vbmkjas bstç bj su mgsg par dg juib eb cuna qub sgdb eb sus mcknbjbgs. Dgmaniustkýj eb jubstrg bstu`g, bj mgnika, bs tgj dknpkg qub das vbmkjas qub bjtrgj qukbrbj sgibrmýna pubeb bstgr tgj mgdbjtkta sk dg bstu`g bstç gpgogeg. Kngoîjbjsb dg sarprbsg qub sb ddbvgjmugjea vbj mýna greb bd ùboa.

Nkbjtrgs bsmrkia bstay sbjtgea mbrmg eb nk prapkg bstu`g ramhbt, bj nk mgig÷ktg eb igrra bj dgs

praùjekegebs ebd kjvkbrja eb Arboýj. Majstruî ëstg bstu`g maj nks prapkgs ngjas bj uj eîg majmasgs rbmkmdgegs qub nb mastgraj nbjas eb 26 eýdgrbs (ujas 966 pbsas grobjtkjas j.t.).

Ebseb `kjbs eb das g÷as ‚36, dgs Bstu`gs Yamhbt eb Ngsg cgj skea nk üjkmg ùbjtb eb mgdb`gmmkýjgpgrtb ebd sad. Eurgjtb 7? g÷as cb paekea bvgdugr bstas mgdb`gmtarbs y nb oustgj nçs qub jgeg qubcb majamkea.



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Martb trgjsvbrsgd eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj eb ujg tîpkmg bstu`g ramhbt

y pgdgirgs mdgvb

Cbgt Bxmcgjob igrrbd< tgniar kjtbrmgnikgear eb mgdar. Maahkjo sur`gmb< supbr`kmkb eb

mammkýj. Kjsudgtkaj majtgkjbr< majtbjmkýj eb gksdgmkýj. Kjsudgtkaj< gksdgmkýj. @bbe igrrbd< tgniar eb mgrog. @bbe tuib< tuia eb mgrog. Cbgt rksbr< mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg. Iurj tüjbd< mçngrg eb maniustkýj prkngrkg. Gsc pkt< mbjkmbra. Cbgt stargob< gdngmbjgnkbjta eb mgdar. Bxkt/bxcgust `dub< majeumta eb sgdkeg/bsmgpb. Gsc mdbgj aut< iamgeb dknpkbzg. (Cgmkg dg kzqukbreg) Maniustkaj ujkt< mçngrg eb maniustkýj (prkngrkg ysboujegrkg). (Cgmkg dg ebrbmcg) Cbgt stargob< gdngmbjgnkbjta eb mgdar.



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Mgrgmtbrîstkmgs ebstgmgegs eb dgs bstu`gs ramhbt7. Rjg mçngrg eb maniustkýj bj àrng eb L maj çjoudas g ;6 orgeas. Das ogsbs mgdkbjtbs qub

suibj par dg pgtg nçs dgrog eb dg L mcupgj gkrb `rîa g trgvës eb dg db÷g bj dg pgtg martg.9. Rjg mçngrg eb maniustkýj rbvbstkeg maj gksdgmkýj pgrg gdtg tbnpbrgturg. (Gksdgmkýj>gdtg

tbnpbrgturg> maniustkýj manpdbtg> gdtg b`kmkbjmkg).

=. Rjg mcknbjbg gksdgeg (mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg j.t.) qub bstç ebjtra eb dg bstu`gnksng (objbrg bd tkrglb).

5. Dg db÷g vg pgrgeg y sb qubng bj bd bxtrbna kj`brkar, gdknbjtgjea dg bstu`g par orgvbege gnbekeg qub vg mgybjea.

2. Dg mgpgmkege eb bnpulgr ogs mgdkbjtb g trgvës eb dgroas majeumtas carkzajtgdbs ebjtra eb pksas, mgngs, skddajbs, btm.

0. Bd majmbpta eb sbpgrgr bd gpgrgta eb maniustkýj ebd usa ebd mgdar qub ëstb praeumb, ybspbmkgdnbjtb gdngmbjgr bstb mgdar bj nubidbs eb ngnpastbrîg eb igla masta.

?. Rjg b`kmkbjmkg bxtrgarekjgrkg bj dg bxtrgmmkýj eb mgdar eb dg db÷g y bj bjtrbogr bsb mgdareajeb y mugjea sbg jbmbsgrka.

3.

Eb `çmkd majstrummkýj maj ngtbrkgdbs igrgtas.

RJG JAUG ]AIYB UKYGLB]

@aoajbs

Dg maniustkýj bj uj àoýj g mkbda gikbrta ebpbjeb eb uj `dula eb gkrb majstgjtb. Bd axîobja, qubmajstktuyb ujg qukjtg pgrtb ebd gkrb qub rbspkrgnas, sb manikjg maj gmbktbs vadçtkdbs y atras



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praeumtas ogsbasas qub sgdbj eb dg ngebrg mugjea ëstg sb mgdkbjtg, objbrgjea mgdar. Ja paebsrbmkikr mgdar par majtgmta, parqub dgs irgzgs bstçj nuy mgdkbjtbs y tb qubngrîgs, y sk tb sbjtgrgs bjdas ogsbs mgdkbjtbs kjtbjtgjea bjtrgr bj mgdar tb gcungrîgs eb g pama y tb gs`kxkgrîgs. Vgrg qubgdoukbj rbmkig mgdar eb dgs ddgngs y dgs irgzgs tkbjb qub sbr par rgekgmkýj ekrbmtg. Vbra dg ngyarîgebd mgdar par da objbrgd sb ebspbrekmkg.

Dgs mcknbjbgs.

Dgs mcknbjbgs summkajgj gkrb ebjtra suya y da tkrgj pgrg grrkig parqub bd ogs qub tkbjbj ebjtra bstçnçs mgdkbjtb (par da tgjta nçs dkvkgja) qub bd gkrb qub da raebg. Muçjta tkrg ujg mcknbjbg ebpbjebeb dg gdturg y eb dg tbnpbrgturg nbekg eb das ogsbs bj su kjtbrkar< gdturg par tbnpbrgturg. Var datgjta paeës daorgr bd nksna tkrglb eb ujg mcknbjbg tkikg y nuy gdtg, maj ujg martg y nuy mgdkbjtb.Rjg mcknbjbg maj =6n eb gdturg qub bstç 76¼M nçs mgdkbjtb qub bd gkrb qub dg raebg, objbrg nçs anbjas bd nksna tkrglb qub ujg mcknbjbg eb gpbjgs 06mn pbra maj ujg ek`brbjmkg eb tbnpbrgturg eb266¼M.

Bstu `gs g db÷g

Dgs bstu`gs g db÷g majvbjmkajgdbs saj mglgs kojîùogs maj uj ùboa bj su kjtbrkar. Vgrg qub bjtrbaxîobja gd maniustkidb tkbjb qub cgibr ujg mcknbjbg maj ogsbs mgdkbjtbs bdbvçjeasb bj su kjtbrkar,objbrgjea ujg summkýj qub kjtraeumb gkrb `rîa gd maniustkidb (y tgd vbz g tu mgsg). Maj subrtb bjtrgsu`kmkbjtb gkrb a dg db÷g sknpdbnbjtb sb pkradkzg ” a sbg sb tubstgj das gmbktbs vadçtkdbs skj qubngrdas- praeumkbjea cuna skj su`kmkbjtb axîobja pgrg qub sb qubnb. ]k cgy ebngskgea gkrb bjtrgjea, bdgkrb `rîa eksubdvb das ogsbs mgdkbjtbs eb dg mcknbjbg y iglg dg tbnpbrgturg eb maniustkýjbnpbargjea dg mgdkege eb dg maniustkýj. Vgrg qub ùjmkajb bd gpgrgta dg mcknbjbg ebib bstgrmgdkbjtb y sk ëstg mcknbjbg bstg gùbrg sb ebspbrekmkg bd mgdar.

Dgs ramhbt saj ek`brbjtbs

Da rbvadumkajgrka eb dgs bstu`gs tkpa ramhbt bs bd majmbpta eb nbtbr dg mcknbjbg (a sbg dg mçngrgeb maniustkýj sboujegrkg) ebjtra eb dg bstu`g. Bsta sb daorg bjmbrrgjea dg mçngrg sboujegrkg pgrggtrgpgr das ogsbs eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj prkngrkg y qub sb tbrnkjbj eb qubngr g gdtgtbnpbrgturg. Duboa, cgmbnas mkrmudgr bstas ogsbs g trgvës eb ujg ngsg eb ngnpastbrîg pgrg qubmugjea sgdogj ebd bek`kmka yg bstëj `rîas.

Dg bstu`g bj nk mgsg tkbjb ujg mcknbjbg kjtbrjg eb gdrbebear eb uj nbtra maj ujg tbnpbrgturg qubasmkdg bjtrb das 066 ¼M y das ;66 ¼M.

Bd tgniar qub raebg dg mcknbjbg krrgekg su`kmkbjtb mgdar pgrg qub das ogsbs yg sb bj`rîbj cgstg ujas

926 ¼M g =26 ¼M mugjea sgdbj ebd gpgrgta eb maniustkýj eb dg bstu`g. Vbra gcarg, bj duogr eb dgrogrbstas ogsbs gd mkbda, das cgmbnas mkrmudgr par uj skddýj/mgng eb igrra y pkberg8 gsî, mugjea sgdbj ebdg mgsg yg bstçj g ujas =6¼M g ;6¼M.



;

. Maniustkýj y mgdar

MÝNA ]B WRBNG DG NGEBYG

Bd gkrb qub rbspkrgnas tkbjb gdrbebear eb uj 96 par mkbjta eb axîobja. Bd axîobja bs uj orgjrbgmtkva y g dg tbnpbrgturg gebmugeg sb manikjg maj mgsk mugdqukbr masg y da qubng, prambsa qubdkibrg mgdar y bjbroîg. Ek`brbjtbs bdbnbjtas sb prbjebj ùboa g ek`brbjtbs tbnpbrgturgs8 bd `ýsàra, par blbnpda, sb qubng par sknpdb bxpaskmkýj gd axîobja g tbnpbrgturg gnikbjtb, pbra bd gmbrajbmbsktg bstgr g nkdbs eb orgeas pgrg qub sb qubnb.

Mugjea dg ngebrg bnpkbzg g mgdbjtgrsb, dg dkojkjg y dg mbdudasg ” sus prkjmkpgdbs manpajbjtbs- sbeborgegj egjea duogr g ujg orgj vgrkbege eb ogsbs sknpdbs y manpdblas, qub mugjea gdmgjzgj mkbrtgtbnpbrgturg sb bjmkbjebj y sb qubngj, manikjçjeasb maj bd axîobja y cgmkbjea ddgngs, bj uj

prambsa majamkea mana maniustkýj.Aisbrvbnas uj traza eb db÷g g trgvës eb su mkmda, ebseb qub sb gpdkmg mgdar cgstg qub sb cgmbmbjkzg. Vrknbra (g) sb vb vgpar y gdoujas ogsbs pçdkeas y vkskidbs g nbekeg qub ddbogj gtbnpbrgturg eb cbrvar ebjtra eb dg ngebrg8 duboa (i) cgirç cuna gzud, orks a g vbmbs jbora, ek`îmkdeb rbspkrgr y maj uj adar týxkma (da bs)8 eb g pama (m) dgs pgrtbs bxtbrkarbs bnpkbzgj g irkddgr gnbekeg qub (e) bd cuna sb prbjeb ùboa. @kjgdnbjtb sýda qubegj (b) irgzgs skj cuna y skj orgjebsddgngs, sýda gdoujgs gzudbs pbqub÷gs g nbekeg qub sb qubngj dgs irgzgs.

Gmgignas eb vbr mana< (g) dg ngebrg sb mgdbjtý y sb sbmý, (i) das gmbktbs vadçtkdbs ckrvkbraj ysgdkbraj eb dg ngebrg g nbekeg qub dg mbdudasg y dg dkojkjg sb pkradkzgj (sb ebsmanpajbj maj dggmmkýj ebd mgdar) trgjsàrnçjeasb bj mkbjtas eb atras manpajbjtbs quînkmas. Mugjea dgtbnpbrgturg taegvîg bs iglg (m) bd mgriýj qub rbsudtg eb dg pkrýdksks sb qubngrç ” irkddgjea- dkibrgjeanajýxkea eb mgriaja y dkibrgjea mgdar, y (e) bd cuna sb prbjeb ùboa maj dgrogs ddgngs gngrkddgstrgjsàrnçjeasb bj ekýxkea eb mgriaja y vgpar eb goug, y par supubsta dkibrgjea mgdar.@kjgdnbjtb (b) yg ja cgy nçs cuna y qubegj irgzgs irkddgjea. Bsgs pbqub÷gs ddgngs gzudbs saj bdnajýxkea eb mgriaja qub sb qubng, egjea duogr g ekýxkea eb mgriaja y praeumkbjea mgdar ujg vbznçs.

Dg maniustkýj kjmanpdbtg rbsudtg sk cgy kjsu`kmkbjmkg eb axîobja, sb mgrgmtbrkzg par dgrogr numcacuna y najýxkea eb mgriaja, y par supubsta nbjas mgdar qub ujg maniustkýj manpdbtg. Danksna amurrb sk dg zajg eb maniustkýj bstç nuy `rîg a sk ddbog bd axîobja maj numcg vbdamkege

(mugjea gpgoçs ujg vbdg). Rj àoýj cunbg numca gd prkjmkpka par `gdtg eb mgdar, pbra tgnikëjcunbg sk db idaqubgnas dg bjtrgeg eb gkrb maj calgs cünbegs, maj tkbrrg, btm. Dg bstu`g pbr`bmtgtkbjb dg mgjtkege ýptkng eb axîobja ekspbrsa bj das ogsbs ebd cuna y ujg tbnpbrgturgsu`kmkbjtbnbjtb gdtg pgrg qub taea sb qubnb, dkibrgjea jgeg nçs qub vgpar eb goug , ekýxkea ebmgriaja y uj pama eb mbjkzg.

Egea das praidbngs maj bd ekýxkea eb mgriaja bj dg gtnýs`brg y su ngdg `gng mana ogskjvbrjgebra, numcg objtb sb sarprbjeb gd bjtbrgrsb eb qub bd ekýxkea eb mgriaja bs lustgnbjtb da



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qub bnktb ujg bstu`g g db÷g. ]kj bnigroa, mugdqukbr bstu`g ” par b`kmkbjtb qub sbg- dgrog ekýxkea ebmgriaja g dg gtnýs`brg, gd kougd qub dg maniustkýj ebd mgriýj, ogsakd, ogs a uj guta g jg`tg. Muçjtançs dknpkg dg maniustkýj eb dg ngebrg, nbjas vgnas g usgr parqub da qub qubngnas dagpravbmcgnas nçs, y par da tgjta objbrgnas nbjas ekýxkea eb mgriaja. ]k da qub qubrbnas bs sbrrbspajsgidbs ja ebibrîgnas eblgr eb qubngr ckeramgriuras, sk ja rbeumkr su utkdkzgmkýj g jkvbdbs

nçs sbouras. Bstg bs ujg iubjg rgzýj ja sada pgrg tbjbr bstu`gs g db÷g nçs b`kmkbjtbs pbra tgnikëj pgrg tbjbr mgsgs nçs pbqub÷gs, nblar gksdgegs, maj gpravbmcgnkbjta pgskva eb dg bjbroîg sadgr ymaj bspgmkas gmaobearbs qub tb irkjegj mgdar ekrbmtgnbjtb par majtgmta y skj mgdbjtgr jgeg qub jasbg jbmbsgrka.

Dgs trbs —U„

]k sb iusmg ujg maniustkýj dknpkg cgy qub gmaregrsb eb dgs trbs U< Ukbnpa, Ubnpbrgturg yUuriudbjmkg. Dgs nadëmudgs eb axîobja y dgs nadëmudgs eb das ogsbs eb dg maniustkýj tkbjbj qubbjmajtrgrsb y lujtgrsb. Vgrg qub bsta amurrg taeg dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj ebib tbjbr iubjggksdgmkýj tërnkmg pgrg qub dg tbnpbrgturg sb ngjtbjog bdbvgeg (sk ja cgy gdtg tbnpbrgturg ja cgy

maniustkýj)8 duboa, dg gdturg eb dg mçngrg sboujegrkg eg tkbnpa g qub sb lujtbj taegs dgsnadëmudgs eb axîobja maj das ogsbs maniustkidbs8 `kjgdnbjtb, pgrg qub sb bjmubjtrbj ebib cgibrturiudbjmkg, qub nbzmdg taeas das ogsbs8 cb gquî bd par quë ebd çjouda eb ;6¼ bjtrb dg mçngrg ebmaniustkýj prkngrkg y dg sboujegrkg.

Dg igtbrîg tërnkmg

Vbra (taea tkbjb uj pbra) gujqub dg db÷g sb qubnb maj uj 766 par mkbjta eb b`kmkbjmkg, sk jagpravbmcgnas bd mgdar objbrgea, ëstb sb ebs pbrekmkg. Dgs bstu`gs —eb maniustkýj dbjtg„ qub sb vbj

bj bd nbrmgea, maj qubngearbs sboujegrkas eb pdgtkja y taeas das mckmcbs pubebj tbjbr ujgmaniustkýj nuy dknpkg pbra ” pgrg ùjmkajgr- jbmbsktgj ebspbrekmkgr pgrtb ebd mgdar objbrgea

dgroçjeada par bd mg÷a y gd mkbda.

G ek`brbjmkg eb ujg bstu`g g db÷g majvbjmkajgd, dg ramhbt ja tkbjb qub ebspbrekmkgr mgdar pgrgsastbjbr dg maniustkýj. Dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj eb dg ramhbt trgjsàrng dg db÷g bj ekýxkea ebmgriaja, vgpar eb goug, uj pama eb mbjkzg y mgdar. Mýna utkdkzgnas bstb mgdar bs atrg ckstarkg.

Maj dg bstu`g g db÷g majvbjmkajgd, bd mg÷a mcupg gkrb `rîa g trgvës eb dg bstu`g y ianibg ogsbsmgdkbjtbs cgmîg bd mkbda. Dg ramhbt, bj mgnika, tkbjb ujg mçngrg eb maniustkýj qub objbrg ujgprbskýj qub paebnas ekrkokr y majtradgr pgrg ddbvgr bd mgdar g eýjeb cgmb `gdtg. Vaebnas usgrda pgrg mamkjgr, mgdbjtgr goug a mgdb`gmmkajgr dg mgsg a mgdb`gmmkajgrjas jasatras nksnas.

Gd majbmtgr dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj eb dg ramhbt g uj knpdbnbjta eb gdngmbjgnkbjta eb mgdar,daorgnas gisaribr bd mgdar eb das ogsbs ebd bsmgpb y gdngmbjgrda eurgjtb uj tkbnpa. Ubjbnas ujskddýj-mgng eb = tajbdgegs qub sb ngjtkbjb jatgidbnbjtb mgdbjtkta cgstg ujas trbs eîgs ebspuës ebcgibr skea mgrogea. Bs mana sk ùbrg ujg igtbrîg tërnkmg qub gdngmbjg mgdar nkbjtrgs cgddg ùboa, pgrg duboa dkibrgrda dbjtgnbjtb.



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Cgy qub tbjbr bj mubjtg qub ebjtra eb dg igtbrîg tërnkmg ja qubrbnas turiudbjmkg, yg qub dgmaniustkýj yg sb manpdbtý bj dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj. Dgs murvgs mbrrgegs y atrgs aistrummkajbsg`bmtgj gd iubj ùjmkajgnkbjta eb dg bstu`g.

MÝNA ]B NRBPB BD MGDAY

Bd mgdar skbnprb sb bstç rbekstrkiuybjea. Objbrasgnbjtb, dgs zajgs nçs mçdkegs ebd ujkvbrsaskbnprb iusmgj mgdbjtgr dgs zajgs nçs `rîgs. Dgs masgs mgdkbjtbs kjtbjtgj mgdbjtgr dgs `rîgs qub dgsraebgj. ]k dg ek`brbjmkg eb tbnpbrgturg bs orgjeb bd `dula eb mgdar ” a trgjs`brbjmkg- bs ngyar. Dasgksdgjtbs saj knpbeknbjtas g bstg trgjs`brbjmkg, cgmkëjeadg nçs dbjtg. Cgy qub gmaregrsb eb qub bdmgdar `duyb ebseb da nçs mgdkbjtb g da nçs `rîa eb trbs ngjbrgs ek`brbjtbs< rgekgmkýj, majvbmmkýj ymajeummkýj.

Dg rgekgmkýj bs dg trgjs`brbjmkg ekrbmtg eb bjbroîg g trgvës ebd bspgmka. G vbmbs vkbjb ebujg àrng vkskidb mana dg duz ebd sad, atrgs vbmbs dg ajeg bs nçs dgrog y sb jas cgmb kjvkskidb, manabd mgdar eb dg sgdgngjerg. G vbmbs bs ujg nbzmdg, mana bj uj àoýj bj uj mgnpgnbjta, a mugjeankrçs ebjtra eb ujg tastgearg (qub bs ujg mgdb`gmtar rgekgjtb jbta, maj rgyas vkskidbs b kjvkskidbsmcgnusmgjea bd pgj).

Dg rgekgmkýj sb ebspdgzg bj dîjbg rbmtg y bj taegs ekrbmmkajbs sknudtçjbgnbjtb cgstg mcamgr maj ujsýdkea bd mugd da rb`dblg a da gisarib bj ek`brbjtbs praparmkajbs. Gdoujgs supbr`kmkbs, mana bdgdunkjka, rb`dblgj orgj pgrtb, pbra jubstrg pkbd gisarib ujg orgj pgrtb.

