Gangs of Nicaragua José Luis Rocha y Dennis Rodgers

8/6/2019 Gangs of Nicaragua Jos Luis Rocha y Dennis Rodgers

1/185

0

Hiv

C{gv

Tifb`

)

Mkeegv

Timlktv

Hiv

C{gv

Tifb`

)

Mkeegv

Tim

lktv

Hiv

C{gv

Tifb`

)

Mkeegv

Timlktv

Hiv

C{gv

Tifb`

)

Mkeegv

Tim

lktv

Hiv

C{gv

Tifb`

)

Mkeegv

Tim

lktv


2/185

4

Hiv

C{gv

Tifb`

)

Mkeegv

Tim

lktv

Hiv

C{gv

Tifb`

)

Mkeegv

Tim

lktv

Hiv

C{gv

Tifb`

)

Mkeegv

Tim

lktv

Hiv

C{gv

Tifb`

)

Mkeegv

Tim

lktv

Hiv

C{gv

Tifb`

)

Mkeegv

Tim

lktv


3/185

6

Hiv C{gv Tifb`# Mkeegv Timlktv

Fiqkt ~bi}ilt`~b em ~bi}ilt`~b ie ~`lk 178 @eekcg ]icqèke@cc i}bkt ~bi}ilt`~bv8 Hiv C{gv Tifb`Lt`~bgf mkvgle8 Hògck}b ]tkogegi^tge}gel8 Go~tkvgiekv Bkcgiv

]bk }kr}v ficckf}km ge }bgv qic{ok |ktk ~tkqgi{vcw ~{dcgvbkm geKeqi# }bk Hi{te`c ia }bk Fke}t`c @oktgfè [egqktvg}w "[F@'#Oè`l{`# Egf`t`l{`% ]kc8 ";>;' 4>202; ~~

GVDE8


4/185

=

\bke G |`v wi{elkt# ow ~`tke}v |i{cm dk`} ok# }i ~tkqke} ok atio

dkfiogel lèl okodkt% D{} }bk gvv{k gv ei} |bk}bkt it ei} }bkw dk`}

ok# em g}v ei} p{kv}gie ia km{f`}gie kg}bkt% ]bkvk fè dk go~it}è}#

d{} ei} `c|`wv% ]bk gvv{k gv bi| wi{ fieekf} }i }bk akkcgel ia dkgel `

lèl okodkt% Wi{ lk} ckm }i }bk lèl dkf`{vk ia atgkemvbg~# èm wi{

dkfiok lèl okodkt }i dk |g}b wi{t dti}bktv%

Fv`tFv`tFv`tFv`tFv`t# 0< wk`tv icm# 0777# 0< wk`tv icm# 0777# 0< wk`tv icm# 0777# 0< wk`tv icm# 0777# 0< wk`tv icm# 0777

G akkc liim ge }bk lèl% G mie} lk} d`fjv}`ddkm dkf`{vk G jei| |biow dti}bktv tk%

]]]]]ktkv`# 4> wk`tv icm# 0777ktkv`# 4> wk`tv icm# 0777ktkv`# 4> wk`tv icm# 0777ktkv`# 4> wk`tv icm# 0777ktkv`# 4> wk`tv icm# 0777

G i~kekm owvkca {~ }i }bk lèl cg}}ck dw cg}}ck% Geg}g`ccw Gm lk} vbiqkm

`ti{em ci}# d{} }bke G aagtokm owvkca em dkfòk iek ia }bko%

Kcqgv# 02 wk`tv icm# 0777Kcqgv# 02 wk`tv icm# 0777Kcqgv# 02 wk`tv icm# 0777Kcqgv# 02 wk`tv icm# 0777Kcqgv# 02 wk`tv icm# 0777

Ga G b`me} dkke lèl okodkt# ow cgak |i{cm b`qk dkke qktw mgaaktke}%

Gm b`qk dkke ckvv vbtk|m# ckvv |g}b g}% Gm h{v} b`qk v{aaktkm cgak% Ei|

ei}bgel a`xkv ok%

F`tciv# 46 wk`tv icm# 4>>6F`tciv# 46 wk`tv icm# 4>>6F`tciv# 46 wk`tv icm# 4>>6F`tciv# 46 wk`tv icm# 4>>6F`tciv# 46 wk`tv icm# 4>>6

Ciel èm b`tm gv }bk lèl okodktv cgak% @em ga bk mikve} oè`lk

}i go~tiqk bgv ci}# bk |gcc v}`w mkcgep{ke} aitkqkt%

Gqe# 0< wk`tv icm# 4>>1Gqe# 0< wk`tv icm# 4>>1Gqe# 0< wk`tv icm# 4>>1Gqe# 0< wk`tv icm# 4>>1Gqe# 0< wk`tv icm# 4>>1


5/185

;

Fie}ke}v@e è}bti~icilgv} ge ` Oè`l{` lèl

Mkeegv Timlktv "H{cw 077>='

Egf`t`l{è wi{}b lèlv8

Atio }bti|gel v}iekv }i voijgel tifjv

Hiv C{gv Tifb` "Vk~}kodkt 4>>1'

Atio }kckvfi~gf }i ogftivfi~gf8

]btkk wi{}b lèl okodktv v~k`j

Hiv C{gv Tifb` "H{ek 4>>


6/185

1

]bgv ficckf}gie ia kvv`wv gv ` ficc`dit`}gqk kaait}dw }|i ia }bk oiv} mgv}gel{gvbkm kr~kt}vie fie}ko~it`tw Egf`t`l{è~èmgcc`v# it wi{}blèlv% ]bk Egf`t`l{è ~bgcivi~bkt Hiv C{gv Tifb` Lokx

b`v f`ttgkm i{} tèlk ia v}{mgkv ie mgaaktke} v~kf}v ia }bk

~bkeiokeie vgefk 0777# oiv} ia}ke atio ~icg}gf`c kfieiow

~ktv~kf}gqk% ]bk Dtg}gvb e}bti~icilgv} Mkeegv Timlktv b`vv}{mgkm }bk ~bkeiokeie atio |g}bge% Dk}|kke If}idkt 0771

èm H{cw 077>4# 4>>6# em 4>>


7/185

>2


10/185

0>

@e @e}bti~icilgv}

ge ` O`e`l{` L`el


11/185

00

@e @e}bti~icilgv}@e @e}bti~icilgv}@e @e}bti~icilgv}@e @e}bti~icilgv}@e @e}bti~icilgv}

ge ` Oè`l{` Lèlge ` Oè`l{` Lèlge ` Oè`l{` Lèlge ` Oè`l{` Lèlge ` Oè`l{` Lèl

]bk è}bti~icilgv} dkfòk ` lèl okodkt

ge itmkt }i jei| atio }bk gevgmk viok}bgel

ia }bk cilgf ia }bk b{emtkm lèlv }b`}

i~kt`}k ge }bk =>> ekglbditbiimv ia }bk Egf`t`l{è

f`~g}`c% ]bkvk `tk }bk agtv} ei}kv ie }bgv ge}ktkv}gel

kr~ktgkefk%

MKEEGV TIMLKTVMKEEGV TIMLKTVMKEEGV TIMLKTVMKEEGV TIMLKTVMKEEGV TIMLKTV

Ge Fke}t`c @oktgf`# qgickefk èm gevkf{tg}w oi{e} |g}b k`fb ~`vvgel m`w# èm

Egf`t`l{` gv ei krfk~}gie% Iek ak`}{tk ia }bgv gv }bk dèmv ia }kke`lktv |bi tiò

}bk ekglbditbiimv b`t`vvgel# tiddgel# dk`}gel em kqke iff`vgie`ccw jgccgel ~ki~ck%

@tk }bkvk lèlv tèmio ~bkeiokeie it gev}g}{}giev |g}b e ge}kte`c cilgf9 \b`}

oi}gq`}kv }bk qgickefk }b`} fb`t`f}ktgxkv }bko9

@v e e}bti~icilgv}# G |è}km viok ev|ktv }i }bkvk èm i}bkt p{kv}giev# vi

G vk} i{} ge vk`tfb ia }bko% G |i{cm cgjk }i }bèj }bk Tiw`c @e}bti~icilgf`c Gev}g}{}k

ia Ltk`} Dtg}`ge èm Eit}bkte Gtkcèm ait g}v ageèfgel# |g}bi{} |bgfb }bgv vk`tfb#

}bgv tkvk`tfb# |i{cm ei} b`qk dkke ~ivvgdck% ]i id}`ge m`}`# è}bti~icilgf`cok}bimicilw }im`w mk~kemv c`tlkcw ie ~`t}gfg~`}itw idvktq`}gie% ]bk o`hit v}tkel}b

ia }bgv tkvk`tfb ok}bim gv }b`} g} likv dkwiem h{v} idvktqgel bi| ~ki~ck f}: g} cvi

@E @E]BTIÎCILGV] GE @ O@E@L[@ L@EL


12/185

04

idvktqkv bi| }bkw {emktv}èm èm kr~ktgkefk }bkgt `f}giev% ]i mi }b`}# }bkè}bti~icilgv} o{v} `vv{ok }bk vifg`c tick èm ~`t}gfg~`}k ge }bk vifg`c tk`cg}gkv

dkgel geqkv}gl`}km% Vi G mgm h{v} }b`}: G mkfgmkm }i dkfiok ` lèl okodkt%

G b`m }i cgqk }bgv mi{dck tk`cg}w `v è è}bti~icilgv}/lèl okodkt# iqkt è

kr}kemkm ~ktgim ge itmkt ait m`gcw f}gqg}gkv }i dkfiok kr~cgfg}% G} |`v cvi ekfkvv`tw

ge itmkt }i }kv} |b`} }bk i}bkt okodktv v`w }bkw `tk migel `l`gev} |b`} }bkw

`f}{`ccw mi ge ~t`f}gfk% ]bgv ckel}bw fio~`tgvie ~tifkvv gv go~it}è} }i

{emktv}èmgel bi| }bk lèl okodktv cgqkv tk itlègxkm%

@cc }bgv tkp{gtkv gooktvgel iekvkca ge ` mgaaktke} vifg`c tick% Gooktvgie# ei}fieqktvgie% Ge mgaaktke} oioke}v ia cgak# |k `cc ~c`w q`tgi{v vifg`c tickv# èm

è}bti~icilgv}v ~ktb`~v ~c`w kqke oitk ge }bk fi{tvk ia }bkgt tkvk`tfb% D{} iek

mikve} v}i~ dkgel è è}bti~icilgv} |bgck dkgel ` lèl okodkt# eit mikv iek

dkfiok h{v} cgjk }bk i}bkt okodktv%

]bk Iecw Fbkck]bk Iecw Fbkck]bk Iecw Fbkck]bk Iecw Fbkck]bk Iecw Fbkck

G} fèei} dk tl{km }b`} }bk m{`c tick mgv}it}v tkvk`tfb: } |itv}# g} mikv vi ei oitk

}bè ` v{tqkw% Ge}tim{fgel è kr}kte`c q`tg`dck ge}i ` v~kfgagf vifg`c vg}{`}gie fèkqke ~tkfg~g}`}k {vka{c fiemg}giev ait {emktv}èmgel }bk ~bkeiokeie dk}}kt% G qktgagkm

}b`} dw }`jgel ie }bk tick ia lèl okodkt ge ~iit ekglbditbiim# it d`ttgi# ie }bk

k`v} vgmk ia Oè`l{`# |bktk G cgqkm |g}b aògcw dk}|kke If}idkt 0771 em H{cw

077


13/185

06

` }w~gf`c okodkt |i{cm cvi b`qk mgvfiqktkm# d{} ~ktb`~v }bti{lb vci|kt ck`tegel~tifkvv% Mgv}èfk viok}gokv bkc~v }bk è`cwvgv%

Ow mgaaktkefkv |ktke} kr`f}cw mgv`mqè}`lkv% \bgck ` lèlv tk~{}`}gie

mk~kemv ~`t}cw ie }bk fb`t`f}ktgv}gfv ia g}v ~`t}gf{c`t ekglbditbiim# g} cvi mk~kemv

ie }bk fb`t`f}ktgv}gfv ia g}v i|e okodktv% Iek tk`vie }bk lèl okodktv ge ow

ekglbditbiim ck} ok ge}i }bkgt lti{~ |`v }bk v~kfg`c }i{fb }b`} ow ~tkvkefk l`qk

g}% Okodktv }w~gf`ccw geftk`vk lèlv tk~{}`}gie it ei}itgk}w }bti{lb }bkgt fi{t`lk#

}bkgt qgickefk it }bkgt ft`xgekvv: G l`qk ogek `mmg}gie`c f`fbk} }bti{lb ow

`~~k`tèfk% Go v{tk }b`} ei} oèw lèlv ge Oè`l{` di`v} dciem i{}vgmkt v

okodkt%

]bk Cilgf ia Lèl Aglb}v]bk Cilgf ia Lèl Aglb}v]bk Cilgf ia Lèl Aglb}v]bk Cilgf ia Lèl Aglb}v]bk Cilgf ia Lèl Aglb}v

]bgv `}w~gf`c v}`}{v bkc~km ok mgvfiqkt viok}bgel ia }bk cilgf {emktcwgel lèl

aglb}v% G v`w cilgf dkf`{vk }bkvk atkp{ke} fieatie}`}giev mie} tgvk ie }bk v~{t ia

}bk oioke} ait ei liim tk`vie% ]bkw `tk c`tlkcw lk`tkm }i migel b`to }i }bk

ei}itgi{v okodktv ia }bk mqktv`tw lèl% @em G# v }bk fbkck ge ow lèl# |`v

}`tlk} ia }bgv idhkf}gqk%

@e ekfmi}k }b`} iff{ttkm a}kt G b`m dkke mog}}km ge}i }bk lèl tkqk`cv ow

~`t}gf{c`t go~it}èfk% Iek m`w |bke }bktk |`v ei |`}kt ge ow ekglbditbiim G

mkfgmkm }i li vbi|kt } }bk bi{vk ia iek ia }bk m`{lb}ktv ia }bk aògcw G cgqkm |g}b#

ge ek`tdw ekglbditbiim% D{} ow aògcw |i{cme} ck} ok li ciek% Kqke }bi{lb g}

|`v iecw 186> ge }bk oitegel# }bkw akc} g} |`v }ii tgvjw ait ok }i qke}{tk ge}i }b`}

i}bkt ekglbditbiim% ]bkw ak`tkm }b`} }bk lèl }bktk oglb} }}`fj ok# ei} h{v} ait

dkgel okodkt ia tgq`c lèl# d{} ait dkgel iek |g}b v{fb v~kfg`c fb`t`f}ktgv}gfv%

Age`ccw# à}kt |kglbgel }bk tgvj# }bk diwatgkem ia }bk |ioè ia ow bi{vk# ` }`rg

mtgqkt |bi |`v vckk~gel ge }bk bi{vk }b`} m`w# }iij ok ge bgv f`d# |`g}km ait ok }ivbi|kt# }bke mtiqk ok d`fj biok% Gm ekqkt }`jke v{fb mèlkti{v vbi|kt ge ow

cgak%



14/185

0=

V{d/Lèlv \g}bgeV{d/Lèlv \g}bgeV{d/Lèlv \g}bgeV{d/Lèlv \g}bgeV{d/Lèlv \g}bge

Lèlv b`qk ` |kcc mkagekm v}t{f}{tk# |g}b v{dlti{~v dw `lk% Okodktv `c|`wv

ke}kt `} }bk ci|kv} ckqkc# ge }bk v{dlti{~ ait }bivk {emkt 06 wk`tv icm% Ekr} }bkw

oiqk {~ }i }bk iek ait }bk 06/0< lk lti{~# em age`ccw hige }bivk iqkt 02% Go ei}

}`cjgel di{} mgaaktke} lèlv# d{} v{d/lèlv |g}bge }bk c`tlkt iek%

]bk lèl ge ow ekglbditbiim gv v{dmgqgmkm }|i |`wv8 dw lk em cvi dw }bk

ekglbditbiimv lkilt`~bw% ]bk Mt`liev tk ge }bk k`v} vkf}gie# }bk Vbgtjktv ge }bk

|kv}# èm }bk 2}b V}tkk}ktv# |bi eòkm }bkovkcqkv à}kt ` ~iic b`cc ge }bkgt

vkf}gie# tk ge }bk fke}kt% ]bkvk v{dlti{~v lkekt`ccw i~kt`}k vk~`t`}kcw# d{} ekqktaglb} òiel }bkovkcqkv% ]bkw `cvi hige aitfkv |bke }bk ekglbditbiim gv ge èw

mèlkt g%k% gv }}`fjkm dw lèl atio ei}bkt ekglbditbiim/it }i li okvv |g}b

}bk fti|mv m{tgel dgl V`ge}v M`w akv}gq`cv v{fb v Vè}i Miogeli%

]bgv v}`lkm gefit~it`}gie ge}i }bk lèl gv ~t`f}gfkm |g}b jgmv atio kv}`dcgvbkm

aògcgkv ge }bk ekglbditbiim% Ge }bk k`tcw 077>v ` o`vvgqk |`qk ia ek| aògcgkv

googlt`}km ge}i ow ekglbditbiim# di{} b`ca g}v f{ttke} ~i~{c`}gie% Iek fè vv{ok

}b`} q`tgi{v okfbègvov |ktk mkqkci~km ge }bivk wk`tv }i dtgel }bk ek|cw ttgqgel

wi{}b ge}i }bk lèl%

Ow Geg}g`}gie Tg}kv8 Jegak c`w em ]bka}Ow Geg}g`}gie Tg}kv8 Jegak c`w em ]bka}Ow Geg}g`}gie Tg}kv8 Jegak c`w em ]bka}Ow Geg}g`}gie Tg}kv8 Jegak c`w em ]bka}Ow Geg}g`}gie Tg}kv8 Jegak c`w em ]bka}

Ow v~kfg`c v}`}{v o`w okè }b`} }bk tg}kv ia geg}g`}gie G |ke} }bti{lb |ktke} }w~gf`c#

