Guiatext Asuntos de Consumidores

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http://www.intermonoxfam.org/cms/HTML/espanol/3111/global_cons_guia.pdf

http://www.promonegocios.net/publicidad/publicidad-enganosa.html

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/consumer_information/l32010_es.htm









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9



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<" Qfnd|◃ Aidjbü|qilc af hd Dlqipiada af Fwqfb|iüb Vbipf}|iqd}id◃ [}ibli{ic| |cm}f D|vbqc| af af Lcb|vniac}f|◃ [}älqild| ev|qd| af Nd}ofqibj f ib`c}ndliüb Cmefqipd◃ [hdbiìldliüb af hd Dlqipiada af Fwqfb|iüb Vbipf}|iqd}id◃

Af}flgc| afh Lcb|vniac} ◃ Lcb|vnc \c|qfbimhf y fh Lcb|vniac} ]f|{cb|dmhf

1" Lcn{fqfblid| c{f}dlicbdhf|4"="="1"4"4" ]fdhiud fh aidjbü|qilc af hd Dlqipiada af fwqfb|iüb vbipf}|iqd}id fb vbd

lcnvbiada( qfbifbac fb lvfbqd hd| bflf|iadaf| y {}cmhfnd| }fhfpdbqf| af hdni|nd"

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4"="="1"4"<" ]fdhiud hd {hdbiìldliüb af hd dlqipiada af fwqfb|iüb vbipf}|iqd}id qfbifbac fblvfbqd hd| bflf|iadaf| af hd lcnvbiada y j}v{c af ibqf}é|"

4"="="1"4"1" Lcn{}fbaf hc| af}flgc| afh lcb|vniac}( qcndbac lcblifblid af hc| ni|nc|d {d}qi} af vb ld|c( {f}niqiébachf jfbf}d} dllicbf| af vb lcb|vniac} }f|{cb|dmhf"

6" Lcbqfbiac| dbdhîqilc|

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44



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46



4"4 Aidjbü|qilc af hd Dlqipiada af Fwqfb|iüb Vbipf}|iqd}id

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4) Bcnm}f af hd lcnvbiada 'hvjd}) acbaf }fdhiud}äb hddlqipiada5""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

=) J}v{c af ibqf}é| 'Fefn5 Lcnfac} {c{vhd}( Pd|c af hflgf( c}jdbiudliüb pflibdh(ib|qiqvliüb favldqipd( lfbq}c af q}dmdec( fql")""""""""""""""""""""""""

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4" ³Lcb|vnf| hc tvf {vmhiliqdb fb""" 3

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40



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QP 4; ]DAIC 6 [F]IÜAILC 1 IBQF]BFQ 4 CQ]C\

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dtvfhhc| tvf v|db hc| mifbf| y |f}pilic|( f|{flidhnfbqf lvdbac|cb lcb|vniac}f| ibaipiavdhf|" Hc| lcb|vniac}f| |cb hc| ä}miq}c|fb fh nf}ldac lcn{fqiqipc( yd tvf |v| {}f`f}fblid| y afli|icbf|qifbfb vbd `vf}qf ib`hvfblid |cm}f fh éwiqc af hd ndyc}îd af hd|c}jdbiudlicbf|" D {f|d} af f|qc( dh lcn{}d} {}cavlqc| c }flimi} |f}pilic|? hc|

lcb|vniac}f| ibaipiavdhf|( d nfbvac f|qäb fb vbd |iqvdliüb nä| aémih tvf hd|c}jdbiudlicbf| lcb tvifbf| f|qäb q}dqdbac" Nä| dõb( bc qifbfb fh ni|nc {caf} afbfjclidliüb( fw{f}ifblid y ldbqiada af ib`c}ndliüb }f|{flqc af vb {}cavlqc c |f}pilicf|{flîìlc( tvf hc| lcn{}dac}f| c}jdbiudlicbdhf|" Hd |clifada f|{f}d tvf vbdc}jdbiudliüb q}dqf d |v| lcb|vniac}f| af ndbf}d ev|qd( d|vnd hd| }f|{cb|dmihiadaf| {c} |v |fjv}iada lvdbac |f v|fb |v| {}cavlqc| y |f}pilic|( y aé dllf|c d hc| mifbf| y|f}pilic| f|fblidhf| d vb {}flic }ducbdmhf" Hd lcn{}d af {}cavlqc| y |f}pilic|{fhij}c|c|( |cb iblcn{dqimhf| lcb hd| fw{flqdqipd| af hd |clifada {d}d hd }f|{cb|dmihiada|clidh af hd| c}jdbiudlicbf|"