Bsta bstç iubjîskna sk vgs g cgmbr uj àoýj, qub tb mgdkbjtg sada par rgekgmkýj, pbra mana nëtaeaeb irkjegr manaekege dg rgekgmkýj tkbjb sus kjmajvbjkbjtbs. Rja eb das nçs aivkas bs qub mgdkbjtgüjkmgnbjtb supbr`kmkbs bxpubstgs< paeës tbjbr dg mgrg ralg y dg jumg cbdgeg. Bj mugjta g ujg bstu`g,

pgrg qub ùjmkajb ikbj mana rgekgjtb dg supbr`kmkb ebib bstgr g ujg tbnpbrgturg pbdkorasgnbjtbgdtg, y g nbekeg qub dg supbr`kmkb rgekgjtb mgnikg eb tbnpbrgturg maj dg manpdblkege eb dgmaniustkýj eb dg db÷g tbjës qub bstgr marrkëjeatb g mgeg rgta pgrg bstgr mýnaeg.

Dg mgjtkege eb rgekgmkýj rbmkikeg bs praparmkajgd g dg tbnpbrgturg y dg ekstgjmkg eb dg ùbjtb. Vbraujg supbr`kmkb rgekgjtb pkbreb mgdar bj àrng ebspraparmkajgd g nbekeg qub sb mgdkbjtg. ]k gmckmgs gdg nktge dg ekstgjmkg bjtrb vas y ujg bstu`g rgekgjtb, rbmkiîs nçs ebd eaidb eb mgdar.

Dg majvbmmkýj bs mgdar trgjs`brkea par bd navknkbjta eb ujg ngsg eb ogs a dîqukea. Bd cunasuib parqub bstç nçs mgdkbjtb qub bd gkrb qub da raebg. Nkrç g trgvës eb uj vgsa eb mcamadgtbmgdkbjtb a ujg sapg eb nksa y vbrçs numca navknkbjta g mgusg ebd suikr ebd dîqukea mgdkbjtb y bd

iglgr ebd `rîa. ±Cgj aîea cgidgr eb das carjas eb majvbmmkýj1 Iubja, ja saj eb majvbmmkýj parqubtkbjbj uj vbjtkdgear. Atra janirb brrgea bs bd eb das rgekgearbs, qub ja saj rgekgearbs, parqub jamgdkbjtgj g jgekb par rgekgmkýj, skja majvbmtarbs parqub mgdkbjtgj uj gnikbjtb par navknkbjta ebgkrb.

Vgrg irkjegr mgdar ekrbmtgnbjtb g ujg pbrsajg dg majvbmmkýj bs igstgjtb kjütkd. Vgrg rbmkikr mgdar parmajvbmmkýj tbjerîgs qub bstgr lusta grrkig eb dg ùbjtb. A sbg qub dg zajg nçs mgdbjtktg eb ujg mgsg



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qub tkbjb mgdb`gmmkýj par majvbmmkýj bs majtrg bd tbmca, eajeb sb gmunudg taea bd gkrb mçdkea. Vgrgrbmkikr mgdar majvbmtkva eb uj caogr tbjerîgs qub nbtbrtb ebjtra eb dg mcknbjbg.

Dg majeummkýj bs dg trgjs`brbjmkg eb mgdar par majtgmta. ]k gd egrdb dg ngja g gdoukbj dg sbjtîs`rîg, bs parqub db bstçs eajgjea uj pama eb tu mgdar marpargd. Mana taeg trgjs`brbjmkg eb mgdar, dgmajeummkýj vg ebseb da nçs mgdkbjtb cgmîg da nçs `rîa, skj knpartgr muçj pbqub÷g sbg dg ek`brbjmkgeb tbnpbrgturg. Bd mgdar par majeummkýj `duyb kougdnbjtb cgmkg taeas dgeas ” pgrg gigla, pgrg grrkigy g das mastgeas. ±Vbra ja brg qub bd mgdar skbnprb suib1 Ja, üjkmgnbjtb par majvbmmkýj. Wub —bd

mgdar su ib„ ja bs ujg mgrgmtbrîstkmg jk eb dg rgekgmkýj jk eb dg majeummkýj.

Dg majeummkýj bs nçs gpgrbjtb g trgvës eb das sýdkeas, ebpbjekbjea eb da ikbj a ngd qub bsb sýdkeaeblb pgsgr bd mgdar g trgvës eb su mubrpa. Dg majeumtkvkege vgrîg numca, ebseb bd gkrb qukbta ” nuy iglg majeumtkvkege ” cgstg bd gdunkjka< sbjtgtb bj ujg skddg eb gdunkjka bj ujg eîg `rîa.

Bj ujg zajg kjtbrnbekg eb bstas bxtrbnas bstçj das ngtbrkgdbs eb ngnpastbrîg. Mugjta ngyar sbgsu ebjskege, ngyar bs su mgpgmkege eb trgjsnktkr mgdar. Dg pkberg mgdkzg y bd dgerkdda sajmajeumtarbs nbekgjgnbjtb iubjas8 bd orgjkta y bd igsgdta saj nblarbs güj, bd ckbrra nkjbrgd, gd sbr

nçs ebjsa, sbrîg taegvîg nblar majeumtar. Das ngtbrkgdbs ebjsas a maj pgrtbs nbtçdkmgs pubebj sbr pbdkorasgnbjtb majeumtkvas, mana dgs pkbergs mgdkbjtbs sgmgegs eb uj àoýj a bd ngjoa eb ujgsgrtëj eb ckbrra àrlgea, qub majeumbj bd mgdar g trgvës eb sus mubrpas rçpkegnbjtb par sbr nçs ikbj pbsgeas.

Bj ujg mgsg dg majeummkýj rgrg vbz sb usg pgrg dg manaekege eb qukbjbs dg cgiktgj. Rj àoýj jajas eg jk uj paqukta, dgs pgrtbs mgdkbjtbs jas qubngj sk dgs tamgnas, y da nksna amurrb maj dgngyarîg eb dgs bstu`gs eb mglg nbtçdkmg. Majambnas ikbj das b`bmtas b`înbras eb dgs iatbddgs ebgoug mgdkbjtb, dgs ngjtgs bdëmtrkmgs, uj dgerkdda mgdkbjtb a ujg tgzg eb të bjtrb dgs ngjas.Gmurrumgrsb gnarasgnbjtb maj atrg pbrsajg pubeb sbr ütkd, pbra ja skbnprb prçmtkma. Numcgs pbrsajgs majambj ujg sadg àrng eb bjtrgr rçpkegnbjtb bj mgdar< dg eumcg mgdkbjtb.

Dg gksdgmkýj bs mugdqukbr ngtbrkgd qub `rbjgdg trgjs`brbjmkg eb mgdar. Vgrg `rbjgr bd `dula ebmgdar par majeummkýj ujg rbodg objbrgd bs bdbokrbd ngtbrkgd nçs dkvkgja ekspajkidb, yg qub sbebeumb qub bs dkvkgja par bstgr ddbja eb—iuriulgs„ eb gkrb. Bd gkrb qukbta bs uja eb das

nblarbs gksdgjtbs majamkeas. Rjg mgnpbrgeuvbt, nbekgs eb dgjg, uj pdunýj ” bstasmajtrkiuybj g jubstrg manaekege par gtrgpgr iuriulgs eb gkrb bj su kjtbrkar.



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G gdtgs tbnpbrgturgs dg ngyarîg eb das ngtbrkgdbs gksdgjtbs eb arkobj aroçjkma (vkrutg, gsbrrîj, dgjg)sb qubngj, y dgs pdgmgs eb tbroapad sb ebrrktbj bnktkbjea ogsbs týxkmas. Vgrg dg majstrummkýj ebbstu`gs jbmbsktgnas gksdgjtbs nkjbrgdbs mana dg pkberg pýnbz, grbjg vadmçjkmg, vbrnkmudktg a pbrdktg. Dg grmkddg bs nbjas gksdgjtb, pbra ja tgjta mana dg grbjg qub par su gdtg ebjskege bs ujbxmbdbjtb majeumtar.

BD MGDAY GMRNRDGEA UB IYKJEG MANAEKEGE

Dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj eb dg ramhbt bs ujg ianig tërnkmg qub bnpulg ogs mgdkbjtb pgrg mgdbjtgrnubidbs eb ngnpastbrîg (bjtrb atrgs masgs). Urgjqukdgnbjtb pubeb knpudsgr ogs mgdkbjtb g trgvës eb3 g 76 n eb mg÷brîg carkzajtgd, gmunudgjea mgdar bj pgrbebs kjtbrkarbs, bj bd pksa a bj uj skddýj.Bstgjea sbjtgea a rbmastgea sairb uj gskbjta mgdb`gmmkajgea, tu mubrpa rbmkib mgdar par bstgr bjmajtgmta maj dg ngnpastbrîg.

Pkvknas bj tkbnpas sarprbjebjtbs. Mgeg tgjta uja sb ebspkbrtg eb gdoüj nkta samkgd qub cggmbptgea taeg dg vkeg. Bd nkta eb qub —dg mgsg tkbjb qub tbjbr mgdb`gmmkýj„ bs objbrgdnbjtb

gmbptgea. Vbra sbgnas mdgras, nkbjtrgs dgs mg÷brîgs ja sb majobdbj, g tu mgsg db eg da nksna tbjbr aja mgdb`gmmkýj. G qukbjbs dbs knpartg saj das cgiktgjtbs. Da qub jasatras iusmgnas bs qub dg objtbtbjog mgdb`gmmkýj, ujg vbz qub bjtbjebnas bsta taea sb vubdvb nçs sknpdb.

Dg mgdb`gmmkýj eb ujg mgsg g ogs a rgekgearbs ebpbjeb eb qub jubstras mubrpas bstëj bj majtgmtamaj bd gkrb mgdkbjtb eb dg mgsg. Rjg mgsg pubeb majtbjbr uj najtgjgza eb gkrb mgdkbjtb, ebd muçd sadaujg pbqub÷g pgrtb bjtrg bj majtgmta maj jasatras. B`bmtkvgnbjtb, bd rbsta ebd mgdar sb pkbreb. Bdgkrb, skbjea iubj gksdgjtb, ja pgrbmb sbr dg ngjbrg nçs rçpkeg y b`kmkbjtb eb rbmkikr mgdar, gebnçs sb

bsmgpg `çmkdnbjtb.

(G dg kzqukbreg< Cattbst>Nçs Mgdkbjtb8 Maadkjo>bj`rkçjeasb8 Madebst>Nçs ̀ rîa8 rbsudtgea< pkbs y

bspgdeg ̀ rîas. G dg ebrbmcg< _grn>mgdbjtkta8 Maadkjo>bj`rkçjeasb8 maad>`rbsma)





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paerîg ddbogr g tbjbr ujg ramhbt skj usgr ngtbrkgdbs bspbmkgdbs pgrg gdtg tbnpbrgturg skj qub sb ùjegtaea.

Bd sktka ebjtra eb tu mgsg qub bdklgs pgrg dg bstu`g pubeb ebtbrnkjgr eýjeb y mana sb cgmbekspajkidb bd mgdar, muçjta sb gmunudg (a sb pkbreb par pgrbebs y vbjtgjgs) y dg `gmkdkege pgrg mgrogry ougregr db÷g. Var blbnpda, ujg bstu`g qub sb usg numca pgrg mamkjgr paerîg bstgr mbrmg eb dgmamkjg, ujg qub sb usgrîg prkjmkpgdnbjtb pgrg vgoubgr bstgrîg bj eýjeb sbg qub tb oustb vgoubgr.Bjtrgr db÷g pubeb sbr uj prambsa sumka, gsî qub paerîgs rbeumkr bd igrrkea eb das pksas sk uikmçs bdtuia eb mgrog mbrmg eb dg pubrtg.

EKYKOKY BD MGDAY

Cgy vgrkgidbs qub g`bmtgj cgmkg eýjeb sb ekrkob bd mgdar, a sbg, paeës eask`kmgr bd mgdar objbrgeasboüj tus jbmbskegebs. Var blbnpda, pgrg ngxknkzgr dg b`kmkbjmkg eb dg mammkýj pramurç eblgr dg tgpgebd tgniar da nçs mbrmg paskidb g dg sgdkeg eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg, g ujas 2mn. A skrbvbstknas bd tgniar maj igrra, bd tgniar ekskpg nbjas mgdar y bjtrg nçs mgdar g das majeumtas eb

dg ngsg tërnkmg. Ugnikëj sb pubeb rbbnpdgzgr bd tgniar maj ujg bstrumturg eb igrra a dgerkdda,ngxknkzgjea bd gdngmbjgnkbjta eb mgdar y nkjknkzgjea bd mgdar rgekgjtb.

]k dg pgrbe ebtrçs ebd gpgrgta eb maniustkýj y bd skddýj/mgng ja tkbjb iubjg gksdgmkýj, kjmarparçgdoüj gksdgjtb bjtrb dg pgrbe y dg ngsg tërnkmg, y ujg mgpg ikbj orubsg bjtrb ëstg y bd gpgrgta ebmaniustkýj (nîjkna 76 mn).

Dg igtbrîg tërnkmg

Bd trgiglgr maj igrra jas a`rbmb ujg `dbxkikdkege bstrumturgd üjkmg yg qub sb gpdkmg maj dgs ngjas.

Dg ngsg tërnkmg ” dg igtbrîg- ùjmkajg ikbj mugjea sb mgdkbjtg dbjtgnbjtb nkbjtrgs greb bd ùboa,

duboa bd mgdar sb ekspbrsg par dg ngsg y sb dkibrg prkjmkpgdnbjtb par majtgmta y majvbmmkýj bj dasduogrbs y bj das tkbnpas qub uja qukbrg (das tkbnpas sb rboudgj pajkbjea y sgmgjea dasgdnacgeajbs). Bd gdngmbjgnkbjta tatgd bstç dknktgea par bd pbsa y ja par bd vadunbj, par bsa bsknpartgjtb qub gdrbebear ebd majeumta ebjtra eb dg ngsg tërnkmg cgddg ngtbrkgdbs pbsgeas y duboarbvbstkr taeg dg ngsg maj ujg pkbd nçs dkvkgjg y gksdgjtb.

Dg nblar ngjbrg eb daorgr dg ngsg gebmugeg bs maj pkberg (dg pkberg iamcg tkbjb ujg ebjskege eb=066 ho fpar n= j.t .) a pbegzas eb carnkoýj (9266 ho par n= j.t.) ujkeas maj uj nartbra eb grbjgy grmkddg (5 eb grbjg par ujg eb grmkddg j.t.) skj pglg. ]k bd skddýj bstç cbmca maj nçs igrra qub pkbergtbjerç nbjar mgpgmkege eb gdngmbjgnkbjta qub uja eb nçs pkberg qub igrra.

Dg praparmkýj eb mgdar qub paebs bxtrgbr eb das ogsbs ebpbjeb ebd dgroa y eb dg supbr`kmkb tatgd ebdas majeumtas. Var bjeb bs mrîtkma bd dgroa y bd ekçnbtra eb das majeumtas eb trgjs`brbjmkg eb mgdarebjtra eb dg ngsg.

(Ubjë bj mubjtg qub sk cgmës das majeumtas eb dgerkdda a geaib, ëstas bstçj cbmcas maj ngtbrkgdbsqub ja tkbjbj tgj gdtg mgpgmkege eb trgjs`brbjmkg mana dg pkberg y bd carnkoýj. A sbg qub bj bdnksna dgroa, dg pkberg u carnkoýj pbogea maj uj pama eb igrra vg bxtrgbr nçs mgdar qub bd dgerkddaa bd geaib ebd ogs qub mkrmudg par bd majeumta. J.t.)



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Rikmgmkýj ebd majeumta

Muçjta nçs dgroa sbg bd majeumta ebjtra ebd skddýj/mgng y nçs pbsgea sbg bd ngtbrkgd qub da raebgngyar sbrç bd mgdar qub paerçs bxtrgbr eb das ogsbs eb dg maniustkýj. Vgrg daorgr ujg ekstrkiumkýj pgrblg ebd mgdar g da gjmca eb ujg mgng paeës grngr bd majeumta bj àrng eb sbrpbjtîj, a ekvkekr bd

majeumta prkjmkpgd bj vgrkas majeumtas pgrgdbdas qub sb vubdvbj g ujkr nçs gddç. Rj skddýj maj ; neb mg÷brîg gjeg ikbj y pubeb iglgr dg tbnpbrgturg eb das ogsbs ebd bsmgpb cgstg 56¼m. Dg vksktg sbgenkrg mugjea dbs ebnubstra bsta dgnkbjea bd mg÷a eb sgdkeg maj bd ùboa g taeg nçqukjg.

Vgrg rbsmgtgr dg ngyarîg ebd mgdar, uj skstbng eb 0¨ ebibrîg tbjbr ujas 0n eb majeumtas ebjtra ebujg ngsg tërnkmg eb = tajbdgegs, nkbjtrgs qub uj skstbng eb 3¨ rbqukbrb ;n eb majeumtas ebjtra ebujg ngsg tërnkmg eb 2 tajbdgegs.

Bd mgdar vkglg g trgvës ebd igrra g ujas 9 a = mn par carg, sgikbjea bsta sb pubeb luogr maj dguikmgmkýj ebd majeumta rbspbmta g dg supbr`kmkb ebd skddýj. ]k bstç mbrmg eb dg supbr`kmkb vgnas gdaorgr uj mgdar nçs rçpkea y damgdkzgea, sk bstç nbtkea ikbj gebjtra eb dg ngsg bd rbsudtgea sbrç uj

mgdar nçs pgrbla y eurgjtb nçs tkbnpa. Var blbnpda, uj skddýj maj 2 mn eb igrra sairb bd majeumtajas vg g egr ujg `rgjlg mgdkbjtb bj bd gskbjta 9 cargs ebspuës eb prbjebr bd ùboa, pbra sk skddýj tkbjb56mn eb gdturg y uj majeumta eb 0¨ (72mn) g 2mn eb dg supbr`kmkb tbjerîg mgsk 96 mn eb ngsg pgrgmgdbjtgr cgmîg gigla, par das tgjta sb gdngmbjg nbjas mgdar parqub sb pkbreb numca cgmîg dgsupbr`kmkb. Var bsta sb rbmankbjeg qub das majeumtas qubebj g 72 mn eb dg supbr` kmk b. ]k pargdoujg rgzýj qubrës uj pujta mgdkbjtb sairb bd igjma paeës trgbr bd majeumta cgmîg dg supbr`kmkb yduboa vadvbrda g iglgr.

Bd majeumta praùjea ebjtra ebd skddýj pbrnktb ngyar gmunudgmkýj eb mgdar (grrkig). ]k bdmajeumta bstç nçs mbrmg eb dg supbr`kmkb (gigla), ëstg bs nçs mgdkbjtb pbra sb gdngmbjgnbjas mgdar y dg ngsg sb bj`rîg nçs rçpkea.



7?

Bd tgng÷a ebd nubidb eb ngnpastbrîg

Rj skddýj majtrg ujg pgrbe sb skbjtb mýnaea maj ujas 52mn eb àjea y bjtrb =2 y 52 mn eb gdturg.Bd gskbjta sb skbjtb mýnaea sk tkbjb uj bspgmka pgrg das tgdajbs, a sbg ujas 76 mn nçs gjmca grrkigqub gigla. Rjg mgng sknpdb qub bstç majtrg dg pgrbe ebibrîg tbjbr ujas 9 n eb dgroa par 36 mn ebgjmca, y 7,5 n sk bs eaidb. Rjg mgng eb 9n x 7,5n x 6,52 n eb gdta pbsgrîg ujgs 9 tajbdgegs y

nbekg. Rj skddýj eb 52 mn eb gjmca par 56mn eb gdta, tkbjb qub tbjbr = a 5 n eb dgroa pgrg pbsgrujg tajbdgeg. Bj mugdqukbr mgsa, uj majeumta praùjea bj uj skddýj qub bstç sairb uj pksa ebngnpastbrîg gunbjtgrîg bd mgdar gdngmbjgea.

]boüj jubstrg bxpbrkbjmkg uj skstbng eb 0¨ igstg pgrg ujg mgsg pbqub÷g maj iubjg gksdgmkýj bj ujgzajg eajeb dgs tbnpbrgturgs ja iglgj jarngdnbjtb eb -?¼M. Bj zajgs nçs `rîgs a pgrg mgsgs nçsorgjebs bd skstbng eb 3¨ qub ebsmrkiknas gquî gjeg ikbj. Mugdqukbr masg, sk dg patbjmkg ebd skstbngbs nçs orgjeb ebd jbmbsgrka, sb pubeb usgr eurgjtb nbjas tkbnpa y dksta.



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Vdgjtg y pbrspbmtkvg eb uj skddýj-mgng eb ngnpastbrîg mgdb`gmmkajgea

VDGJK @ KMGMKÝJ EBD MG×A EB ]GD KEG

Bd trgna eb mg÷a vbrtkmgd qub ddbvg das ogsbs ebseb dg sgdkeg eb dg ngsg tërnkmg cgstg gùbrg sb

manpartg eb ujg àrng nuy ek`brbjtb eb dg ngyarîg eb dgs bstu`gs g db÷g. Mugjea dg ramhbt bstçùjmkajgjea ikbj dg tbnpbrgturg eb das ogsbs bj bstb trgna bs tgj iglg qub prçmtkmgnbjtb ja cgy pbdkora eb kjmbjeka. Vbra lustgnbjtb g mgusg eb bstg iglg tbnpbrgturg bd vgpar eb goug, praeumta ebdg maniustkýj, tkbjeb g majebjsgr maj mrbasatg bj sadumkýj, gsî qub das nbtgdbs ja ogdvgjkzgeas sbeborgegj rçpkegnbjtb.

