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FALLAS DE MATERIALES

TIPOS DE SOLICITACIONES 1.- SOLICITACIONES MECANICAS:a) TRACCION

b) COMPRESION

c) FLEXION

d) TORCION

e) CIZALLE

2.- FALLAS MECANICAS:

a) FATIGA DE MATERIAL

b) SOBRE ESFUERZOc) PANDEO

d) ABRASION

e) DESGASTE POR FRICCION


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3.- FALLAS POR CORROSION:a) GALVANICAb) QUIMICAc) ATMOSFERICA.

4.- PROTECCIONES DE SUPERFICIES:

a) POR BARRERA METALICA:1.- GALVANIZADO.- CROMADO

3.- NIQUELADO.

b) POR TRATAMIENTO QUIMICO:1.- ANODIZADO.- FOSTALIZADO

3.- PASIVADO


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c) POR PINTURAS! BARNICES " OTROS MATERIALES NOMETALICOS.

#) USO DE LUBRICANTES: $ %&'(cc*+, , c',(&a # a &*cc*+,/ a c'&&'0*+, )


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SOLICITACIONES MECANICAS

• GENERALIDADES:

•

E c'2%'&(a2*,(' 2c,*c'# '0 2a(&*a0 0 #0c&*b a(&a50 # 060 %&'%*#a#02c,*ca0! 76 0', &06(a#' #

,0a/'0 0*2%0 *#a*8a#'0. E0('0,0a/'0 0(, #*09a#'0 %a&a&%&0,(a& #*0(*,('0 (*%'0 #

c',#*c*',0 # ca&a.


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ENSA"OS

1.- COMPRESION:


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ENSA"OS

2.- FLEXION: R ; R0*0(,c*a a a F


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ENSA"OS

• .- TRACCION:


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ENSA"OS

• !.- CORTE:


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ENSA"OS

• NOTA: E, ca#a ,0a/' 0 a%*ca& aca&a , '&2a ,(a / 0 *&,#*0(*,6*,#'! c6a,#' c'&&0%',#a!

a0 #*&,(0 (a%a0 76 0 a,%&'#6c*,#' , 2a(&*a a 2#*#a76 a ca&a a62,(a. La ca&a 0

*,c&2,(a& =a0(a a& a a &'(6&a# a %&'b(a! ' =a0(a 76 a0#'&2ac*',0 0a, 06>c*,(2,(&a,#0 0* 0 76 ,' 0 %6# a&a a &ac(6&a # 2a(&*a.


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FALLAS MECANICAS:

• La0 &ac(6&a0 %'& (,0*+, %6#,ca0*>ca&0 , c6a,(' a '&2a!(


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• C*&('0 2a(&*a0 0 *#,(*>ca,

c(*a2,( %'& 060 &ac(6&a0. Eac&' 06a , '&2a # 6,a %&'b(ac*?,#&*ca ,'&2a 606a2,(

%&0,(a, 6, (*%' # &ac(6&a #c',' / c'%a # (b&'0a! 2*,(&a076 a &ac(6&a (?%*ca # =*&&'6,#*#' 0 &*0! %a,a / &a,6a&.

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• U,


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• S'b& a 06%&>c* &ac(6&a#a #2a(&*a 76 =a/a 0*#' (&aba@a#' ,

>+ ' %'0a 6,a c',#*c*+, #06&8' *,(&,'! #b*#a a c*&('0(&a(a2*,('0 (5&2*c'0!