Hc| lcb|vniac}f| evfjdb vb }ch lhdpf fb hd {}cncliüb afh af|d}}chhc |c|qfbimhf( d q}dpé|afh lcb|vnc |c|qfbimhf" Hd| c}jdbiudlicbf| afmf}îdb {f}niqi} d hc| lcb|vniac}f|(lcb|vni} af ndbf}d ib`c}ndad y |c|qfbimhf" Fh lcb|vnc |c|qfbimhf( |ib fnmd}jc( |ühc f|{c|imhf |i hc| lcb|vniac}f| qifbfb hd ib`c}ndliüb |cm}f hd| lcbailicbf| mdec hd| lvähf| hc|mifbf| y |f}pilic| `vf}cb {}cavliac| y#c fbq}fjdac|( y |ühc |i hc| lcb|vniac}f| {vfafb

lcn{d}d} hc| mifbf| y |f}pilic|( {c} fefn{hc( lcb }f|{flqc d |v fìlifblid fbf}jéqild" F|qc|ijbiìld tvf vbd c}jdbiudliüb afmf}îd ad} d hc| lcb|vniac}f| hd ib`c}ndliüb }fhfpdbqf fibpchvl}d}|f fb ldn{dôd| af l}fdliüb af lcblifblid {d}d f|qinvhd} hd afndbad {c} {}cavlqc| y |f}pilic| {}cavliac| |c|qfbimhfnfbqf" \i f|qd| {}flcbailicbf| |f lvn{hfb(hc| lcb|vniac}f| {vfafb f|qinvhd} |v|qdblidhnfbqf hd afndbad af `dm}ildliüb y{}f|qdliüb af |f}pilic| |c|qfbimhf|"

[}ibli{ic| af D|vbqc| af Lcb|vniac}f|5

[}ibli{ic af lvn{hinifbqc af hd hfyVbd c}jdbiudliüb afmf}îd {c} pchvbqda {}c{id y af `c}nd lcn{hfqd cm|f}pd} qcad| hd|

hfyf| y }fjvhdlicbf|( d hd| lvähf| hd c}jdbiudliüb y |v| dlqipiadaf| f|qäb |vefqd|"

Lvn{hinifbqc in{hild vbd afqf}nibdliüb {}cdlqipd y fh lcbclinifbqc af hd| hfyf| y}fjvhdlicbf| d{hildmhf|( y |v d{}c{idad ai`v|iüb y cm|f}pdblid afbq}c af hd c}jdbiudliüb"Fh lvn{hinifbqc lcbqibvc( afmf}îd |f} dlqipdnfbqf lcbq}chdac {c} hd c}jdbiudliüb( y bc|in{hfnfbqf d|vniac"

[}ibli{ic af }fbailiüb af lvfbqd|Vbd c}jdbiudliüb afmf}îd dlf{qd} |v afmf} af nc|q}d} y fw{hild} d |v| {d}qf|ibqf}f|dad|( af `c}nd lhd}d y ftvihim}dad y fb vb j}dac }ducbdmhf y |vìlifbqf( hd|cmhijdlicbf|( {chîqild|( afli|icbf| y dllicbf| {c} hd| lvdhf| f| }f|{cb|dmhf( y hc| f`flqc|tvf é|qd| qifbfb( c {ca}îdb qfbf}"

47



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hd lcnvbildliüb af hd ib`c}ndliüb"

[}ibli{ic af af|d}}chhc |c|qfbimhfVbd c}jdbiudliüb afmf}îd lcbqibvdnfbqf f|`c}ud}|f fb ‘|dqi|`dlf}