@klgtb ikbj eýjeb bd mg÷a vg g sgdkr ebd bek`kmka y eýjeb bstgrç dg iamg eb dg sgdkeg. Gebnçs, gd cgibr prbskýj ebjtra eb das majeumtas pubeb cgibr ujg ùog eb gdoüj ogs týxkma qub sb pubeg objbrgr ”

mana MA y/a gdoüj JAx. Gsî qub sk cgy gdoüj trgna eb mg÷a bxpubsta ebjtra eb dg mgsg sbddçdb ikbjdgs ujkajbs maj skdkmajg y/a mkjtg eb gdtg tbnpbrgturg. Gsbourgtb, gebnçs, eb sbddgr ikbj dgs iamgs ebdknpkbzg.

Bj mugjta g dg uikmgmkýj ebd mg÷a ùbrg eb dg mgsg, bd pbar bjbnkoa bs bd vkbjta, bspbmkgdnbjtb dgsrç`gogs. Cgy vbmbs qub bstb tkpa eb praidbngs saj knprbebmkidbs gsî qub tbjë uj pdgj I pgrg dguikmgmkýj ebd mg÷a sk bs qub cgy praidbngs eb cuna. Bj objbrgd ja bs iubja sgmgr bd mg÷a ebd dgeaeb das vkbjtas prbeankjgjtbs.

]k bd majeumta tkbjb uj iubj rbmarrkea ebjtra eb uj skddýj/mgng dg tbnpbrgturg eb das ogsbs bs nuy iglg y mgsk ja cgy cuna, gsî qub bs paskidb qub bd trgna vbrtkmgd tbrnkjb igla uj gdbra. Maj uj maea



7;

bj dg pujtg qub nkrb cgmkg gigla sb prbvkbjb majtrg dg gmunudgmkýj eb dduvkg ebjtra ebd mg÷a, y majujg ngddg eb 2nn sb prbvkbjb majtrg dg bjtrgeg eb ikmcas.

Gd oujgs majskebrgmk ajbs rbspbmta g das mg÷as eb sgdkeg

Vrboujtg< ±]gma bd mg÷a bj uj pujta igla ebd bek`kmka, a ngjtbjoa bd mg÷a gebjtra taea da paskidb

pgrg sgmgrdb uj pama nçs eb mgdar1

Ybspubstg< Iubja, sk dg tbnpbrgturg ebd bsmgpb bs iglg, ekognas nbjas qub 26¼M, cgy nuy pama ibjb`kmka maj ngjtbjbrda ebjtra, gsî qub sgmçda pgrg gùbrg pgrg bvktgr manpdkmgmkajbs maj dgmrbasatg a ùog eb ogsbs, qub sb ngjblgj nçs `çmkdnbjtb gùbrg ebd bek`kmka.

V< ±[ sk yg qub bstay nb cgoa ujg mcknbjbg eb ngnpastbrîg bj vbz eb uj mg÷a nbtçdkma1

Y< Dgs mcknbjbgs eb ngnpastbrîg rbqukbrbj numcîskna ngtbrkgd y ngja eb airg, saj ujg bjtrgeg patbjmkgd eb goug, y bj uj tbrrbnata a sksna subdbj sbr da üjkma qub mgb. Jasatras prb`brknas ujmg÷a nbtçdkma eb iubjg mgdkege, gujqub ja sbg tgj eurgebra.

V< ±Db pajoa uj rboudgear eb tkrglb bj dg sgdkeg1

Y< JA. Ja kjstgdbs uj rboudgear eb tkrglb, pubeb objbrgrtb ujg ùog eb najýxkea eb mgriaja.



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Gsbourgtb eb egrdb uj pbqub÷a ebsjkvbd cgmîggùbrg gd mg÷a qub gtrgvkbsg dg pgrbe, qub bd dgea ngmca eb das mg÷as nkrb cgmîg dg mçngrg ebmaniustkýj y eb eblgr ujg iamg eb dknpkbzg y mbigear (prknbr gje mdbgj-aut) ebjtra ebd bek`kmka.

Ngtbrkgdbs y cbrrgnkbjtgs

(pgrg uj skstbng eb majeumtas eb 3„ y uj igjma eb igrra pgrg gdngmbjgnkbjta eb mgdar)

Ngtbrkgdbs

dgerkddas, ujas 766 eb das mckmasgrmkddggrbjg

nbeka `grea a pglg sbmgtgniar a igdeb nbtçdkma eb 26 d pgrg iamg eb mgrogtgniar eb 766 d a 966 d pgrg trgjs`brbjmkg eb tbnpbrgturgmg÷a eb 3„ (96mn) pgrg majeumtas gksdgmkýj< nbeka nbtra müikma eb grbjg vadmçjkmg, pbrdktg bxpgjekeg, gsbrrîj y/a vkrutgmajtbjbear eb gksdgmkýj< ujg pdgjmcg eb mcgpg dksg (eb 7,99 n x 9,55 n ý eb 7 n x 9 n), a dgmcgpg eb uj tbrnatgjqub vkbla. pbegmbrka eb ngtbrkgd ebspdbogea, ngddg eb ogddkjbra, btm. (apmkajgd)



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pkberg a urigjktgapmkajgd pgrg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg< uj mg÷a —tuikjo„ eb 3„ (96mn) eb 36 mn g 7 neb dgroa, u atra mg÷a eb ckbrra OYRB]A.

Cbrrgnkbjtgs bsbjmkgdbs

pgdg igdebsmgrrbtkddgtrkjmcbtg a mumckdda ̀ kdasajkvbd eb 6,0 n a 7,9 nmkjtg nëtrkmgatrgs cbrrgnkbjtgs< pbegza eb pdçstkma a dajg eb ujas 9,2 n x = n (pgrg cgmbr nbzmdg) ngrtkdda ngzg

martg `kbrras mumcgrg eb gdig÷kd tklbrg pgrg martgr mcgpg pkjzg a tbjgzg ngddg eb nasquktbra a zgrgjeg `kjg trgpas y/a pbegzas eb madmcýj vkbla y/a bspajlg

Dgerkddas



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Ebseb dg igsb eb dg iamg eb mgrog cgstg dg mkng eb dg mçngrg sboujegrkg dgs tbnpbrgturgs sajkjtbjsgs, gsî qub das ngtbrkgdbs ebibj rbskstkr bd scamh tërnkma, y par supubsta ja ebibj ebrrbtkrsb g7666 aM. Cbnas praigea orgj vgrkbege eb ngtbrkgdbs y cbnas vksta qub par da objbrgd das nçseurgidbs saj das dgerkddas manujbs a bd mg÷a eb ckbrra orubsa. Ugreb a tbnprgja das dgerkddas sbtbrnkjgj ranpkbjea igla bd b`bmta ebd strbss gd muçd saj sanbtkeas ebjtra eb dg mçngrg eb

maniustkýj. Vubeb qub das dgerkddas rb`rgmtgrkas sbgj nçs eurgebras, pbra saj nuy mgras. Bd dgerkddamanüj gjeg ikbj, bs `çmkd eb martgr y jas eg dg knprbskýj qub sb pgrtb nbjas.

Dg grmkddg

Cgy grmkddg par taeas dgeas, sk ja sgiës eýjeb prboujtg, gvbrkoug. Vgrg praigr su purbzg,cunbebmbdg y gngsgdg uj pama, duboa cgmb uj mcarkmkta eb 7mn eb ekçnbtra y bjvadvbda gdrbebeareb tu ebea mana sk ùbrg uj gjkdda. ]k tkbjb pdgstkmkege su`kmkbjtb pgrg cgmbrda, bs qub skrvb. Vgrgcgmbr bd nartbra pgrg dg ngnpastbrîg eksadvbdg bj goug g ujg praparmkaj eb nçs a nbjas 7 g 7 y pgsçdg par ujg ngddg eb 9nn pgrg sgmgrdb pkberktgs, orunas, btm. Vgrg dg mçngrg eb maniustkýjjbmbsktgs ujas 96 d.

Vgrg dg ngsg tërnkmg cgmb `gdtg uj pama nçs qub ¾ n= y ja cgmb `gdtg tgnkzgrdg.

Dg grbjg

Vgrg bd nartbra jbmbsktgs ujas 9 igdebs eb 96d eb grbjg `kjg (pgsgeg par uj tgnkz eb 9nn. Maj 7n= eb grbjg qukzçs tb gdmgjmb pgrg taea.

Ugniarbs

Vgrg majtbjbr das ogsbs qub sgdbj eb dg maniustkýj sboujegrkg usgnas uj sknpdb tgniar nbtçdkma.]kj bnigroa, cgy qukbjbs cgj usgea vkblas tbrnatgjqubs eb ùjekmkýj, tgmcas eb igsurg a mkdkjeras

eb dgerkdda a igrra. Bd mgdar qub ebspkeb bd tgniar sb rboudg maj bd tgng÷a ebd tgniar, y/amuirkëjeada tatgd a pgrmkgdnbjtb maj dgerkddas a igrra.

Vgrg sastbjbr dg db÷g qub sairbsgdb eb dg iamg eb mgrog saj kebgdbs y `çmkdbs eb majsboukr dastgniarmktas gngrkddas eb mgriura. ]k ja ujg mcgpg mkdkjergeg y sadegeg maj ujg tgpg mgsbrg, a paeësrbmurrkr g gdoujg cbrrbrîg sa`kstkmgeg.

Dg ngyarîg eb dgs ramhbt maj uj skstbng eb 3„ rbmkibj dg easks lustg eb axîobja sk dg tgpg eb dg iamg

eb mgrog tkbjb uj goulbra eb 2 mn eb ekçnbtra, qub sb pubeg tgpgr a mbrrgr pgrg bvktgr qub db bjtrbgkrb gd skstbng mugjea bstë gpgoa, bj`rkçjeada.

Vgrg bd tgniar orgjeb da kebgd bs uj tgniar maj tgpg y sujmca pgrg `gmkdktgr dg dknpkbzg b

kjspbmmkýj.

Bs jbmbsgrka qubngr prbvka g su madamgmkýj taeg dg pkjturg y rbstas eb ckeramgriuras bj uj iubjùboa gd gkrb dkirb (`klgtb pgrg eajeb vg bd vkbjta gsî jk vas jk tus vbmkjas rbspkrgj das cunastýxkmas). Duboa sb rgspg dg pkjturg maj vkrudgjg, dklg a maj dg dustrg-dklgearg. Ugnikëj sb pubebqubngr dg pkjturg maj uj sapdbtb.

Dg mg÷brîg



9=

Cgmb `gdtg mg÷a pgrg das majeumtas ebjtra eb dg ngsg tërnkmg, gujqub tgnikëj sb pubebj cgmbr majdgerkdda. ]kj bnigroa, bd kjtbrkar ebd majeumta ebib tbjbr ujg supbr`kmkb dksg pgrg qub das ogsbs pgsbj maj `gmkdkege, skj qub das `rbjb ujg pgrbe ruoasg, gsî qub dg nblar apmkýj bs majstrukr dg ngsgtërnkmg maj mg÷as nbtçdkmas bniutkeas. ]k bs paskidb, das mg÷as ebibrîgj sbr uj pama nçs orgjebseb da mgdmudgea, pgrg tbjbr uj ngrobj par gmunudgmkýj eb mbjkzg, caddîj y padva. Dg mg÷brîg ebibrîg

tbjbr uj ekçnbtra pgrbla bj su rbmarrkea. (]k rbsudtg nçs bmajýnkma, sb pubeb manprgr mcgpg dksg ymkdkjergrdg eb àrng mgsbrg, sulbtçjeadg maj rbngmcbs a tarjkddas guta-pbràrgjtbs. Jasatrasaituvknas iubjas rbsudtgeas maj dgtgs eb sgdsg eb tangtb eb 76ho, paeës pbekrdas bj rbstgurgjtbs ucatbdbs, jasatras sb dgs manprgnas par uj prbmka nîjkna g ujg pbrsajg qub trgiglg manarbmkmdgearg bj bd vbrtbebra nksna. Dgs dgvgnas y dbs sgmgnas dgs eas tgpgs maj uj girbdgtgs, duboadb ckmknas martbs mgeg 9 a = mn eb ujas 9 mn eb praùjekege par taeg dg mkrmuj`brbjmkg eb ujg pujtg, eaidgjea mgeg arblg dbvbnbjtb cgmîg gebjtra, bstb dgea sbrîg bd qub sb bjmgstrg ebjtra eb atrgdgtg. ]b `klgj maj tarjkddas guta- pbràrgjtbs y/a sb bjmkjtgj maj mkjtg —tgpb,„ tgnikëj ddgngeg —tkpa

gnbrkmgjg,„ bj kjodbs sb ddgng —eumt tgpb„ qub ja bs nçs qub mkjtg pgrg majeumtas! J.t.)

Gksdgmkýj eb gdtg tbnpbrgturg

Bd gksdgjtb tërnkma usg iuriulgs eb gkrb gtrgpgeas bj su kjtbrkar pgrg `rbjgr bd `dula ebd mgdar8muçjtgs nçs iuriulgs eb gkrb majtbjog uj ngtbrkgd, ngyar bs su mgpgmkege eb gksdgmkýj. ]b ebeumb,qub bd gksdgjtb qub usbs ebibrîg sbr da nçs dkvkgja paskidb. Cgy trbs ngtbrkgdbs qub cbnas vksta qubùjmkajgj nuy ikbj pgrg gksdgr dgs mçngrgs eb maniustkýj< (7) grbjg vadmçjkmg (a pýnbz), (9)vbrnkmudktg y/a (=) pbrdktg bj ujg nbzmdg maj uj nîjkna eb igriatkjg (grmkddg eksubdtg bj goug). Dggrmkddg gyueg g dkogr dgs pgrtîmudgs dkvkgjgs b knpkeb qub bd ngtbrkgd nkjbrgd sb gskbjtb. Maj ujmugrta eb nbtra müikma tb gdmgjzg pgrg ujg bstu`g maj tgniar eb 966 d. Dg igriatkjg sb prbpgrgeksadvkbjea grmkddg bj goug, paeës cgmbrda maj dgs ngjas, maj uj nbzmdgear eb pkjturg, maj ujg pgdbtg eb ngebrg, bj ujg ngqukjg carnkoajbrg, btm. a eks`rutgr ebd nëtaea ngjugd, nb oustg dgsbjsgmkýj eb dg grmkddg bjtrb das ebeas. Dg majskstbjmkg eb dg igriatkjg ebibrîg sbr tgd qub mugjea

nbtës uj ebea, tu cubddg ekoktgd qubeg tgpgeg. Vrbpgrç ujg nbzmdg maj ujg pgrtb eb igriatkjg par 0g ; pgrtbs eb grbjg vadmçjkmg (pbrdktg, vbrnkmudktg, btm.). Mugjea dg nbzmdg bstç dkstg ebibrîgs paebrgrngr mana ujg iadg eb jkbvb bjtrb dg ngjas y duboa sastbjbrdg sairb dg pgdng eb dg ngjabxtbjekeg skj qub sb ebsgrnb. Eas masgs< (7) ja gorbogr nçs grmkddg eb dg jbmbsgrkg parqub dg grmkddgbs ebjsg y eksnkjuyb dg mgpgmkege gksdgjtb ebd ngtbrkgd y, (9) ja manpgmtgr dg nbzmdg ebnçs gnbekeg qub sb gpdkmg, parqub tgnikëj eksnkjuyb su mgpgmkege gksdgjtb.

(Jasatras cbnas usgea maj ëxkta y rbmanbjegnas nbzmdgs gksdgjtbs g igsb eb grmkddg y gsbrrîj y/avkrutg. Bd gsbrrîj y/a vkrutg bj dg nbzmdg sb vg qubngjea maj dg gdtg tbnpbrgturg, eblgjea iuriulgseb gkrb ebjtra eb uj ikzmamca eb grmkddg mamkjgea. Ugnikëj sb paerîgj praigr nbzmdgs g igsb grbjgvadmçjkmg, gsbrrîj, vkrutg y grmkddg bj ek`brbjtbs praparmkajbs. Nçs gsbrrîj y nbjas grbjg vadmçjkmg

rbsudtg bj ngyar mgpgmkege gksdgjtb. J.t.)

Majtbjbear eb gksdgnkbjta

Dg gksdgmkýj qub bjvubdvb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg ebib tbjbr ujg majtbjmkýj. ]b pubebusgr mcgpg rbmkmdgeg a dg mcgpg eb uj tbrnatgjqub vkbla. ]k ja, sb manprg ujg mcgpg `kjg y sbmkdkjerg gtçjeadg maj gdgnirb. Atrg apmkýj bs usgr ngddg eb ogddkjbra a ngtbrkgd ebspdbogea.



95

Mg÷a eb ckbrra

]k pgrg dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg qubrës usgr uj mg÷a eb ckbrra tbjerîgs qub vbr qubmajsbouîs, bs paskidb majsboukr —tuikjo„ (rbmkmdgea eb dg gmtkvkege pbtradbrg) eb 3„ y eb 0„, a uj

bstrumturgd orubsa. Da knpartgjtb bs qub bd ckbrra tbjog bjtrb =nn y 0nn eb bspbsar, par da nbjas.Nbtbr ckbrra bj dg mçngrg prkngrkg bs nçs manpdkmgea parqub bj bddg giujeg bd axîobja y bd ckbrrasb eborgegrç (qubnçjeasb) nçs rçpkea.

Rrigjktg

Dg urigjktg bs uj nkjbrgd nuy manüj qub sb bjmubjtrg bj dg ngyarîg eb das mbjtras urigjas ebdnujea. Mugjea sb ranpbj vbrbegs, mgddbs a pksas bd pbegmbrîa vg gd majtbjbear y duboa gdvbrtbebra, sk uja ja vkvb nuy dblas ebd mbjtra urigja, uj `dbtb pubeb rbsudtgr igrgta, a tgd vbz tb dabjtrboubj orgtks maj tgd eb sgmçrsbda eb bjmkng. Das pbegzas bjtrb ?mn y 72mn eb bspbsar saj dasnçs ütkdbs.

Dg Vglg

Dg pglg bs bd manpajbjtb `kirasa eb dg nbzmdg qub sbrç dg —pkbd„ eb taeas das nubidbs eb igrra, db

eg rbskstbjmkg g dg nbzmdg. ]b pubeb usgr mugdqukbr pgsta bjmg÷gea y sbma a sb pubeb manprgr uj`grea eb pglg eb mbrbgd, yg sbg gvbjg, trkoa, mbigeg a mbjtbja.

Eknbjskajbs y praparmkajbs

Gdoujgs eknbjskajbs y praparmkajbs saj mrîtkmgs pgrg qub tu bstu`g ùjmkajb. Atrgs ja saj tgj



92

ùjegnbjtgdbs pbra saj gdtgnbjtb rbmanbjegegs. Dgs eb knpartgjmkg mrîtkmg bstçj kjekmgegs majngyüsmudgs. Gdoujgs eknbjskajbs ja saj mrîtkmgs, tgnikëj bstçj kjekmgegs. Bj dg skoukbjtb sbmmkýjvgnas g ebsmrkikr dgs eknbjskajbs y praparmkajbs pgrg ujg bstu`g içskmg eb tkra ebsmbjebjtb, pgrgmgdb`gmmkýj y pgrg mamkjgr, maj uj tgniar eb 966 dktras y majeumtas eb 3„. Rsç das ekgorgngs y

`klgtb ikbj taeas das jünbras y dbtrgs gjtbs eb bnpbzgr g majstrukr.

G bs bd dg supbr`kmkb ebd martb trgjsvbrsgd eb dg iamg eb mgrog. Cgy qub ngjtbjbrdg gmatgeg. Rj mg÷a

rbeajea maj uj ekçnbtr a eb 3„ (96mn) bj H tb eg ujg supbr`kmkb eb ujas =96 mn9 (=.75 x 769 > =75

mn9), gsî qub dg iamg (G) eb egrîg uj mugergea eb 73mn x 73mn (> =95 mn9) a uj rbmtçjouda eb 72

mn x 96 mn (Vgrg uj skstbng eb 0„ (G) ebibrîg sbr 79,2 S 72 mn . (Dg `ýrnudg pgrg dg supbr`kmkb ebuj mîrmuda bs φ.r 9 ).

I bs dg gdturg (skj majtgr bd mbjkmbra) ebd tuia eb mgrog, par bd mugd dg db÷g sb guta-mgrog par

orgvbege. Wub sbg MAYUA. Bd ùboa ja ebibrîg suikr par bstb tuia cgstg dg iamg nksng. Bj ujgbstu`g qub bstë ùjmkajgjea ikbj, bd tkrglb sbrç su`kmkbjtb mana pgrg ngjtbjbr dg maniustkýj bj dg

igsb ebd tuia. Bj da paskidb ebibrîg sbr rbmtgjoudgr a mugergea.