}bi{lb viok okodktv b`qk }icm ok }b`} }bkw |ktke} vi mgaaktke} atio i}bktv%

Vgefk ei ek| wi{el ~ki~ck oiqkm ge}i }bk ekglbditbiim a}kt ok# G b`m ei fbèfk

}i }}kem ei}bkt geg}g`}gie em mgv~kc ow mi{d}v%

Ow tg}k |`v geaito`c em b`m }|i oioke}v% ]bk agtv} fòk iek a}kteiie |bke

}bk lèl okodktv }tgkm }i vf`tk ok dw mt`|gel jegak ie ok |bgck |k |ktk }`cjgelge }bk v}tkk}% G} |`v ` V|gvv jegak# dgllkt }bè }bk iekv {v{`ccw vicm ge v}itkv#

|bgfb }bk V|gvv `tow {vkv ait bèm }i bèm fiod`}% G |`v c{fjw8 G ltk| {~ ge



15/185

0;

V|g}xktcèm em dklè ~c`wgel |g}b jegqkv |bke G |`v 2% Vi ei|# a}kt fie}ticcgelow geg}g`c ak`t# |bgfb |`ve} k`vw# G vjkm }bko ait }bk jegak em vbi|km }bko bi|

}i mi viok }tgfjv |g}b g} }b`} }bkw mgme} jei|%

]bk vkfiem oioke} fievgv}km ia ligel }i }bk ek`tdw Tidkt}i B{kodkv o`tjk}

fio~ckr |g}b viok ia }bk i}bkt okodktv }i vbi~cga}% @f}gel v ` mkfiw G mgv}t`f}km

}bk i|ekt ia fci}bgel v}`cc |bgck }bkw v}ick viok |iokev {emkt|k`t# }bke c`}kt G

b`m }i vkcc }bko ge }bk ekglbditbiim% Ligel miit }i miit èm {vgel ow cgog}km

vifg`c ek}|itjv/G b`m iecw dkke cgqgel }bktk }|i |kkjv/G vicm }bk kglb} }ti{vktv ait

=6 ftmid`v% ]bkw li ait 4> ftmid`v ~gkfk ge }bk o`tjk}# d{} g}v eito`c }i vc`vb

}bk ~tgfk ait bi} liimv%

Vgefk }bk è}bti~icilgv} ~ti~ivkv gooktvgie èm ei} fieqktvgie# G }tgkm }i

kr~c`ge }bgv mgaaktkefk }i }bk lèl okodktv% Iefk }bkw geg}g`}km ok ge}i }bk lèl

G }icm }bko }b`} G |i{cme} ~`t}gfg~`}k ge kg}bkt vv`{c}v it tiddktgkv |g}b }bko# it ge

aglb}v |g}b lèlv }b`} iff{ttkm i{}vgmk }bk ekglbditbiim% G }icm }bko G |i{cm

kvvke}g`ccw dk e idvktqkt okodkt% ]bkw ffk~}km ow fiemg}giev |g}bi{} ~tidckov#

vgefk }bkw |ktk |`tk }b`}# k}bgf`c fievgmkt`}giev vgmk# G fi{cme} lk} a{ccw geqicqkm

ge `f}gqg}gkv cgjk }b`} ei} iecw `v è è}bti~icilgv} d{} `cvi `v ` aitkglekt%

D{} |bke ow ekglbditbiim |`v `}}`fjkm dw è kekow lèl ge Eiqkodkt

0771# ow akcci| lèl okodktv kemkm {~ idvktqgel ow ~`t}gfg~`}gie% Ie }b`}

iff`vgie G bkc~km mkakem }bk ekglbditbiim# }bti|gel tifjv em v}gfj/aglb}gel }bk

`}}`fjktv% Ait ok g} |`v p{kv}gie ia vkca/mkakevk# d{} |bke g} |`v cc iqkt vkqkt`c

lèl okodktv }icm ok }b`} G |`v ei| iek ia }bko# }b`} }bkw fi{cm vkk }b`} G |`v

d`m# }b`} G ciqkm }bk ekglbditbiim èm |`v |gccgel }i mkakem g}% Kqke `ffk~}gel

}b`} G b`qk ` v~kfg`c tick |g}bge }bk lèl# }bk okodktv akc} }b`} G b`m }i dk d`m8

`c|`wv tk`mw }i mkakem }bk ekglbditbiim atio geq`vgie# vbi|gel ei ak`t ia kg}bkt

lk}}gel b{t} it ~`t}gfg~`}gel ge tiddktgkv# voijgel o`tgh{è`%%%



16/185

01

Hè{`tw 7< îcgfk D{v}vHè{`tw 7< îcgfk D{v}vHè{`tw 7< îcgfk D{v}vHè{`tw 7< îcgfk D{v}vHè{`tw 7< îcgfk D{v}v

Dkgel ` lèl okodkt `v |kcc `v ` okodkt ia ` bi{vkbicm ge }bk ekglbditbiim

bkc~km ok ltk`} mk`c }i {emktv}èm }bk }}g}{mkv ia di}b }bk lèl okodktv em

}bkgt aògcgkv }i|`tm }bk ek| Cgdkt`c liqkteoke}v tk~tkvvgqk fò~`gle `l`gev}

}bko ge c`}k Hè{`tw 077; ftmid`v }i 40> "ti{lbcw atio -06 }i -46'% ]bgv gv qktw

kr~kevgqk ait ` aògcw |bivk `qkt`lk oie}bcw gefiok gv dk}|kke 1>> èm 2>>ftmid`v%

@E @E]BTIÎC ILGV] GE @ O@E@L[@ L@EL


17/185

0v# |bgfb kemkm tglb} a}kt }bk 077> kckf}giev#

vi }bkw cc jek| bi| }i {vk |k`~iev% D{} }bk okodktv ia }bivk agtv} lèlv tk ei}}bk lèl okodktv ia }im`w%

Ge ow ekglbditbiim# okodktv d`vgf`ccw b`qk }|i fbigfkv |bke }bkw tk`fb 44/

4= wk`tv icm% ]bk agtv} gv }bk oiv} fiooie8 }bkw v}`t} ` aògcw dw `ffgmke}# èm

ck`qk }bk lèl }i vbi| }b`} }bkw `tk tkv~ievgdck% Atio }bke ie# }bk o`hitg}w ia

}bko cgqk oiv} ia }bk }gok |g}bi{} |itj% ]bk vkfiem i~}gie gv }i oiqk ge}i }bk

|itcm ia b`tm ftgok% @ vglegagfè} ogeitg}w kckf}v }bgv ti{}k% Ge ow ekglbditbiim#

`di{} 0;/4>+ dkfiok ~tiakvvgie`c ftgoge`cv%

G} b`v dkke vbi|e ge h{v} }bkvk vkqke wk`tv }b`} geaito`}gie ie bi| }i bèmck|k`~iev# mkqgvk fiod`} v}t`}klgkv èm ogcg}`tw jei|ckmlk ge lkekt`c b`v dkke

~`vvkm mi|e }bti{lb lkekt`}giev ia lèl okodktv% G}v go~it}è} }i {emktv}èm

}bgv# dkf`{vk g} vbi|v }b`} }bk lèlv `tk o{fb oitk }bè h{v} ` tkv~ievk }i }bk

v}t{f}{t`c v}go{c{v tk~tkvke}km dw }bk kr}kemkm {eko~ciwoke} }b`} Egf`t`l{` gv

v{aaktgel%

E`}{t`ccw# {eko~ciwoke} èm c`fj ia `c}kte`}gqkv `tk go~it}è} a`f}itv ge

kr~c`gegel }bk lèl ~bkeiokeie# d{} }bkw tke} kei{lb% ]bk lèlv tk gev}g}{}giev

|g}b fkt}`ge ok`v{tk ia vifgi/f{c}{t`c {}ieiow em tk~tim{f}gqk f`~`fg}w }b`} gv

ei} }gkm iecw }i }bk vifgikfieiogf fie}kr}% ]bkgt oi}gq`}giev li dkwiem }b`} ia

dkgel v~`fkv ge |bgfb wi{}bv fè iqktfiok }bk ditkmio ia b`qgel ei}bgel o{fb

}i mi dw ~tiqijgel# b`t`vvgel em }}`fjgel i}bktv%



19/185

07

]bk agtv} lèl okodktv ia }bk 077>v# mickvfke}v |bi b`m cgqkm }bti{lb |`t#mèlkt# mk`}b em oèw i}bkt aitov ia qgickefk ge }bk oi{e}`gev# v`w }b`} a}kt|`tm

}bkw |è}km }i tk~k`} }bkvk mtò`}gf kr~ktgkefkv% @diqk cc }bkw |è}km }i tkf`~}{tk

}bk vifg`c v}`}{v }b`} ogcg}`tw cgak fieakttkm {~ie }bko dw ~ti{mcw vktqgel }bkgt

fi{e}tw%

]im`wv lèl okodktv mgme} jei| }bk |`t it mi ogcg}`tw vktqgfk% D{} ge }bk

atòk|itj ia ` e`}gie`c vg}{`}gie ge |bgfb }bkw akkc cgjk ` civ} lkekt`}gie# }bkw

figefgmk |g}b }bivk ia wkv}ktm`w ge }bkgt mkvgtk }i `fbgkqk ` vifg`c v}`}{v |g}b

~tkv}glk% ]bkw }bkovkcqkv v}`}k }b`} }bkw mie} b`qk ew a{}{tk em }b`} Egf`t`l{`

mikve} kg}bkt%

]bkw tk |g}bi{} |itj em |g}bi{} vifg`c tkv~kf}`dgcg}w% ]bkw tk cvi |g}bi{}

èw ~ivvgdgcg}w ia v}{mwgel% Mkv~g}k ~{dcgf liqkteoke} v}`}koke}v }b`} }bk oie}bcw

v}{mke} akkv ~c{v èi}bkt fb`tlk ait k`fb age`c krò `tk v{~~ivkmcw qic{e}`tw#

vfbiicv tk v}gcc tkp{gtgel }bko ge }bk eòk ia vfbic`v}gf {}ieiow% ]bkvk akkv

`tk vgo~cw ei} |g}bge }bk tk`fb ia ~iit aògcgkv# kv~kfg`ccw ga }bkw b`qk oitk }bè

iek vfbiic/`lk fbgcm# |bgfb oiv} mi% A`fkm |g}b }bgv mk`m/kem ~tiv~kf}# }bk iecw

|`w }bkvk }kke`lktv fè vkk }i ftk`}k }bkgt i|e vifg`c tick gv dw àagtogel }bkgt

~tkvkefk }bti{lb ` lèl }b`} `vv`{c}v# tidv# aglb}v èm krktfgvkv i}bkt aitov iaqgickefk% G}v ei} h{v} }bkgt tick d{} }bkgt ogvvgie8 }bkw vkk }bkovkcqkv `v m{}w

di{em }i mkakem }bkgt ekglbditbiim èm }b`} lgqkv }bko }bk tglb} }i `}}`fj èw

i{}vgmktv |bi m`tk }i qke}{tk ge}i }bkgt }{ta%

]bkgt Gmke}g}w Gv Ge }bk D`ttgi]bkgt Gmke}g}w Gv Ge }bk D`ttgi]bkgt Gmke}g}w Gv Ge }bk D`ttgi]bkgt Gmke}g}w Gv Ge }bk D`ttgi]bkgt Gmke}g}w Gv Ge }bk D`ttgi

M{tgel }bgv mkf`mk# }bk akkcgel ia gmke}g}w b`v dkfiok qktw cif`cgxkm% Ow lèl

gmke}gagkv v}tielcw |g}b }bk ekglbditbiim `v g} |`v m{tgel }bk Vioifgv}` wk`tv ia

}bkgt ~`tke}v }gok8 ` o`tlge`c èm kr}tkokcw mèlkti{v d`ttgi% Iek ia ow lèlatgkemv ~ti{mcw }icm ok iefk }b`} }bivk |bi cgqkm bktk dkaitk |ktk tk`ccw }i{lb%

]bkw li} tkv~kf}% Ei iek fòk ge bktk# eidimw% Wi{ fòk ge iek vgmk ie aii} em



20/185

4>

|ke} i{} }bk i}bkt ge ` dir% Ge }bivk m`wv kqke }bk L{`tmg` ZVioix`v E`}gie`cL{`tm_ |`v `at`gm }i fiok ge bktk% ]bk ekglbditbiim |`v ` }bk`}kt ia qgicke}

fieatie}`}giev m{tgel }bk e}g/Vioifgv}` gev{ttkf}gie ge 07


21/185

40

]bgv tkv~ievk tkackf}v viok}bgel go~it}è} }i jkk~ ge ogem |bke è`cwxgel}bk vifg`c ~bkeiokeie ia }bk lèlv% ]bkw vbi{cm dk fievgmktkm v ficckf}gqkv# v

fioo{eg}gkv# ei} h{v} `v h{r}`~ivkm lti{~v |g}b ei itmkt it b`toiew% Ge ow

ekglbditbiim g} fè dk v`gm }b`} }bk lèl gv }bk iecw krò~ck ia itlègx`}gie |g}b

fii~kt`}gqk vicgm`tg}w# dkf`{vk kqke }bk aògcgkv tk at`loke}km% ]bk aògcw G cgqk

|g}b# ait krò~ck# gv mgqgmkm ge}i }btkk mgv}gef} lti{~v# |bgfb v{tqgqk ie mgaaktke}

gefiokv }b`} tk ekqkt vb`tkm oiel }bko%

]bk lèl okodktv {emktvfitk }bk go~it}èfk ia vicgm`tg}w |g}bge }bkgt lèl v

v}tielcw `v }bkw còke} }bk `}iogx`}gie ia }bkgt fioo{eg}w% ]bkw ~ige} i{} }b`} `

lèl okodkt b`v tkv~ievgdgcg}gkv# iek ia |bgfb dkfiokv idqgi{v }i ew idvktqkt

ia ` lèl aglb}8 ei lèl kqkt ck`qkv iek ia g}v okodktv ie }bk d`}}cklti{em%

\b`}kqkt }bk mèlkt# |i{emkm okodkt gv tkvf{km dw }bk i}bktv dkaitk tk}tk`}gel%

E`}{t`ccw# }bgv gv ~`t}cw m{k }i }bk cilgf ia }bk aglb}v# |bivk idhkf}gqk gv }i f`~}{tk

it i}bkt|gvk gef`~`fg}`}k okodktv ia }bk tgq`c lèl |bi b`qk v~kfg`c p{`cg}gkv%

Eiek}bkckvv# g} gv cvi vgle ia }bk vicgm`tg}w lkekt`}km oiel lèl okodktv%

Vicgm`tg}w Gebktg}km Atio Vèmgegvoi9Vicgm`tg}w Gebktg}km Atio Vèmgegvoi9Vicgm`tg}w Gebktg}km Atio Vèmgegvoi9Vicgm`tg}w Gebktg}km Atio Vèmgegvoi9Vicgm`tg}w Gebktg}km Atio Vèmgegvoi9

]bk lèl okodktv ge ow ekglbditbiim v`w }b`} }bgv vicgm`tg}w/|g}b |bgfb }bkw bkc~

k`fb i}bkt em }`jk f`tk ia }bk ekglbditbiim/fiokv atio Vèmgegvoi% ]bkw vkk

}bkovkcqkv v }bk bkgtv ia }bk Vèmgegv}` q`c{kv ia vicgm`tg}w em ficckf}gqk |itj%

M{tgel }bk 0771 kckf}gie fò~`gle# }bk lèl mgv}tgd{}km AVCE ~ti~`lèm` em ~{}

tkm èm dc`fj dèektv èm ~iv}ktv `ciel }bk v}tkk}v à}kt g} |`v èei{efkm }b`}

AVCE ~tkvgmke}g`c fèmgm`}k Mègkc It}kl` |`v fiogel }i }bk ekglbditbiim%

@cc lèl okodktv ge ow ekglbditbiim# 0>>+ ia }bko# tk Vèmgegv}`v% \bgck

}bgv fkt}`gecw b`v e geac{kefk ie }bkgt gmkicilw ia vicgm`tg}w# }bk okoitgkv }b`} }bk

o`hitg}w tk}`ge ia }bk Vèmgegv}` ~ktgim tk go~tkfgvk dkf`{vk }bkw |ktk qktw wi{el

ge }bivk wk`tv% ]bkgt qgk|v |ktk ~tid`dcw gebktg}km atio }bk agtv} lkekt`}gie ia lèl

okodktv%



22/185

44

]bk f{ttke} okodktv }kem }i gmk`cgxk em ow}bgaw }bk ~`v}% @e krò~ck ia }bgvgv }bkgt lcitgagf`}gie ia }bk bgv}itw ia }bk ekglbditbiim dkaitk g} |`v tkd{gc} dw }bk

Vèmgegv}` liqkteoke}# kqke }bi{lb g} |`v iek ia }bivk |g}b }bk oiv} |tk}fbkm

~iqkt}w ge Oè`l{`%

]bk lèl okodktv b`qk ` v}tiel vkevk ia }kttg}itw% K`fb okodkt gmke}gagkv

|g}b bgv ekglbditbiim èm vkkv g} `v bgv }{ta% ]bkw `cvi i~kt`}k ge i}bkt

ekglbditbiimv# d{} ei} |g}b }bk vòk `}}g}{mk ia tkc`}gievbg~ }b`} }bkw b`qk |g}b

}bkgt i|e% G} fè dk v`gm }b`} }bk lèl okodktv b`qk ` v}tiel akkcgel ia vifg`c

tkv~ievgdgcg}w# } ck`v} }i|`tm }bkgt i|e ekglbditbiim%

M{tgel |`t |g}b }bk lèl atio ekglbditgel d`ttgi# ow atgkemv itlègxkm

}t{fk ait }bk bi{vkv# |bgfb |ktk v{aaktgel atio }bk oit}`t ftivv agtk dk}|kke }bk