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}flcbcliac|( lcnc fhfnfbqc| ibq}îb|flc| af lcbavlqd éqild" Fefn{hc| af lcbavlqd| bcéqild| |cb lc}}v{liüb( ndhpf}|dliüb( fwqc}|iüb( ai|l}inibdliüb y bf{cqi|nc"

[}ibli{ic af fb`ctvf {}fpfbqipcVbd c}jdbiudliüb afmf}îd }fdhiud} vbd {}fpi|iüb {}vafbqf( {}f`f}imhfnfbqf acbaf gdy}if|jc( {d}d qcnd} dllicbf| y fpiqd} fh adôc c {fhij}c( d|fjv}dbac hc| mfbfìlic|( c |ifbacnä| ncaf|qc( hc| }f|vhqdac|" F|qf fb`ctvf {}fpfbqipc f| af {d}qilvhd} in{c}qdblid acbaffwi|qf vb }if|jc |ijbiìldqipc y afnc|q}dmhf af adôc |fpf}c c i}}fpf}|imhf {d}d hd |dhvagvndbd c hd {}c{ifada( c {d}d hd mic|`f}d y |v| gdmiqdbqf|( lcb|flvfblid af hd| dllicbf|lcbqfn{hdad| {c} hd c}jdbiudliüb"

[}ibli{ic af }f|{fqc d hc| af}flgc| gvndbc| `vbadnfbqdhf|Vbd c}jdbiudliüb afmf}îd dlf{qd} |v afmf} af in{hfnfbqd} {}älqild| y {chîqild| tvf}f`hfefb hd| d|{i}dlicbf| {}fli|dad| fb hd Aflhd}dliüb Vbipf}|dh af Af}flgc| Gvndbc|"

[}ibli{ic af }f|{fqc d hd aipf}|iadaVbd c}jdbiudliüb afmf}îd qfbf} hd ai|{c|iliüb {d}d fn{hfd} {f}|cbd| |ib ai|l}inibdliüb{c} }ducbf| af }dud( lchc}( l}fac( fada( jébf}c c l}ffblid {chîqild? y lvhqipd} vb fb`ctvf{c|iqipc d hd aipf}|iada lcnc vb `dlqc} af ldnmic"

49

Hd {}cqflliüb dh lcb|vniac} |f af|d}}chhd fb d{hildliüb af hc ai|{vf|qc fb fh d}qîlvhc 06» af hdLcb|qiqvliüb [chîqild afh [f}õ( jd}dbqiudbac |cm}f hd md|f af vbd daflvdad y pf}du ib`c}ndliüb(|v af}flgc d fhfji} him}fnfbqf hc| {}cavlqc| y |f}pilic| tvf }ftvif}f {d}d |dqi|`dlf} |v|bflf|iadaf|( fb vb nd}lc af gcbf|qd y hfdh lcn{fqfblid" Fb fh \i|qfnd af Flcbcnîd \clidh afNf}ldac f|qdmhfliac {c} hd Lcb|qiqvliüb( hd {}cqflliüb |f ibqf}{}fqd fb fh |fbqiac nä| `dpc}dmhf dhlcb|vniac}"

D}qîlvhc =» [}ibli{ic jfbf}dh af hd {}cqflliüb dh lcb|vniac}

Lüaijc af {}cqflliüb y af`fb|d dh lcb|vniac}



4"< [}älqild| Ev|qd| af Nd}ofqibj f Ib`c}ndliüb Cmefqipd

Fh qé}nibc nd}ofqibj f| vb dbjhili|nc tvf qifbf aipf}|d| afìbilicbf|" [gihi{ Ocqhf} 'lcb|iaf}dac {c} dhjvbc| {da}f afh nd}ofqibj ) f| ¯fh {}clf|c |clidh y danibi|q}dqipc {c} fh lvdh hc| j}v{c| f ibaipiavc| |dqi|`dlfb |v| bflf|iadaf| dh l}fd} f ibqf}ldnmid} mifbf| y

|f}pilic|¿" \ib fnmd}jc( gdy cq}d| afìbilicbf|? lcnc hd tvf dì}nd tvf fh nd}ofqibj f| fhd}qf c lifblid 'ldmf dlhd}d} {d}d fpiqd} lcb`v|icbf| tvf fh Nd}ofqibj {f}qfbflf d hdlifblid af hd Danibi|q}dliüb( f|qf f| vbd |vm.lifblid c ä}fd af f|qvaic af f|qd) af|dqi|`dlf} hd| bflf|iadaf| af hc| lhifbqf| y cmqfbf} jdbdblid| dh ni|nc qifn{c"