M bs dg supbr`kmkb ebd martb trgjsvbrsgd eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj, objbrgdnbjtb majstrukeg maj

dgerkdda, bj dg muçd amurrb dg ngyarîg eb dg maniustkýj. ]k rbsudtg majvbjkbjtb, cgmbda uj pama nçsgjmca qub gdta8 uj dgerkdda eb mgjta tkbjb ujas 76 u 77 mn, gsî qub madamç das dgerkddas eb mgjta a

bmcgeas pgrg daorgr dg gdturg ebsbgeg. M vbjerîg g sbr dg pgrtb nçs lustg ebd skstbng kjtbstkjgd eb dg

bstu`g, par da tgjta dgs supbr`kmkbs ebd martb trgjsvbrsgd eb taeas das majeumtas kjtbrjas eb dg bstu`g

jujmg ebibj sbr nbjarbs g dg supbr`kmkb ebd martb trgjsvbrsgd eb M. A sbg, dg supbr`kmkb ebd martb

trgjsvbrsgd eb @, O, C, L y H ja ebibj sbr nbjarbs qub M. Cgy qub bstgr sboura eb qub dg

supbr`kmkb ebd martb trgjsvbrsgd ebd trgna eb mg÷a vbrtkmgd (dg sgdkeg), das majeumtas carkzajtgdbs y bd

bspgmka bjtrb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg y bd tgniar sbg ngyar qub dg supbr`kmkb ebd martbtrgjsvbrsgd eb M, pgrg bvktgr maoatbs eb iatbddg, qub iglgrîgj dg vbdamkege eb dg maniustkýj y

gunbjtgrîg dg praigikdkege eb qub dg bstu`g gcunbb.

E bs dg ekstgjmkg ebseb dg iamg eb mgrog cgstg dg mçngrg sboujegrkg y ebibrîg sbr da nçs martg

paskidb pgrg rbeumkr dg pbrekeg eb mgdar y gunbjtgr dg tbnpbrgturg ebd tgniar. Dg praparmkýj ýptkngbs dg nktge eb dg gdturg eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg. ]k par gdoujg rgzýj ëstg mçngrgebib sbr nçs dgrog, tbjerç qub majtgr maj ngyar gksdgmkýj.

B bs dg eknbjskýj nçs knpartgjtb eb taegs. B bs dg gdturg ebseb dg igsb eb dg mçngrg eb

maniustkýj prkngrkg cgstg dg mkng eb eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg. B ebtbrnkjg muçjtagkrb dg bstu`g bs mgpgz eb mcupgr g trgvës eb dg db÷g y par bjeb, dg vbdamkege eb dg maniustkýj, dg patbjmkg eb dg bstu`g, dg tbnpbrgturg eb dg supbr`kmkb eb mammkýj y tgnikëj bd mgdar qub krrgekbj das

dgeas ebd tgniar. Bd tkrglb bs praparmkajgd g dg gdturg, gsî qub sk B ùbrg eas vbmbs ngs gdta tb egrîg

eas vbmbs nçs tkrglb. Dg gdturg ebd bspëmknbj eb 3„ qub nastrgnas gquî bs eb 7n, pbra pubeb vgrkgrbjtrb 6,?2n y 7,92n.



90

@ bs dg supbr`kmkb ebd martb trgjsvbrsgd eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg, y ja ebibrîg sbr

nbjar qub M. Vubeb sbr eb 73mn x 73mn a eb 96mn eb ekçnbtra sk bs rbeajea.

O bs uj pama ek`îmkd eb ebsmrkikr. Bs uj mkdkjera kngokjgrka sb bdbvg ebseb dg mkng eb dg mçngrg

sboujegrkg cgstg dg tgpg ebd tgniar. Dg supbr`kmkb tatgd eb dgs pgrbebs eb bsb mkdkjera ebib sbr ngyar

qub M pgrg bvktgr qub sb `rbjbj das ogsbs bj bstb pujta. Maj uj skstbng eb 3„ dg gdturg bjtrb dg mkng

eb dg mçngrg sboujegrkg y bd tgniar ebibrîg kr ebseb das 2 mn cgstg das ?,2 mn (maj uj skstbng eb0„ ebibrîg kr ebseb 2mn cgstg das 5 mn).

C ebibrîg sbr uj bspgmka eb bjtrb 5 y 0mn. Vgrg daorgr ujg rgekgmkýj pgrblg ebseb taeas das dgeas

ebd tgniar, ebibnas kjeumkr g das ogsbs qub iglbj bj uj bspkrgd par taea bd tgniar, y qub ja cgogjuj gtgla ekrbmta cgmkg bd majeumta eb dg ngsg tërnkmg. Vgrg daorgr bsta bd tgniar ebib bstgr ikbjmbjtrgea, pbra tgnikëj sb pubeb madamgr dbvbnbjtb ebsmbjtrgea eblgjea uj bspgmka nçs gjmcacgmîg bd dgea qub uja qukskbrg daorgr nçs mgdar par rgekgmkýj, y bd bspgmka nçs bstrbmca cgmîg eýjebuja qukskbrg nbjas mgdar par rgekgmkýj.

L bs ujg pgrtb qub sb prbstg numca pgrg objbrgr uj maoatb eb iatbddg. Cgy qub gsbourgrsb eb qub bd

martb trgjsvbrsgd eb bstg zajg sb vgddg girkbjea mana ujg mgnpgjg, y majstrukr bj su igsb uj iubjmbjkmbra, pgrg qub dg gmunudgmkýj eb mbjkzg ja `rbjb das ogsbs.

H bs bd mg÷a eb bsmgpb ” bd majeumta qub ddbvg das ogsbs mgdkbjtbs g trgvës ebd pksa a igjma/skddýj

mgdb`gmmkajgea, mgng, pgrbebs, btm. Ebib tbjbr par da nbjas bd ekçnbtra eb dg mçngrg ebmaniustkýj sboujegrkg (3„ g 76„ ” 96mn g 92mn). Bj bd mgsa eb uj pksa mgdb`gmmkajgea, parblbnpda, bd bsmgpb pubeb sbr eb nçs eb uj majeumta, da muçd rbsudtgrîg bj ujg supbr`kmkb eb martbtrgjsvbrsgd numcg ngyar. Mugdqukbr murvg mbrrgeg `rbjgrç das ogsbs, gsî qub ebjtra eb da paskidb dgsmurvgs tbjerîgj qub sbr nçs gikbrtgs qub das ;6 orgeas, a eb ngyar ekçnbtra qub das trgnas rbmtas.

Dgs skoukbjtbs eknbjskajbs saj nbjas knpartgjtbs pbra par `gvar dbbr das manbjtgrkas.

g bs bd ekçnbtra ebd tgniar eb 06 a ?6 d qub bjmkbrrg dg iamg eb mgrog. Bd ekçnbtra ebibrîg gjegr

gdrbebear ebd das =2mn

i bs dg gdturg gekmkajgd ebd tgniar eb mgrog sairb dg iamg, y ebibrîg sbr nbjar qub =6mn, a cgy

paskikdkegebs eb qub sb gmunudbj ogsbs mgdkbjtbs bj bstb bspgmka, maj dg majsbmubjtb rbeummkýj ebdg b`kmkbjmkg ebd tkrglb. Bs nuy prçmtkma kjstgdgr bstb tgniar yg qub majtradg cunas rbzgogeas yrboudg dg bjtrgeg eb gkrb g dg bstu`g.

m bs ujg iamg eb dknpkbzg qub tgnikëj munpdb dg ùjmkýj eb —mbigear„ pgrg bd bjmbjekea eb dg

bstu`g. Ebibrîg bstgr da nçs mbrmg paskidb g dg igsb ebd trgna eb mg÷a vbrtkmgd.

e bs bd ekçnbtra ebd tgniar eb trgjs`brbjmkg eb mgdar. Rj tgniar eb 766 d tkbjb ujas 52 mn eb

ekçnbtra, uja eb 966 d tkbjb ujas 2? mn eb ekçnbtra. Das eb 766 d gjegj ikbj pgrg uj skstbng eb 0„

y uja eb 966 d pgrg uja eb 3„. G nbekeg qub sb gorgjeg bd tgniar iglg dg tbnpbrgturg eb susupbr`kmkb.



9?

b bs dg gksdgmkýj ebigla eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj. Vgrg qub dg tbnpbrgturg bj dgs eas mçngrgs eb

maniustkýj sbg da nçs gdtg paskidb cgmbj `gdtg ujas 0 g 76mn eb ngtbrkgd gksdgjtb. ]k qubrësgmunudgr uj pama eb dg tbnpbrgturg objbrgeg bj bd pksa, prbsmkjeî eb dg gksdgmkýj.

` bs bd bspbsar eb dg gksdgmkýj gdrbebear eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg. Nbtëdb taea da qub

pubegs.

o bs ujg iamg eb dknpkbzg, egdb tgng÷a su`kmkbjtb mana pgrg nbtbr tu irgza y uj mbpkdda eb

dknpkbzg.

Dg majstrummkýj eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj

Grrkig< Martb trgjsvbrsgd eb ujg bstu`g qub nubstrg gdoujgs eb dgs rbdgmkajbs eb dgs eknbjskajbs y praparmkajbs maj dgs nksngs dbtrgs eb dgs pçokjgs gjtbrkarbs. Bd jünbra eb dgerkddas jbmbsgrkas pgrg manpdbtgr dg gdturg ebpbjeb ebd tgng÷a eb das dgerkddas. Eblgr bd dgea dksa ebd dgerkdda cgmîg





9;

Grrkig< Vdgjtg. Dgsdîjbgs pujtbgegs rbprbsbjtgj dg prknbrg ckdgeg qub vg gmastgeg, dg dîjbg eksmajtkjug saj dasdgerkddas eb mgjta qub saj dg sboujeg ckdgeg y dgs dîjbgs majtkjugs saj dgerkddas eb mgjta qub saj bdtbmca eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj prkngrkg.

Gksdgmkýj ebigla eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj

Bd naebda `kjgd cgmbda sairb ujg igsb dksg, eurg y jkvbdgeg, prb`brbjtbnbjtb eb dgerkdda. ]k gksdgr aja par ebigla y g das mastgeas eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj prkngrkg ebpbjeb< sk qubrës usgr bd pksaeb tu mgsg (skbnprb y mugjea tbjog gksdgnkbjta par ebigla) mana pgrtb eb dg ngsg tërnkmg8 a, sk prb`brîs ujg bstu`g qub sb mgdkbjtb rçpkegnbjtb. Var blbnpda, sk ujg eb dgs ùjmkajbs eb dg bstu`g bsmgdbjtgr goug pgrg ngtb, tb majvkbjb gksdgr taea pgrg qub das ogsbs pgsbj da nçs rçpkea paskidb parbd skstbng y skj pbrebr mgdar bj bd mgnkja. ]kj bnigroa, sk dg bstu`g sb usg üjkmgnbjtb pgrg mgdbjtgruj gnikbjtb a pgrg mgrogr uj skddýj eb igrra, a pgrg mammkýj dbjtg, pubeb qub tb majvbjog qub bd pksa sb mgdkbjtb y dkibrb bsb mgdar eb g pama.

Dg ngnpastbrîg

Dg prknbrg ckdgeg eb dgerkddas cgmbdg maj numca mukegea, dg paskmkýj y bstgikdkege eb ëstg prknbrgckdgeg eb`kjb dg mgdkege ebd rbsta eb dg bstrumturg. Dgs lujtgs ebibj sbr da nçs `kjgs paskidbs, eb2nn a nbjas8 bs knpartgjtb rbspbtgr skbnprb dg trgig eb das dgerkddas y rbvksgr bd jkvbd y bd pdanaeb mgeg ckdgeg maj uj jkvbd eb ngja.

G nbekeg qub vgs suikbjea, dknpkç maj uj trgpa sbma bd nartbra qub sb bsmurrb eb dgs lujtgs ebddgea kjtbrkar eb dgs mçngrgs eb maniustkýj. Mugjea tbrnkjbs, vadvë g dknpkgr g àjea bd kjtbrkar ebdg mçngrg eb maniustkýj pgrg sgmgr mugdqukbr vbstkoka eb nartbra qub pubeg g`bmtgr bd `dula eb dasogsbs.

Mgdmudç qub dg gdturg eb dg mçngrg sboujegrkg ebib sbr tgd qub ddboub mbrmg eb dg tgpg ebd tgniar, gsî

qub nbeî dg gdturg ebd tgniar eb gjtbngja y gsbourgtb qub dgs ckdgegs eb dgerkdda nçs dgs lujtgs vgjg ddbogr ikbj g bsg gdturg. ]k bd bspgmka qub qubeg bs nbjar qub 5mn pubeb qub bd bspgmka sbg nuybstrbmca y das ogsbs sb gtarbj8 sk bd bspgmka bs nuy orgjeb dg tgpg ebd tgniar ja sb mgdbjtgrç dasu`kmkbjtb mana pgrg mamkjgr. Vgrg daorgr dg gdturg lustg paeës luogr maj bd bspbsar eb dgs lujtgs ymaj bd gpaya ebd tgniar, usgjea pbegmktas eb dgerkdda a eb mbrçnkmas pgrg egrdb dg gdturg lustg.

Gpd kmgr dg gksdgmkýj



=6

Gd majmdukr maj dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sb pubeb gpdkmgr dg gksdgmkýj. Vrknbra dbvgjtç maj dgerkddasratas a pkberg ujg igsb mkrmudgr pgrg qub gpayb bd tgniar y bd gksdgnkbjta, bstg igsb ebib sbrcbrnëtkmg gsî qub pboç taea maj nartbra (igrra).

Dg nbzmdg gksdgjtb ebib nbtbrsb bj uj mkdkjera eb mcgpg qub raebg dg mçngrg sboujegrkg y qubqubeg ebjtra ebd tgniar, pbra qub iglg cgstg dg igsb eb dg mçngrg sboujegrkg. Gmaregtb qub dg igsbebd tgniar ebib qubegr par grrkig ebd majeumta eb sgdkeg, eb da majtrgrka tbjerçs qub martgr ujgoulbra bj bd tgniar pgrg qub sgdogj das ogsbs.

Vgrg qub das ogsbs pubegj `dukr sugvbnbjtb g trgvës ebd bstrbmca bspgmka qub qubeg bjtrb bdtgniar y bd majeumta g nbekeg qub bjtrgj g dg ngsg tërnkmg tkbjb qub cgibr bspgmka eb sairgtaea gdrbebear eb dg igsb ebd tgniar< uj mgjgd maj dg àrng eb ujg gjkdda (a maj dg àrng ebujg muikbrtg eb vbcîmuda, a eb uj mgrgmad j.t.) qub cgmb eb madbmtar ebd ogs mgdkbjtb qub iglgebd tgniar y dg ekrkob gd majeumta. Mana bstb bs uj duogr eb `çmkd gmunudgmkýj eb mbjkzg cgmbdaeb uj tgng÷a su`kmkbjtb mana pgrg nbtbr dg ngja (a ujg gspkrgearg). Bstb mgjgd ebib bxtbjebrsbebseb bd gpaya ebd tgniar, iglgjea y bjsgjmcçjeasb, cgstg dg iamg eb dknpkbzg/mbjkmbra eajeb

bnpkbzg bd majeumta eb dg ngsg tërnkmg (kngoîjgtb qub gpaygs bd tgniar sairb ujg muikbrtg ebmgnkýj, maj bd dgika ebd tgniar gpaygjea bj bd gjkdda kjtbrkar eb dg muikbrtg j.t ). Egdb àrng g ëstg pkbzg maj ujg nbzmdg eb grbjg y grmkddg, skj pglg, gdksgjea ikbj taea bd kjtbrkar.

Gksdgmkýj. Jatb mýna dg gksdgmkýj y sumajtbjmkýj sb bxtkbjebj cgstg dg igsb ebd mbjkmbra



=7

Martb eb mçngrg eb maniustkýj nastrgjea mýna dg gksdgmkýj bjvubdvb dgs pgrtbs nçsmgdkbjtbs.

Madamgr bd tgniar]b iglg bd tgniar mukegeasgnbjtb bjtrb eas pbrsajgs sairb dg mçngrg sboujegrkg (qub yg bstçbjvubdtg bj gksdgjtb y su rbspbmtkvg mcgpg eb majtbjmkýj j.t.), tbjkbjea mukegea eb ja oadpbgr dgmçngrg y ebsmadamgrdg. ]bddç bd gpaya ebd tgniar maj nartbra eb grbjg/grmkddg. Gcarg praiç dgbstu`g maj uj ùboa eb numcg ddgng y, maj dg ngja g gdoujas mbjtînbtras ebd tgniar, `klçtb sk bdtgniar tkbjb gdoujg zajg `rîg a sk uj dgea krrgekg numca nçs mgdar qub atra. Mugdqukbr masg dbvgjtçbd tgniar y rbgmanaegda.

Majsblas pgrg dg ngnpastbrîg

Bd dgerkdda rbskstb bd mgdar nblar qub dg lujtg, gsî qub nçs vgdb ngjtbjbrdg `kjg. Mugjta nçs `kja sbgbd tgnkzgea eb dg grbjg y dg grmkddg, nçs `kjg pubeb sbr dg lujtg< ujg pkberktg eb 2nn bj bd nartbracgmb qub dg lujtg ja pubeg sbr nbjar qub 2nn.

@klgtb qub bd dgea ebd dgerkdda qub vg bj dg lujtg ja tbjog gdoujg praybmmkýj, y sk usçs dgerkddasrbmkmdgeas dknpkgdb ikbj taea bd nartbra vkbla. Dgs rglgeurgs a raturgs ” ebpbjeb bj qub pgrtb- qub pubegj tbjbr das dgerkddas eb sboujeg a rbmkmdgeas pubebj ja mgusgr kjmajvbjkbjtb. Dg nbzmdgebibrîg tbjbr dg majskstbjmkg eb ujg mrbng igtkeg a ujg ngyajbsg pgrg paebr trgiglgrdg ikbj. Bdnartbra eb grbjg/grmkddg, g ek`brbjmkg ebd eb mgd a mbnbjta, ja bs eg÷kja g dg pkbd, gsî qub sk qubrës



=9

paebs trgiglgr maj dgs ngjas. Ybnalç das dgerkddas bj goug gjtbs eb pbogrdas, eb da majtrgrka vgj ggisaribr numcg goug ebd nartbra sbmçjeada nuy rçpkea y skj egrtb tkbnpa g gmanaegrdas. Rjg vbz pubsta bd dgerkdda sairb dg nbzmdg tbjës pama tkbnpa pgrg gmanaegrda, gpdangrda y jkvbdgrda, cgyqub sbr dkobrg. Ybmareç qub dg nbzmdg skrvb nçs qub jgeg pgrg sbpgrgr uj dgerkdda eb atra y ja pgrg—pbogrdas„. Gjtbs eb majmdukr bd eîg eb trgigla a mgeg pgr eb cargs, rbddbjç goulbras y `gddgs y gdksç

taea maj ujg bspajlg a uj pbegza eb madmcýj vkbla cünbea.



==

Gquî vbnas das prknbras pgsasbj bd grngea eb dg mçngrg ebmaniustkýj. Das idaqubs idgjmas saj pkberg taig qub

majsbouknas eb uj majtbjbearbj bd mbjtra eb Igrkdamcb, bs ujngtbrkgd maj prapkbegebsgksdgjtbs sknkdgrbs g dg grbjgvadmçjkmg. Das usgnas pgrggksdgr taea bd gpgrgta ebmaniustkýj ebd majtrgpksa eb dgmgsg (qub ja tbjîg gksdgmkýj, sk pksa bstuvkbrg gksdgea bstb pgsasb paerîg aivkgr).

Bd dgerkdda eb mgjta bs uja eb das qub vg àrngr bd goulbra pgrg bd mbjkmbra (bd mbjkmbra ja jbmbsktggksdgmkýj par ebigla). Das atras eas qub bstçj bmcgeas saj ebd pksa eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj prkngrkg. Aisbrvbj bd igdeb pbqub÷a maj bd nartbra —rb`rgmtgrka„ mgsbra qub tkbjb dg majskstbjmkg ebujg mrbng igtkeg (maj ujg pgrtb eb grmkddg par mugtra eb grbjg), y bd igdeb eb 96d pgrg nalgr dasdgerkddas g nbekeg qub sb vgj madamgjea.

Bstgs saj dgs pgrbebs eb dgmçngrg eb maniustkýj prkngrkg (eýjeb amurrb dgngyarîg eb dg maniustkýj)

mgsk manpdbtgs. ]b aisbrvgjujas dgerkddas nçs orubsasqub saj rb`rgmtgrkas usgeas bjdg zajg eb ddgng nçs kjtbjsg(mana dgs pdgmgs ranpb-ddgngs bj carjas mbrçnkmas),das ebnçs saj dgerkddasmanujbs. ]b vbj eas ckdgegseb dgerkddas bmcgeas.

Dg prknbrg bs pgrg suikr cgstg bd jkvbd ebd pksa eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj prkngrkg, dg sboujegckdgeg eb dgerkddas bmcgeas nçs dg `kdg eb dgerkddas eb mgjta saj dgs pgrbebs eb ëstg.



=5

Bstg bs atrg bstu`g. Dg mçngrg ebmaniustkýj eb bstg bstu`g sb majstruyýmanpdbtgnbjtb eb dgerkddas rb`rgmtgrkas(ujas ?2), ja majskebra qub bstg kjvbrskýjcgyg kj`dukea bj bd ùjmkajgnkbjta eb dgbstu`g. Pbnas gquî (eksmudpbj bd irgza) bd

mbjkmbra manpdbta y ujg ckdgeg eb dgerkddasmanujbs qub majtkbjbj dg gksdgmkýj qub vgebigla eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj. Bj bstbmgsa ujg nbzmdg eb grmkddg maj gsbrrîj (bdgsbrrîj sb vg qubngjea y qubegj das parasebjtra eb dg grmkddg), bstg gksdgmkýj bs ek`îmkdeb rbvksgr eb vbz bj mugjea pgrg vbr sk bstçbj iubj bstgea, par da tgjta majvkbjb usgrgdoüj gksdgjtb nkjbrgd (grbjg vadmçjkmg a pbrdktg maj grmkddg).