}|i dèmv% ]bk lèlv tk`fbkm e ltkkoke} }i oiqk }bkgt |`t }i ek{}t`c }ktt`ge

dk}|kke }bk }|i ekglbditbiimv# a`t atio }bk bi{vkv% V{fb vkevk ia fii~kt`}gie

dk}|kke v{~~ivkmcw kekow lèlv vbi{cm ei} dk }ii v{t~tgvgel% Oèw }gokv }bk

qktw lèl okodktv |bi ai{lb} wkv}ktm`w hige }ilk}bkt }im`w }i `}}`fj èi}bkt

lèl: kqke }bi{lb }bkvk ccgèfkv tk ackk}gel# }bkw tk ei} gevglegagfè}%

Lèl Okodktv \bi @tk D`mLèl Okodktv \bi @tk D`mLèl Okodktv \bi @tk D`mLèl Okodktv \bi @tk D`mLèl Okodktv \bi @tk D`m

\bgck viok lèlv b`qk ako`ck okodktv# `cc `tk o`ck ge ogek% ]bk e{odkt ia

okodktv ltk| v}k`mgcw k`fb wk`t dk}|kke 077> em 077;# d{} vgefk }bke b`v bkcm

a`gtcw v}k`mw%

Ei} cc }kke`lktv ge ekglbditbiim lk} geqicqkm ge g}v lèl% Ait krò~ck# ow

ekglbditbiim b`v di{} 6#>>> geb`dg}è}v# ia |bio viok tk mickvfke} o`/

ckv# em iecw di{} 0>> ia }bko dkciel }i }bk lèl%

\bw mi viok wi{el ~ki~ck dkfiok lèl okodktv èm i}bktv mie}9 ]bkkr~cè`}gie ia }bk okodktv }bkovkcqkv gv }b`} viok tk d`m em i}bktv tke}%

Dkgel d`m gv ~{tk |bgo8 e `}}t`f}gie }i mkcgep{kefw# v}wck ia mtkvvgel/|k`tgel



23/185

46

iekv }/vbgt} gevgmk i{}# ait krò~ck/it ` |`w ia }`cjgel/tkqktvgel }bk vwcc`dckv ia|itmv# vi }b`} iek gv eg}{` gev}k`m ia }{èg "fiic'%

G}v cvi e }}g}{mk# vkevk ia b{oit# v |`v vbi|e ge }bk tokm tiddktw ia

` mg~cio`} dw }bk okodktv ia ow lèl% ]bkw b`m ei}gfkm }bk mg~cio`}gf ~c`}kv ie

` f`t ~`tjkm ie v}tkk} ge }bk ekr} ekglbditbiim |kcc jei|e ait mt{l v`ckv% \bke

}bk mg~cio`} fòk i{} ia }bk vbi~# }bkw |ktk |`g}gel ait bgo |g}b e @J/=> bk |`v f`ttwgel# bgv tgelv èm |`}fb# bgv vbgt} èm bgv vbikv% D{}

}bkw mkfgmkm }i vbi| }bkgt tkv~kf} ait bgv iaagfk dw ck`qgel bgo }bk dkv} ~`t}8 bgv

aèfw f`t em bgv mt{l ~{tfb`vk%

D{} dkgel d`m gv oitk }bè tiddgel# }`jgel mt{lv it bèlgel i{} em o`jgel

}ti{dck% G}v cvi b`qgel vkevk ia q`c{k# ia bieit# cdkg} bieit oiel }bgkqkv% G}v

akkcgel }b`} wi{ dkciel }i }bk ekglbditbiim em }i }bk lèl# |g}b }bk tkv~ievgdgcg}w

}b`} dkcielgel go~cgkv% Lèl okodktv mie} h{v} bkc~ k`fb i}bkt: }bkw `cvi }t{v}

k`fb i}bkt ` ci}% @em }b`} }t{v} gv ` q`c{k }b`} gv lk}}gel kqkt b`tmkt }i agem ge }bk

fie}kr} ia Egf`t`l{`v f{ttke} ftgvgv%

]bgv }t{v} èm }bgv ciw`c}w `tk ~`t}cw tk`f}giev }i }bk vifg`c v}glo`}gx`}gie }b`}

}bk lèl okodktv v{aakt# c}bi{lb } ck`v} |g}bge ow ekglbditbiim em ~tid`dcw

oèw i}bktv# }bgv v}glo` gv òdgl{i{v% ]bk geb`dg}è}v `tk fiev}è}cw ftg}gfgxgel

}bk lèl# d{} }bkw ekqkt aitlk} }b`} g}v okodktv tk }bk iekv |bi ~ti}kf} em }`jk

f`tk ia }bk ekglbditbiim%

\bi Higev ` Lèl9\bi Higev ` Lèl9\bi Higev ` Lèl9\bi Higev ` Lèl9\bi Higev ` Lèl9

]bktkv ei fck`t fittkc`}gie dk}|kke okodktvbg~ ge lèl em }bk vifgikfieiogf

vg}{`}gie ia }bk okodktv aògcw% @c}bi{lb }bktkv ` ci} ia vifg`c mgaaktke}g`}gie ge

ow ekglbditbiim# }bk wi{}b ge }bk lèl `tk ei} okfbègf`ccw atio }bk ~iitkv}

v}t`}`% @} }bk vòk }gok# bi|kqkt# kfieiogfv gv `c|`wv è go~it}è} oi}gqk ge

}bk mkfgvgie }i hige% Lèl okodktv fè lk} }bkgt bèmv ie ci} ia oiekw }bti{lb

`vv`{c}v# }bka}v èm i}bkt d{vgekvv mk`cv% ]bkw {vk g} }i d{w lc{k }i vegaa# o`tg/



24/185

4=

h{è` }i voijk# cgp{it }i lk} mt{ej ie# fb`tlkv ait }bkgt oit}`tv em d{cck}v ait }bkgtagtk`tov# m`llktv# èm fci}bkv/kv~kfg`ccw Egjk vbikv èm d`vkd`cc f`~v% Aiim#

}ii% ]bk `qkt`lk oie}bcw kr~kevkv ait ` lèl okodkt tèlk dk}|kke 4>> èm

=>> ftmid`v "-4>/=>'% ]bkw ekqkt v`qk oiekw: }bkw h{v} li ciijgel ait g} |bke

}bkw ekkm g}% ]bkw `cvi mie} vb`tk g} |g}b }bkgt aògcw# }bi{lb }bkw viok}gokv mi

|g}b akcci| lèl okodktv%

Eit fè g} dk v`gm }b`} lèl okodktv ekfkvv`tgcw fiok atio aògcgkv |g}b

~tidcko`}gf bgv}itgkv/dtijke biokv |g}b vfkekv ia miokv}gf qgickefk# k}f% ]bk

iecw vwv}ko`}gf gemgf`}it Gqk dkke `dck }i idvktqk gv }b`} }bk q`v} o`hitg}w ia

}kke`lktv atio aògcgkv dkcielgel }i kqèlkcgf`c vkf}v mie} hige lèlv%

]bgv fi{cm dk m{k }i }bk v}tgf} kqèlkcgf`c gmkicilw# |bgfb i~~ivkv viok ia

}bk lèl `f}gqg}gkv/gefc{mgel voijgel èm mtgejgel% G} fi{cm `cvi dk dkf`{vk }bk

kqèlkcgf`c fb{tfbkv `tk vi itlègxkm }b`} }bkw ~c`w ` vifg`c tick fio~`t`dck }i

}b`} ia }bk lèlv8 di}b tk gev}g}{}gie`c tkaktkefk ~ige}v }b`} iaakt gemgqgm{`cv vicgm

lti{~ fimkv ia fiem{f} ge e`}gie`c vk}}gel ge |bgfb oèw ia }bk vifg`c l{gmkcgekv

b`qk dkke }tèvaitokm it b`qk mgv`~~k`tkm% \g}bge fie}kr} ia |tkefbgel fbèlk

èm lkekt`cgxkm gevkf{tg}w# a{cc ia k~bkokt`c }i{fbv}iekv# di}b }bk lèlv em }bk

kqèlkcgf`c vkf}v tk~tkvke} e kaait} }i fiev}t{f} vifg`c v~`fk |g}b mkagekm t{ckv#

|bktk }bk wi{}bv fè akkc ~`t} ia lti{~ |g}b vifg`c gmke}g}w%

]bk gevkf{tg}w em ~tkf`tgi{vekvv }b`} fb`t`f}ktgxk Egf`t`l{` }im`w ~ktok`}k

}bk vifg`c v~`fk ge |bgfb }bk lèl okodktv tk vg}{`}km% ]bk lèlv tk vifg`ccw

v}t{f}{tkm èm v}t{f}{tgel% Kqke }bi{lb ek| q`c{kv# okègel# ~t`f}gfkv#

tkc`}gievbg~v em jgemv ia tkc`}giev koktlk |g}bge }bk vifg`c v~`fk }b`} }bkvk lèlv

fiev}g}{}k# }bkw tk v}gcc vg}{`}km |g}bge/èm v{ditmge`}km dw/` dti`mkt v~`fk |bgfb

`cvi vb`~kv }bkgt okodktv gmke}g}w% ]bgv dti`mkt v~`fk gv }bk e`}gie`c v~`fk#

|bgfb gv ge ftgvgv% Vgefk }bk lèl okodktv b`qk }i d{gcm }bkgt gmke}g}w ge di}b

v~`fkv# cc }bkgt f}giev tkackf} di}b }bk kv}`dcgvbkm itmkt em }bk iek }bkw oè`lk}i kv}`dcgvb ge }bkgt lèl%



25/185

4;

]bk Kr~tkvvgie ia ` O`fbi F{c}{tk]bk Kr~tkvvgie ia ` O`fbi F{c}{tk]bk Kr~tkvvgie ia ` O`fbi F{c}{tk]bk Kr~tkvvgie ia ` O`fbi F{c}{tk]bk Kr~tkvvgie ia ` O`fbi F{c}{tk

Ge ` fi{e}tw |g}b ` f{c}{tk ia qgickefk# gv g} èw v{t~tgvk }b`} lèl okodktv `tk

fb`t`f}ktgxkm dw ffke}{`}gel }b`} vifg`c ak`}{tk9 Ge fie}kr} ge |bgfb v}tkel}b gv

|b`} lgqkv v}`}{v# }bk |`w }i iqktfiok }bk v}tielkv} gv }i lk} bicm ia ` |k`~ie%

Egf`t`l{`v bgv}itw gv {ep{kv}gie`dcw go~tkle`}km |g}b qgickefk% G} b`v dkke

ioeg~tkvke} kqkt vgefk }bk V~ègvb fiep{kv}# em }bgv b`v aakf}km cc itlègx`}gie`c

aitov ia cgak ge Egf`t`l{`% Qgickefk gv }bk ~tkakttkm ok}bim ait tkvicqgel ew jgem ia

fieacgf} ge o`fbi f{c}{t`c atòk|itj: kqke }bk ckqkcv ia qgickefk |g}bge }bk bi{vkbicm

`tk p{g}k bglb% ]bk lèlv fè }b{v cvi dk e`cwxkm v ftwv}`ccgx`}gie ia Egf`t`l{èo`fbgvoi# }bti{lb }bk }}g}{mk ia lèl okodktv }i|`tm mèlkt# }bk ~tkog{o }bkw

~{} ie qgickefk v ` vifg`c kr~tkvvgie# }bkgt coiv} krfc{vgqkcw o`ck okodktvbg~#

}bk |`w }bkw tkc`}k }i |ioke# em vi ie%

]bk lèlv em }bkgt qgickefk tk ei} ~bkeioke` ge }bk gt% ]bkw b`qk cilgf

|g}bge }bkgt i|e vifg`c v~`fk em |g}bge }bk vifg`c v~`fk }b`} fiev}g}{}kv Egf`t`l{è

vifgk}w% ]bkw `tk }bk aito }b`} viok wi{}bv `mi~} }i go~ivk }bkovkcqkv ie `

vifgk}w }b`} krfc{mkv }bko%

@e [efkt}`ge èm Fbèlgel Cilgf@e [efkt}`ge èm Fbèlgel Cilgf@e [efkt}`ge èm Fbèlgel Cilgf@e [efkt}`ge èm Fbèlgel Cilgf@e [efkt}`ge èm Fbèlgel Cilgf

Ei}|g}bv}èmgel `cc }bgv# ` ~ktakf} cilgf vbi{cm ei} dk vi{lb} ge }bk lèlv% ]bk

fieqke}gie`c kr~cè`}gie ia gemgqgm{`c dkb`qgit# |bk}bkt g} dk ge kfieiogfv# vifgicilw

it i}bkt vifg`c vfgkefk mgvfg~cgekv# gv d`vkm ie }bk fiefk~} }b`} b{oè f}giev tk

}bk ~tim{f} ia t`}gie`cg}w d`vkm ie fievgmkt`}giev }b`} gemgqgm{`cv o`jk di{} }bk

q`tgi{v okèv em kemv em f`{vkv em kaakf}v }b`} tk |g}bge }bkgt lt`v~% D{} g}

gv ia}ke ei} k`vw }i gmke}gaw }bkvk v{~~ivkmcw ge}ktcgejkm ~gkfkv# dkf`{vk }bk i~}giev

iek b`v } bèm `tk i~`p{k em gemk}ktoge`}k%

]bk odgl{g}w gebktke} }i }bk b{oè fiemg}gie/|bgfb gv vglegagfè}cw geftk`vkm

ge }bk fbì}gf em e`tfbgf fie}kr} ia }im`wv Egf`t`l{`/okèv }b`} ~ki~ck ia}ke



26/185

41

mie} p{g}k jei| |b`} }bkw `tk migel it }bk kaakf} }bkgt `f}giev fi{cm b`qk% ]bgvmikve} okè }b`} }bkgt f}giev tke} t`}gie`c# d{} }bk cilgf }bkw {vk mikve} kqkt

lk} }i }bk ~ige} ia dkgel vwv}ko`}gf% ki~ck tke} v v{tk ia kg}bkt }bkovkcqkv it

}bk |itcm ge |bgfb }bkw `tk cgqgel `v }bk vifg`c vfgkefkv ia}ke ~iv}{c`}k%

]bk |itcm gv ei} gooidgck: g}v c|`wv fbèlgel% Ait }b`} tk`vie# ~ki~ckv cgqkv

vbi{cm dk fievgmktkm v e e`tfbgf ~tifkvv ia ieligel fbèlk% B{oè ge}kt`f}gie

gv ctk`mw odgl{i{v dkf`{vk cc oègakv}`}giev ia fioo{egf`}gie dk}|kke b{oè

dkgelv/}bk ft{r ia vifg`c ge}kt`f}gie/`tk òdgl{i{v: }bkw fiev}è}cw ekkm

ge}kt~tk}`}gie% ]b`}v |bw oèw oitk kr~ktgkefkv em ci} oitk }gok |gcc dk ekkmkm

ait }bk e}bti~icilgv} kqkt }i {emktv}èm }bk lèl okodkt%



27/185

4 tkfkgqk fieh{l`c qgvg}v% Oiv} hktj iaa it a{fj

p{kktv% @ ~itei ~c`wgel f`tm vkccv ait 4> ~kviv bktk `em bkc~v wi{ hktj iaa |kcc%

@ F[C][T@C ^TGVIE


63/185

16

D{} }bktkv `cvi ` p{kkt% Bk |è}km ok }i a{fj bgo# d{} G mie} li ge ait }b`}%P{kktv o`jk ok vgfj: G mie} cgjk }bko% D{} vkqkt`c ~ki~ck bktk mi a{fj bgo# kqke

}bi{lb }bkwtk ei} p{kkt% ]bkw h{v} mi g} i{} ia ekfkvvg}w% ]bkw h{v} {vk bgo }i

tkcgkqk }bkgt vkr{`c kektlw% ]b`} p{kkt gv tk`ccw kaakoge`}k# d{} bkcc mkakem bgovkca

ga bk mikve} cgjk viokiek% ^g}`wiw` GG |è}km }i a{fj bgo d{} }bk p{kkt mgme} ck}

bgo èm kemkm {~ v}`ddgel bgo%$ O`fbgvoi# |g}b `cc ia g}v qgvfkt`c tkhkf}gie ia

bioivkr{`cg}w# ~ktvgv}v ge h`gc# d{} {emkt }bkvk ~`t}gf{c`t fgtf{ov}èfkv }bk eit/

o`c t{ckv `tk v{v~kemkm èm fkt}`ge aitov ia dkb`qgit `tk `mog}}km% ]bk vkr{`c

cgak ia ~tgviekt mkoèmv ei}bkt fimk%

]bk `fgm }kv}]bk `fgm }kv}]bk `fgm }kv}]bk `fgm }kv}]bk `fgm }kv}

]bktk gv jgem ia vifg`c v}t`}gagf`}gie ge ~tgvie% tgviektv fc`go }b`} }bivk geo`}kv

|g}b oiekw it |bi |ktk okodktv ia }bk tow it ~icgfk tk cci|km fkt}`ge c{r{tgkv

aitdgmmke }i oiv} ia }bk tkv}# cgjk fioait}`dck dkmv# fiijktv# tkatglkt`}itv# aiim

èm vi{em vwv}kov% ]i }bgv oitk gev}g}{}gie`cgxkm v}t`}gagf`}gie gv `mmkm `

v~ie}èki{v iek8 }bk mgv}gef}gie dk}|kke icm ~tgviektv em ek| iekv%

$]bk icm iekv bktk }`jk }bk ek| iekv }bgelv#$ kr~c`gekm Tgf`tmi% $]bk icmkt

~tgviektv f`}fb }bko dw v{t~tgvk |bke }bkwqk h{v} `ttgqkm em }`jk |`w }bk cg}}ck

}bgelv qgvg}itv dtgel }bko |g}b vi o{fb v`ftgagfk% G mkakem }bk ek| iekv# ei} vi}bkwcc lgqk ok ew}bgel# }bi{lb ga G vjkm }bko }bkw |i{cm% G}v h{v} }b`} G mie} cgjk