Nd}ofqibj f| c`f}qd} y |dqi|`dlf} hd| bflf|iadaf| af hc| lhifbqf|( {f}c pfbaifbac fb md|fd hd| ld}dlqf}î|qild| }fdhf| bc mdec {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d d hd lvdh bc}ndhnfbqf fh v|vd}icf| fw{vf|qc"

³Tvé qi{c af ib`c}ndliüb |f}îd õqih {d}d {caf} fef}lf} vb lcb|vnc }f|{cb|dmhf3

Ib`c}ndliüb |cm}f fh {}cavlqc. Ndqf}idh # ibj}faifbqf| # lcn{c|iliüb af vb {}cavlqc". [}cavlqc| fn{hfdac| av}dbqf hd {}f|qdliüb af vb |f}pilic". C}ijfb af vb {}cavlqc y |v| lcn{cbfbqf|".Q}db|{c}qf f in{dlqc flchüjilc afh ni|nc". In{dlqc nfaicdnmifbqdh afh fbpd|f af vb {}cavlqc". ]f|iavc| tvf jfbf}d vb {}cavlqc c |f}pilic". [c|imihiada af }flilhdef af }f|iavc| y fbpd|f"

Ib`c}ndliüb |cm}f hd c}jdbiudliüb fn{}f|d}idh. F|q}dqfjid af ]f|{cb|dmihiada \clidh Lc}{c}dqipd ']\L) af hd Fn{}f|d". Fwi|qfblid af vb Lüaijc af Lcbavlqd". [d}qili{dliüb af hc| q}dmdedac}f| fb fh {}cyflqc fn{}f|d}idh af ]\L". Lvn{hinifbqc lcb hd lvcqd af }f|f}pd afh =& af {vf|qc| af q}dmdec {d}d q}dmdedac}f|lcb ai|ld{dliada". Aiähcjc lcb hc| aipf}|c| ‘|qdofgchaf}|„ 'j}v{c| af ibqf}é|)". In{hildliüb af hd fn{}f|d fb fh fbqc}bc |clidh"

\cm}f hd Ib`c}ndliüb Cmefqipd( fh lüaijc af {}cqflliüb dh lcb|vniac} dì}nd fb |vD}qîlvhc 7»". Ib`c}ndliüb }fhfpdbqf

7"4" Fh {}cpffac} qifbf hd cmhijdliüb af c`}flf} dh lcb|vniac} qcad hd ib`c}ndliüb}fhfpdbqf {d}d qcnd} vbd afli|iüb c }fdhiud} vbd fhflliüb daflvdad af lcb|vnc( d|îlcnc {d}d f`flqvd} vb v|c c lcb|vnc daflvdac af hc| {}cavlqc| c |f}pilic|"

7"=" Hd ib`c}ndliüb afmf |f} pf}du( |vìlifbqf( af `älih lcn{}fb|iüb( d{}c{idad( c{c}qvbdy `älihnfbqf dllf|imhf( afmifbac |f} m}ibadad fb iaicnd ld|qfhhdbc" Dh fpdhvd}|f hdib`c}ndliüb }fhfpdbqf dlf}ld af vb {}cavlqc c |f}pilic afmf lcb|iaf}d}|f dafnä| af hddaflvdliüb lcb hd| bc}nd| |cm}f hd ndqf}id( hc| {}cmhfnd| af lcb`v|iüb fb fhlcb|vniac} tvf {ca}îd jfbf}d} fh |vnibi|q}c af ib`c}ndliüb fwlf|ipd c |vndnfbqflcn{hfed( d|î lcnc fh ibl}fnfbqc ibbflf|d}ic af hc| lc|qc| af hc| {}cavlqc| c |f}pilic|

ibpchvl}dac|"