&c6,(2,(


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FRACTURAS

• F"ac#$"a c%&a ' c%(% :


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FRACTURA• E0 a 0%a&ac*+, # 6,

0+*#' ba@' (,0*+, , #'0 ' 20%*8a0. E, ,&a! a &ac(6&a2(*ca %6# ca0*>ca&0 , #c(*

/ &*.• La &ac(6&a #c(*: 'c6&& #0%650 #

6,a *,(,0a #'&2ac*+, %0(*ca /

0 ca&ac(&*8a %'& 6,a ,(a%&'%aac*+, # a &*(a.• La &ac(6&a &*: 0 %&'#6c a '

a&' # %a,'0 c&*0(a'&>c'0


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FRACTURA


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TENACIDAD " PRUEBAS DE IMPACTO

• La (,ac*#a# 0 6,a 2#*#a # a

ca,(*#a# # ,&?a 76 6, 2a(&*a%6# ab0'&b& a,(0 # &ac(6&a&.Eaa a =ab**#a# # 6, 2a(&*a #

0'%'&(a& 6, *2%ac(' 0*, &ac(6&a&0.

• E0(a %&'%*#a# 0 a'&a 2#*a,(

6,a %&6ba 0,c*a , 6,a 276*,a# ,0a/'0 # *2%ac('.

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• a/ #'0 25('#'0 #*&,(0 %a&aa6a& 0(a %&'%*#a#. S#,'2*,a, ,0a/'0 # C=a&%/ /,0a/' # I8'#.

• La #*&,c*a ,(& '0 #'0 &a#*ca ,a '&2a c'2' 0 %'0*c*',a a260(&a.

• La %&'b(a 76 0 6(**8a %a&a a2b'0,0a/'0 0 6,a ba&&a # 0cc*+,(&a,0&0a c6a#&a#a #,(&' # a

c6a 0 =a &a*8a#' 6,a (aa ,

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• E0(a %&'b(a 0 0'0(*, 2#*a,(

2'a8a0 %a&aa0 76 0 'ca*8a,# '&2a ='&*8',(a , ,0a/' (*%' C=a&%/ / # '&2a &(*ca ,

,0a/' (*%' I8'#.• S a,8a 6, %0a#' %5,#6' #0#

6,a a(6&a = c','c*#a! 0( %5,#6'

'%a a 260(&a a #0c,#& / a&ac(6&a.• S* 0 c','c a 2a0a # %5,#6' /

a #*&,c*a ,(& a a(6&a >,a *,*c*a 0 6# cac6a& a ,& ?a

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Ensayo de tenacidad


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• M6c=a0 a%*cac*',0 *,#60(&*a0a, a0'c*a#a 6,a ca&a c?c*ca ,

6a& # 0((*ca / , 0 ca0'! '02a(&*a0 0 &'2%&, a (,0*',026c=' 2,'&0 76 a76a0 76%6# 0'%'&(a& a %*8a ba@' a

a%*cac*+, # 6,a ,*ca (,0*+,0((*ca.

FATIGA

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FATIGA

• La a(*a: 0 ,+2,' ,&a #aa # 2a(&*a (&a0 a&*'0 c*c'0 #

a%*cac*+, # 6,a (,0*+, 2,'& a a# &'(6&a.• D>,*c*+,: &'(6&a %'& a(*a 0 #a

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c',0*6*,( #0*8a2*,('

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• E a0%c(' # a0 %*8a0 &'(a0 %'&a(*a %&0,(a, , 06 06%&>c* #&'(6&a #'0 8',a0 ca&ac(&?0(*ca0 760',:

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&a(*a2,( a&'.• - U,a 8',a # c&*0(a0

&a,#0! ' # 0(&6c(6&a >b&'0a:

c6a,#' a &'(6&a %'& a(*a 0 #a


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ROTURA POR FATIGA

•

La0 c*&c6,0(a,c*a0 76 *,6/, , a&'(6&a %'& a(*a # 6, 2a(&*a2(*c' 0',:

- E0(a#' # a 06%&>c*.- Va&*ac*',0 # 0cc*+,.- T2%&a(6&a.-

T&a(a2*,('0 (5&2*c'0.- '2',*#a# # a 0(&6c(6&a

c&*0(a*,a.

- C'&&'0*+,.