Gquî vbnas bd pksa manpdbta eb dg mçngrg ebmaniustkýj prkngrkg. Jatbj qub taea bd gpgrgtaeb maniustkýj sb majstruyý sairb ujg igsb ebdgerkddas mbrçnkmas cubmas rbddbjas maj ujg pgstg eb grmkddg y gsbrrîj. Jatbj gebnçs dgmgvkege qub qubeg bjtrb dg mçngrg ebmaniustkýj y bd bsmgdýj eb carnkoýj pgrgrbddbjgr maj gksdgjtb. Uaea bsta pgrg bvktgr dg përekeg eb mgdar cgmîg bd pksa eb dg mgsg qub jatkbjb gksdgnkbjta. ]k bd pksa bstuvkbrg taeagksdgea par ebigla bstgs prbmgumkajbs sb pubebj aivkgr.



=2

Gquî vbnas bd —pubjtb„ eb dgmçngrg prkngrkg y dg iamg eb

mgrog manpdbtas. G dg kzqukbregmanbjzgnas g dbvgjtgr dg —tarrb„ eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýjsboujegrkg (eýjeb sb qubngrçjdas ogsbs praeumkeas bj dgmaniustkýj prkngrkg orgmkgs g sugdturg y su tbnpbrgturg).

Atrg vkstg eb da nksna maj bd prknbrdgerkdda eb dg —tarrb.„



=0

Uaea bd gpgrgta kjtbstkjgdeb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýjmanpdbta.

Atrg vkstg eb da nksna.



=?

Gquî vbnas bd mkdkjera eb mcgpgqub raebg dg mçngrg ebmaniustkýj sboujegrkg rbddbjamaj ujg pgstg eb grmkddg y vkrutg(bj bstb mgsb bs rbdgtkvgnbjtbsknpdb rbvksgr bd bstgea eb bstb

gksdgjtb y igstgjtb `çmkdmgnikgrda sk bs jbmbsgrka, gsî qubdgs pgstgs gksdgjtbs g igsb ebvkrutg a gsbrrîj sajrbmanbjegidbs

. Dg mcgpg bs eb dg nçs igrgtg qub sb majskog. ]b mkdkjerg g ngja y sb gtg maj gdgnirb y/a sb `klgmaj tarjkddas guta-pbràrgjtbs y/a rbngmcbs. Mana bd ekçnbtra eb bstg mcgpg bs knpartgjtb bstç iubja mkdkjergr dg mcgpg maj prbmkskýj. Var blbnpda, sk jubstra tgniar eb 966d tkbjb uj ekçnbtrakjtbrja eb 20 mn y qubrbnas qub das ogsbs tbjogj uj bspgmka eb 0 mn bjtrb dg gksdgmkýj y bd tgniar

pgrg ebsmbjebr y bjtrgr gd igjma, jbmbsktgnas uj ekçnbtra eb 55 mn (20 ” 79) > 55. Vgrg bstbekçnbtra bd pbrînbtra marrbs pajekbjtb bs φ x 55 (=,75 x 55 > 7=3, 70 mn). Var da tgjta ngrmgnas ujrbmtçjouda eb dg gdturg eb dg mcgpg (vkbjbj eb 7n a eb 7,99 n) par 7=3 mn y db egnas ujas 0 mnnçs pgrg trgsdgpgr y gtarjkddgr. A sbg qub martgrîgnas uj rbmtçjouda eb mcgpg eb 755 mn par dggdturg eb dg mcgpg, pbra maj ujg dîjbg ikbj mdgrg g das 7=3 mn, duboa dg mkdkjergnas cgstg ëstg ngrmg.

Jatbj mana bdmkdkjera eb mcgpg iglg cgstg dg igsb ebdg —tarrb,„ pgrg bstacgy qub cgmbrdb ujasrbmartbs ebd dgea eb

mçngrg prkngrkg.Ugnikëj vbnas das prknbras dgerkddasqub cgrçj eb gpayaebd tgniar.

Mgib ebmkr qub nçs gebdgjtb tuvb qub ebsgrngr bstb gpaya pgrg egrdb nçs bspgmka g das ogsbs, parda nbjas 79 mn taea gdrbebear eb dg igsb eb dg tarrb. Mana g bstg ekstgjmkg das dgerkddas nksnas ygja skrvbj mana gpaya pgrg bd tgniar sb pubebj mruzgr ujas ckbrras eb dgea g dgea pgrg bd gpaya.Atrg ngjbrg eb cgmbr bstb gpaya y uj bjogjmcb gbraekjçnkma (bj àrng eb mgrgmad) maj bd igjma bsmaj ngtbrkgd ebspdbogea y ujg pgstg eb grbjg y grmkddg.



=3

Gquî vbnas bd tgniarmadamgea y dg majbxkýj majbd igjma, eýjeb gebnçsebib cgibr ujg iamg ebdknpkbzg b kjspbmmkýj. Jatbj dgs dgtgs ebd

majeumta ujkegs maj mkjtg—tgpb.„

Atrg vkstg eb da nksnay dg gyuegjtb.



=;

Dg nksng vkstg eb dg bstu`grbmkëj pkjtgeg y bjùjmkajgnkbjta.

Dg nksng bstu`gtbrnkjgeg.



56

Rjg vkstg eb dg iamg eb mgrog y bdtgniar kjtbrmgnikgear eb mgdarrbvbstkeas maj igrra cgstg ujg gdturgsbourg pgrg Marbd (qub bstç bj bd iareb kzqukbrea eb dg àta).

Bstg bs atrg bstu`gtbrnkjgeg. ]b vbj dgs eas iamgs eb dknpkbzg (dasmudas eb dgtg), bj dgbjtrgeg gd igjma y bj dgmurvg eb 736 orgeas. Gdàjea y g dg kzqukbreg sbvb bd mg÷a eb sgdkeg(tgnikëj eb dgtgs) qubjujmg dbvgjtý ujgtbnpbrgturg pbdkorasg,

kjekmgjea ujg b`kmkbjtbtrgjs`brbjmkg ebtbnpbrgturg bj bd igjma.



57

Dg majstrummkýj eb dg igtbrîg tërnkmg

Ngtbr kgd bs pgrg uj skd dýj a mgng

Pgs g jbmbsktgr pkberg a urigjktg (pbegzas eb carnkoýj rbmkmdgeas) y igrra pgrg ujkr taea. Bd igrra(tgnikëj ddgngea geaib, mai, tkbrrg, btm.) bs uj manpubsta `kira-nkjbrgd `girkmgea maj ujg nbzmdgeb subda grmkddasa cünbea, grbjg y objbrgdnbjtb pglg. Dg àrng nçs sknpdb eb prbpgrgr pbqub÷gsmgjtkegebs bs girkr ujg dajg sairb bd subda, vadmgr das kjorbekbjtbs y duboa kr vadtbgjea y pksatbgjeataea maj das pkbs ebsmgdzas. Dg majskstbjmkg pgrg ujg nbzmdg eb gdngmbjgnkbjta tërnkma ebibrîgsbr nuy grbjasg y canaoëjbg, su`kmkbjtbnbjtb cünbeg y pboglasg mana pgrg paebrdg nadebgr majdgs ngjas. (Vgrg ujg bxpdkmgmkýj nçs manpdbtg vbr dkiras rbmanbjegeas j.g.).

Bd trgzgea ebd bsmgpb

Ekiulg sairb bd pksa dg àrng eb dg ngsg tërnkmg g majstrukr. Vgrg bnpbzgr cgmë ujg mgngeg eb

pkbergs sairb uj nartbra eb igrra y duboa ekstrukiî das mg÷as ebd bsmgpb. Manbjzç bd trgzgea ebsebdg bstu`g, maj bd dgea —ngmca„ eb dgs ujkajbs skbnprb nkrgjea cgmîg bd dgea ebd ùboa. Gsî, sk cgy

gdoüj oatba par majebjsgmkýj bj dg pgrtb ebd mg÷a qub eg g dg kjtbnpbrkb, ja sb mcarrbg par dg lujtgs pbra sb pubeb gtrgpgr bj ujg —trgnpg eb mrbsatg„ gd pkb ebd trgna vbrtkmgd eajeb ebibrîg cgibr ujg iamg eb dknpkbzg. ]k bd mg÷a sgdb par ujg pgrbe, egdb uj pbqub÷a ebsjkvbd g bstb trgna pgrg qub dgmrbasatg erbjb cgmîg gùbrg.

]k gmgsa tu igtbrîg tërnkmg bs tgnikëj ujg pgrbe qukzçs tbjogs qub rbàrzgr uj mg÷a ebdogea.

Gsbourgtb qub taegs dgs ujkajbs eb dg mg÷brîg sbgj cbrnëtkmgs pgrg bvktgr përekegs eb najýxkea ebmgriaja gd kjtbrkar eb dg mgsg.

Dg majbxkýj bjtr b dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj y dg ngsg tërnkmg

Dg àrng trkeknbjskajgd qub cgmb eb trgjskmkýj bjtrb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj y dg ngsg tërnkmg bsek`îmkd eb ebsmrkikr pbra igstgjtb `çmkd eb nadebgr maj dg ngjas. B`bmtkvgnbjtb, tbjës qub majbmtgruj sbnk-mkdkjera gjoasta maj uj tuia mkdîjerkma oarea bj uj çjouda rbmta8 bj bspg÷ad ja tbjbnas ujjanirb pgrg bstb tkpa eb obanbtrîg. Bd ngtbrkgd kebgd pgrg bstg ujkýj bs ujg nbzmdg eb grbjg ygrmkddg, rkmg bj grbjg, pbra maj su`kmkbjtb `krnbzg pgrg qub ja mgkog. Vgrg `gmkdktgr su majstrummkýj paeës usgr pbegmbrîa eb ngtbrkgd ebspdbogea, a da qub vbjog g ngja. Naebdg dg àrng eb dg ujkýjmaj bd ngtbrkgd ebspdbogea, y duboa rbvamgda mukegeasgnbjtb maj dg nbzmdg eb grbjg y grmkddg. Egdbvadunbj eb nçs g bstg ujkýj yg qub bs orgj mgjekegta pgrg lujtgr mbjkzg y objbrgr uj idaquba, sk bs

paskidb eblç bj bstb sktka uj mbjkmbra maj mgpgmkege eb 5 d.



59

Gquî sb vb dg àrng eb dg mçngrg eb bjogjmcb.

Kjsudgtkaj majtgkjbr< majtbjmkýj eb gksdgmkýj

Kjspbmtkaj cadb/mdbgj-aut < iamg ebdknpkbzg/kjspbmmkýj

Gsc pkt< mbjkmbra

Bxkt eumt< majeumta eb sgdkeg

Rjg gdtbrjgtkvg nbjas gbraekjçnkmg bs cgmbr ujg mglg eb dgerkddas maj gdoüj gdksgea par ebjtra,tgnikëj cbnas usgea ek`brbjtbs ngtbrkgdbs mbrçnkmas y pkbergs mcgtgs a dglgs. Bd rbsudtgea pubebsbr gdoa `kbra pbra gjegrç ikbj skbnprb y mugjea DA CGOG] IKBJ CADOGEA.

(Jasatras tuvknas qub ebsgrngr eas bstu`gs par ja cgibr prbstgea su`kmkbjtb gtbjmkýj g bstgskjstrummkajbs. Bstg ujkýj bs uj pujta mdgvb y cgy qub egrsb taea bd tkbnpa jbmbsgrka pgrg cgmbrda

IKBJ. Gd rbgrngrdgs, gunbjtgjea bd tgng÷a eb taeg dg ujkýj, gjeuvkbraj ikbj. J.t.)

Damgdk zgr d gs iamgs eb dknpkbzg

Ubjerçs qub pajbr ujg iamg eb kjspbmmkýj mbrmg ebd sktka eb dg ujkýj bjtrb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýjy dg ngsg tërnkmg, y dg atrg gd pkb ebd trgna vbrtkmgd, gd `kjgd eb dg ngsg tërnkmg y jbmbsktgrçs nçs skdg mg÷brîg tkbjb numcgs vubdtgs. Dg iamg qub bstç gd pkb ebd trgna vbrtkmgd tb skrvb g dg vbz eb—mbigear„ bj bd muçd nbtës uj pgpbd eb ekgrka bjmbjekea pgrg qub dg bstu`g grrgjqub eurgjtb

majekmkajbs mdknçtkmgs bxtrg÷gs. Dg àrng nçs sknpdb eb majstrukr bstgs iamgs bs maj ujg ujkýj bjU maj ujg tgpg cbrnëtkmg. ]k ja, ujg dgtg eb eurgzja a da qub vbjog g ngja.

Naebdgr dg igtbrîg tërnkmg

Bd igrra qub raebg bd mg÷a ebd majeumta ebib bstgr ikbj manpgmtgea y skj pglg bj das 72 mn qubraebgj bd mg÷a pgrg daorgr iubjg trgjs`brbjmkg. Cgy qub kr manpgmtgjea bd igrra bjtrb dgs pkbergs gnbekeg qub uja vg suikbjea y raebgjea bd mg÷a, usç numcg pkberg y pama igrra sk bs paskidb. ]k bdtrgigla sb cgmb maj gnar y sb mukeg bd skddýj cgstg qub sbqub ja cgy pbdkora eb qub uj mg÷a sbmadgpsb. Dg nbzmdg qub vg bj dg supbr`kmkb eb dg ngsg tërnkmg ddbvg pglg rbmartgeg (eb ujas 2mn ebdgroa) pgrg qub bd igrra ja sb rglb jk sb gstkddb `çmkdnbjtb maj gdoüj oadpb. Gd `kjgd, pratboë taea bd



5=

skddýj/mgng eb igrra maj uj pama nçs eb 7mn eb igrra ikbj eura, rbàrzgjea bsqukjgs a zajgsbxpubstgs. Bj dgs mbrmgjîgs ebd tgniar pubeb qub uj rbvaqub eb ybsa gjeb ikbj pgrg majtrgrrbstgr dgbxpgjskýj y majtrgmmkýj ebd tgniar. (Vgrg nçs kjàrngmkýj vbr dkiras rbmanbjegeas).

Mýna gdknbjtgr y mukegr g tu ergoýj

Bj nk tkbrrg jgtgd, Ogdbs (dgrbsbrvg kjeîobjg eb dgs ksdgs irktçjkmgs, sb cg ekmca), cgy ujg trgekmkýj eb nçs eb 9666 g÷as qubrbsgdtg dg knpartgjmkg mudturgd ebd caogr y bd àoýj. Cgstg bd eîg eb cay dg pdgjtg jgmkajgd bs bd pubrra y bd gjkngd bd ergoýj rala, qub vubdg bj jubstrg igjebrg. Bs sgikea qub mgeg caogr tbjîg suergoýj, ujg ibddg mrkgturg gmurrumgeg bj uj rkjmajmkta pbra skbnprb gdbrtg g dg jbmbskege eb cgmbrùboa y mgdbjtgr dg mgsg. ]b ddgng Ergko Oamc (rkng maj —bd rbdal„).

Dgs bstu`gs ramhbt saj das ergoajbs naebrjas, das mgdb`gmtarbs vkvkbjtbs qub eubrnbj bj uj rkjmýj8g ja sbr eb qub tu mgsg mana dg nîg ja tbjog rkjmajbs. Mana mugdqukbr ergoýj ikbj beumgea jagjeg bmcgjea cuna (g ja sbr eb qub sbg lavbjmkta y rbmkëj gprbjeb das pbdkoras eb cunbgr), g vbmbsruob (a sbrç qub das ergoajbs rajrajbgj uj pama ùbrtb1) y ngjtkbjb mkbrta mgdarmkta g da dgroa eb

taea bd kjvkbrja, gujqub g vbmbs skj uj rgstra eb ùboa. [ par supubsta, g ek`brbjmkg eb das gtrbvkeasergoajbs arkbjtgdbs qub gjegj dgrogjea ddgngs par sus jgrkmbs, das ergoajbs ogdbsbs sb trgogj bdùboa, dgroçjeada bj ujg `bdkz `dgtudbjmkg.

—Dkoct ny @krb„*

(*mgjmkýj eb das Eaars, dktbrgdnbjtb —bjmkbjeb nk ùboa„ j.t.)

]k bstçs gmastunirgeg g cgmbr ùboa bj ujg mglg nbtçdkmg tb bspbrgj gdoujgs sarprbsgs. Rjg ramhbt

ùjmkajg mgsk gd rbvës qub ujg bstu`g majvbjmkajgd, dg db÷g vg pgrgektg, bd gkrb iglg, dgs gstkddgs vgjebtrçs ebd pgpbd y dg db÷g ebtrçs eb dgs gstkddktgs. Bd tuia eb mgrog sb bj`rîg tgj ikbj qub sairb bstbnb pubea sbjtgr mýnaegnbjtb. ]b prbjeb uj ùboa qub greb dknpka y rçpkea eurgjtb uj rgta, duboada eblçs gpgogr y db sbddgs dg iamg pgrg qub bd mgdar gmunudgea bj dg —igtbrîg„ tb cgog eb mgdb`gmtar.



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Vrknbra, `klgtb sk bd tkrglb bstç bnpulgjea cgmîg gùbrg y ja pgrggebjtra eb dg mgsg nkrgjea qub cgmb bd cuna eb uj `ýsàra rbmkëjgpgogea sairb dg iamg eb mgrog.

]k par gdoujg rgzýj dg tbnpbrgturg eb dg ngsg tërnkmg bs nbjar gdgkrb ebd bxtbrkar, sb objbrg ujg majtrgmarrkbjtb, masg qub pgsg sk tbvgs eb vgmgmkajbs bj ëpamgs eb `rîa. Vbra da nçs manüj bs qub dgbstu`g bstë —tkrgjea„ cgmîg gùbrg. ]k tbjës uj praidbng eb

majtrgmarrkbjtb nbtë uj pgpbd bjmbjekea bj bd —mbigear,„ dg iamg eb

dknpkbzg qub bstç bj dg igsb ebd trgna vbrtkmgd gd `kjgd eb dg ngsgtërnkmg.

Vgpbd y bjmbjek ea

Gmaregtb qub bs dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg dg qub cgmb qubgjeb bstg masg, ja bd mg÷a eb sgdkeg, gsî qub bj majekmkajbs jarngdbsda qub kjtbrbsg bs mgdbjtgr rçpkegnbjtb ëstg mçngrg. Knpartgjtb< usgr prb`brkidbnbjtb pgpbd eb ekgrka ikbj sbma. Dgs gstkddgs pgrg bdgrrgjqub ebibj bstgr sbmgs mana ybsmg. ]k qubnçs numca pgpbd amgrtýj tbjerçs praidbngs eb aistrummkýj, maj 9 a = calgs eb ekgrkatbjerîgs qub gjegr ikbj.

Bd bsqubng nubstrg dg sbmubjmkg eb bjmbjekea.

Eas masgs< skbnprb mgroç dg db÷g ebseb gtrçs, a sbg ebd dgea apubsta gdtgniar y cgmb mgrogs manpdbtgs, eb da majtrgrka pubeb cunbgr.

]k taea vg ikbj dg db÷g sb mgrog par orgvbege g nbekeg qub sb qubng,

sb pubeb trgigr sk tkbjb ogjmcas ngd martgeas y sk bstç nuy dgrog y sbbmcg pgrg uj dgea.

Dg mgrog

Dg patbjmkg eb dg bstu`g sb rboudg maj bd orasar eb db÷g qub sb qubng.Vgrg mgdar rçpkea usç db÷g ebd tgng÷a eb dg nu÷bmg eb uj jk÷a a ujgjk÷g. Vbra sk qubrës eblgrda uj pgr eb cargs mgrogda maj db÷g nçsorubsg y nçs ebjsg. Vgrg uj ùboa —dknpka„ majvkbjbj mgrogsmanpdbtgs maj ùboas ikbj mgdkbjtbs. Bd nblar rbjeknkbjta eb bstgsbstu`gs sb daorg mgrogjea dg igtbrîg tërnkmg maj uj pgr eb cargs eb

ùboa par eîg. Gpbjgs sb gpgogj dgs irgsgs sb mkbrrg dg tgpg pgrg qubdg ngsg ja sb bj`rîb maj bd gkrb ebd gnikbjtb qub mcupg dg bstu`g.



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Dg db÷g

]k dg db÷g majtkbjb goug, dg bjbroîg qub praeumb gd qubngrsb sb utkdkzg bj pgrtb pgrg bvgpargr bdgoug eb dg nksng db÷g, iglgjea dg b`kmkbjmkg eb dg bstu`g ergnçtkmgnbjtb, gebnçs, bstb vgpar duboa

sb majebjsg y mcarrbg par dgs ujkajbs eb das majeumtas. Gsî qub tbjë prbsbjtb usgr db÷g sbmg. Ja bs iubja tgpgr ujg pkdg eb db÷g maj uj pdçstkma parqub bstb ja eblg sgdkr dg cunbege eb dg db÷g y ebdsubda, skbnprb bs nblar igla tbmca y qub db marrg gkrb.