=;

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kotler

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kotler



4"<"4 [vmhiliada Fbjdôc|d"

-Hd ib`hvfblid af hd {vmhiliada |f}ä bfjdqipd c {c|iqipd|fjõb fh v|c tvf |f gdjd af fhhd-

Hdv}d @i|lgf} y Ec}jf F|{fec

Lvdbac hc| fn{}f|d}ic|( feflvqipc| af nf}ldacqflbid y

{vmhili|qd| |f {}c{cbfb af|d}}chhd} vbd ldn{dôd {vmhiliqd}id tvf|fd in{dlqdbqf( c}ijibdh y {f}|vd|ipd {d}d ibl}fnfbqd} |v|pchõnfbf| af pfbqd v cmqfbf} vb afqf}nibdac }f|vhqdac d lc}qc{hduc( afmfb qfbf} nvlgc lviadac af bc vqihiud} nfb|def| tvf{d}d ld{qd} hd dqfbliüb afh {õmhilc cmefqipc c {d}d {f}|vdai}hcnä| fìldunfbqf( ibavuldb dh f}}c} dh af|qibdqd}ic d`flqdbac vbafqf}nibdac lcn{c}qdnifbqc( lcnc fh flcbünilc( {c}tvf f|d {}älqild |f lcbclf lcnc- {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d-? hd lvdh( dafnä| af |f} nvy cmefqdad( lcbq}chdad y }fjvhdad fbnvlgc| {dî|f|( d`flqd |f}idnfbqf hd indjfb af hd fn{}f|d dbqf |v nf}ldac nfqd y dbqfhd |clifada fb jfbf}dh"

[c} fhhc( f| in{}f|libaimhf tvf hc| nf}ldaühcjc| y {vmhili|qd| lcbculdb tvé f| hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d( lvähf| |cb dhjvbd| af hd| {}älqild| tvf |cb lcb|iaf}dad| lcncqdh y {c}tvé bc afmfb fn{hfd} f|qf qi{c af {vmhiliada"

³Tvé f| hd [vmhiliada Fbjdôc|d3

• Hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d f| dtvfhhd lvyd| ld}dlqf}î|qild| af vb dbvblic |cbai|qibqd| d hd| dì}ndlicbf| }fdhf| afh af|fn{fôc af hd nd}ld"

• Fh Aillicbd}ic af Nd}ofqibj af Lvhqv}dh \"D"( afìbf hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d lcnc

vb lcblf{qc nvy dn{hic tvf {vfaf dmd}ld} af|af hd cni|iüb af hc| d|{flqc|bfjdqipc| afh {}cavlqc gd|qd fh fbjdôc( nä| c nfbc| |vqih( fb lvdbqc d |v|mfbfìlic| y ld}dlqf}î|qild|( {d|dbac {c} hc| aipf}|c| ¯q}vlc|¿ fn{hfdac| {d}d{}f|fbqd} nä| dq}dlqipdnfbqf vbc| {}flic| tvf }fdhnfbqf |cb nä| fhfpdac| '{c} fefn{hc( dbvblid} hc| {}flic| |ib IJP( fb fh ld|c af mifbf| af lcb|vnc)"

• Hd {vmhiliada |f}ä fbjdôc|d 4) lvdbac ibavuld d f}}c} dh af|qibdqd}ic lcnclcb|flvfblid af hd {}f|fbqdliüb afh nfb|def( =) lvdbac ibavuld d f}}c} dhaf|qibdqd}ic lcnc lcb|flvfblid af hd ib`c}ndliüb tvf q}db|niqf fh nfb|def{vmhiliqd}ic( y <) lvdbac ibavuld d f}}c} dh af|qibdqd}ic lcnc lcb|flvfblid af hdcni|iüb af ib`c}ndliüb fb fh nfb|def {vmhiliqd}ic" Dafnä|( hd nfblicbdad dvqc}d