~ki~ck }`jgel `mqè}`lk ia }bko% G}v mgaaktke} ga wi{ v}k`c i{}vgmk%$ Viok ia }bk

icm geo`}kv# ~`t}gf{c`tcw }bk tk~k`} iaakemktv# dkfiok kr~kt}v ge h`gc% $Ge }bk

~keg}ke}g`tw vwv}ko#$ kr~c`gev A`} M`qgm# $}bkw }tk`} ok cgjk jgel% @cc }bk }bgkqkv#

}bk tk/km{f`}itv# }bk Oimkci bk`qgkv jei| ok% Vi |b`} b`~~kev9 ]bkw }tk`} ok

tk`c liim%$ ]bk d{mmw vwv}ko cvi |itjv ge ~tgvie% Icm d{mmgkv okk} {~ it geo`}kv

o`jk ek| d{mmgkv èm d{gcm {~ }bk vòk dkekagfg`c tkfg~tifg}w `v ge }bk v}tkk}v8

$D{mmgkv b`qk }i vb`tk aiim# o`tgb{è` em ft`fj%$

@v a`t v lèlv tk fiefktekm# h`gc tk~tkvke}v v{~ktgit ckqkc ia vifg`cgx`}gie

}b`} vktqkv }i ~tiakvvgie`cgxk lèl okodktv v}`}{v% tgvie gv vi{tfk ia ~tkv}glk

òiel kp{`cv% G}v ` ak`}bkt ge wi{t f`~ dkf`{vk g}v vkke `v }bk v{~tkok }kv}%

@ F[C][T@C ^TGVIE


64/185

1=

^g}`wiw` GG fieagtov }bgv8 $Ge }bk v}tkk}v }bkw oglb} f} }bk T`odi# d{} |bke }bkwlk} }i h`gc }bkwtk vbg}}gel g}% V{tqgqgel h`gc gv }bk `fgm }kv} ia bi| liim wi{ `tk%$

Lkekt`ccw v~k`jgel# ~tgvie tk}{tev g}v |`tmv }i }bk fioo{eg}w |g}b ` ltk`}kt

f`~`fg}w }i fioog} ftgokv% @ffitmgel }i Dc`fj Kmmw# $]bktk `tk `di{} 6>>

Fioko{kt}iv`em `di{} ;> icm Fioko{kt}iv ge }bk Oimkci |bi `tk vktqgel

vktgi{vcw ciel vke}kefkv% ]bktk `tk 0


65/185

1;

}bgejgel }b`} }bkwtk ctk`mw civ} em }bktkv ei}bgel }i dk miek di{} g}% D{} i}bktv}bgej di{} lk}}gel i{} ia }bgv% Bktk |k }`cj di{} |b`} |ktk ligel }i mi |bke |k

lk} i{}% Oiv} }bgej ~ivg}gqkcw% ]bivk |bi v`w }bkwtk ligel d`fj }i }bk vòk }bgel

v`w vi dkf`{vk }bkw v}gcc akkc ~ti}kf}km bktk èm dkf`{vk }bkgt oi}bktv `tk v}gcc

v{~~it}gel }bko ge ~tgvie%$

]bk v}tkk} gv vfbiic# }bk ~tgvie# {egqktvg}w]bk v}tkk} gv vfbiic# }bk ~tgvie# {egqktvg}w]bk v}tkk} gv vfbiic# }bk ~tgvie# {egqktvg}w]bk v}tkk} gv vfbiic# }bk ~tgvie# {egqktvg}w]bk v}tkk} gv vfbiic# }bk ~tgvie# {egqktvg}w

D{} }bk f{c}{t`c h`gc go~ivkv g}vkca èm tk/iaakemgel gv ` ekqkt/kemgel }ko~}`}gie%

V{vè`# ait krò~ck# ge}kemv }i li v}t`glb}# d{} gefc{mkv }bk ~ivvgdgcg}w ia }bk

iff`vgie`c c`~vk8 $\bke G lk} i{} Go ligel }i vb`~k {~% Gqk li} }i fbèlk dkf`{vk}bgv gv ei jgem ia cgak% G mie} |è} }i okvv {~ l`ge% Gm cgjk }i |itj# vkccgel {emkt|k`t#

|`vbgel mgvbkv# |b`}kqkt% Ow m`{lb}ktv }btkk ei| em g}v }gok G fckèkm {~ ow

`f}% O`wdk kqktw ei| èm }bke Gcc mi ` dg} ia ~k}}w }bka}# |bke }bktkv ei fi~v

`ti{em% G fi{cm |itj atio Oiem`w }i Atgm`w èm li i{} }bgkqgel ie V{em`wv# }i

lk} viok oiekw }ilk}bkt }i vk} {~ v`ckv v}èm% O`wdk }bktkcc dk ` tiddktw ie

V`}{tm`w em Gcc dk dck }i lt`d }bi{vèm ~kviv ge iek li%$

@ffitmgel }i iek }bkitw# gemgqgm{`cv `fp{gtk fkt}`ge dkb`qgitv èm `}}g}{mkv

}bti{lb vifg`c ck`tegel ~tifkvv# em ga }b`} dkb`qgit gv tk|`tmkm ge viok |`w g}

|gcc dk oitk atkp{ke}cw tk~k`}km% Tiddktw `v vi{tfk ia gefiok èm }bk kekogkvo`mk kr~c`ge }bk fioogvvgie ia ftgokv% Dc`fj Kmmw oke}giev }btkk vke}kefkv8

$Gqk dkke vke}kefkm }btkk }gokv ait f`{vgel vktgi{v geh{tw em }|gfk ait tiddktw%

]bgv |`v ow }bgtm }gok ge }bk Oimkci%

]bk agtv} }gok G |`v ge ait ` wk`t èm ` b`ca# }bk vkfiem ait }|i wk`tv èm }bk

}bgtm ait }btkkow vke}kefk |`v agqk wk`tv d{} G v|`~~km }bk c`v} }|i wk`tv ait

tkb`dgcg}`}gie ge }bk Kc `}tg`tfb` Ai{em`}gie%$ Ge }bk kem# bk cvi kvf`~km atio Kc

^`}tg`tfb`% Vgogc`tcw# A`} M`qgm v`wv }b`} bk ai{em }bk Citm |bgck ge }bk Oimkci

èm v|itk bk |i{cm ekqkt tid it voijk ft`fj `l`ge# d{} }b`} mgm ei} v}i~ bgo

atio tk/iaakemgel# }bèjv }i gttkl{c`tg}gkv ge }bk h{mgfg`c ~tifkkmgelv% $Ok em ow

}|i dti}bktv `tk `cc ftgoge`cv% G |`v }bti|e ge h`gc ge 27% G dkcielkm }i ` lèl }b`}

@ F[C][T@C ^TGVIE


66/185

11

tiddkm fb`gev# |`}fbkv èm dt`fkck}v: |k tiddkm }bk C` ]`d`f`ckt` }id`ffia`f}itw em }bk Qgf}itg` dtk|ktw% Ge 7< G |`v vke} mi|e ait 4< wk`tv ait `}tifgi{v

o{tmkt èm f`ttwgel gcckl`c agtk`tov "@Jv# ltke`mkv# ` vbi}l{e'% ]bk h{tw bg} {v

|g}b 4< wk`tv# d{} |g}bge ` wk`t }bk vke}kefk |`v tkqijkm% Ow c`v} vke}kefk

|i{cm b`qk dkke ait 07 wk`tv ait tiddgel -0;#>>># d{} G |`v iecw ge ait vgr oie}bv

dkf`{vk }bkw fi{cme} ~tiqk èw}bgel%$ Ge lkekt`c# lèl okodktv `ltkk }b`}

~`vvgel }bti{lb ~tgvie biekv }bkgt ~tiakvvgie`cgvo èm }bti|v }bko d`fj ie}i

}bk v}tkk}v ~tk~`tkm ait bglbkt f`cgdkt ftgokv%

Ei} fittkf}gel d{} ~{egvbgelEi} fittkf}gel d{} ~{egvbgelEi} fittkf}gel d{} ~{egvbgelEi} fittkf}gel d{} ~{egvbgelEi} fittkf}gel d{} ~{egvbgel

]i ~kek}t`}k }bk mkb{oègxgel tk`cg}w ia ~tgvie# }bivk mk}`gekm }bktk b`qk }i dk

viok}bgel oitk }bè idhkf}v }b`} tk }`d{c`}km em fi{e}km d{} ei} {emktv}iim%

F{dè e`}gie`cgv} Hiv O`t} }tgkm }i fieqkw }i {v }bk ~`ge akc} dw }bk ~tgviekt8

$Geageg}k ~`ge vbi{cm dk }bk iecw eòk ia }bkvk ~`lkv% Geageg}k ~`ge# dkf`{vk }bk

~`ge ia ~tgvie gv }bk b`tmkv}# }bk oiv} mkq`v}`}gel ia ~`gev }b`} jgccv ge}kccglkefk

èm mtgkv }bk vi{c ck`qgel g} ~ktoèke}cw o`tjkm%$

]bk vfgkefk ia ~{egvboke}# }bk }kfbeicilw ia kr~g`}gie b`v kqicqkm em }{tekm

ge ie g}vkca# |bgck ~tgvie b`v vci|cw }{tekm ge}i ` ~ktoèke} vifg`c agr}{tk% Atkefb

~bgcivi~bkt Ogfbkc Ai{f`{c} mkvftgdkm ~`t} ia }bgv ti{}k8 $Ga |k |ktk }i |tg}k `bgv}itw ia }bk vifg`c fie}tic ia }bk dimw# |k fi{cm vbi| }b`} kqke {~ }i }bk 02}b

fke}{tw }bk dimw ia gemgqgm{`cv |`v a{emòke}`ccw ` v{ta`fk ie |bgfb }i gevftgdk

}it}{tk em ~{egvboke}: }bk dimw b`m dkke o`mk }i dk }itoke}km em ~{egvbkm%

]bti{lb }bk okèv ia fie}tic }b`} koktlkm ge }bk 07}b fke}{tw# }bk dimw fp{gtkm

` }i}`ccw mgaaktke} vglegagfèfk èm v}i~~km dkgel viok}bgel }b`} vbi{cm dk

}itoke}km }i dkfiok viok}bgel }b`} b`v }i dk km{f`}km# tkaitokm# fittkf}km# `

dimw }b`} vbi{cm fp{gtk ~}g}{mkv# tkfkgqk fkt}`ge p{`cg}gkv èm p{`cgaw v dimw

f`~`dck ia |itjgel%$

Ge okmgkq`c K{ti~k }bktk |`v è gvioit~bgvo dk}|kke }bk ftgok èm }bk

~{egvboke}# `v mkoiev}t`}km ge Mè}kv Geaktei% ]bk e`}{tk ia }bk ~{egvboke}

}b`} dkakcc }bk dimw |`v mk}ktogekm dw }bk mkqg`}gie g} |`v }twgel }i fittkf}% Ge bgv

@ F[C][T@C ^TGVIE


67/185

1>4 g} |`v ` aito ia kfieiogf qgickefk% Vkke }bgv

|`w# |b`} |k b`qk gv ei} vi o{fb }|i mgaaktke} gev}g}{}giev v iek }b`} b`v kqicqkm

vglegagfè}cw dk}|kke 077< em 4>>4%

]bk ~ivvgdck ~`}bv ia vifg`c }tèvaito`}gie `tk ekg}bkt idqgi{v eit fkt}`ge:

t`}bkt# }bkw `tk ` a{ef}gie ia ` |bick owtg`m ia a`f}itv# ~`t}gf{c`tcw |gmkt ~icg}gf`c

kfieiow gvv{kv% Ait krò~ck# }bk koktlkefk ia }bk mt{l }t`mk ge Egf`t`l{` em

}bk fiefiog}è} kaakf}v ie }bk lèl èm g}v qgickefk gv `tl{`dcw ` tkv{c} ia }bk

~`t}gf{c`t e`}{tk ia }bk lcid`c kfieiow èm Egf`t`l{`v ~c`fk |g}bge g}% ]b{v }i

{emktv}èm }bk {emktcwgel e`}{tk ia }bgv wi{}b lèl }tèvaito`}gie# g} b`v }i dk

è`cwxkm |g}bge }bk fie}kr} ia Egf`t`l{`v mkqkci~oke}# {emktv}èmgel }bk lèl

`v è gev}g}{}gie kodkmmkm ge }bgv v~kfgagf fie}ke}%

Ge oèw |`wv# fie}ko~it`tw Egf`t`l{` gv f`{lb} ge ~tkmgfòke} ia qgfgi{v#

v~gt`cgel ftgvgv em vifg`c dtk`jmi|e% Qgickefk# fbtiegf ~iqkt}w em |b`} }bk [V

~icg}gf`c vfgke}gv} \gccgò G% Tidgevie b`v f`cckm o`cmkqkci~oke} bicm }bk fi{e}tw

}glb}cw ge }bkgt ltg~v% ]bktk gv cg}}ck lti{em ait i~}gogvo# kg}bkt ge}kte`ccwfievgmktgel

}bk qke`cg}w em vkca/ge}ktkv}km fitt{~}gie }b`} fb`t`f}ktgxkv }bk fi{e}twv ~icg}gf`c

fc`vvit kr}kte`ccwge}kte`}gie`c `gm dkgel fiemg}gie`c ie aicci|gel }bk GOAv

dèjt{~} ekicgdkt`c ~tkvftg~}giev% Oitkiqkt# }bk Egf`t`l{è kfieiow v{aaktv atiovkqktk èm geftk`vgel god`cèfkv èm gv lkekt`ccw geftk`vgelcw {efio~k}g}gqk ge

}bk fie}kr} ia }bk lcid`c kfieiow%

ATIO VIFG@C ]I KFIEIOGF QGICKEFK


87/185

2>4# mgtkf}gel g}v qgickefk

}i|`tmv kev{tgel }bk ~ti~kt i~kt`}gie ia mt{l o`tjk}v ait g}v i|e dkekag}# ei cielkt

~ti}kf}gel it f`tgel `di{} }bk cif`c ekglbditbiim% G}v itmktgel a{ef}gie |`v ei

cielkt lk`tkm }i o`ge}`gegel ekglbditbiim fioo{eg}w d{} vgo~cw }i o`ge}`gegel

` cif`c o`tjk} em dk}}ktgel }bkgt i|e cgqkv em }bivk ia }bkgt aògcgkv%

Atio }bgv ~ktv~kf}gqk# }bkgt qgickefk fè dk p{`cgagkm v b`qgel dkke kfieiogf

ge e`}{tk% \b`} }bgv kqic{}gie fè dk v`gm }i fiev}g}{}k# }bke# gv ` v}itw ia }|i

b`cqkv }b`} tkackf}v }bk kqic{}gie ia |gmkt Egf`t`l{` vifgk}w iqkt }bk ~`v} mkf`mk

it vi% ]bk agtv} b`ca# |bgfb f{coge`}km ti{em 0772# geqicqkm mkv~kt`}k }}ko~}

}i og}gl`}k }bk at`loke}gel ia Egf`t`l{è vifg`c cgak }bti{lb }bk ftk`}gie ia `

tkv}tgf}km èm {c}go`}kcw {eqg`dck aito ia cif`c ficckf}gqk vifg`c itmkt# ` aito ia

cif`cgxkm vifg`c viqktkgle}w%

]bgv aito ia vifg`c itmktgel |`v cgog}km ge vfi~k# }`jgel }bk ekglbditbiim v

g}v èfbit ~ige} atio |bgfb }i "tk'd{gcm ` vifg`c go`lge`tw ge vifg`ccw at`f}{tkm

Egf`t`l{` t`}bkt }bè èw e`}gie`c it kqke fg}w/|gmk èfbit ~ige}# ait krò~ck%

D{} g} |`v vifg`c ge vfi~k# d{gcmgel ie }bk c`v} qkv}glkv ia è k}biv dite ge }bk

bk`mw m`wv ia }bk tkqic{}gie`tw vifg`c }tèvaito`}gie%

]bk vkfiem b`ca ia }bk v}itw# ie }bk i}bkt bèm# gv `di{} ` }{tegel `|`w atio

}bk vifg`c# `di{} lt`v~gel ` ek| i~~it}{eg}w ait }bk fiev}t{f}gie ia ` ek|# gemgqg/



88/185

22

m{`c/d`vkm# go~tiqkm |`w ia cgak }b`} koktlkm ge }bk aito ia }bk mt{l }t`mk èmmt{l/mk`cgel ke}tk~tkek{tvbg~%

]bkvk tk ei} fie}t`mgf}itw v}itgkv# bi|kqkt% Iek gv e`}{t`c fie}ge{`}gie ia

}bk i}bkt# `v ` vkfiem d{gcmgel ie }bk t{gev ia }bk agtv}% ]bk dgl ~gf}{tk# }bke# gv

iek ia fie}ge{gel }}ko~} }i kv}`dcgvb viok jgem ia v{v}`ge`dck |`w ia cgak ge }bk

~iit d`ttgivia fie}ko~it`tw {tdè Egf`t`l{` ie d`vgv }b`} b`v dkke fiev}è}cw

vbtgejgel ge vfi~k ge }bk a`fk ia qgickefk# ~iqkt}w em }bk ktivgie ia bi~k%

G} b`v dkke vbtgejgel atio }bk ckqkc ia ekglbditbiim }i lèl/lti{~ }i gemgqg/

m{`c lèl okodkt/ke}tk~tkek{t# ge i}bkt |itmv è gekrit`dck vcgmk atio }bkficckf}gqk }i }bk gemgqgm{`c @em }bgv vcgmk ogttitv }bk kqic{}gie ia Egf`t`l{`v

tkfke} bgv}itw# |g}b }bk }tg{o~b ia ekicgdkt`c gmk`v èm `vvifg`}km ei}giev ia

gemgqgm{`cgvo em }bk atkkmio ia o`tjk}v% @} }bk vòk }gok# bi|kqkt# t`}bkt }bè

vkkgel }bgv ~tifkvv ia mgvvifg`}gie atio }bk ficckf}gqk }i }bk gemgqgm{`c `v `

tkltkvvgie# }bk kqic{}gie ia Egf`t`l{è lèlv fè dk ge}kt~tk}km ge ei}bkt |`w%

Ditti|gel atio J`tc O`tr# }bk ~tiltkvvgie ia Egf`t`l{è lèlv atio dkgel

vifg`ccw aif{vkm itlègx`}giev }i kfieiogf`ccw aif{vkm iekv fè dk vkke `v `

oiqk atio ` fkt}`ge aito ia go~iqktgvbkm ~tgog}gqk vifg`cgvo }i qkbgfckv ait

cif`cgxkm ~tgog}gqk `ff{o{c`}gie ~tifkvvkv% Ge oèw |`wv# }bk dgllkt ~gf}{tk

k~g}iogxkm dw }bk kqic{}gie ia Egf`t`l{è wi{}b lèlv gv iek ge |bgfb }bk tkc`}gqk

vifgikfieiogf kl`cg}`tgègvo ia }bk 072>v em g}v kfbi ge}i }bk 077>v gv dkgel }ite