Ngjtbjknkbjta

Ëstg bstu`g ja sb ngjtkbjb sadg, bstç dblas eb sbr uj praeumta kjeustrkgd bstgjegrkzgea, nçs ikbj ujgpgrgta bxpbrknbjtgd y sbourgnbjtb guta-majstrukea. Var da tgjta mgeg ujg tkbjb sus ng÷gs qubebngjegrçj nçs a nbjas najktarba y ngjtbjknkbjta. Cgy vgrkas `gmtarbs qub ebibrîgs rbvksgr pbrkýekmgnbjtb, da içskma bs qub taegs dgs mg÷brîgs bstëj dknpkgs. Ugnikëj, dknpkgr bd mbjkmbra eb dgmçngrg eb maniustkýj rboudgrnbjtb, eb da majtrgrka pubeb gmunudgrsb mbjkzg bjtrb dg mkng eb dg

mçngrg sboujegrkg y bd tgniar, u atrgs pgrtbs ebd kjtbstkja. (]b pubeb nbtbr ujg mglg nbtçdkmg cbmcgg nbekeg bj bd mbjkmbra maj ujas ogjmcktas pgrg dbvgjtgr y sgmgr dg mbjkzg j.t.). ]k taea bstç ikbj`rîa paebs usgr ujg gspkrgearg.

Dg ramhbt y dg mamkjg

Dgs ramhbt maj `kjbs mudkjgrkas bspbmî`kmas, igsgeas bj das nksnas prkjmkpkas gquî ebsmrktas, sbusgj bj taea bd nujea, bspbmkgdnbjtb bj duogrbs eajeb bsmgsbg dg db÷g y sb mamkjg ebjtra eb dgvkvkbjeg, qub rbqukbrb ujg bstu`g eb gdtg b`kmkbjmkg y qub ja cunbb. Bstb dkira bstç nçs ikbjgvamgea gd tbng eb mgdb`gmmkýj pgrg pbrsajgs, maj nuy pamg gtbjmkýj gd tbng eb dg mamkjg. Bj dg—_arde _keb _bi„ (___) bxkstb numcîskng kjàrngmkýj sairb taea tkpa eb bstu`gs ramhbt,

gebnçs eb gmgdargegs b kjtbrbsgjtbs eksmuskajbs, gsî qub paeës kjvbstkogr y praùjekzgr sairbek`brbjtbs eksb÷as.

Rjg vbz qub tbjogs ujg ramhbt bj tu mgsg da nçs praigidb bs qub db bjmubjtrbs taea tkpa eb usaskjbspbrgeas. Mgddbgoc @brrgrg eka g duz sairb bd skddýj/mgng mgdb`gmmkajgea eb su mgsg.

Bd mgdar rbskeugd eb dg supbr`kmkb ebd tgniar pubeb usgrsb pgrg ebsckergtgr mankeg, bstç iubja sbmgrsbnkddgs a raeglgs eb cartgdkzgs eurgjtb dg jamcb y par supubsta, paeës mamkjgr. (Bj dg bstu`g ramhbtqub tuvknas bj Igrkdamcb, sk eblçignas ujg pgvg maj goug g dg jamcb, par dg ng÷gjg -? u 3 cargs

ebspuës- bstgig bd goug pgrg bd ngtb g pujta, mgdbjtgeg maj bd pura mgdar rbskeugd eb dg mçngrg ebmaniustkýj j.t.).

Cgy ujg ekyujtkvg< sk dg supbr`kmkb eb mammkýj rbmkib nçs mgdar, bd rbsta eb dg bstu`g rbmkib nbjas, ymugjea ja bstçs mamkjgjea bsb mgdar bxtrg bstgrç mgdbjtgjea bd gkrb sairb bd tgniar, g mastg ebnbjas mgdar bj das mastgeas ebd tgniar y bj dg ngsg tërnkmg. A sbg, sk da qub qubrës bs prkjmkpgdnbjtb ujg bstu`g pgrg mgdb`gmmkýj, dg tgpg ebd tgniar sbrvkrç pgrg mammkýj dbjtg y pgrgngjtbjbr masgs mgdkbjtbs. Bspbmkgd pgrg dbounirbs, mbrbgdbs, sapgs, pgrg tastgr sbnkddgs a raeglgs eb



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cartgdkzg. Rjg apmkýj bs cgmbr qub gdoa ranpg bd cbrvar bj bd ogs a dg carjgddg bdëmtrkmg y duboa da pajës sairb bd tgniar, eýjeb sb ngjtkbjb mgdkbjtb skj bsb cbrvar vkoarasa qub db cgmb pbrebr dasgmbktbs vadçtkdbs, bd sgiar y dgs bjzkngs g dg mankeg, y eb pgsa gcarrgs bj majsuna eb maniustkidbs`ýskdbs. Nk prapkg ramhbt ja bs iubjg pgrg sgmgr uj pgvg ckrvkbjea bj gpuras a pgrg cgmbr pgpgs`rktgs, pbra dbs gsbourg qub cgmb dgs nblarbs tastgegs qub lgnçs cb praigea.

Ubjkbjea ujg pgvg maj goug sairb bd tgniar tbjerçs ujg ùbjtb majstgjtb eb goug mgdkbjtb.

Maj tgniarbs eb 766 d y 966 d sb pubeb cgmbr ujg tgpg pgrg qub dg supbr`kmkb eb mammkýj ùjmkajbmýna carja. Dg nblar pgrg nk bs manprgr uj radda eb pgpbd eb gdunkjka y bjvadvbrda pgrg àrngrmana ujg pbqub÷g madnbjg maj vgrkgs mgpgs eb pgpbd eb gdunkjka, y maj dg mgrg irkddgjtb cgmîggebjtra pgrg rb`dblgr dg ajeg tërnkmg. Eaidç dg pujtg ebd radda sairb bd iareb y giaddgda maj dg ngja,duboa àrlgdb ujg ngjklg grrkig ebd taea. Ub ckmkstb uj carja gd kjstgjtb qub sgmg iubj pgj, `klgtb eb pajbrdb ujg igsb gd pgj pgrg qub ja sb qubnb (pubebj sbr ujgs tblubdgs rb`rgmtgrkgs eb 9mn j.t.)Mugjea bd carja ja bstç bj usa sb pubeb madogr bj gdoüj dgea. (Ugnikëj sb pubeb cgmbr ujg müpudgeb igrra a eb mbrçnkmg, a gdoa nçs sa`kstkmgea bj mcgpg, maj eaidb pgrbe y uj gksdgjtb bj bd nbeka

j.t.).Bj sbptkbnirb/amtuirb (jubstra girkd/ngya j.t.) mugjea taegvîg cgy bxmbebjtb eb `rutg y cartgdkzgusgnas jubstrg ramhbt mana mgdb`gmtar y sbmgebra grngjea ujg sbrkb eb bstgjtbs sbmgebras qub sbgskbjtgj sairb bd tgniar eurgjtb dg jamcb.

B`bmtkvgnbjtb, cgy qub luogr8 mugdqukbr gpgrgta eb mammkýj rbqukbrb prçmtkmg. ±Ub gmareçs dg prknbrg vbz qub mamkjgstb bj ujg mamkjg g ogs, a bj ujg bdëmtrkmg a bj ujg carjgddg eb ogrrg`g1Ddbvg tkbnpa gprbjebr g apbrgr dg ngqukjg jubvg, gsî qub luoç numca, bxpbrknbjtç y manpgrtî tusrbsudtgeas.

Vrboujtgs eb @uboa



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±]krvb dg ramhbt mana skstbng eb mgdb`gmmkýj pgrg mugdqukbr mgsg1

Bs numca nçs gegptgidb g gdoujgs mkrmujstgjmkgs qub g atrgs. Bstb tkpa eb bstu`gs sbmgrgmtbrkzgj par ujg mgdb`gmmkýj par majvbmmkýj (vbr —Maniustkýj y Mgdar,„ —Ygekgmkýj,

Majvbmmkýj, Majeummkýj„ pços. x), orgj mgjtkege eb majeummkýj y nuy pamg rgekgmkýj (maj dg

bxmbpmkýj ebd tgniar eb trgjs`brbjmkg eb tbnpbrgturg). Dg trgjsnkskýj ebd mgdar gmunudgea bjdg ngsg tërnkmg bs dbjtg y sugvb, eçjeasb g trgvës eb numcgs cargs. Bd ùboa, bj mgnika,rbqukbrb gtbjmkýj rboudgr nkbjtrgs bstë prbjekea.

Manpgrgea maj uj caogr qub mgdkbjtg sýda par rgekgmkýj y nkbjtrgs bstë bd ùboa prbjekea, aujg sgdgngjerg (u atras tkpas eb bstu`gs eb ckbrra), qub krrgekg mgdar par das mastgeas y ebsebgrrkig, pbra g ujg tbnpbrgturg ebngskgeg gdtg mana pgrg gpaygrsb y rbmkikr mgdar par majtgmta,ëstb bs uj gpgrgta gd mugd gmurrumgrsb. Nkbjtrgs bstës bj majtgmta maj dg ngsg tërnkmg, tb paeësngjtbjbr mgdbjtktg numcgs cargs ebspuës eb qub sb cgddg gpgoa bd ùboa.

Bd tbng ja bs sk sb mgdbjtgrç a ja bd bek`kmka. Gd bek`kmka db eg da nksna. Bd tbng bs sk mugdqukbr

gpgrgta mgdb`gmtar db eg manaekege g dg objtb qub cgiktg dg mgsg.]k vkvîs bj ujg mgsg orgjeb, ddbjg eb mck`dbtbs, a ngd gksdgeg bd mgdar par majvbmmkýj sb pbrebrçgjtbs eb qub tb ddboub. Majskebrç ujg apmkýj qub tb eb nçs rgekgmkýj y nbjas majvbmmkýj, gdoaqub tb eb mgdar mugjea tb gmbrmgs. Pgs g ogstgr numcg nçs db÷g, pbra bs bd prbmka eb ujg mgsgorgjeb, ddbjg eb mck`dbtbs a maj pamg gksdgmkýj.

Rjg ramhbt jbmbsktg gtbjmkýj y gdknbjtgmkýj rboudgr, y sb gegptg ikbj g pbrsajgs qub pgsgjvgrkgs cargs gd eîg bj su mgsg. ]aj bspbmkgdnbjtb ütkdbs sk sb pdgjk`kmgj eb àrng tgd qub ujarbmkig mgdar par majtgmta (par bl. bd gskbjta eb tu bsmrktarka, eajeb cgmbs tus grtbsgjîgs, a bdtblkea, a eajeb tb sbjtçs g dbbr), y par supubsta, sk dg db÷g bs mgrg y tbjës kjtbjmkajbs eb rbeumkrtus bnkskajbs eb ogsbs kjvbrjgebra8 kjtbjmkýj ekojg eb taeas.

±Eýjeb JA majvkbjb cgmbr ujg ramhbt1

Gqubddas bek`kmkas qub sb amupgj krrboudgrnbjtb, tgdbs mana kodbskgs, sgdgs eb rbujkýj, btm.ebibj mgdb`gmmkajgrsb rçpkegnbjtb y ja sb ibjb`kmkgj eb mgdar gdngmbjgea pgrg usa g dgroa pdgza. Bj gqubddgs mgsgs nuy orgjebs (ngs eb 966n9), maj numcgs ekvkskajbs y bj rbokajbsnuy `rîgs qukzçs majvbjog mgdb`gmmkajgr gnikbjtbs sbdbmtas nbekgjtb gkrb mgdkbjtb àrzgea a gtrgvës eb majeumtas.

Bj uj duogr eb trgigla mana ujg mgrpkjtbrîg, eajeb uja rgrg vbz gjeg sbjtgea, qukzçs sbg nblarujg bstu`g qub dkibrb numca mgdar rgekgjtb.

Bj gnikbjtbs a sgdgs bxtbrkarbs mana mgrpgs a tkpîs bd gkrb mgdbjtgea par dg ngsg tërnkmg sgderîgebd bek`kmka gjtbs eb qub da pubegs eks`rutgr. Nblar sbrîg nbtbr ujg bstu`g eb orgj rgekgmkýjmana ujg ramhbt eb tgniar a uj caogr Yunsàre (uj caogr eb gdtg b`kmkbjmkg).

±Vubea ddbvgr das majeumtas par bd pksa a pgrbebs kjtbrkarbs1



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Var supubsta, g ja sbr eb qub yg tbjogs uj majtrgpksa eb carnkoýj a uj pksa eb ngebrg. Cgmbeas nkd g÷as das rangjas mgdb`gmmkajgigj sus vkddgs bj dgs `rîgs ksdgs irktçjkmgs maj ckpamgustas.Rj ckpamgusta bs ujg sbrkb eb majeumtas ebjtra ebd pksa qub trgjspartgj ogsbs mgdkbjtbs pravbjkbjtbs eb ujg bstu`g. Das rangjas usgigj dglgs eb pkberg grbjksmg sairb pkdatbs eb pkbergeb ujas 06 u 36 mn eb gdta (gdturg su`kmkbjtb pgrg bjtrgr ogtbgjea y dknpkgr). Cay eîg pubeb sbr

nçs majvbjkbjtb usgr mg÷brîg nbtçdkmg nbtkeg bj dg tkbrrg, igrra u carnkoýj ebd pksa, a nbtkeasbj grbjg igla uj pksa eb dgerkdda, mbrçnkma a dglg. Gmaregtb eb eblgr iamgs eb dknpkbzg y ebmbrrgrdb dg bjtrgeg g rabearbs.

±Wuë tgj sboukea ebia gdknbjtgrdg1

Igstgjtb sboukea8 g das ergoajbs dbs oustg ujg pkmgektg g mgeg rgta. Bs uja eb das gtrgmtkvas ebdg ramhbt (pgrg qukbjbs dbs oustg luogr maj ùboa). Bd skstbng eb 0„ jbmbsktg ujg mgrog mgeg 56

nkjutas g ujg carg maj ngebrg idgjeg y mgeg 9 cargs maj ngebrg eurg. Bd skstbng eb 3„

jbmbsktg ujg mgrog mgeg carg u carg nbekg maj pkja arboýj, y maj pbegzas dgroas eb raidb (÷krba dgurg, gmç bj dg pgtgoajkg gjekjg j.t.) da pubea eblgr ujgs = cargs.

±Vubea eblgrdg taeg dg jamcb prbjekeg1

Bs prçmtkmgnbjtb knpaskidb qub mugdqukbr bstu`g bstë prbjekeg taeg dg jamcb maj ujgmaniustkýj dknpkg. Dgs bstu`gs eb mglg eajeb nbtës uj pgda y db mbrrçs dg bjtrgeg eb gkrb pkradkzgj dg ngebrg, mana sk db mamkjgrgj g ùboa dbjta das manpubstas quînkmas maniustkidbs.Gsî pkradkzg taeg dg jamcb objbrgjea padumkýj. Dg ngyarîg eb da praidbngs eb majtgnkjgmkýjebd gkrb par bstu`gs g db÷g sb objbrgj par pkradkzgmkýj jamturjg. Bj mgnika, dgs ramhbt saj iubjgs pgrg qubngr db÷g rçpkeg y dknpkgnbjtb y ebpbjebj ebd gdngmbjgnkbjta tërnkma gelujta pgrg ngjtbjbrtb dg mgsg mgdbjtktg taeg dg jamcb. Gjtbs eb krtb g earnkr eblgs qub sb gpgoub bdùboa, duboa db mbrrçs dg bjtrgeg eb gkrb y dg prbjebs eb jubva par dg ng÷gjg.

±Var muçjta tkbnpa ngjtkbjb bd mgdar uj igjma-mgng-skddýj1

Rjas gdnacgeajbs sairb bd skddýj da gksdgrçj ikbj. G dg ng÷gjg mugjea nb dbvgjta sgma dasgdnacgeajbs pgrg eblgr qub dg igtbrîg tërnkmg mgdkbjtb bd gnikbjtb. Maj sýda bsta vba suikr dgtbnpbrgturg gnikbjtb bjtrb 9 y = aM cgstg 73 g 95 cargs duboa ebd üdtkna ùboa, y sk ngjtbjoabd skddýj tgpgea maj dgs gdnacgegs, skoub mgdbjtkta güj uj eîg nçs. Dgs igtbrîgs tërnkmgs nçsorgjebs mana jubstrg mgng eaidb mgdb`gmmkajgeg maj ujg ramhbt sb ngjtkbjb mgdbjtktg 9 y cgstg= eîgs ebspuës eb uj iubj ùboa.

±Muçjta eurg bd tgniar1 ±]b qubng1

Jujmg vk uja qub sb qubngrg, gujqub jujmg usgnas bd nksna tgniar par nçs eb 79 g÷as. Vbracgikëjeasb qubngea taea bd axîobja bj dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj das ogsbs ddbogj gd tgniar skjaxîobja, par bsta ja sb pubea qubngr par ebjtra, y sk ja db mgb ujg oatbrg ja sb pubeb axkegr par ùbrg, gsî qub ebibrîg eurgr numcas g÷as.

Vbra… ya sýda tbjoa db÷g martg.



5;

]b qubngrç eb da nçs ikbj, tbjerçs qub mgrogrda nçs sboukea y `klçtb qub ja sb mubdoub gdoüjdb÷a bj dg iamg. Da qub sk, vgs g jbmbsktgr db÷ktg `kjg y dgrog pgrg bd bjmbjekea.

±Jbmbsktg ujg bjtrgeg eb gkrb ekrbmta eb gùbrg1 ±Ja nb vg majsunkrtaea bd axîobja eb nk mgsg1

Mugdqukbr bstu`g qubng axîobja. Vbra ja bxtrgb bd axîobja sbdbmtkvgnbjtb eb tu mgsg, eblçjeatbg dgs grmgegs bj uj gnikbjtb eb pura jktrýobja. Da qub mcupg ujg bstu`g bs GKYB eb dg mgsg, jasada axîobja. [ ja, ja tb vgs g qubegr skj gkrb, parqub g nbekeg qub dg bstu`g mcupg gkrb bd pbqub÷a vgmîa qub sb objbrg bj bd gnikbjtb, vg mcupgjea gkrb eb rbmgnika eb atra dgea. Bjmdkngs nuy `rîas a bj mgsgs maj numcas mck`dbtbs bsta objbrg marrkbjtbs eb gkrb `rîa, par daobjbrgd pravbjkbjtbs eb ebigla eb dg pubrtg a par vbjtgjgs ngd sbddgegs. Rjg bjtrgeg eb gkrbbspbmkgd pgrg dg bstu`g pubeb martgr bstgs marrkbjtbs.

±Eb quë tgng÷a1 Rj mg÷a eb 5„ ebibrîg gjegr ikbj. Muirkdb dgs pujtgs maj ujg ngddg eb 2nn pgrg qub ja sb nbtgj gjkngdbs. ±Bd nblar duogr1 Bj bd mkbda rgza a bj dg pgrbe lusta grrkig eb dg

iamg. Bj mdkngs sugvbs pubeb sbr su`kmkbjtb (skbnprb y mugjea bstëj ikbj sbddgegs dgs pubrtgs yvbjtgjgs) eblgr qub dg bstu`g mcupb gkrb `rîa ebd sboujea pksa, eb numcgs pbqub÷gs `ksurgs ebdbek`kmka, ebd çtkma, btm.

[a dbî qub dgs bstu`gs g db÷g saj ujg gjtkoôbege, qub saj sumkgs y qubmajtgnkjgj maj ogsbs kjvbrjgebra. ±Muçd bs dg nblar apmkýj pgrg bdnbeka gnikbjtb1

Gujqub bstas manbjtgrkas par da objbrgd saj vbregebras, dgs bstu`gs g db÷g sb cgj nblargeanumca eurgjtb das üdtknas g÷as, daorgjea nuy iglgs bnkskajbs eb ogsbs kjvbrjgebra y ujg

maniustkýj b`kmkbjtb, skj bnigroa sb skoub ebspbrekmkgjea numca mgdar. Var bsa kjvbjtgnasujg qub bstç gd eîg, ja dgrog mbjkzg bj bd pksa eb tu mgsg y bs gdtgnbjtb b`kmkbjtb. Vgrg dgmgdb`gmmkýj eb ujg mgsg dg nblar apmkýj bs uj eksb÷a sadgr-pgskva. Vbra pubeb qub tbjogs ujgmgsg bxkstbjtb skj eksb÷a sadgr. Gebnçs, numcas vkvknas bj duogrbs eajeb sb rbqukbrb ujnîjkna eb mgdb`gmmkýj gebnçs ebd sadgr pgskva. Dg ngyarîg eb dgs atrgs apmkajbs eb skstbngseb mgdb`gmmkýj saj tbrnkjgdbs pgrg jubstras ebsmbjekbjtbs< pbtrýdba, ogs a bdëmtrkma (eb pbtrýdba, ogs a jumdbgr) a tbrnkjgdbs pgrg atrgs bspbmkbs (rbprbsgs, par blbnpda). Bd maniustkidbeb dg db÷g vkbjb ebd sad y sb rbobjbrg bj ujas mugjtas g÷as, rbgisarikbjea bd ekýxkea eb mgriajaqub bnktb tu bstu`g.

±Mýna pubea cgmbr pgrg qub das tgniarbs vkblas bj dg bstu`g ja

pgrbzmgj tgniarbs vkblas1

Vaebs rbmuirkrda tatgd a pgrmkgdnbjtb maj ujg bsmudturg bj igrra a maj gdoujg cbrrbrîg grtîstkmg.Ugd vbz cgddg gdoujg pkjturg ja-týxkmg a paebs pudkrda maj ujg dklg a pgsgrdb dg dustrg-dklgeargmaj mbpkdda eb gmbra. Gdoujgs gdtbrjgtkvgs pgrg rbbnpdgzgr bd tgniar saj uj tbrnatgjqub vkblaeb ùjekmkýj, a uj mkdkjera eb dgerkddas, qub bs nuy manüj bj Ekjgngrmg. Dgs bstu`gs ebngnpastbrîg bj Burapg objbrgdnbjtb sb gearjgj muirkëjeadas maj mbrçnkmas bsngdtgeas.