{}fli|d tvf bc f| bflf|d}ic {d}d tvf hd {vmhiliada |fd fbjdôc|d tvf fh f}}c} f`flqipdnfbqf |f {}cavuld |ibc tvf md|qd lcb hd nf}d ibavlliüb dh f}}c}" Hdibavlliüb dh f}}c} |f ad af|af fh ni|nc ncnfbqc fb fh tvf |f {vfaf d`flqd}( ‑afmiac d hd {}f|fbqdliüb afh nfb|def( d hd ib`c}ndliüb q}db|niqiad c d hc| adqc|cniqiac| fb fh nfb|def‑( dh lcn{c}qdnifbqc flcbünilc afh af|qibdqd}ic c |f{vfad {f}evaild} d vb lcn{fqiac}"

• [c} cq}d {d}qf( y {d}d qcnd}hc fb lvfbqd( {d}d Hdv}d @i|lgf} y Ec}jf F|{fec( |ffbqifbaf {c} bclipc hc fbjdôc|c y {f}evailidh( hc `dhqc af |iblf}iada y tvf f|qinvhffb `c}nd ndbi{vhdac}d hd |dqi|`dlliüb af bflf|iadaf| |v{f}`hvd| {d}d fh

lcb|vniac}"

=4



Fb |îbqf|i|( y {d}d tvf hc| f|{flidhi|qd| fb nd}ofqibj y {vmhili|qd| qfbjdb lhd}c f|qfqfnd( hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d f| dtvfhhd tvf vqihiud nfb|def| lcb dì}ndlicbf| tvf |cbai|qibqd| d hd| ld}dlqf}î|qild|( pfbqded|( mfbfìlic| y#c af|fn{fôc| }fdhf| afh {}cavlqc c|f}pilic y tvf ibavlfb dh f}}c} d`flqdbac fh lcn{c}qdnifbqc flcbünilc af hc|lcb|vniac}f| c {f}evaildbac d vb lcn{fqiac}"

Ailgc fb cq}d| {dhdm}d|( hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d f| dtvfhhd tvf }fdhiud dì}ndlicbf|fbjdôc|d|( fwdjf}dad| c `dh|d| dlf}ld afh {}cavlqc c |f}pilic y tvf d`flqdb dh mch|ihhcafh lcn{}dac} y#c {f}evaildb d dhjõb lcn{fqiac} '{}älqild lcnf}lidh af|hfdh)"

Dhjvbd| @c}nd| af [vmhiliada Fbjdôc|d5

• Nfb|def| {vmhiliqd}ic| tvf iblhvyfb lhäv|vhd| afh qi{c -c`f}qd pähiad gd|qd djcqd} |qclo- v -c`f}qd pähiad |dhpc f}}c} qi{cj}äìlc-" Dnmc| {vfafb |f} lcb|iaf}dac|lcnc hiniqdliüb af hd c`f}qd {clc lhd}d y lcb`v|d {d}d fh lcb|vniac}( tvf tvfadqcqdhnfbqf |cnfqiac d hd ibqf}{}fqdliüb vbihdqf}dh afh pfbafac} c `dm}ildbqfpvhbf}äbac|f hd mvfbd `f y fh ev|qc ftvihim}ic af hd| {}f|qdlicbf| fb afq}infbqc afhlcb|vniac}"

• Nfb|def| tvf iblhvyfb fw{}f|icbf| dnmijvd|( af|lcbcliad| c lcb vbd {hv}dhiadaaf |ijbiìldac| tvf adb hvjd} dh }if|jc af tvf fh af|qibdqd}ic ibqf}{}fqf fh nfb|deffb vb |fbqiac tvf bc lc}}f|{cbaf lcb hd }fdhiada"

• Vqihiudliüb af hfq}d {ftvfôd( ihfjimhf c ainibvqd fb hc| dbvblic|( lcb hd ibqfbliüb cbc( tvf fh af|qibdqd}ic bc hc| {f}limd"

• Vqihiudliüb af nfb|def| tvf f|qinvhdb dh lcn{}dac} d qcnd} vbd afli|iüb }ä{iad{f}c tvf bc |f lvn{hfb"