`~`t} dw vifgikfieiogf mgaaktke}g`}gie ~tifkvv% ]bk mt{l }t`mk ge Egf`t`l{` b`v

vglegagfè}cw fbèlkm kqktwm`w cgak } }bk d`ttgickqkc# geg}g`}gel fiemg}giev ge |bgfb

lèl okodktv b`qk dkfiok viok}bgel ia cif`c ke}tk~tkek{tg`c kcg}k% Ait O`tr#

v{fb ` ~tifkvv ia vifgikfieiogf mgaaktke}g`}gie |`v }bk ekfkvv`tw agtv} v}k~ ait

oitk kr}kevgqk kfieiogf mkqkci~oke} ge }bk aito ia f`~g}`cgvo%

\bk}bkt }bk kqic{}gie ia Egf`t`l{è lèlv tkackf}v è gev}èfk ia }bgvmkqkci~oke}`c }tèvaito`}gie `} }bk cif`c ckqkc ge ` oitk lkekt`c fie}kr} ia

v}`le`}gie tko`gev }i dk vkke# d{} ge dti`mkt fie}kr} |bktk }bktk vkkov }i dk



89/185

27

cg}}ck v~{ttgel ia èw aito ia vifgikfieiogf ~tiltkvv# g} dk`tv }bgejgel `di{}% @}}bk vòk }gok# gttkv~kf}gqk ia |bk}bkt g} tkackf}v ` ~ivg}gqk ~tifkvv it ei}# }bk

kqic{}gie`tw ~`}b ia Egf`t`l{è lèlv dk}|kke 077< èm 4>>4 ~tid`dcw mikv

ei} dimk |kcc ait }bk fi{e}twv a{}{tk% @} |itv}# }bkw fè ~i}ke}g`ccw dk vkke v }bk

b`tdgelktv ia ` Biddkvgè b`gt/}tgllkt vifgk}w# |bktk }bk c`| ia }bk oiv} qgicke}

t{ckv èm cgak gv vbit}# e`v}w èm dt{}gvb# |bgck `} dkv}# `ffitmgel }i }bk a{t}bkt

mkqkci~oke} ia O`trv ~tgog}gqk ff{o{c`}gie tl{oke}# }bkw |i{cm dk vi|gel

}bk vkkmv ia o{fb c`tlkt a{}{tk "fc`vv' fieacgf}v%



90/185

7>

Egf`t`l{`e Wi{}b L`elv8

Atio ]bti|gel V}iekv

}i Voijgel Tifjv


91/185

70

Egf`t`l{è Wi{}b Lèlv8Egf`t`l{è Wi{}b Lèlv8Egf`t`l{è Wi{}b Lèlv8Egf`t`l{è Wi{}b Lèlv8Egf`t`l{è Wi{}b Lèlv8

Atio ]bti|gel V}iekvAtio ]bti|gel V}iekvAtio ]bti|gel V}iekvAtio ]bti|gel V}iekvAtio ]bti|gel V}iekv

}i Voijgel Tifjv}i Voijgel Tifjv}i Voijgel Tifjv}i Voijgel Tifjv}i Voijgel Tifjv

Egf`t`l{è wi{}b lèl okodktv b`qk kqicqkm

atio }bti|gel v}iekv }i voijgel tifjv

ia fif`gek: atio ~cè}gel }bkgt akk} agtocw ie }bk

lti{em ia }bk }kttg}itw }bkw ak`tckvvcw mkakemkm }i aci`}gel

ge }bk fci{mv ia ` mt{l bglb% Mt{l {vk èm mk`cgel b`qk }`jke

fke}kt v}`lk ge }bkgt `f}gqg}gkv%

HIV C[GV TIFB@HIV C[GV TIFB@HIV C[GV TIFB@HIV C[GV TIFB@HIV C[GV TIFB@

]bk oiv} mgv}gel{gvbkm oke}gie ia ` 07v wi{}b lèl okodkt ge Egf`t`l{` gv

ai{em ge Ktekv}i F`tmke`cv okoigtv ia }bk Vèmgegv}` tkqic{}gie% Fb`tt`vf`

|`v }bk ei}itgi{v ck`mkt ia lèl mkmgf`}km }i ~k}}w }bka} em voijgel o`tgb{`/

e` ge }bk fg}w ia Cke% Bk èm bgv lti{~ ~tiqgmkm geq`c{`dck v{~~it} }i }bk

Vèmgegv}` E`}gie`c Cgdkt`}gie Atie} ge g}v i~kt`}giev `l`gev} }bk E`}gie`c L{`tm

ge }bk 07


92/185

74

~k`vè}v cgqgel i{}vgmk ia }bk c`|# |bio }bk citm em }bk v}`}k fievgmkt ftgoge`cv#d{} |bi tko`ge |g}bge ~k`vè} vifgk}w èm `tk fievgmktkm dw }bkgt ~ki~ck }i dk

bktikv# fbò~giev# `qkelktv# aglb}ktv ait h{v}gfk# viok}gokv kqke cgdkt`}gie

ck`mktv# d{} ge ew f`vk ~ki~ck }i dk mogtkm# bkc~km em v{~~it}km% Bk mkvftgdkv

}bko `v oke |bi agem }bkovkcqkv krfc{mkm atio }bk eito`c ~`}b ia }bkgt ~ki~ck

èm }bktkaitk aitfkm i{}vgmk }bk c`| |bktk }bkw a`cc ge}i mkcgep{kefw% ]`jke

`v ` |bick# }bkw `tk oktkcw }bk vwo~}iov ia ftgvgv èm }kevgie ge }bkgt vifgk}w#

gefc{mgel b{elkt# ~c`l{k# |`t em |b`}kqkt kcvk mgv}it}v g}%

D{} Bidvd`|o mmv }b`} v{fb lti{~v ia dèmg}v# |g}b }bkgt aitfkv tkm{fkm dw

}gokv ia kg}bkt }tgd{c`}gie it bi~k# fè {efievfgi{vcw }{te ge}i viok}bgel kcvk `}

ltk`} ~if`cw~}gf oioke}v% @v ge }bk f`vk ia H`q`# }bkw fè oktlk ge}i }bk dti`m

oidgcgx`}giev ia ~k`vè}v }b`} `dèmie agkcmv èm bi{vkv }i |èmkt }bti{lb }bk

fi{e}twvgmk a{cc ia kr`c}km bi~k% @c}kte`}gqkcw }bkw fè }{te ge}i ~k`vè} togkv#

`v ge G}`cw ge 0210# it dkfiok vicmgktv ia }bk tkqic{}gie# `v mgm G}`cwv cklkem`tw

dèmg} F`togek Ftiffi Miek}kccg ge 021>% Bidvd`|o fiefc{mkv }b`} dèmg}v `tk

q`cgè} di}b ge }bkgt f}giev em v qgf}gov% ]bkw mgk mkagè}cw em |kcc em fi{e}ckvv

wi{}bv atio ~iit ekglbditbiimv em v{d{tdv# |bi ~ivvkvv ei}bgel oitk }bè }bk

fiooied{} bglbcw `~~tkfg`dcklga} ia aitfk èm q`cit# fè gmke}gaw |g}b }bko%

Ge ` vifgk}w ge |bgfb oke cgqk v{ditmge`}km# `vvgv}è}v }i ok}`c o`fbgekv it cgjkoiq`dck ~`t}v ia b{oè o`fbgek# dèmg}v cgqk èm mgk |g}b }bkgt dii}v ie%

Cgjk oiv} ia }bk dèmg}v Bidvd`|o v}{mgkm# Fb`tt`vf` ok} ` }t`lgf kem% D{}

bgv cklkem cgqkm ie }i tkogem {v }b`} oèw Egf`t`l{è wi{}b lèl okodktv ia

}bk vkqke}gkv# e`qgl`}gel }bk bgv}itgf`c f{ttke}v ia }bk }gok# oè`lkm }i lgqk }bkgt

mkqg`}giev em qgickefk vifg`c fie}ke}%

FFFFFb`tt`vf`b`tt`vf`b`tt`vf`b`tt`vf`b`tt`vf`8 ^tgefk ia }bk c{o~ke8 ^tgefk ia }bk c{o~ke8 ^tgefk ia }bk c{o~ke8 ^tgefk ia }bk c{o~ke8 ^tgefk ia }bk c{o~ke

Ktekv}i F`tmke`c mkvftgdkm }bgv lèl ck`mkt ge bgv diij C` tkqic{fge ~ktmgm`

Z]bk Tkqic{}gie Civ}_8 $G ok} Fb`tt`vf` ge F{d` aicci|gel }bk }tg{o~b Zia }bk

Vèmgegv}` tkqic{}gie_% Bk |`v cgjk }bk ~tgefk ia }bk c{o~ke èm b`m dkfiok

aòi{v }bti{lbi{} Egf`t`l{` v }bk }kttit ia }bk E`}gie`c L{`tm% ]bk l{`tmv tè

ATIO ]BTI\GEL V]IEKV ]I VOIJGEL TIFJV


93/185

76

|bke }bkw bk`tm bgv fb`cckelgel qigfk èei{efgel ge }bk m`tjekvv ia }bk eglb}8$Bktkv Fb`tt`vf`!$ ]b`} }gok ge F{d`# ge }bk ~ti}ific bi{vk ~tiqgmkm }i ok dw

B`wmk Vè}ò`t`# bk cga}km {~ bgv vbgt} em vbi|km {v cc }bk d{cck} bickv ge bgv

}bit`r% ]bktk |ktk vkqke}kke ge `cc% Bk b`}km }bk E`}gie`c L{`tm vi o{fb bk

fioog}}km `f}v ia kr}tkok ft{kc}w# v{fb `v }wgel {~ ` l{`tm |g}b d`tdkm |gtk#

~c`fgel bgo ge viok f`t }gtkv èm }bke vk}}gel agtk }i }bko% @em g} |`v }b`} b`}tkm

}b`} ckm bgo }i `ccw |g}b }bk Vèmgegv}`v% ]bk `ccgèfk |g}b }bk AVCE gefc{mkm ei}

iecw Fb`tt`vf # d{} }bk |bick ia bgv lèl# fievgv}gel ia o`tgb{è` voijktv# mt{ejv#

è`tfbgv}v em vkog/ftgoge`cv |bi |ktk eiek}bkckvv qktw dt`qk èm fie}ticckm dw

ei iek krfk~} Fb`tt`vf`# |bio }bkw idkwkm dcgemcw%%%

$H{v} a}kt }bk }tg{o~b ia }bk tkqic{}gie# Fb`tt`vf` |`v go~tgviekm ge Kc Ait/

}e# ciel |g}b }bk ~tgviektv atio }bk Vioix` tklgok# ait viok jgem ia e}g/vifg`c

dkb`qgit% Go ei} v{tk ga bk |`v go~tgviekm oitk }bè iefk% \b`} G mi tkokodkt

gv }|i it }btkk vkca/`ff{v`}giev }b`} ~~k`tkm ge }bk ek|v~`~kt ait kttitv it f}v ia

gemgvfg~cgek bk b`m fioog}}km# |tg}}ke |g}b }bk b{ogcg}w ia e Gle`}g{v ia Ciwic`% Ge

a`f}# }b`} |`v |bw bk b`m dkke vke} }i F{d`# |bktk G ok} bgo8 }i tkb`dgcg}`}k bgo

oitk% @a}kt bk tk}{tekm }i Egf`t`l{`# Fb`tt`vf` civ} bgv bk`m# jgcckm vkqkt`c

okodktv ia bgv aògcw "G fè} tkokodkt ga bgv |gak |`v oiel }bko' em ackm ie

` oi}itdgjk ~{tv{km dw }bk ~icgfk% \bke }bk ~icgfk f`{lb} {~ |g}b bgo# bk }iiji{} bgv ~gv}ic èm jgcckm bgovkca% Bk mgkm ge }bk vòk ~c`fk ge atie} ia }bk Vè

Akcg~k fb{tfb |bktk bk b`m dkke vbi} vi oèw }gokv em cgqkm }i }kcc }bk }`ck%$

\\\\\g}b }bk kem ia }bkg}b }bk kem ia }bkg}b }bk kem ia }bkg}b }bk kem ia }bkg}b }bk kem ia }bkfie}t`fie}t`fie}t`fie}t`fie}t`|`t|`t|`t|`t|`t

dkgel ` lèl okodkt dkv}i|km v}`}{vdkgel ` lèl okodkt dkv}i|km v}`}{vdkgel ` lèl okodkt dkv}i|km v}`}{vdkgel ` lèl okodkt dkv}i|km v}`}{vdkgel ` lèl okodkt dkv}i|km v}`}{v

]bk `~~cgf`}gie ia }bk v}t{f}{t`c `mh{v}oke} ~tiltò èm vc`vbgel ia }bk v}`}k

`~~`t`}{v geg}g`}km dw }bk Vèmgegv}` liqkteoke} } }bk kem ia }bk kglb}gkv figefgmkm

|g}b }bk tk`~~k`tèfk ia wi{}b lèlv ge Oè`l{`% C`v g}{a`v# Civ ^g}{aiv# CivOì Oì em Civ D`tgcifbk|ktk }bk oiv} aòi{v }bke% Viok ia }bkgt okodktv#

|bi `tk ei| iqkt 6;# tkf`cc }bivk agtv} fc`vbkv dk}|kke wi{}b lèlv `v dtk`j



94/185

7=

mèfk fio~k}g}giev em aglb}v |g}b fb`fivZ}|i v}gfjv higekm dw vbit} fb`ge_ em}bk cgjk# d{} ekqkt |g}b agtk`tov% Vgogc`t lèlv |g}b vgogc`t fb`t`f}ktgv}gfv `cvi

koktlkm ge i}bkt C`}ge @oktgfè fi{e}tgkv: }bkw fòk }i dk jei|e `v o`t`vge

ekglbditgel fi{e}tgkv cgjk Kc V`cq`mit em Biem{t`v em ~èmgcc`vge Egf`t`l{`%

]bk Okrgfè $fioo{egficilgv}$ Tivvè` Tkl{gcci tkf`ccv bi| $}bk o`t`# }bk dèm#

}bk fcgp{k# }bk ftk| dkfòk c}kte`}gqk aitov ia vifg`cgx`}gie em dkcielgel# tk/

e`v |bktk }bkw fi{cm fio~kev`}k ait }bk mgvkefbè}oke} èm q`f{i{vekvv ia

~icg}gf`c okègel% Ge }bkvk `tke`v# v}tielcw fimkm èm fimgagkm ge }bk vkevk ia

bieit# oèw C`}ge @oktgfè wi{}bv ai{em èv|ktv }i }bk lti|gel {efkt}`ge}w ia

}bk ekicgdkt`c itmkt }b`} vbi|km g}v aktifgi{v a`fk ge }bk kglb}gkv%$

@ffitmgel }i Dtg}gvb è}bti~icilgv} Mkeegv Timlktv# oèw okodktv ia }bgv

ek| |`qk ia lèl `f}gqg}w |ktk 01/ }i 02/wk`t/icmv |bi |ktk qk}ktèv ia }bk

Vèmgegv}` i~{c`t @tow it }bk Egf`t l{è Tkvgv}èfk% ]bk lèlv di`v}km |kcc/

~cèekm ogcg}`tw v}t`}klgkv èm tg}{`cgxkm d`}}ckv# |g}b ` lt`m{`c geftk`vk ge }bk

{vk ia mèlkti{v |k`~iev% ]bkw b`m ` |kcc/mkagekm v}t{f}{tk èm ` fkt}`ge

fiooèm ia ogcg}`tw }`f}gfv% Kqktw}bgel |`v ~c`fkm `} }bk vktqgfk ia }bk d{mmgel

}kttg}itg`ccw/d`vkm vkoè}gfv em eito`}gqk vkf}`tgègvo }b`} geaitokm }bk wi{}b

lèl ft`xk%

@cc }bk gemgqgm{`cv Timlktv ge}ktqgk|km |bi dkfòk okodktv ge }bk k`tcw

077>v oke}giekm }bk vòk tk`vie ait dkcielgel }i ` wi{}b lèl8 }bk fbèlk ia

liqkteoke} ge 077> aicci|gel }bk AVCEv kckf}it`c mkak`} ckm }i ` mkq`c{`}gie ia

}bkgt vifg`c v}`}{v% ]bkw b`m ~tkqgi{vcw kehiwkm ltk`} mk`c ia tkfileg}gie ge }bkgt

tkv~kf}gqk vifg`c fie}kr}v `v mkakemktv ia }bk tkqic{}gie it $atkkmio aglb}ktv%$

Aitogel ` lèl dkfòk ` |`w }i tkàagto }bkovkcqkv ge ` vifgk}w }b`} t`~gmcw

`~~k`tkm }i dk aitlk}}gel }bko% G} |`v `cvi ` |`w }i tkf`~}{tk viok}bgel ia }bk

v}gcc `}}t`f}gqk èm `coiv} `mmgf}gqk mtò` ia }bk `mtke`cge/# mèlkt/ èm mk`}b/

agcckm kr~ktgkefkv ia |`t }bkw b`m cgqkm }bti{lb v vicmgktv it l{kttgcc` aglb}ktv%