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±Wuë tgj prajta duboa eb su majstrummkýj pubea bjmbjebr nk bstu`g1

Dg nblar àrng eb sbmgrdg bs uj ùboa dbjta. Da cbrnasa eb trgiglgr maj nbzmdgs maj orgj parmbjtglb eb grbjg sairb grmkddg (gpraxkngegnbjtb 5 pgrtbs eb grbjg par 7 pgrtb eb grmkddg j.t.)bs qub dg grbjg bstgikdkzg dg nbzmdg y ja eblg qub sb mugrtbb, gsî qub ja tbjës qub bspbrgr

numca tkbnpa. Egdb ùboa dbjta ja nçs.

±Ja sb vgj g qubngr nks cklas1

Da nçs praigidb bs qub ja. Ja cbnas tbjkea jatkmkg eb uj sada jk÷a a jk÷g qub sb cgddgqubngea. G dg gdturg eb uj ibië dg tbnpbrgturg ebd tgniar bs igstgjtb iglg (bjtrb 766 y 726aM), numca nçs iglg qub bstu`gs eb mglg nbtçdkmg. Gebnçs, dg db÷g ja pubeb sgdkr raegjea y jacgy irgsgs bxpubstgs mana bj uj caogr gikbrta.

±Muçjta tkbnpa nb ddbvgrç majstrukrdg1

Da qub nçs tkbnpa ddbvg saj das prbpgrgtkvas, lujtgr y arogjkzgr das ngtbrkgdbs y cbrrgnkbjtgs,y bd eksb÷a eb dg bstu`g. Maj taea dksta, eas pbrsajgs pubebj majstrukr ujg bstu`g bj uj `kj ebsbngjg a, maj prçmtkmg, cgstg bj uj eîg. Dg ngsg tërnkmg pubeb ddbvgr nçs tkbnpa, ebpbjeb ebdtgng÷a.

Nk bstu`g ramhbt asmkdg, a sbg tkrg ikbj uj rgtkta, ebspuës sb kjvkbrtbmana sk bd tkrglb mgnikgrg eb ekrbmmkýj, ebspuës tkrg ikbj atrg vbz,ebspuës sb gtarg ebd taea y dgrog ujg iamgjgeg eb cuna pgrg gebjtraeb dg mgsg. ±Mýna da grrboda1

Gdoüj tgpýj bj das majeumtas. Rjg iubjg dknpkbzg g taea bd skstbng.

Mana dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg bstç munpdkbjea dg ùjmkýjeb dg mcknbjbg, ±pubea sgmgr bd mg÷a ekrbmta pgrg gùbrg y qubtbrnkjb bj paskmkýj carkzajtgd mana uj tkra igdgjmbgea1

Vraiçda, ja skbnprb ùjmkajg, pbra pubeb qub sk. ]k ja vg, gorbogdb ujas nbtras eb trgnavbrtkmgd.

±Mýna pubea nblargr bd tkrglb eb dg bstu`g1

Nçs qub jgeg cgmbr nçs gdtg dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg y nblargr su gksdgnkbjta.Dknpkgr dg zajg eb maniustkýj y taeas das majeumtas carkzajtgdbs. @klgtb qub dg db÷g bstë ikbjsbmg. Rsç db÷g nçs sbmg. Rsç db÷g nçs `kjg.

±Bstb tkpa eb bstu`gs bstçj gpraigegs par jarngs nujkmkpgdbs1



27

Ëstg bstu`g bs ek`brbjtb g das gpgrgtas eb mgdb`gmmkýj g db÷g pgrg das mugdbs bstçj bsmrktgs dgsjarngs. Var blbnpda, bd mg÷a eb sgdkeg sgdb igstgjtb `rîa, gsî qub das jkvbdbs eb gksdgnkbjta qub pubebj rbqubrkr dgs jarngs ja sb gpdkmgj bj bstb mgsa.

Gjtbs eb kjstgdgr ujg bstu`g ebibrîgs majambr dgs jarngs eb tu damgdkege rbspbmta g dggpraigmkýj eb kjstgdgmkajbs eb gpgrgtas eb mgdb`gmmkýj g db÷g. Gujqub ja skogs dgsbspbmk`kmgmkajbs gd pkb eb dg dbtrg pgrg bstg bstu`g, jk tbjogs kjtbjmkýj eb ddbvgrdb bd pdgja gdnujkmkpka pgrg sbr gpraigea, dgs jarngs g vbmbs pubebj gyuegrjas g tangr iubjgs ebmkskajbs.Da knpartgjtb bs qub cgogs taea maj dg nçxkng prbmgumkýj. Numca nçs knpartgjtb qub tbngseb dbogdkege, saj das pbdkoras rbgdbs eb kjmbjeka y eb ogsbs týxkmas bj tu mgsg.

Gmaregtb, gebnçs, qub bstgs bstu`gs ja sb cgj usgea eurgjtb bd tkbnpa su`kmkbjtb mana pgrgebtbrnkjgr bd vbregebra pbdkora eb kjmbjeka eb mcknbjbg, gsî qub rbvksç da mg÷as majrboudgrkege.

±[ qub pgsg sk say kjqukdkjg1

[a say kjqukdkja y cgy bstu`gs ramhbt bj vgrkas eb das bek`kmkas qub gdqukda. Ubjerçs qub cgmbrbd kjtbjta eb mcupgrdb uj pama dgs nbekgs gd pgtrýj a g dg pgtrajg. Vrbpgrçtb ujgs iubjgs àtaseb gdoujg ramhbt maj cbrnasgs bsmudturgs y cgidçdb eb mugjta pubeb ddbogr g gunbjtgr bd vgdareb su kjnubidb. Vaerîgs nastrgrdb bstb dkira a egrdb ujg mapkg. Wukzçs gogrrbj vubda. Bd eub÷aebd duogr eajeb gdqukdgnas ja tuva kjmajvbjkbjtb, skbnprb y mugjea cgognas ujg ebnadkmkýjeb dgs bstu`gs mugjea jas ngrmcbnas, b kjstgdbnas jubvgnbjtb dgs raiustgs mglgs nbtçdkmgs qubusgj bddas pgrg qubngr db÷g.

]k tu mgsg gdqukdgeg tkbjb pgrbebs a pksa eb ngebrg, tbjerîgs qub tangr gdoujgs nbekegs mana pgrg ja kjmbjekgrdgs. Bj dg mgsg eajeb tbjbnas dg a`kmkjg cgy ujg bstu`g maj ujg mgng eaidb-skddýj eb = tajbdgegs. Dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj tkbjb ujg duz eb 72mn sairb bd pksa, y taeg dgbstu`g tkbjb ujg igsb eb gksdgnkbjta. Gebnçs, rbàrzgnas bd pksa maj gdoujgs vkogs par ebigla.Vgrg pratbobr pgrbebs eb ngebrg u atra ngtbrkgd kj`dgngidb, nbtë par da nbjas 2mn ebgksdgmkýj eb gdtg tbnpbrgturg bjtrb dg pgrbe y bd skddýj. ]bpgrç dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj par danbjas 26mn eb dg pgrbe, y àrrç dg pgrbe maj pgpbd eb gdunkjka (maj bd dgea irkddgjtb cgmîg dgbstu`g). Vgrg gyuegr g rbeumkr dg tbnpbrgturg gdrbebear eb dg pgrbe, paerîgs kjstgdgr ujg tang ebgkrb `rîa eb gùbrg bjtrb dg bstu`g y dg pgrbe mana bj`rkgear. Bsta gebnçs cgrç qub dg bstu`g jamcupb gkrb mgdkbjtb eb tu mgsg.



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Yamhbt eb 3„ majstrukeg sairb pksa eb ngebrg suspbjekea.

7. Gksdgmkýj grmkddg-nkjbrgd suspbjekeg sairb bd mgjta eb uj dgerkdda eb 76mn

9. Bspgmka eb 76 mn pgrg mkrmudgmkýj eb gkrb

=. Eas mgpgs eb pgpbd eb gdunkjka grruogea pbogea gd pksa maj dg mgrg irkddgjtb cgmîg grrkig

5. Gksdgmkýj ebd pksa bxtrgîeg par ebigla eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj

2. Ugidg eb 9„ pgrg rbàrzgr bd pksa

0. Idaqubs eb carnkoýj eb nubddb eb =6mn nbtkeas g prbskýj

Vraidbngs manujbs bj bd ùjmkajgnkbjta

Dg bstu`g dgrog cuna pgrg gebjtra eb dg mgsg. ]bourgnbjtb cgy uj maoatb eb iatbddg bj gdoujg

pgrtb, g majtkjugmkýj bjunbrgnas gdoujgs paskikdkegebs<

Vrknbra rbvksç dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj, sgmçdb mbjkzg y nartbra qub pubeb cgibr mgîeaeurgjtb dg majstrummkýj.]k dg iamg eb mgrog sb majstruyý nuy gjmcg tb cgrç bstb b`bmta. Vraiç mbrrçjeadb uj pamadg iamg maj uj dgerkdda, sk eblg eb cunbgr mugjea db tgpçs, par blbnpda, 7/= eb dg iamg yskoub tkrgjea ikbj, paeës eblgr bd dgerkdda `kla.





25

Ja majskoa uj cbrvar rçpkea. Bsta kjekmg qub dg tbnpbrgturg bj dgtgpg ebd tgniar bs nuy iglg. Vraiç eb iglgr bd tgniar uja g easmbjtînbtras, pgrg mammkýj rçpkeg usç db÷g `kjg. Cbnas vkstasupbr`kmkbs eb mammkýj qub sb ddbogj g pajbr jgrgjlg.

Majebjsgmkýj bj bd trgna vbrtkmgd y bj das majeumtas kjtbrjasebd skddýj. Dg maniustkýj dknpkg eb db÷g ikbj sbmg tgnikëj praeumbvgpar, pbra dg tbnpbrgturg eb dg ngyarîg eb das majeumtas ebibrîgsbr su`kmkbjtbnbjtb gdtg mana pgrg bvktgr majebjsgmkýj, par danbjas ebjtra eb tu mgsg. Var ùbrg, uj mg÷a nbtçdkma skj gksdgmkýjmajebjsgrç bd vgpar mugjea dgs tbnpbrgturgs saj iglgs. ]k dg ngsgtërnkmg bs nuy b`kmkbjtb, rbsmgtg taea bd mgdar eb das ogsbs ebdbsmgpb, ddbvçjeadas cgstg bd pujta eb majebjsgmkýj. Dasmajebjsgeas pubebj sbr purg goug a pubebj majtbjbr mrbasatg.

G ujg bstu`g jubvg db mubstg vgrkas eîgs sbmgrsb, gsî qub ebngskgeg majebjsgmkýj eurgjtb bstb pbrîaea bs jarngd. ]kj bnigroa, sk cgy praidbngs pbrbjjbs eb majebjsgmkýj bj dgs mg÷brîgs ebjtraeb dg mgsg bsta kjekmg uj praidbng sbrka. Rjg mgusg praigidb bs qub das majebjsgeas ebd mg÷a bj bdbxtbrkar sb vbjogj cgmîg gebjtra. Bj bsb mgsa egdb ujg mgîeg cgmîg gùbrg gd trgna qub pgsg par dg pgrbe.

Ugnikëj cgy ujg paskikdkege eb qub bstës qubngjea db÷g cünbeg. ±Mýna së sk bstç nuy cünbeg1]knpdb< pbsçdg mana vkbjb ebd db÷bra, ebspuës rbpkmgdg ebd orasar eb tu ebea, sbmçdg sairb dg bstu`gtaeg dg jamcb y pbsçdg atrg vbz par dg ng÷gjg. ]k pbreës nçs ebd 76 par mkbjta ebd pbsa bs qub tu

db÷g bs uj ebsgstrb. Rjg cunbege eb cgstg 2 par mkbjta knpkeb ujg maniustkýj dknpkg.

]b lujtg caddîj/mrbasatg bj bd bsmgpb. Vubeb sbr qub dg db÷g bstb gmastgeg bj dg mçngrg ebmaniustkýj, gnajtajgjea dg db÷g y mrbgjea ujg eb`kmkbjmkg eb axîobja y bxpajkëjeadg gd gkrb `rîa.Vgrçdg, pgrg qub sb gpayb majtrg bd pubjtb eb dgerkdda sairb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj prkngrkg,eblgjea qub sb guta-mgroub par orgvbege.

@ksurgs praeumkegs par pgrtbs nbtçdkmgs bj bstu`gs eb igrra. Mugdqukbr lujtg bjtrb ngtbrkgdbsekspgrbs mrbg strbss. Bj sktkas eajeb dgs pgrtbs nbtçdkmgs bstçj bj majtgmta maj igrra, dgerkddas a pkberg, bd mgdbjtgnkbjta y bj`rkgnkbjta mrbg mkmdas eb bxpgjskýj/rbtrgmmkýj.

Rj blbnpda bs bd tgniar rbmuikbrta tatgd a pgrmkgdnbjtb bj igrra. ]k bs paskidb eblç uj bspgmka pgrgqub bsg bxpgjskýj sb pubeg egr, a usç gdoüj ngtbrkgd `dbxkidb bjtrb bd nbtgd y bd igrra. Jubstrggnkog Nbhg cg bxpbrknbjtgea maj uj —madmcýj„ eb pbrdktg/grmkddg pgrg bstg lujtg. Atrg sadumkýj bsegrdb dg ikbjvbjkeg g dgs `ksurgs mana sb cgmb bj dgs vbrbegs urigjgs, rgsogjea dg supbr`kmkb pgrgqub dgs `ksurgs sb ebj maj gdoüj eksb÷a prbebmkidb. Gsbourgtb qub dgs `ksurgs ja sb bxtkbjegj cgstgzajgs qub pubegj dgrogr ogsbs qub tb kjtaxkqubj.



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Gdoujas gspbmtas jbogtkvas eb dgs bstu`gs ramhbt

Jgeg bs pbr`bmta, bxmbpta, qukzçs, dg jgturgdbzg nksng. Das grtkduokas cungjas skbnprb tkbjbj susiubjgs y sus ngdgs. Bj duogr eb bnktkr bxtrgvgogjtbs prbtbjskajbs ” —dg bstu`g qub skbnprb

qukskstb„ (±mýna vgnas g sgibr da qub qubrës1) ý —ëstg bstu`g sbrç bd ̀ kj eb sus praidbngs„(sboura qub ja) ” qukskërgnas bjunbrgr gspbmtas eb dg ramhbt qub cgj mgusgea ek`kmudtgebs.

Dgs mgrogs ebibj sbr `rbmubjtbs. Maj ujg bstu`g eb mglg nbtçdkmg zg`çs sk dg ddbjçs eb db÷g cünbegy dg eblçs qub qubnb ngd taeg dg jamcb, pbra g ujg ramhbt maj uj skstbng eb 0„ dg tbjës qub mgrogr

mgeg nbekg carg g trbs cargs, y uj skstbng eb 3„ jbmbsktg ujg mgrog mgeg 9 g 5 cargs. Ja sb pubeb

ngjtbjbr ujg maniustkýj dknpkg taeg dg jamcb, gsî qub cgy qub prbjebrdg jubvgnbjtb mgeg eîg. (Bjjubstrg bxpbrkbjmkg bsta bs mkbrta, pbra cgstg 95 cargs duboa eb gpgogrsb bd ùboa, dg mçngrg ebmaniustkýj ” skbnprb y mugjea bstë ikbj gksdgeg ” bstgig tgj mgdkbjtb qub prbjebr bd ùboa brg ujmckstb manpgrgea maj ujg sgdgngjerg u atrg bstu`g nbtçdkmg `rîg. Nçs güj sk eblgstb gdoujgsgstkddktgs sbmgjea sairb bd tgniar j.t.).

Dg db÷g dgrog y ebrbmcktg gjeg nblar. ±[ quë pgsg sk dg db÷g qub tbjoa bs martg y bstç rbtarmkeg yddbjg eb jueas y ogjmcas1 Iubja, bd guta-mgrogea par orgvbege sb pajb ek`îmkd, gsî qub tbjerçs qubeksb÷gr atra skstbng eb mgrog, tgd vbz ujg carkzajtgd maj pgrrkddg ebigla y ujg pubrtg. Jbmbsktgnasnçs kjvbstkogmkýj par pgrtb eb dg objtb eb rbokajbs eb db÷g eurg y rbtarmkeg.

Ebngskgea trgigla pgrtkbjea db÷g. Bj dg prçmtkmg uj skstbng eb 0„ ja tb vg g tangr db÷g nçsorubsg qub tu gjtbirgza, y uj skstbng eb 3„ ja dg gmbptgrç sk bs nçs orubsg qub tu raekddg. ]k ja tboustg pkmgr db÷g, a sk dg db÷g qub tbjës ja bs eb `çmkd pkmgr, usç db÷g pbqub÷g y rbeajeg (rgngs), aeksb÷ç ujg iamg nçs orgjeb. Rj skstbng eb 76„ (92mn) pubeb tbjbr ujg iamg eb 3„ x 76„ (96mn x

92mn) y paebs mgrogrdb db÷g eb cgstg 73mn eb ekçnbtra. Rj skstbng eb 79„ (=6mn, qub jujmg dg

praignas j.g.) paerîg tbjbr ujg iamg eb 76„ x 79„ (92mn x =6mn). Das skstbngs nçs orgjebs sb prbstgj g ngsgs tërnkmgs nçs orgjebs, tuias eb bxtrgmmkýj eb mgdar dgroas y skstbngs eb majeumtasnüdtkpdbs, mana pgrg uj pksa.

Dgs pgrtbs mdgvbs rbqukbrbj rbmgnikas `rbmubjtbs. Bj dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj dgs tbnpbrgturgssaj nuy gdtgs (366 ¼M) y bd bstrës tërnkma bs kjtbjsa. Bstrës tërnkma skojk`kmg qub das rgjoas ebtbnpbrgturg saj orgjebs y g vbmbs eb oadpb. Gebnçs dg zajg eb ngyar mgdar sb vg navkbjea gnbekeg qub dg db÷g sb qubng. Dgs pgrtbs eb ckbrra bj dg iamg a bj dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sbebskjtborgj y dgs pgrtbs mbrçnkmgs mana dgerkddas sb pgrtbj y sb mgbj. Bd eg÷a nçs jatgidb bs bj dasdgerkddas ebd pubjtb eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj prkngrkg y bj dg iamg. ]brîg ütkd bjmajtrgrngtbrkgdbs nçs eurgebras, bd ckbrra eb ùjekmkýj a ngtbrkgdbs mbrçnkmas bspbmkgdbs pubebj sbr ujg

apmkýj. Cgmb `gdtg nçs kjvbstkogmkýj.

Dg dknpkbzg eb mbjkzg ja bs skbnprb `çmkd. Das tgng÷as eb das majeumtas saj mrîtkmas, gsî qub bd iubj ùjmkajgnkbjta eb dg bstu`g su`rb maj dg gmunudgmkýj eb mbjkzg. Gdoüj skstbng eb dknpkbzgnçs sknpdb paerîg sadumkajgr bd `gmtar vgogjmkg. Nk prapka prambsa bs gdoa gsî< (g) nkbjtrgs dknpkadg mbjkzg nb ekoa —sgmçdg gjtbs dg prýxkng!„8 (i) prbjea dg bstu`g sboukea maj das eî gs `rîas8 (m)mgeg = a 5 eîgs nb gmubrea qub tbjoa qub dknpkgr dg mbjkzg… pbra mgeg vbz cgy gdoa nçs

knpartgjtb qub cgmbr, a ja tbjoa tkbnpa eb iusmgr dg cbrrgnkbjtg dknpkgearg, a prbstë bd üjkma



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igdeb nbtçdkma, a sb ckza dg jamcb8 (e) sb cgmb mgeg vbz nçs ek`îmkd prbjebr dg bstu`g y db cbmca dgmudpg g taea nbjas g dg mbjkzg< db÷g cünbeg, ngdg subrtb, ngd tkbnpa, qub say uj kjütkd, btm. (b) dgbstu`g bnpkbzg g cunbgr, ±dg sadumkýj1 Ngjtbjbr dg tgpg eb dg iamg skbnprb pubstg, sgmuekr dg db÷g,mugdqukbr masg nbjas dknpkgr dg mbjkzg8 (`) par `kj nb bjtrboa, iusma dg cbrrgnkbjtg y bd igdeb, nbgrraekdda sairb ujg gdnacgeg y vgmîa uj skstbng yg mgsk gtgsmgea ebd taea. Rj skstbng eb 3„ pubeb

bjtrbogr cgstg 76 d eb mbjkzg par dknpkbzg. ±Muçjta tgreë1 Rjas ekbz nkjutas, kjmduybjea ebvadvbrdg mbjkzg gd iasqub y ougregr dgs cbrrgnkbjtgs8 (o) nb ekoa —cgmëda gjtbs dg prýxkng.„ Dgs

sadumkajbs bstçj g dg vkstg. Vrknbra tbjbr uj eîg eb dknpkbzg rktugd, taeas das eankjoas par blbnpda.]boujea ngjtbjbr dgs cbrrgnkbjtgs eb dknpkbzg y bd igdeb nbtçdkma g ngja. Ubrmbra, gmareçtb qubdg ngyarîg eb praidbngs eb cuna a ek`kmudtgebs pgrg bjmbjebr sb ebibj g ujg aistrummkýj ebmbjkzg.