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Ensayo de fatiga


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• A76? a %&'b(a 0( 06@(a a(,0*',0 # c'2%&0*+, /


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Pe"(% F"ac#$"ad%


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Pe"(% F"ac#$"ad%


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Pe"(% F"ac#$"ad%


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E P&'b2a # a C'&&'0*+,• E, a *#a #*a&*a c', &c6,c*a

c',0*#&a2'0 a a c'&&'0*+, # '0 2(a0c'2' a' 2'0(' 76 #b2'0 %&,*& /*(a& # (,& 76 #0c=a& ,60(&a06(,0**'0 ' b*, (,& 76 *2%*a&'0 '

%*,(a&'0. &c6,(2,( %a&a 76 %6#a,#a&,'0 0&*c*' #6&a,( 6, %'c' 20 #(*2%'.

• N'0 %&'c6%a2'0 0'b& ('#' %'& '0

'b@('0


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• S*, 2ba&'! =a/ 76 aca&a& 76! a

c'&&'0*+,! ,' 0 6, =c=' (&**a! 0*,'76! a ,* 26,#*a! *, a 0& 6,' #'0 ,+2,'0 20 (&a0c,#,(a0 ,a c','2?a # ('#a 0'c*#a# =62a,a.

• E, (5&2*,'0 ,&a0 # ac6' c',a Sc&(a&*a G,&a D La O&a,*8ac*+,D L'0 E0(a#'0 A2&*ca,'0 ! '0

%&@6*c*'0 ca60a#'0 %'& a c'&&'0*+,76*a, # 1. a 3.H # P&'#6c('Nac*',a B&6(' , ,62&'0'0 %a?00.


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• P'& ' 76 0 &>& a '0 %&@6*c*'0

76 ,+2,' # a c'&&'0*+,'ca0*',a a a *,#60(&*a # ac',0(&6cc*+,! cab 2,c*',a& 76

='/ , #?a 0 (*, %,a c',c*,c*a# 76 ac('& 20 #(&2*,a,(%a&a a &#6cc*+, , a #6&ab**#a#

# c',c&(' 0(&6c(6&a 0 a a(a #c',(&' # a c'&&'0*+, , '0 ac&'0# &6&8'.


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• La &a*#a# 0 76 *,*c*' # ac'&&'0*+, , a0 0(&6c(6&a02(*ca0 0 'b0&ab c', ('#a

ca&*#a# / %&2*( ('2a& 2#*#a0'%'&(6,a0 2*,(&a0 76 , a00(&6c(6&a0 # c',c&(' ,+2,'%&2a,c ,c6b*&(' / c6a,#' 0#0c6b& #a9'! 26c=a0 c0! /a0 *&&%a&ab.


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EL FENMENO DE LA CORROSIN

• Acc*+, 76?2*ca! c(&'2c,*ca! '

b*'+*ca! ,(a ' ac&a#a # a,a(6&a8a ' 2#*' a2b*,(! 76#&a#a / #0(&6/ '0 2a(&*a0.

• E0( ,+2,'! a 76 0 #a ,'2b& # c'&&'0*+, 0 2a,*>0(a2a0 *#,(2,( , '0 c6&%'0

0+*#'0 c'2' 0', '0 2(a0! a0c&2*ca0! '0 %'?2&'0 a&(*>c*a0!'0 a&a#'0 / '0 2*,&a0>b&'0'0 # '&*, ,a(6&a.


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• E ,+2,' # a c'&&'0*+, # a2a(&*a 0+*#a: c',0*0( b0*ca2,(, a %5*#a # 76**b&*' , a0

6&8a0 c'=0*a0.