L{`}ko`cè e}bti~icilgv} Tgf`tmi A`cc` cvi mk}kf}km }bgv tkc`}gievbg~ dk}|kke

}bk kem ia }bk |`t èm i{}dtk`jv ia lèl `f}gqg}w8 $Ei} {ecgjk }bk geftk`vgel



95/185

7;

e`}gie`cgvo ia tkfke} wk`tv# ~k`fk okèv }b`} }bk v}t{f}{tk ia dg~ic`t fieatie}`}gielgqkv |`w èm }bk fi{e}tgkv i|e ge}kte`c }kevgiev tgvk }i }bk v{ta`fk% @a}kt }bk

|`tv# qgickefk tko`gekm ge }bk `gt# `v mgm }bk jei|/bi| }i bèmck `tov èm

oè{a`f}{tk bioko`mk |k`~iev# |bgck itlègxkm ftgok lti{~v tko`gekm# |bgfb

|bgck mgaaktke} atio }bk wi{}b o`t`v# `~~k`t }i v}tkel}bke }bko kg}bkt mgtkf}cw

dw {vgel }bkoit gemgtkf}cw%$

Ait Timlktv# }bk wi{}b lèlv èm }bkgt qgicke} ~t`f}gfkv ~tiqgmkm }bk

~i~{c`}giev ia ~iit ekglbditbiimv fieftk}k vkevk ia dkcielgel }b`} }bkw c`fjkm

ie }bk fg}w it e`}gie`c ckqkc m{k }i }bk fbtiegf èm |gmkcw mgvvkoge`}km gevkf{tg}w

~tkmioge`}gel `} }bk }gok ge Egf`t`l{`% Timlktv ai{em }b`}# `~`t} atio }bkkqèlkcgf`c fb{tfbkv it vo`cc ek}|itjv ia atgkemv it lti{~v }b`} ge}ktog}}ke}cw

ok}# }bktk |ktk ei `c}kte`}gqk aitov ia ficckf}gqk wi{}b itlègx`}gie }i }bk wi{}b

lèl ge }bk Oè`l{` ekglbditbiim ge |bgfb bk mgm bgv agkcm |itj% Bk }b{v qgk|km

}bk lèlv v c`v} tkmi{d} ia vifg`c ficckf}gqg}w ge fie}kr} ia lkekt`cgxkm mgv}t{v}

èm vifg`c }iogx`}gie%

EEEEEkglbditbiim mkakemktv |g}b ` fimk ia bieitkglbditbiim mkakemktv |g}b ` fimk ia bieitkglbditbiim mkakemktv |g}b ` fimk ia bieitkglbditbiim mkakemktv |g}b ` fimk ia bieitkglbditbiim mkakemktv |g}b ` fimk ia bieit

Atio }bke ie# tiddktw dkfòk ` a`qitg}k lèl `f}gqg}w# d{} }bk okodktv ekqkt~{} }bkgt gccgfg} k`tegelv ge}i }bk a ogcw kfieiow% ]bkw |ktk c|`wv p{gfj }i v~kem

}bko ie fgl`tk}}kv# cfibic# vbik lc{k ait vegaageliek ia }bk fbk`~kv} em oiv}

fiooie mt{lv `q`gc`dckit o`tgb{è`# `cc ia |bgfb }kemkm }i aito ~`t} ia lèl

fiev{o~}gie% Ge 0777# tkvk`tfbktv atio Oè`l{`v Fke}t`c @oktgfè [egqktvg}w

"[F@' fiem{f}km vkfiem tkvk`tfb v}{mw ie wi{}b lèlv ge }bk fi{e}tw% Iek ia

}bkgt agemgelv |`v }bk vkevk ia ` ekglbditbiim $dimw$ d{gc} {~ dw }bk mgaaktke}

aitov ia lèl ogcg}èfw% ]bgv dimw gefc{mkm m{c}v v ~tiqgmktv ia tov# o{eg}giev#

oiekw# geaito`}gie èm ~ti}kf}gie atio }bk ~icgfk èm qgf}gov ~ti}kv}v% ]b`}

kr~c`gev |bw lèlv |ktk oke}giekm v b`qgel {~ }i 2> okodktv%

]bk lèl okodktv {v{`ccw kehiwkm dti`m `ffk~}èfk |g}bge }bk fieagekv ia

}bkgt i|e ekglbditbiim% ]bkw |ktk vkke v g}v mkakemktv# |bgck i}bkt lèlv atio



96/185

71

i}bkt ekglbditbiimv |ktk vkke v }bk }btk`}% Aglb}v dk}|kke okodktv ia tgq`clèlv}bkgt o`ge `f}gqg}wb`m ` lti{~ idhkf}gqk èm ` vktgkv ia gemgqgm{`c

dkekag}v# gefc{mgel }bk d{gcmgel {~ ia tk~{}`}gie# tkv~kf} em ~i|kt% ]bk wi{}bv

|bi fie}ticckm }bk ekglbditbiim keaitfkm }bkgt c`|% ]bgv tick `v ekglbditbiim

mkakemktv em cklgvc`}itv |`v okfbègvo }b`} geftk`vkm }bkgt v}`}{v em tkv~kf}%

]bk aglb}v v`}gvagkm }bkgt b{elkt ait go`lk `v }bkgt aòk }tèvfkemkm }bkgt ekglb/

ditbiimv cgog}v%

Ait }bk lèl }i a{ef}gie v è gev}g}{}gie# g} b`m fimk ia bieit# }`fg} vk} ia

t{ckv }i |bgfb kqktwiek v{dog}}km% Iek ia }bk o`ge t{ckv |`v }bk ~tibgdg}gie ia

tiddktw |g}bge }bk ekglbditbiim% ]bk lèl okodktv |ktk ~ti}kf}itv ia }bkgt

ekglbditbiim em fi{cme} kemèlkt g}v geb`dg}è}v it {emktogek }bk tkv~kf} }bkw

b`m d{gc} {~% Ei} v|gemcgel }bkgt dti}bktv/ge/}bka} |`v ei}bkt ia }bk fimkv d`vgf

`t}gfckv% [V ftgogeicilgv} Km|ge V{}bktcèm ai{em e gmke}gf`c vk} ia t{ckv oiel

[V }bgkqkv8 fbk`}gel ie ficck`l{kv dw mkfc`tgel ckvvkt oi{e} }bè |`v f}{`ccw

v}icke em ~ifjk}gel }bk mgaaktkefk |`v }bk oiv} bittgdck ftgok go`lge`dck% @oiel

}bk lèl okodktv atio Oè`l{`v Tk~`t}i Vfbgfj ekglbditbiim# dkgel ` veg}fb

|`v }bk |itv} ~ivvgdck iaakefk em |`v vkqktkcw ~{egvbkm%

Iek ia V{}bktcèmv geaitoè}v mkvftgdkm }bk fimkv tick èm }bk fkev{tk ia

geaitoè}v# kr~c`gegel }b`} |bgck ak| oit`c t{ckv |ktk kv}`dcgvbkm òiel }bk

}bgkqkv# }bktk |ktk e{odkt ia }`fg} t{ckv% G} |`v ffk~}km dw cc }b`} }bktk fi{cm

dk ei geaitoè}v% F`vkv ia geaitogel tk vi t`tk }b`} }bkw d`tkcw oktg}km oke}gie%

Ga ` }bgka mgm geaito# }bk i}bktv |i{cme} v}ii~ }i }bk vòk ckqkc }i lk} kqke: }bkw

b`m oitk kaakf}gqk ok}bimv% @cc }bkw ekkmkm }i mi |`v v~tk`m }bk ek|v }b`} bk

|`v veg}fb em bgv }bgkqgel m`wv |ktk iqkt%

Veg}fbgel kemèlktv }bk lti{~v qktw v{tqgq`c% Ge }bk wi{}b lèlv# }bk vkevk

ia ciw`c}w }i }bk ficckf}gqk gv `} }bk fitk ia }bkgt t`gvie m}tk% Vi veg}fbgel gv }bk

oiv} ft{kccw ~{egvbkm ftgokit mkqgè} dkb`qgit# ga wi{ cgjk% ^{egvboke}v gefc{mklèl t`~k em vb`qkm bk`mv ait |ioke em dk`}gelv it o{tmkt ait oke%



97/185

7>;# |g}b ` fbèlk ge oi}gq`}giev# ~tifkm{tkv èm ko~b`vgv ie

`f}gqg}gkv% ]bk dgllkv} fbèlk# atio |bgfb i}bktv `cvi v~tèl# fi{cm dk v{ookm

{~ `v }bk lèl okodktv ~`vvgel atio }bti|gel v}iekv }i voijgel ft`fj% ]bkw

|ke} atio b`qgel }bkgt akk} ~cè}km ie }bk lti{em }bti{lb }bk mkakevk ia }bkgt

}kttg}itw }i aci`}gel ge }bk fci{mv ie ` ft`fj/gem{fkm bglb% ]bgv mikve} go~cw }b`}

lèl okodktv mgme} mi ft`fj# o`tgb{è`# lc{k it fif`gek dkaitk# d{} g} mikv

kr~tkvv ` fbèlk ge }bk ko~b`vgv ia }bkgt `f}gqg}gkv% Mt{l {vk èm mk`cgel b`qk

}`jke fke}t`c ~c`fk# ke}gtkcw mgv~c`fgel }bk mkakevk ia }bk ekglbditbiim it aglb}vie kekow }{ta%

]bk oiv} `f}gqk wi{}b lèl okodktv `tk ei| oitk {e|gccgel }i lgqk

geaito`}gie `di{} }bkgt `f}gqg}gkv% Viok |itj `v mt{l $o{ckv#$ èm }bkw cc jei|

kqke }bk oiv} geeif{i{v mt{l i{}ck} |g}bge t`mg{v ia iek jgciok}kt em atkp{ke}cw

b`qk geaito`}gie ie mk`cgel ge ekglbditbiimv ` ciel |`w atio }bkgt i|e% ]bkw

b`qk }i ~ti}kf} ei} iecw }bkovkcqkv d{} cvi }bk |bick fio~ckr ek}|itj ge |bgfb

}bkwtk gevkt}km8 }bk mk`cktv |bi v{~~cw }bko èm vbi|kt }bko |g}b lga}v# }bk

fcgke}v |bi mkoèm vkftkfw# }bk ekglbditv |bi fiqkt ait }bko èm }bk ~icgfk

|bi vkcc }bkgt vgckefk em ficc`dit`}gie } bglb ~tgfk%

]bkwtk ei cielkt idvkvvkm |g}b mk`}b% ]bk tifj# }bk hige} em }bk cgek tk }bk

kvf`~k ti{}kv# }bk cgejv }b`} {eg}k}bktkv ` ci} ia ficckf}gqk {vkèm }bk

`f}gqg}gkv }b`} kel`lk èm ~tiqgmk v}`}{v% ]bk ek| iff{~`}giev ia mt{l {vktv it

~{vbktv fi{cm dk `} ck`v} ge ~`t} }bk kaakf} ia }bk lèl okodktv ${egqktvg}w%$ @v

A`cc` ~{}v g}# $Ga }bk v}tkk} gv }bk wi{}b lèlv vfbiic# }bke h`gc gv }bkgt {egqktvg}w%$

Viok lèl okodktv G ge}ktqgk|km m{tgel tkvk`tfb ~tihkf} ge 0777 |ktk cgejkm

}bti{lbi{} }bkgt v}`w ge Oè`l{`v Oimkci ~tgvie }i vo`cc lti{~v ia mt{l mk`cktv%

D{} v{fb cgejv tk iecw iek `v~kf} ia }bk fbèlk# iek ia }bk ffgmke}`c fiemg}giev

}b`} o`mk g} ~ivvgdck% ]bk v}t{f}{t`c fiemg}gie |`v }bk o{c}g~cgf`}gie ia }bk mt{l

}t`mk ge Egf`t`l{` iefk }bk dgl f`t}kcv |ktk aitfkm }i agem `c}kte`}gqk ti{}kv }b`}

kemkm {~ ~`vvgel }bti{lb Fke}t`c @oktgf`%



98/185

72

Oitk mt{l {vk tkp{gtkv oitk gefiok% Wi{}b lèl okodktv b`qk }i i~} aitckl`c èm fbk`~kt mt{lvv{fb `v `cfibicgf dkqkt`lkv}i `qigm }bk v}glo` ia

dkgel ftgoge`cv èm h{v} dk fievgmktkm mg~vioèg`fv% I}bkt|gvk# }i `c|`wv

b`qk kei{lb oiekw ait mt{lv# }bkw b`qk }i kel`lk ge o{llgelv it `tokm tiddktw

èm }b{v b`qk }i dk`t }bk v}glo`% Iek }bgel ck`mv }i }bk i}bkt8 mt{l {vk kefi{t`lkv

tiddktw% ]bk ckvv m`tgel }{te ge}i $|k} fci}bkv }bgkqkv#$ ke}ktgel ekglbditv w`tmv

}i v}k`c tkfke}cw |`vbkm fci}bkv bèlgel ie }bk cgekv% ]bk lèl okodktv b`qk

v}i~~km mkakemgel }bkgt ekglbditbiimv èm ei| `~~k`t oitk }bè èw}bgel cgjk

h{qkegck mkcgep{ke}v |bi v}k`c ge d`fjw`tmv èm ie }bk v}tkk}# em bèl i{} }i }bk

~ige} }b`} }bkw akkc oitk gmke}gagkm |g}b }bk c`dkc $d{o$ }bè $wi{}b lèl okodkt%$

@@@@@ek| gmke}g}w èm wi{elktek| gmke}g}w èm wi{elktek| gmke}g}w èm wi{elktek| gmke}g}w èm wi{elktek| gmke}g}w èm wi{elkt

Oèw wi{el ~ki~ck }`cj di{} dkgel ~`t} ia lti{~# d{} }bkw mie} c|`wv gmke}gaw

g} v lèl# atkp{ke}cw tkvktqgel }b`} c`dkc ait ekglbditgel lti{~v# |bgfb }bkw v}gcc

f`cc dw eòkv }b`} b`qk vgefk dkke `dèmiekm% @v ` tkv{c} ia }bgv mgvvic{}gie ia

gmke}g}w# }bk ficckf}gqkv `tk fbtgv}kekm |g}b ckvv bieit`dck }g}ckv }b`} o`jk ` q`/

l{k tkaktkefk }i viok ak`}{tk ge }bk `tk` |bktk }bkw cgqk it `cc{mk }i }bkgt o`ge

`f}gqg}w% $]bk iekv atio }bk ~`qkm ~`t}#$ $}bk m{fj v}k`cktv$%%% ]bgv mkfcgek ge

gmke}g}w gv cgejkm }i }bk mklt`m`}gie ia }bk fimk ia bieit%

]bk `dèmieoke} ia ` fievgmkt`dck ~`t} ia }bk fimk èm g}v `llc{}ge`}gel

k}bgf |`v iek ia }bk oiv} lc`tgel vwo~}iov ia }bk fbèlk }`jgel ~c`fk ge

Egf`t`l{è lèlv kqke dkaitk 4>>4 èm |bgfb gv ei| p{g}k kqgmke}% Ie }bk iek

bèm }bk tkc`rgel ia }bkgt k}bgf gv vvifg`}km |g}b }bk civv ia ge}kte`c lèl fibkvgie#

` ~bkeiokeie mgtkf}cw tkc`}km }i mt{l mk`cgel% Ie }bk i}bkt# }b`} vòk c`rg}w

okè} }b`} }bk lèl okodktv v}`t}km v}k`cgel ge }bkgt i|e d`ttgi èm v}i~~km

dkgel ~ktfkgqkm `v g}v mkakemktv ge ` t`~gm ktivgie ia }bkgt vifg`c f`~g}`c% ]bk

mt{lv qktw kaakf}v b`qk tkc`rkm iefk v`ftkm fc`{vkv ge }bk fimk# v{fb `v ei}tiddgel atio ekglbditv% ]bk ekglbditv q{cekt`dgcg}w gv è kr~tkvvgie ia }bk

mk}ktgit`}gie ia }bk vifg`c f`~g}`c ia di}b }bk lèl okodktv em }bk ekglbditbiim%



99/185

77

Ge 4>>4# Timlktv ai{em }b`} }bk lèl okodktv |ktk ei cielkt god{km |g}b }bkk}biv ia ciqk ait }bk ekglbditbiim: t`}bkt }bkw |ktk ~ktfkgqkm `v e ge}gogm`}gel

èm }btk`}kegel ~tkvkefk%

@ei}bkt fbèlk gv }bk `lk tèlk ia lèl okodktv% Ge 0777# }bkw }kemkm }i

dk dk}|kke 02 èm 4; wk`tv icm# d{} dw ei| oiv} `tk viok|bktk dk}|kke 0;

èm 02% Oèw ia }bk ck`mktv em i}bkt icmkt okodktv tk ge ~tgvie% @~~ti`fbgel

`m{c}biim èm }bktkaitk ei cielkt dkgel ~ti}kf}km dw }bk Fimk ait Fbgcmtke èm

@mickvfke}v gv mgvgefke}gqk ait lèl f}gqg}gkv% G}v v ga }bkw akkc }b`} $}bgelv lk}

vktgi{v$ |bke }bkw ftivv }bk cgek ge}i ckl`c `m{c}biim% Viok ia }bko }b{v ckè

}i|`tm i}bkt `f}gqg}gkv% Dkgel ` mt{l o{ck it vk}}gel {~ ` mt{lv i{}ck} gv è ia}keckvv mèlkti{v em coiv} geq`tg`dcw ckvv qgvgdck |`w }i fioog} ftgok# em cvi

iaaktv ~kf{eg`tw mqè} lkv% G} kqke cci|v }bko }i f{} mk`cv |g}b }bk ~icgfk oitk

k`vgcw% Bi|kqkt# ge 4>>1 |k v}gcc ai{em }b`} oèw lèl okodktv ge}ktqgk|km ge

0777|bi } }bk }gok |ktk oiel }bk oitk qk}ktè okodktv em tk f{ttke}cw

|kcc ge}i }bkgt }bgt}gkvjk~} {~ è ge}ktog}}ke} lèl f`tkkt ge}ktt{~}km iecw dw `

ak| v}ge}v ge ~tgvie em iff`vgie`c geqicqkoke} ge vo`cc lèlv ia m{c} vv`gcè}v%

]]]]]tèvaitokm# mweògf# {efio~tiogvgel%%%tèvaitokm# mweògf# {efio~tiogvgel%%%tèvaitokm# mweògf# {efio~tiogvgel%%%tèvaitokm# mweògf# {efio~tiogvgel%%%tèvaitokm# mweògf# {efio~tiogvgel%%%