Dg bstu`g ramhbt rbqukbrb uj apbrgear u apbrgearg sa`kstkmgea/g. Rjg ramhbt bs ujg kjvktgmkýj gkjvadumrgrsb. Dg bdbmmkýj eb dg db÷g bs uj grtb. Gquî tbjës ujg bstu`g qub tb rbmubreg majtkjugnbjtbeb dg ekvbrskege eb dg jgturgdbzg. ]k bj dg majstrummkýj nbtës dg pgtg, a ja prbstçs gtbjmkýj a ckmkstbbd dgiura maj numca gpura, dg bstu`g tb mgstkog cunbgjea, g sb pajb ng÷asg pgrg bd grrgjqub, a cgy

qub mgrogrdg nuy sboukea y tbjës qub pkmgr ebngskgeg db÷g. Ja bs ujg bstu`g kebgd pgrg ujg mgsgqub sb vg gdqukdgr, tgnpama pgrg mgsgs eb cuëspbebs u catbdbs. [ gd `kjgd eb mubjtgs, cgy ujgs pamgs vbmbs qub dgs bstu`gs ja gjegj8 eb dgs bstu`gs manbrmkgdbs sb paerîg ebmkr qub numcgs vbmbsja gjegj, gsî qub ja bs pgrg gdgrngrsb. Ubjbnas rbokstra eb trbs ramhbt qub ja gjeuvkbraj. Easùbraj airgs eb jbý`ktas, y das sîjtangs ùbraj knpaskidbs eb ebtbmtgr par tbdëàja, gsî qub das paebnas ebsmgrtgr. Vbra dg tbrmbrg ùb ujg bstu`g ebnastrgtkvg majstrukeg eurgjtb uj tgddbr. Wuëvbroôbjzg! Maj taeas das glustbs qub sb jas kngokjgraj pgrg praigr, bs cgstg bd eîg eb cay qub jagjeg ikbj. Bsmupb cuna pgrg gebjtra, ddbjgjea dg mgsg eb cuna y ja sgibnas par quë.

Ëstg gjëmeatg ja bs pgrg iglajbgrsb, cgy mkbjtas eb ramhbt gjegjea, dg ngyarîg skj praidbng.

Ybspubstg dbjtg. ]k sb bj`rîg taeg dg mgsg y dg ngsg tërnkmg, db mubstg mgdbjtgrsb. Bj mdkngs majjbmbskegebs eb mgdb`gmmkýj kjtbrnktbjtbs, bd skstbng pkbreb b`kmkbjmkg.

Bd ùboa bs ek`îmkd eb nkrgr. ]k bstçs gmastunirgea g dg ngokg vksugd eb nkrgr bd ùboa ebseb ujgnbmbearg, sb tb pubeb manpdkmgr. ]b pubeb, skj bnigroa, nkrgr ebseb grrkig y ja paebr vbr sbmanpbjsg maj bsmumcgr . Dgs ramhbt saj ujg `kbstg guektkvg< mugjea bstçj g pdbja ddbogj g ruokrmana uj pbqub÷a macbtb y dgs gdtgs tbnpbrgturgs cgmbj mckspbgr dg db÷g. Nçs sutkd bs bd sugvb oadpbeb uj db÷a qub mgb y dg rbspubstg kjnbekgtg ebd ùboa.

Das oadpbs y bd ruokea tgnikëj db gvksgj gd suimajsmkbjtb qub dg bstu`g güj tkbjb db÷g, mugjea mbsgjda vgs g jatgr. Mana das jk÷as qub bstçj luogjea bj dg pkbzg eb gd dgea, bs mugjea cgy uj skdbjmka

qub cgy qub pbogrdbs ujg albgeg.±Bj sbrka tbjës jbmbskege eb vbr bd ùboa ebseb dg nbmbearg1 Gpgog dgs dumbs y nkrç mana igkdgjdgs ddgngs bj bd tbmca. Ebsmgjsgrçs bj pgz.



2?

Gegptgmkajbs y atras tkpas eb ramhbt

Ub cbnas egea ujg rbmbtg bspbmî`kmg pgrg uj naebda pgrtkmudgr eb ujg eknbjskýj bxgmtg eb ujgbstu`g ramhbt. Bs mana dg rbmbtg pgrg ogddbtktgs eb lbjokirb y gzg`rçj maj mckps eb mcamadgtb maj

75=o eb ngjtbmg, 979o eb cgrkjg, ;0,? o eb nkbd y bxgmtgnbjtb uj mugrta eb ujg pkzmg eb sgd. Bjatrgs pgdgirgs, cbnas cbmca bd kjtbjta eb pgsgrtb dgs kjstrummkajbs pgrg majstrukr ujg bstu`g qubsgibnas qub gjeg ikbj.

[ gcarg vas tb bstçs prboujtgjea muçj `dbxkidbs saj dgs nbekegs, praparmkajbs y ngtbrkgdbs. [g tbakoa ekmkbjea, ±y qub pgsg sk…1 ±quë pgsg sk ja tbjoa grbjg eb mgjtbrg1 ±quë pgsg sk sada majskoa

mg÷a eb ?„1 ±quë pgsg sk dg bstu`g ja bjtrg bj nk mgsg1 ±quë pgsg sk qukbra bd skddýj nçs gdta1±pubea mgdb`gmmkajgr dgs pgrbebs a bd pksa, a majstrukr ujg bstu`g pgrg uj usa manpdbtgnbjtbek`brbjtb mana mgdb`gmmkajgr uj tgddbr a tkpk1 ±a ujg cbdgebrîg1 Mugjea gdtbrgnas ujg vgrkgidb,mgnikg taea da ebnçs. Gsî qub qubrrçs sgibr bd knpgmta qub tbjerç bd mgnika qub cgogs. Mana majtgjtas atras gspbmtas eb dg `îskmg dgs bsmgdgs ja saj dkjbgrbs. Rj ùboa bd eaidb eb orgjeb, ja cgmb

taea eas vbmbs nçs qub uja eb dg nktge eb tgng÷a. Vbra paerîgnas g cgmbr gdoujas prajýstkmas ebdrbsudtgea eb ujg vgrkgmkýj ebseb dg bxpbrkbjmkg y tgnikëj gevbrtkrtb sairb gqubddgs masgs qub javgj.

Vgrg bnpbzgr majsudtç dg sbmmkýj —Eknbjskajbs y Vraparmkajbs.„ Bs mgsk sboura qub sk db egs nçs

gdturg g dg mçngrg sboujegrkg dg bstu`g vg qubngr g ngyar vbdamkege, pbra sk db egs nçs gdturg gdtrgna vbrtkmgd ebd bsmgpb vg tbjbr nuy pama knpgmta. ]k gmartçs dg mçngrg sboujegrkg ddbogrçs gd pujta qub dg bstu`g eblg eb ùjmkajgr, pbra ja sgibnas bxgmtgnbjtb bj quë pujta, tbjerîgs qub praigr. Bd majeumta carkzajtgd ebjtra eb ujg ngsg tërnkmg nçs dgroa qub cbnas vksta tkbjb uj pamançs eb 76 n y gjeg ikbj. Gsî qub paebnas bspbmudgr qub uj tgniar eb 966 d maj uj skstbng eb 3„

paerîg bnpulgr ogsbs par 7=, 72 a cgstg 96 n eb mg÷brîg carkzajtgd, nçs yg sbrîg ebngskgea luogea.

Ugnikëj sgibnas qub bd mgdar sb bsmgpg nçs rçpkea eb ailbtas mgdkbjtbs qub eb das `rîas, gsî qub dançs mrîtkma bs gksdgr ikbj da qub raebg dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj prkngrkg.

Dg bstu`g qub ebsmrkiknas gquî bj ebtgddb bs b`bmtkvg pgrg mgdbjtgr objtb bj ujg mgsg ngs ikbj mckmg(a maj numcg gksdgmkýj) bj ujg zajg maj mdkng kjvbrjgd ja nuy mruea. Vgrg mgsgs nçs orgjebs, amdkngs nçs `rîas (a objtb nçs `rîg) paerîgs suikr eb bsmgdg taea bd skstbng, gorgjegjea taeas dasmajeumtas y eçjeadb nçs gdturg g dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj sboujegrkg.

Goug mgdkbjtb



23

Rjg prboujtg qub jujmg `gdtg bs, —y mýna mgdbjtgr goug1„ Jgeg

majmduybjtb, pbra cbnas praigea vgrkgs masgs, paerîgs cgmbr da nksna.

Bd prknbr kjtbjta ùb uj tbrnatgjqub eb 992 d (orgtks, ebd vbrtbebra),

mgdzgea sairb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj eb ujg ramhbt maj tgniar eb 966d,das ogsbs ruobj g trgvës eb dg mçngrg sboujegrkg y duboa g trgvës ebd mg÷abj bd mbjtra ebd tbrnatgjqub. Bd tgjqub bstç gksdgea, y bd tgniar bstçddbja eb pbrdktg subdtg taea gdrbebear eb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýjsboujegrkg (cbmcg eb dgerkdda).

Da qub gprbjeknas<

7. Bd mg÷a eb =„ (qub gtrgvkbsg bd tbrnatgjqub) bs nuy pbqub÷a.Ugreg bjtrb carg y nbekg y trbs cargs pgrg mgdbjtgr bd gougsu`kmkbjtb pgrg eumcgrsb. Bj Dg Bsmubdg Jartbgnbrkmgjg eb

Majstrummkýj Jgturgd bsta bstç iubja parqub mgsk taegs dgs tgrebscgy ebngjeg eb ekbz g vbkjtb eumcgs, y bd tgjqub eb 992 d eg pgrg tgjtgs eumcgs skbnprb y mugjea sb ngjtbjog bd ùboa.

9. Uaea bd mgmckvgmcb bs nuy gdta, nkeb =n majtgjea bd mg÷a ebsgdkeg y 9n skj majtgr bd mg÷a.

=. Das 992d bj bd tgjqub pbsgj 992 ho, Vgrbmb prbmgrka qub bstë gbsg gdturg skj ujg igsb `krnb. ±Wuë pgsgrîg sk sb dgebg bd tgniareb gpaya1 ±Wuë pgsgrîg bj uj tbrrbnata, tbjerîgs qub marrbr pgrgsgdvgr tu vkeg ebsjuea y bjlgiajgea1

5. Dg pbrdktg subdtg sb gskbjtg maj bd tkbnpa, gsî qub das üdtknas76mn ebd tgniar tkbjbj pamg gksdgmkýj gcarg.



2;

Mana pgrtb eb jubstra majtkjua trgigla eb kjvbstkogmkýj, Brjkb _ksjbrnbtký uj sbrpbjtîj eb ¾„ eb ?n eb dgroa gdrbebear eb ujg mçngrg eb

maniustkýj sboujegrkg eb ujg ramhbt maj mg÷a eb gmbra kjaxkegidb ebtrkpdb pgrbe. Das rbsudtgeas cgstg bd nanbjta pgrbmbj iubjas. Ugd vbzmaj uj mg÷a eb º„ pubeb qub bd goug sb mgdkbjtb nçs rçpkea.

Vgrg tbjbr ujg ùbjtb eb goug mgdkbjtb kjstgjtçjbg, uj sbrpbjtîj eb mairbeb 7/9„ bj ujg —pamhbt ramhbt„ bjtrbog goug mgdkbjtb bj mubstkýj eb

nkjutas. @çmkd eb cgmbr, nuy pamg db÷g, pbra tbjës qub bstgr gcî gd dgea pgrg mgrogrdg y pgrg gsbourgrtb qub bd goug ja eblb eb marrbr.

Mýna cgmbr ujg Vamhbt Yamhbt

(Vamhbt ramhbt vkbjb eb —pamhbt hjk`b„ qub bs mana sb ekmb —martgpdungs„ ” mumckdda eb iadskddadktbrgdnbjtb. A sbg qub pamhbt ramhbt sbrîg ramhbt eb iadskdda, dktbrgdnbjtb, gujqub cgmb gduskýj ggdoa qub tb sgmg eb uj gpura pbra qub ja tkbjb `kjbs pbrngjbjtbs< bd sbrrumca eb dg martgpdungs, parblbnpda.)

Dgs pamhbt ramhbt vkbjbj eb numcgs àrngs, tgng÷as y bstkdas. Dasqub sb vbj bj bd bsqubng saj mgdb`gmtarbs rgekgjtbs pgrg usgr gd gkrb

dkirb, cbmcas maj ngtbrkgdbs rbmkmdgeas. Orgmkgs gd mg÷a eb sgdkegrbdgtkvgnbjtb gdta tkbjb ujg maniustkýj nuy dknpkg, pbra parsupubsta qub bd mgdar qub ja sb gisarib par uj cungja ekrbmtgnbjtbebd tgniar rgekgjtb sb ngjeg gd mkbda. Dgs bnkskajbs, skj bnigroa,saj iglgs, cgmkbjea qub sbg ujg iubjg àrng eb ngjtbjbrsb mgdbjtktaa mgdbjtktg gdrbebear eb uj ùboa bj ujg mkuege, par blbnpda. Gebnçsgjeg maj pamg db÷g y bs `çmkd eb cgmbr.

G majtkjugmkýj egnas dg rbmbtg pgrg ujg ramhbt maj uj tgmca eb 96 d. ]b pubebj cgmbr eb mugdqukbrtgng÷a, da knpartgjtb bs pajbrdb mg÷as praparmkajgdbs gd tgng÷a ebd tgniar. Var blbnpda, ujtgniar eb 766d gjeg ikbj maj uj mg÷a eb bjtrgeg eb 3„ x 06mn y uja eb sgdkeg eb 5„ x 7,2n. Dgs

nbekegs saj gpraxkngegs, da qub knpartg saj dg praparmkajbs.



06

NGUBYKGDB]

7 igdeb eb nbtgd maj tgpg rbnavkidb, dknpka eb pkjturg u atras rbskeuas

7 mg÷a eb 5„ (76mn) x 7,2n (nblar sk ja bs ogdvgjkzgea)

7 mg÷a eb 0„ (72mn) x =6 mn (nblar sk ja bs ogdvgjkzgea)

Vbegmbrîa eb mcgpg, par da nbjas uj pbegza eb 76 mn x 76 mn

Vgpbd eb ekgrka

Db÷g< Dgrog, sbmg, `kjg y ebrbmcg8 numcg gstkddg sbmg

CBYYGNKBJUG]

Uklbrg eb martgr mcgpg, ngrtkdda y mdgvas, skbrrg, pkjzg, ngrmgear kjebdbidb, ougjtbs

Ybnavbr das rbstas eb pkjturg y bd majtbjkea eb dg dgtg (vbr jatg sairb sbourkege, gigla). Ybnavbr iurdbtb eb oang, sk cgy, eb dg tgpg. Bd tuia eb mgrog y bd mg÷a eb sgdkeg sb majbmtgj gd nksna dgeaeb dg mçngrg eb maniustkýj (a sbg dg dgta a tgniar), bj dg tgpg. Urgzgr bd majtarja eb das eas mg÷assairb dg tgpg maj uj ngrmgear (a uj mdgva, btm), uikmgjea mgeg mg÷a cgmîg bd iareb bxtbrkar eb dgtgpg, pgrg qub qubeb igstgjtb ngtbrkgd sairb dg tgpg nksng qub cgmb eb sastëj eb das mg÷as (vbrekiula). Vgrg qub qubebj glustgeas das mg÷as, gcarg ekiulgr uj mîrmuda = mn nçs pbqub÷a ebjtra ebdarkokjgd.

Bnpbzç bd goulbra ebseb bd mbjtra maj uj mdgva y uj ngrtkdda, a ujmartg ckbrras u atra ailbta `kdasa. Duboa, maj dg tklbrg pgrg mcgpgrbmartç bd goulbra kjtbrja. Bs `çmkd sk uja rbmartg uj bspkrgd ebseb bdmbjtra cgmîg bd iareb ebd mîrmuda kjtbrkar. Cgmë da nksna pgrg bd atramg÷a. Gcarg tb qubeý ujg tgpg eb dgtg maj eas goulbras ebngskgeamckmas pgrg gmanaegr da mg÷as. Gsî qub rbmartç arblgs eb ujas 9 mn ebgjmca, rgekgdnbjtb, ebseb bd mbjtra cgstg dg vbregebrg mkrmuj`brbjmkgebd mg÷a. Bstgs arblgs vgj g sbr bd sastëj eb da mg÷as, pbrnktkbjeamajtrad y glustb. Maj ujg pkjzg eaidç dgs arblgs cgstg uj çjouda eb mgsk;6¼ cgmkg bd dgea eb gebjtra eb dg dgtg. Gcarg tb qubeý uj `rksiy pbdkorasa.



07

Bd mg÷a nçs marta y nçs orgjeb, qub bs bd tuia eb mgrog, madogrç cgmkg gebjtra ebdg dgtg, mgsk cgstg bd àjea (vbr ekiula). Bd mg÷a dgroa eb sgdkeg sb nbtb da lusta yjbmbsgrka pgrg qubeb `krnb. Vajëdb dg tgpg g dg dgtg y bjmglç das mg÷as g prbskýjglustgjea dgs arblgs g nbekeg qub sbg jbmbsgrka pgrg uj bjmglb `krnb.

Naea eb usa. Bjmbjeë dg bsqukjg eb uj iadda eb ekgrka y nbtbda par bd tuia ebgdknbjtgmkýj y ebigla ebd sbmtar ebd mg÷a eb sgdkeg, dg ddgng ebibrîg suikr par bdmg÷a eb sgdkeg. Eb g pama nbtë nçs ekgrka qub greg gd pkb ebd tuia eb mgrog, uj pama nçs eb ekgrka, y duboa uj pama eb ybsmg pgrgektg bj bd tuia. Dg kebg bs qub bdtkrglb sb ngjtbjog skbnprb cgmîg bd mg÷a eb sgdkeg. Gorboçdb nçs maniustkidb.Vaeës rboudgr bd tkrglb maj uj pbegza eb mcgpg uj pama nçs orgjeb qub bd tuia ebmgrog. Cgy numcgs ngjbrgs eb nblargr dg maniustkýj. Bxpbrknbjtg!

Rjg jatg gmbrmg eb dg sbourkege. Dg ngyarîg ebd mg÷a qub sb majskoub vkbjb ogdvgjkzgea. Bdogdvgjkzgea sb qubng g 596 ¼M, pbra dgrog ogsbs g numca nbjas, par bsa cgmbnas da paskidb pgrgbvktgr bd ogdvgjkzgea.

Dg ngyarîg eb das tgniarbs y dgtgs vkbjbj pkjtgeas. Cgy qub qubngrdbs dg pkjturg bj uj àoýj. ±Ebeajeb sapdg bd vkbjta1 ±G qukëj db ddbvg bd cuna1 Rsç ougjtbs eb mubra raiustas y ja rbspkrbs bdcuna.

Rj mkbrrb pravksarka ebd trgeumtar

@gdtg igstgjtb pgrg qub bstg trgeummkýj sbg uj rb`dbla `kbd ebd dkira eb Kgjta Bvgjs y Dbsdkb Lgmhsaj.Var blbnpda, cgy taeg ujg sbmmkýj gd `kjgd ebd dkira eajeb guta-majstrumtargs y guta-majstrumtarbsmubjtgj sus bxpbrkbjmkgs grngjea bstu`gs ramhbt eb ek`brbjtbs bstkdas. Bs nuy kjtbrbsgjtb y nb pgrbmký qub da nblar sbrîg lujtgr ckstarkgs damgdbs. Ugd vbz g pgrtkr eb bstgs àtamapkgs paegnasddbogr g lujtgr vgrkgs ckstarkgs. Gpgrtb eb bsg sbmmkýj cgy nuy pama qub aivkë a rbsunî, nçs parqubyg bstgig mgjsgea eb trgeumkr qub atrg masg. Nuy pamg objtb cg dbîea bstg trgeummkýj cgstg gcarg,gsî qub ja cb majtgea maj mrîtkmgs pgrg qub bd tbxta bstë nçs pudkea, y nçs `dukea (y pkea eksmudpgs

sk cgy brrarbs ogrrg`gdbs). Ja bs `çmkd trgeumkr! Gsî qub sk sairb tu mapkg vgs cgmkbjea marrbmmkajbsbstgrîg iubjîskna qub nb dgs gmbrqubs bj gdoüj nanbjta. Mgeg dbmtar a dbmtarg pubeb cgmbr ebbektar y bektarg.

@kjgdnbjtb vgdb ebstgmgr qub taea bd ngtbrkgd gquî knprbsa da bstç maj bd pbrnksa eb das gutarbs,Kgjta Bvgjs y Dbsdkb Lgmhsaj. Bj rbgdkege, mugjea nb majtgmtë maj bddas pgrg pbekr pbrnksa nbkjàrngraj qub bd tbxta bs dkirb pgrg mapkgr y ekùjekr bj su tatgdkege, pbra qub dgs àtas b knçobjbsja, pbra qub ja cgiîg praidbng qub da usb ja nçs. Das eas bstgigj nuy majtbjtas par dgtrgeummkýj. Kgjta tkbjb ujg mapkg pgrg rbvksgrdg, mrktkmgrdg y gorbogr manbjtgrkas, pbra cgstg cay, 95



eb eb Bjbra eb 9679, güj ja cg tbjkea tkbnpa y par bsta vgdb ebstgmgr tgnikëj qub bd tbxta ja cgskea rbvksgea par das gutarbs. Bspbrbnas qub bj uj ùtura prýxkna tbjognas ujg jubvg bekmkýj ebbstb ngtbrkgd tgj vgdkasa bj uj àrngta nçs —dkira,„ nçs manpdbta, bektgea par dbmtarbs y dbmtargs, yrbvksgea y gnpdkgea par das gutarbs. Gsî qub bsta bs sýda uj mankbjza…

Majrgea Uaojbttk, gdkgs —bd Majk.„

majoa7;37Fygcaa.man

tbd. (9;55) 720;22;9

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