• Iblhv|iüb afh {}flic |ib IJP fb fh dbvblic( lcb hd ibqfbliüb af tvf fh af|qibdqd}icpfd vb {}flic nä| dq}dlqipc c nfbc} dh af hd lcn{fqfblid"

• Cni|iüb af adqc| `vbadnfbqdhf| tvf {vfadb ib`hvi} fb hd afli|iüb afh lcb|vniac}(

{c} fefn{hc( fb lvdbqc d hd {fhij}c|iada( fh {}flic lcn{hfqc( hd| lcbailicbf| ev}îaild|( fql"• ]fdhiudliüb af {}cnf|d| tvf hvfjc bc |f lvn{hfb( ibqfblicbdadnfbqf c bc? {c}

fefn{hc( hd {}cnf|d af -fbq}fjd fb <; nibvqc| d acnilihic- tvf bc f| lvn{hiad {c} fh {}cpffac} mdec fh d}jvnfbqc af tvf -fwi|qf |cm}fafndbad afh {}cavlqc- c tvf-gvmc lcbjf|qicbdnifbqc pfgilvhd}-"

• Fwdjf}dlicbf| dlf}ld af hc| mfbfìlic| afh {}cavlqc? {c} fefn{hc( dtvfhhc|nfb|def| af lif}qc| {}cavlqc| tvf |v{vf|qdnfbqf lv}db c {}fpifbfb vb |ibbõnf}c af fb`f}nfadaf| af `c}nd f`flqipd( c( dtvfhhc| {}cavlqc| tvf q}dqdb hdcmf|iada |ib bflf|iada af aifqd c fef}lilic|"""

• [}f|fbqdliüb af nfb|def| {vmhiliqd}ic| dbqf hc| cec| af hc| lcb|vniac}f| |ib tvf

é|qc| {vfadb iafbqiìld}hc| lcnc qdhf|" [c} fefn{hc( lvdbac fh nfb|def {vmhiliqd}ic|f {}f|fbqd mdec hd `c}nd af nfb|def ib`c}ndqipc( d}qî|qilc c l}fdqipc"

]ducbf| [d}d Bc Vqihiud} hd [vmhiliada Fbjdôc|d5

Qfbifbac fb lvfbqd tvf fh lcbq}ch af hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d f| afibqf}é| af hc| lcb|vniac}f|( lcn{fqiac}f| y {õmhilc fb jfbf}dh( fbhd dlqvdhiada( fwi|qfb aipf}|d| hfyf| y c}jdbi|nc| 'tvf pd}îdb af vb{dî| d cq}c) tvf qifbfb hd ìbdhiada af {}cqfjf} dh lcb|vniac} lcbq}dnfb|def| fbjdôc|c|( fwdjf}dac| c `dh|c| y af fpiqd} c fhinibd} hc|

néqcac| ibev|qc| af lcn{fqfblid tvf |cb {d}qf af hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d"

==



[c} qdbqc( hc| f|{flidhi|qd| fb nd}ofqibj y {vmhili|qd| afmfb qcnd} nvy fb lvfbqd tvfdhjvbc| af é|qc| c}jdbi|nc| qifbfb hd `dlvhqda af pf}iìld} y lcbq}chd} hc| ai`f}fbqf|dbvblic| {vmhiliqd}ic|( f iblhv|c( {vfafb qcnd} nfaiad|( lcnc5

• C}afbd} fh lf|f af vbd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d c fn{}fbaf} hd| dllicbf|{f}qibfbqf| lcb pi|qd| d c}afbd} fh lf|f af ailgd {vmhiliada"

• [}cgimi} vbd {vmhildliüb fbjdôc|d c fn{}fbaf} hd| dllicbf| {f}qibfbqf| lcbpi|qd| d c}afbd} |v {}cgimiliüb ( iblhv|c fb dv|fblid af {}vfmd af vbd {é}aiad c afvb {f}evilic }fdh( c af vbd ibqfbliüb c bfjhijfblid afh dbvblidbqf"