]bk o`ge }tèvaito`}giev kr~ktgkefkm dw Egf`t`l{è wi{}b lèlv# }bke# `tk `

tkm{f}gie ge }bkgt `qkt`lk `lk# ` mti~ ge }bk e{odkt ia fc`vbkv# civv ia ge}ktkv}

ge mkakemgel }bk ekglbditbiim# ` tkc`rgel ia }bk fimk ia bieit# v}k`cgel atio

~ki~ck ge }bkgt i|e ekglbditbiim# e ktivgie ia }bk }t{v} ~ki~ck ge }bk ekglbditbiim

akc} }i|`tm }bk lèl okodktv# }bk mgvvic{}gie ia }bk lèl okodkt gmke}g}w# }bk

lèlv `}iogx`}gie èm ` ~tgo`tw ge}ktkv} ge mt{l {vk èm mk`cgel% Kqke }bi{lb

oèw ia }bkgt ck`mktv èm i}bkt okodktv b`qk dkke fieagekm }i }bk fi{e}twv

o`ge ~tgviev# }bk lèlv tk ~tiqgel {ewgkcmgel# |g}b e ~~`tke}cw cgog}ckvv f`~`fg}w

}i tkft{g} ek| okodktv% ]bk kem{tèfk ia oiv} lèl eòkv# }bk mgvvkoge`}gie

ia }bk cklkem ia oèw ia }bkgt okodktv em }bk ~ktvgv}ke}ga tkm{fkmtkft{g}oke}

`cc tkackf} }bkgt v}t{f}{t`c {}ieiow%



100/185

0>>

]bk gev}g}{}gie`cgx`}gie ia }bkgt mweògvo gv ~ktfk~}gdck ge vkqkt`c gmke}g}w/dkv}i|gel okfbègvov% Viok ia }bkvk okfbègvov ~ktvgv} |g}b }bk vòk qglit#

v{fb `v ~ktvie`c egfjeòkv }b`} kqijk }kttit it vkltkl`}gie }tèvo{}km ge}i `

vwodic8 X`~`}g}i H{egit# X`w`we# C` ^è}kt`# L`tlicg}`# F{ci mk ]`dc`# Kc L`}i#

Kc Fbgfbi Tkefi# C` F`tc` ]{kt}`# L`ccg}i# kc Litmi Oè{kc# @e}gftgv}i# ]tkv Ihiv#

]`di Fbge}èi%%% I}bktv b`qk |k`jkekm# cgjk }bk fiev}t{f}gie ia v}tgf}cw mkcgog}km

èm aktifgi{vcw mkakemkm gmke}g}gkv8 }bk ~ivg}gqk gmke}g}w ia }bk |`ttgit# }bk iek

|bi $|itjv iqkt$ it $b`tov#$ v i~~ivkm }i }bk ekl`}gqk gmke}g}w ia ~kc{fbkv em

lgcdkt}iv Zti{lbcw }tèvc`}km `v $ogcj vi~v$ èm $hktjv#$ tkv~kf}gqkcw_% ]bgv

i~~ivg}gie em }bk v{~tko`fw ia }bk $b`toa{c$ iqkt }bk $hktj$ o`mk vkevk |bke#

`v è}bti~icilgv} Liex`ci V`t`q idvktqkm òiel wi{el @tlke}gekèv# $}bk

mko`tf`}gie dk}|kke iek èm }bk i}bkt gv }bk ~`t}gfg~`}gie èm geqicqkoke} ge

v}tkk} f{c}{tk% ]b{v }bk gvic`}km iekv tk }bivk |bi mie} vb`tk }bk t{ckv# q`c{kv

èm ~t`f}gfkv fb`t`f}ktgv}gf ia }bk ekglbditbiimv miogeè} wi{}b f{c}{tk% @cvi

f`cckm lgckv dw }bk dkcielktv# }bkw cgqk ge }bk vòk ekglbditbiim# li }i vfbiic it

|itj# mie} mi mt{lv em mie} lk} geqicqkm ge qgicke} em)it ftgoge`c f}gqg}gkv%$

MMMMMt{lv8 Akt}gcgxgel }bk lèlv lti|}bt{lv8 Akt}gcgxgel }bk lèlv lti|}bt{lv8 Akt}gcgxgel }bk lèlv lti|}bt{lv8 Akt}gcgxgel }bk lèlv lti|}bt{lv8 Akt}gcgxgel }bk lèlv lti|}b

Vgefk }bk c`}k egek}gkv }bktk b`v dkke ` tkfitmkm kr~èvgie ia mt{l {vk èm

mk`cgel ge Egf`t`l{`% Ge a`f}# }bk v~tk`m ia mt{l }t aagfjgel gv ` ~tidcko |bivk

vktgi{vekvv em ~i}ke}g`c }i lkekt`}k fbìv |`v gmke}gagkm } ck`v} v ciel li v

077=% ]bk [eg}km E`}giev Mkqkci~oke} tiltò "[E^M' b`v gmke}gagkm mt{l {vk

èm }tàagfjgel `v }|i ia }bk o`ge ~tidckov a`fgel gemglkei{v fioo{eg}gkv ge

Egf`t`l{`v F`tgddkè fi`v}% ^ki~ck ge oèw `tk`v ia }b`} q`v} èm v~`tvkcw

~i~{c`}km tklgie lti| o`tgb{è` em ~tim{fk ft`fj |g}b fif`gek ge}tim{fkm atio

Ficiodg`%

]bk Ogegv}tw ia Liqkteoke} kv}go`}kv }b`} è `qkt`lk ia 1#>>> ~ki~ckfiev{okm mt{lv ie ` m`gcw d`vgv ge Egf`t`l{` ge 4>>4% @ v{tqkw miek ` wk`t

k`tcgkt dw }bk E`}gie`c Fi{efgc ait }bk Aglb} l`gev} Mt{lv ai{em }b`} ;%0+ ia o`ck



101/185

0> 0

bglb vfbiic v}{mke}v }iij ft`fj# 0>%;+ voijkm o`tgb{è` em ;%%;#>>>

geb`dg}è}v dk}|kke 077< èm 4>>0%$ ]bk e{odkt ia mt{l i{}ck}v tivk atio 2;>4% Ge viok fg}gkv# v{fb `v Dc{kagkcmv ie }bk F`tgddkè

fi`v}# mt{l i{}ck}v ~tiv~kt tglb} {emkt }bk eivk ia }bk E`}gie`c icgfk%

Ge 4>>0# }bk E`}gie`c îcgfk tklgv}ktkm }bk krgv}kefk ia =>7 mt{l i{}ck}v ge

Oè`l{`v kglb} mgv}tgf}v# ia |bgfb 42+ "00;' tk ge mgv}tgf} Q# |bgfb gv |bktk }bk

Tk~`t}i Vfbgfj ekglbditbiim gv cif`}km% ]bk i{}ck}v ge }b`} mgv}tgf} coiv} b`qk

oiei~icw iqkt fif`gek èm o`tgb{è`# fiefke}t`}gel 11+ ia `cc fif`gek v`ckv

i{}ck}v ge }bk f`~g}`c èm ;7+ ia g}v o`tgb{è` i{}ck}v% ]bk ~{dcgf vàk}w

`vvkvvoke} fb`tlkm }b`} $mgv}tgf} Q k`vgcw krfkkmv cc i}bkt mgv}tgf}v ge }bk e{odkt

ia i{}ck}v$ èm `vvifg`}km }bk mt{lv diio |g}b lti|gel `q`gc`dgcg}w f`{vkm dw

Egf`t`l{` dkgel {vkm v }tèvg} fi{e}tw% ]bk $v~gcciqkt kaakf}$ ck`qkv ~`t} ia }bk

mt{l ge }bk fi{e}tw }i dk vicm ait cif`c fiev{o~}gie dkf`{vk itlègxkm ftgok ~`wv

cif`c mk`cktv ge mt{lv% @ffitmgel }i A`cc`# $|g}b lcid`cgx`}gie# mt{l }tàagfjgel gvgeftk`vgel }bti{lbi{} }bk |itcm em }bk lèlv ge }bk [eg}km V}`}kv tk o{c}g~cwgel

dkf`{vk }bkw tk }bk mt{l tk}`gcktv% Viok}bgel vgogc`t gv b`~~kegel |g}b }bivk ge

Fke}t`c @oktgf`8 mt{lv tk ~i|kta{c akt}gcgxkt ait }bk lti|}b ia }bk o`t`v%$

O`twv a{cc ia lt`fk }t`qkc {~O`twv a{cc ia lt`fk }t`qkc {~O`twv a{cc ia lt`fk }t`qkc {~O`twv a{cc ia lt`fk }t`qkc {~O`twv a{cc ia lt`fk }t`qkc {~

èm mi|e }bk tklgieèm mi|e }bk tklgieèm mi|e }bk tklgieèm mi|e }bk tklgieèm mi|e }bk tklgie

]bk ~tkakttkm |`w }i }tèv~it} mt{lv gv }i {vk |ioke o{ckv% ]bk }tàagfjktv

fie}t`f} }bko dkf`{vk }bkwtk ckvv cgjkcw }i ti{vk }bk v{v~gfgie ia }bk ~icgfk# }bk~`}ticv it ti`m dcifjv mie} c|`wv b`qk ako`ck ~icgfk iaagfktv }i mi ` dimw vk`tfb

èm }bkgt vjgt}v fòi{ac`lk }bk bgmmke oktfbèmgvk dk}}kt% ]bkw ekqkt }t`qkc



102/185

0>4

`ciek: }bkwtk c|`wv ffio~ègkm dw oke tk`mw }i iaakt i{} dtgdkv |bke g} ciijvcgjk }bkw oglb} dk mgvfiqktkm% ]bivk kvfit}v cvi |`}fb }bkgt kqktw oiqk# kev{tgel

}bkw mie} o`jk iaa |g}b }bk liimv%

$Iefk# |bke G |`v h{v} v}`t}gel i{}# G }tgkm }i ~{} iek iqkt ie }bko#$ G |`v }icm

dw @elkc`# è kr~ktgkefkm o{ck# $vi G li} iaa ge Biem{t`v }i vkcc }bk ~`fjk}v ia

fif`gek }bktk% ]bkw lt`ddkm ok èm vbi|km ok ~bi}iv ia dk`}ke |ioke èm

fbgcmtke f{} {~ ge}i cg}}ck ~gkfkv% Wi{ }bgej wi{tk ligel `ciek9 \kcc wi{tk ei}#

}bkw }icm ok% Iek |`tegel |`v kei{lb ait ok%$

]bk o{ckv ~gfj {~ }bk ~`fjk}v ge Fiv}` Tgf`# Oè`l{` it Dc{kagkcmv em }`jk}bko ie }i L{`}ko`c` |t`~~km ge qktw ackrgdck c{oge{o aigc }b`} oicmv g}vkca }i

}bk vb`~k ia }bk dimw% ]bk ~`fjk}v `tk lkekt`ccw `}}`fbkm }i }bk cklv {vgel

`mbkvgqk }`~k% Cwft` vbit}v èm }btkk vjgt}v `tk }bk ~tkakttkm fbigfk }i kev{tk

mgvftkk} ~`vv`lk% Vkqkt`c jgciltòv fè dk }tèv~it}km }bgv |`w% Viok oè`lk

}i }`jk vgr it oitk# k`tegel [V-1>> ait k`fb ~`fjk}% @ei}bkt |`w gv }i v|`cci|

}bk fif`gek ~`fj`lkm ge vo`cc $iq{ckv$ }gkm |g}b fitm }i aito o~i{ckv }bk vgxk

ia e m{c} agelkt% ]bk }tàagfjktv ~`w -4> ait k`fb $agelkt$ }tèv~it}km atio Egf`/

t`l{` }i L{`}ko`c`% ]bk f`ttgktv fè} k`} it mtgej `} `cc ke ti{}k% Viok o{ckv

oè`lk }i v|`cci| iqkt 04> $agelktv%$ ]bgv aito ia }tàagfjgel |`v lt`~bgf`ccw

~it}t`wkm ge }bk tkfke}cw mgv}tgd{}km Ficiodgè agco $O`tw# A{cc ia Lt`fk#$ |bgfb

tkfkgqkm e @f`mkow @|`tm eioge`}gie ait dkv} f}tkvv%

Ie }bkgt hi{tekwv }i Dc{kagkcmv# oèw o{ckv kem {~ d{wgel ` jgci atio cif`c

mt{l divvkv |gccgel }i vkcc g} }i }bko } ci| ~tgfk# ~ktb`~v ti{em -=>># ait }bkgt

i|e dkekag}% ]bkw }`jk g} d`fj }i Oè`l{` em ~c`fk g} ge vo`cc i{}ck}v it vkcc g} ie

}i cif`c mt{l divvkv }bktk% G}v `c|`wv oitk ~tiag}`dck ait }bk }tàagfjktv }i vkcc

}bkgt mt{lv ge }bk [eg}km V}`}kv: ge a`f}# }bk a{t}bkt eit}b }bkw fè ~c`fk }bko# }bk

bglbkt }bk ~tgfk% Oiv} ia |b`}v vicm ge Egf`t l{` òi{e}v }i vb`qgelv atio }bk

c`tlk/vf`ck }t`mk# }bk oge{vf{ck agcgelv tkv{c}gel atio }bk atgf}gie ia }bk ltk`} aci|eit}b%



103/185

0> 6

Fieekf}km |g}b }bk d`ttgi mt{l kfieiowFieekf}km |g}b }bk d`ttgi mt{l kfieiowFieekf}km |g}b }bk d`ttgi mt{l kfieiowFieekf}km |g}b }bk d`ttgi mt{l kfieiowFieekf}km |g}b }bk d`ttgi mt{l kfieiow

]bk oiv} go~it}è} f`}`cwv} ia lèl `f}gqg}gkv ge }bk c`v} }|i wk`tv b`v dkke }bk

{vk èm mk`cgel ia mt{lv% \bgck mt{lv `tke} h{v} {vkm dw lèl okodktv# }bk

lèl fè viok}gokv dk }bk ~c`fk |bktk i}bkt wi{el ~ki~ckv mt{l {vk èm cgejv

|g}b mt{l mk`cgel dklge%

]bk ge}tim{f}gie ia mt{lv }tgllktkm e kqic{}gie ge }bk qgicke} em gccgfg} f}gqg}gkv

ia fkt}`ge wi{el ~ki~ck% Timlktv ai{em ge 4>>4 }b`} }bk lèl |`v fcivkcw

fieekf}km |g}b bgv ekglbditbiimv mt{l kfieiow: }bkw ~`t}gfg~`}km ge mk`cgel em

{vgel fif`gek# ~`t}gf{c`tcw ft`fj# ` fif`gek mktgq`}gqk vicm ge $tifjv%$ Timlktv

v}`}km }b`} }bk lèl# `v }bk miogeè} itlègx`}gie ge oè`lgel gev}t{oke}v ia

qgickefk ge }bk ekglbditbiim# |`v gmk`ccw ~ivg}giekm }i ~tiqgmk }bk jgem ia tkl{c`}gie

tkp{gtkm ait cif`c mt{l mk`cgel# |bgck }bk ekglbditbiim mk`ckt# }w~gf`ccw ` aitokt

lèl okodkt# |`v cgejkm }i }bk lèl ge |`w }b`} cci|km bgo }i geqicqk g} ge bgv

d{vgekvv% Ge g}v dgèe{`c tk~it} ait 4>>= em 4>>;# }bk Egf`t`l{è B{oè Tglb}v

Fke}kt "FKEGMB' oke}giekm }b`} $viok ia }bkvk wi{el ~ki~ck ge }bk wi{}b lèlv

`tk `cvi mkmgf`}km }i ~ti}kf}gel èm ~tiqgmgel geaito`}gie }i }bk ekglbditbiim

mt{l mk`cktv# tk~tkvke}gel e keitoi{v ~i}ke}g`c ait itlègxkm ftgok%$

\\\\\bw }bk vwodgivgvbw }bk vwodgivgvbw }bk vwodgivgvbw }bk vwodgivgvbw }bk vwodgivgv

dk}|kke mt{lv èm lèlv9dk}|kke mt{lv èm lèlv9dk}|kke mt{lv èm lèlv9dk}|kke mt{lv èm lèlv9dk}|kke mt{lv èm lèlv9

Mt{lv b`qk vb`~km di}b }bk ~{t~ivk èm atkp{kefw ia }bka}% ]bka} {vkm }i dk

oi}gq`}km dw |è}gel }i b`qk v}itw }i }kcc it }bk ekkm ait oiekw ait tov# mt{lv

it gmke}g}w/dkv}i|gel okfbègvov cgjk }`}}iiv em dtèm/eòk fci}bkv% Ei| mt{lv

`dvitd coiv} cc cgfg} em gccgfg} gefiok% ]bk e{odkt ia i{}ck}v gv mgtkf}cw ~ti~it}gie`c