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FORMAS DE CORROSIN• Pa&a a6a& '0 #a9'0 %&'#6c*#'0 %'& a

c'&&'0*+, 0 26/ c',,*,( ca0*>ca&'00, a '&2a c'2' 0 %&'#6c,:

• C6a,#' a 06%&>c* # 2(a 0 c'&&'

, 6,a '&2a ca0* 6,*'&2 0 #*c 76 ac'&&'0*+, 0 # (*%' 06%&>c*a.• E0 a '&2a 20 b,*,a ' 2,'0

%*&'0a %60 2a(&*a 0 a a0(a,#'

&a#6a2,( c*2(*ca / 06 %,(&ac*+, 2#*a 0 *6a, ('#'0 '0 %6,('0.


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FORMAS DE CORROSIN

• Ec* 2(*ca 76 =a 0*#'%a0*a 0


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• La c'&&'0*+, 0 %6# %&0,(a& # a&*a0'&2a0 76 #*>&, , a%a&*,c*a:

• C'&&'0*+, ,&a: La c'&&'0*+, ,&a 0a '&2a 20 c'2, 76 0 %6#,c',(&a& / a 20 *2%'&(a,( , (5&2*,'0# %5*#a0 c',+2*ca0.

S ca&ac(&*8a %'& 6, a(a76 20 ' 2,'06,*'&2 , ('#a a 06%&>c*


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• C'&&'0*+, Ga,*ca: S %6# %&'#6c*& 6,#a9' 0&' %'& c'&&'0*+, c6a,#' #'0 '

20 2(a0 #*0(*,('0 0 ac'%a,5c(&*ca2,(.

E0(' 0 c','c c'2' c'&&'0*+, a,*ca /&06(a %'& a


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• C'&&'0*+, %'& =,#*#6&a0: La c'&&'0*+,%'& =,#*#6&a0 0 6, (*%' 76 0 %&0,(a

, 0%ac*'0 c',>,a#'0 ' =,#*#6&a0 760 '&2a, c6a,#' '0 c'2%',,(0 0(,, c',(ac(' 0(&c='.

Pa&a 76 0 %&0,( a c'&&'0*+, %'&=,#*#6&a! a =,#*#6&a #b 0& 26/c&&a#a! c', #*2,0*',0 2,'&0 a 6,2*?2(&'. A6,76 ,' 0 =a, #>,*#' '0

?2*(0 # a b&c=a! 0 c','c*#' 76 0((*%' # c'&&'0*+, ,' 0 %&0,(a ,0%ac*'0 20 &a,#0.


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• P'& ' ,&a '0 &76*0*('0 %a&a 760 %&0,( a c'&&'0*+, 0', #'0:

• 1.- U, 2(a ' aac*+, 060c%(*b0.Ac&'0 # a(a &0*0(,c*a! a(',0 /ac&'0 *,'&&'!(c.

• .- U, 2#*' a2b*,( 0%c*>c'.

P'& ' ,&a 6, a2b*,( =2#' '0aa#'! %'& ' ,&a 6, a2b*,(,' # *',0 0%c?>c'0 $*',0 #

c'&6&'! *',0 # ,',*'! (c.)

P"%#ecc*( c%(#"a +a


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P"%#ecc*( c%(#"a +ac%""%,*(

• Ecc*+, # 2a(&*a: La %&*2&a *#a 0 0c'& ('#' 6,

2a(&*a 76 ,' 0 c'&&'a , a2b*,( c',0*#&a#'.

S %6#, 6(**8a& ac&'0*,'


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• D%(% de+ abe(#e:

C6a,#' 0 (&aba@a , a2b*,( c&&a#'$%'& @2%'! 6, c*&c6*(' c&&a#' #a6a)! 0 %6#, #'2*,a& '0%a&2(&'0 76 *,6/, , a c'&&'0*+,.

• I(bd%"e, de +a c%""%,*(:

L'0 *,=*b*#'&0 # c'&&'0*+,! 0',%&'#6c('0 76 ac(a, /a 0a '&2a,#'

%?c6a0 0'b& a 06%&>c* 2(*ca! 'b*, ,(&a,#' 060 c(&',0 a 2#*'.


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C'&&'0*+, , 6, a,ca.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anclahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancla


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