}i }bk qg}`cg}w ia }bk wi{}b lèl em }bk f`cgdkt èm e{odkt ia tov } g}v mgv~iv`c%

]bk lèlv ~{dcgf ~tkvkefk b`v fbèlkm èm b`v v}i~~km dkgel lti{~/itgke}km%

Ga ieligel mt{l {vk |`v gefio~`}gdck |g}b }bk lèlv ~tkqgi{v o`ge `f}gqg}waglb}gelg}v lti{~ ~tkvkefk ge ~{dcgf `tke`v gv ei| gefio~`}gdck |g}b g}v ek|

o`ge idhkf}gqkmt{l mk`cgel%



104/185

0>=

Iek wi{el oè }icm ok ge 4>>6 ok }b`} }bk lèlv atio `} ck`v} }btkkekglbditbiimv |ktk v}tielkt `v ` tkv{c} ia }bk mt{l aci|% Ge }bk @{l{v}i Fv`t

Vèmgei ekglbditbiim# |bktk }bk lèl |`v ` cg}}ck ck}b`tlgf# }bktk |`v iecw iek

}t`qkcgel mk`ckt# ai{t lc{k i{}ck}v èm }btkk ft`fj èm o`tgb{è` i{}ck}v% Ge

fie}t`v}# }bk `tk` fie}ticckm dw }bk o{fb/ak`tkm lèl f`cckm C` Oit` b`m agqk

lc{k i{}ck}v èm 02 ft`fj èm o`tgb{è` i{}ck}v% ]bk ltk`}kt cgejv dk}|kke }b`}

lèl em }bk mt{l i{}ck}v okè} }b`} }bkgt tvke`c ia ~gv}icv em @J/=< {}io`}gf

tgackv |ktk }bk keqw ia i}bkt lèlv% G} |`v fiooie jei|ckmlk }b`} Civ V`cvktiv#

Dicktivèm Fkqgfbktivb`m @J/=>> figefgmkm |g}b

}bk ~icgfk mgvoè}cgel ia iek ia }bk v}tielkv} mt{l i{}ck}v ge }bk `tk`# ~tkvgmkm

iqkt dw ^kci mk Cc{qg` Zcg}kt`ccw $T`ge B`gt$_% Iek ia }bk lèl okodktv }icm ok

}b`} ^kci mk Cc{qg`v d{vgekvv |`v atkp{ke}km dw $tgfb jgmv èm ~icgfk iaagfktv%$

$]bk ~icgfk d{v}km g} ge 4>>>#$ bk kr~c`gekm% $D{} }bkw |ktk atio }bk c`x` mkc Vic

~icgfk bk`mp{`t}ktv# dkf`{vk }bivk atio }bk Mgv}tgf} Q v}`}gie |ktk |itjgel |g}b

bgo%$

]bktk `tk ` e{odkt ia mgaaktke} tk`viev ait }bk fittkc`}gie dk}|kke lèlv

èm mt{lv% ]bk lèlv b`qk gefit~it`}km mt{lv ge}i }bkgt tèlk ia kvvke}g`c f}gqg}gkv

èm gefke}gqkv}bktkv ltk`}kt v}go{c{v }i tid |bktk }bk ~ivvgdgcg}gkv ia d{wgel

mt{lv `tk ltk`}kt% ]bk ~icgfk geqicqkm ge }bk mt{l fgtf{g}v oglb} dk ~tiqgmgel

`tov }i }bk lèl okodktv oiv} gevkt}km ge}i }bivk fgtf{g}v# |bi fè }b{v àaitm

}bko% ]bk lèlv fè l{`tè}kk }b`} fio~k}g}gie mikve} ~kek}t`}k mk}ktogekm

o`tjk} egfbk# |bgck lèl aglb}v iff`vgie`ccw vktqk v mgqktvgie`tw }`f}gf }i mt`|

`}}ke}gie `|`w atio }bk dgl agvb ge }bk mt{l }t`mk èm }bkgt ~tkogvkv it kqke }i

h{v}gaw b`dg}{`c gef{tvgiev ge}i }bk ekglbditbiim ia ~icgfk iaagfktv ogrkm {~ ge mt{l}tàagfjgel% ]bk mt{lv }t`mk b`v mkageg}kcw dkekag}km atio }bk ~tkvkefk ia lèlv

|bgck } }bk vòk }gok v}go{c`}gel }bkgt v{tqgq`c }bti{lb q`tgi{v fbèekcv%



105/185

0> ;

]]]]]bk d`ttgi lkilt`~bwbk d`ttgi lkilt`~bwbk d`ttgi lkilt`~bwbk d`ttgi lkilt`~bwbk d`ttgi lkilt`~bwèm }bkèm }bkèm }bkèm }bkèm }bk~tkv}glk ia }bk mt{l divvkv~tkv}glk ia }bk mt{l divvkv~tkv}glk ia }bk mt{l divvkv~tkv}glk ia }bk mt{l divvkv~tkv}glk ia }bk mt{l divvkv

@ ekglbditbiimv lkilt`~bw fè dk a`f}it ge mkagegel |bk}bkt mt{l divv {vkv

g} `v è i~kt`}giev d`vk it ei}% ]bk krgv}kefk ia dcgem `cckwv ge fkt}`ge ~ige}v# ia

p{gfj kq`f{`}gie ti{}kv }i i}bkt xiekv it ia ~`}bv cg}}ktkm |g}b idv}`fckv ait ~ki~ck

|bi mie} b`dg}{`ccw {vk }bko `tk `cc |`wv ia vb`jgel iaa }bk ~icgfk% ]bk lèl

okodktv mkoiev}t`}k bi| ci}v akefkm |g}b |gtk it vo`cc mt`ge`lk mg}fbkv `tk

qktw {vka{c ait lgqgel }bk ~icgfk }bk vcg~ èm }bktkaitk liim ~c`fkv ait vk}}gel {~

mt{l i{}ck}v% ]|i lkilt`~bgf`c a`f}itv }b`} a`qit }bk mt{l aci| ge fkt}`ge ~ige}v ia

Tk~`t}i Vfbgfj em }bk v~t`|c ia ai{t it agqk i}bkt ~iit ekglbditbiimv v{tti{emgel

g} ge icgfk Mgv}tgf} Q `tk }bkgt tkc`}gqk ~tirgog}w }i fke}ktv ia Oè`l{` eglb}cgak em

è keitoi{v o`ge v}tkk} }b`} f{}v }bti{lb `cc ia }bko# `cci|gel ~ki~ck }i ~`vv

atio iek kem }i }bk i}bkt èm fiem{f} d{vgekvv |g}bi{} b`qgel }i {vk }bkgt

okèmktgel vgmk v}tkk}v# |bgfb `tk $bi}}kt%$ ]bkvk ekglbditbiimv `tk ei} a`t

atio Fògei mk Itgke}k# iek ia Oè`l{`v cgqkcgkv} ke}kt}`geoke} o`ccv# em tk

ditmktkm ie }bk vi{}b dw C`v Ficge`v# dw a`t Oè`l{`v |k`c}bgkv} tkvgmke}g`c

`tk` èm biok }i oèw tgfb jgmv |bi atkp{ke} }bk mt{l i{}ck}v h{v} $ie }bk i}bkt

vgmk ia }bk }t`fjv%$

Wi{el ~ki~ck ge lkekt`c|bk}bkt lèl okodktv it ei}agem g} b`tm }i kev{tk

}bkgt mt{l ge}`jk% ]bgv gv ~`t}cw dkf`{vk }bk v}k~ atio o`tgb{è` }i ft`fj go~cgkv

geftk`vkm fiv}v èm ~`t}cw dkf`{vk fiev{o~}gie t`}kv b`qk vbi} {~# lgqke }b`}

}bktk tk iecw ogeit eie/kfieiogf idv}`fckv }i id}`gegel mt{lv em }b`} ft`fj gv

oitk `mmgf}gqk% Mt{l divvkv em }kke`lktv dkekag} atio }bk Fimk ait Fbgcmtke

èm @mickvfke}v# {vgel ogeitv `v o{ckv èm kqke ~{vbktv dkf`{vk }bk c`|

~ti}kf}v }bko atio b`tvb }tk`}oke} dw }bk c`|% ]bktk tk kqke }ke/wk`t/icm mt{l

o{ckv%

Mt{l mk`cgel èm fiev{o~}gie mie} ogr |kcc% ^{vbktv `tk ekqkt gttkmkko`dcwbiijkm `mmgf}v# dkf`{vk }bk mt{l divv |i{cm ekqkt }t{v} }b`} }bkw |i{cme} fie/

v{ok }bk oktfbèmgvk# `}}t`f} `}}ke}gie èm dk oitk q{cekt`dck m{tgel ~icgfk



106/185

0>1

t`gmv% D{} mmgf}km lèl okodktv fè ~tiqgmk oèw i}bkt vktqgfkv ge krfbèlkait mt{lv8 d`t}ktgel v}icke liimv# ~ti}kf}gie# mgv}t`f}gel }bk ~icgfk%%%

]bk dgl mt{l citm ge Tk~`t}i Vfbgfj kehiwv keitoi{v ~tkv}glk% Bk b`v ackk}

ia 0; }`rgv èm cgjkv }i lgqk `|`w diixk èm }bti| |gcm ~`t}gkv ait }bk lèl

okodktv% ]bk }`rgv `tk ` |`w ia c`{emktgel bgv gcc/li}}ke l`gev èm ge}tim{fgel g}

ge}i }bk ckl`c fiooktfg`c fgtf{g}v% Ge `mmg}gie }i }bk }`rgv# bk `cvi b`v ` }t{fj èm

vkqkt`c bi{vkv% Bgv fbèfkv ia i~kt`}gel mk~kem ie }bk tkc`}giev bk d{gcmv#

geqkv}oke}v bk o`jkv èm bgv tkv~kf} ait ` fkt}`ge fimk% $]b`} l{wv tk`ccw fiic

|g}b {v#$ v`wv F`gaèkv% $]b`}v |bw ei iek veg}fbkv ie bgo% Bk ~`gm i{} 0#6>>

ftmid`v ge tèfbkt` o{vgf `} }bk c`v} ~`t}w% Bkv liim ~ki~ck% Bk lgqkv i{}

diixk èm |ioke% Bkv ` }i~ l{w% Bk v{~~cgkv }bk |bick ia Mgv}tgf} Q% ]bkw

d{v}km ]io`v`v i{}ck} c`v} wk`t dkf`{vk vbk vicm ~{tk Zvimg{o_ dgf`tdie`}k%

Vbk |`v vftk|gel {v iqkt cgjk |k |ktk m{od jgmv# vi |k t }}km bkt i{}% D{} }bgv

l{w# bkv }bk c`|%$

]bgv divv# Lt{kviZti{lbcw# $}bk dgl l{w$_# d{wv ciw`c}w dw geqkv}gel ge cif`c

wi{}bv: viok ia }bko o`w b`qk dkekag}km atio |itjgel ge bgv }`rg ackk}% ]bgv gv

|bktk }bk tkmgv}tgd{}gqk k}biv fiokv ge}i ~c`w8 |bktk`v }bk lèl okodktv veg}fbkm

ie ]io`v` dkf`{vk vbk |`v lw~~gel }bko# }bkw mkakem Lt{kvièm h{v}gaw bgv

`f}gqg}gkv dkf`{vk bk vb`tkv8 $Bk li} geqicqkm ge }bk }`rg d{vgekvv }i mi viok

biekv} |itj% Bk |è}v }i ck`qk mt{lv viok m`w èm mi viok}bgel ckl`c |g}b }bk

oiekw bkv k`tegel%$

FFFFFi~v b`qk è go`lk `v filv ge }bk |bkkci~v b`qk è go`lk `v filv ge }bk |bkkci~v b`qk è go`lk `v filv ge }bk |bkkci~v b`qk è go`lk `v filv ge }bk |bkkci~v b`qk è go`lk `v filv ge }bk |bkkc

]bk ~icgfk b`qk ` }kttgdck go`lk |bke g} fiokv }i mt{lv% F`gaèkvv}`}km }b`}

$oiv} fi~v `tk geqicqkm ge mt{lv% C` Fifbie` èm C` @t``# |bib`qk i{}ck}v#

|itj |g}b }bk ~icgfk% ]bkwqk li} }bkgt fcivk atgkemv gevgmk |bi |`te }bko |bke

` vk`tfb |`ttè} gv gvv{km# vi }bkwqk `ctk`mw mgv`~~k`tkm it bgmmke }bk

oktfbèmgvk dw }bk }gok }bk fi~v `ttgqk%$



107/185

0> >6# 74 fitt{~}gie f`vkv cgejkm }i mt{l }tàagfjgel }b`} geqicqkm

h{mgfg`c iaagfg`cv |ktk geqkv}gl`}km% Bi| oèw oitk b`qk }bktk dkke vgefk }bke9

]bk E`}gie`c icgfk vkf}it fbgkav jei| }bk ~tkfgvk cif`}gie ia cc mt{l i{}ck}v

èm divvkv% ]bkw jei| }bkgt bi{vkv# eòkv# ~ti~kt}gkv# ti{}gekv èm tkc`}giev%

D{} }bk ek}|itj ia iaagfktv cgejkm }i }bk mt{l d{vgekvv o`jkv v{ffkvva{c vk`tfbkv

go~ivvgdck {eckvv }bk mk`cktv fie}t`qkek viok fc`{vk ia }bk {e|tg}}ke cif`c fimk%

Vi ge }bk kem g} cc mk~kemv ie }bk vifg`c ek}|itjv |iqke dw }bk mt{l divv%

Ga }bk |k`qk gv }glb}# vkf}it fbgka |gcc dk v}tielcw mgvfi{t`lkm atio oi{e}gel

èw i~kt`}gie }i mgvoè}ck }bk i{}ck} dkf`{vk g} hki~`tmgxkv bgv a{}{tk ge }bk

ekglbditbiim% ]bk Liqkteoke} Ogegv}twv bw~iftg}gf`c aif{v t{ev `l`gev} }bk oiv}

kckoke}`tw cilgf# d{} ge cgek |g}b }bk cilgf ia ~i|kt% G}v v}t`}klw gv d`vkm ie }bk

gmk` }b`} $}bk i{}ck}v tk }bk o`ge a`f}it }i dk ek{}t`cgxkm# lgqke }b`} }bk fittivgie

ia vifgk}w dklgev }bktk%$ ]tèvc`}km# }b`} okèv }b`} }bkw mie} |è} }i }i{fb }bk

tk`c dgl|glv% D{} }bgv v}t`}klw fiijkm {~ dw }bk kcg}kv ge }bk ogegv}tw t{ev {~

`l`gev} cif`c v{tqgq`c v}t`}klgkv em }bk ek}|itjv ia lèl okodktv# ~icgfk iaagfktv#

vo`cc/}gok mt{l divvkv em i}bkt geb`dg}è}v ge }bk ekglbditbiim%

Ie iff`vgie mt{lv b`qk }{tekm `mmgf}km $d{ov$ ge}i }bk b`tmkv} |itjktv%

Ait krò~ck# }bkwcc c{l |`}kt |bke g}v f{} iaa ge }bk ekglbditbiim }i o`jk dg} ia

oiekw# èm }bgv bkc~v dicv}kt }bkgt go`lk# kqke }bi{lb }bk fioo{eg}w jei|v

~ktakf}cw |kcc }b`} dw ~`wgel }bko ait }bgv vktqgfk g} gv ageèfgel }bkgt ft`fj èm

o`tgb{è` b`dg}% Ge Dc{kagkcmv g}v v`gm }b`} oèw aògcgkv mk~kem ie }bk mt{ldiio ait }bkgt v{tqgq`c# em ge Tk~`t}i Vfbgfj oèw aògcgkv b`qk ~tiv~ktkm atio

mt{lv%



108/185

0>2

]bk fò~{v ia }bk mt{l ${egqktvg}w$ b`v dkke kr~èmgel% Mt{lv tk }bk ltk`}f`}`cwv} ait oèw ~tifkvvkv ge }bk ekglbditbiim8 }bk vifg`c oidgcg}w ia fkt}`ge

okodktv# }bk lkekt`}gie ia ~tiag}v ait i}bkt geqkv}oke}v# tkc`}giev |g}b }bk ~icgfk#

wi{}b/lèl dkccglktkefk% Ge }bk `dvkefk ia èw `f}gqg}gkv koè`}gel atio }bk

Wi{}b Vkftk}`tg`} it i}bkt v}`}k gev}g}{}giev èm ge cglb} ia }bk cgog}km vic{}giev

kg}bkt |itj it tkftk`}gieiaaktkm dw }bk ~{dcgf vkf{tg}w ~ti~iv`cv# }bk ek}|itjv

cgejkm }i mt{lv èm }bka} |gcc fie}ge{k }i ~tiv~kt% @em ge Tk~`t}i Vfbgfj èm

oèw i}bkt ~c`fkv }bgv |gcc fie}ge{k }i tkqicqk ti{em }bk mt{l i{}ck}v% ]bk ~icgfk#

|bk}bkt i{} ia ak`t it fio~cgfg}w# |gcc dk h{v} èi}bkt fil ge }bk mt{l }tàagfjgel

o`fbgek%

FFFFFiev{o~}gie tkgeaitfkv }bk lti{~iev{o~}gie tkgeaitfkv }bk lti{~iev{o~}gie tkgeaitfkv }bk lti{~iev{o~}gie tkgeaitfkv }bk lti{~iev{o~}gie tkgeaitfkv }bk lti{~

èm ok}òit~bivkv }bk fiev{oktèm ok}òit~bivkv }bk fiev{oktèm ok}òit~bivkv }bk fiev{oktèm ok}òit~bivkv }bk fiev{oktèm ok}òit~bivkv }bk fiev{okt

@c}bi{lb }bk lèlv `tk oitk `}iogxkm# }bkw v}gcc tkp{gtk ` ogego{o òi{e} ia

ficckf}gqk cgak }i krgv} v v{fb% Mt{l }`jgel gv iek ia }bk f}gqg}gkv }b`} oiv} dtgelv

}bk lti{~ }ilk}bkt% G}v okodktv okk} ge `dèmiekm bi{vkv# ko~}w ci}v# v}tkk}

fitektv it }bk bi{vk ia ` okodkt |bivk ~

Documents

Gangs of Nicaragua José Luis Rocha y Dennis Rodgers