• Fwiji} d hd lcn{dôîd tvf lchctvf dbvblic| lc}}flqipc| lcnc `c}nd af ai|i{d} hd|l}ffblid| `dh|d| fb hc| ld|c| fb hc| tvf hd| {}vfmd| ibaitvfb tvf hc|lcb|vniac}f| ndbqifbfb l}ffblid| `dh|d| dlf}ld af vbd nd}ld afmiac d hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d c `}dvavhfbqd"

Dafnä|( ldmf |fôdhd} tvf fb dhjvbc| {dî|f|( {c} fefn{hc af hd Vbiüb Fv}c{fd 'VF)( |f{}clv}d tvf hd| {f}|cbd| v c}jdbiudlicbf| tvf qifbfb vb ibqf}é| hfjîqinc fb hd {}cgimiliübaf hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d {vfadb {}clfaf} evailidhnfbqf lcbq}d f|qd {vmhiliada y#chhfpd} é|qd {vmhiliada dbqf vb ü}jdbc danibi|q}dqipc lcn{fqfbqf mifb {d}d {}cbvblid}|f

|cm}f hd| }flhdndlicbf| c mifb {d}d fn{}fbaf} hd| dllicbf| evailidhf| {f}qibfbqf|"[c} qcac fhhc( f| in{}f|libaimhf tvf hc| f|{flidhi|qd| fb nd}ofqibj y {vmhili|qd|( 4) qcnfblcblifblid dlf}ld af hc| f`flqc| bfjdqipc| tvf qifbf hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d fb fh{õmhilc cmefqipc( hd fn{}f|d( hc| lcn{fqiac}f| y hd |clifada fb jfbf}dh( =) afliadb bcvqihiud} é|qd {}älqild mdec bibjõb ncqipc( <) lcbculdb hd| hfyf| pijfbqf| fb |v|}f|{flqipc| {dî|f| lcbq}d hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d {d}d lcbclf} dtvfhhc tvf bc f|qä{f}niqiac y tvf {c} qdbqc bc afmfb }fdhiud} 'ibqflicbdadnfbqf c bc)( y 1) lcbqdlqfb d hc|ai`f}fbqf| c}jdbi|nc| fbld}jdac| af pf}iìld} y lcbq}chd} hc| dbvblic| {vmhiliqd}ic| {d}d}flimi} d|f|c}dnifbqc dlf}ld af f|qf qfnd"

Af f|d ndbf}d( |f fpiqd}äb |c}{}f|d| fb fh ldnibc tvf {vfafb d`flqd} |f}idnfbqf hd

indjfb af hd fn{}f|d( |v ibpf}|iüb fb hd ldn{dôd {vmhiliqd}id y hd ni|nd ld}}f}d{}c`f|icbdh afh {vmhili|qd"

4<"4" Hd {vmhiliada af {}cnclicbf| af pfbqd| afmf}älcb|ijbd}( fb ldad vbc af hc| dbvblic|( hd ibaildliüb lhd}daf |v av}dliüb y( fb ld|c |f q}dqf af {}cnclicbf| hiniqdad|fb lvdbqc d |v ldbqiada( hd ldbqiada nîbind af vbiadaf|ai|{cbimhf| af hc| {}cavlqc| c`}fliac|" Fb ld|c lcbq}d}ic( fh{}cpffac} f|qd}ä cmhijdac d {}c{c}licbd} d hc|lcb|vniac}f| tvf hc |chiliqfb hc| {}cavlqc| c |f}pilic|c`f}qdac|( fb hd| lcbailicbf| |fôdhdad|" Lc}}f|{cbaf dh

{}cpffac} {}cmd} dbqf hd| dvqc}iadaf| fh lvn{hinifbqc afh bõnf}c y ldhiada af hc| {}cavlqc|c`}fliac| y pfbaiac| fb hd {}cncliüb"

D}qîlvhc 4<µ". [vmhiliada af {}cnclicbf|

Lüaijc af {}cqflliüb y af`fb|d dh lcb|vniac}

=<



Fefn{hc| af [vmhiliada Fbjdôc|d5

Afbvblidb d A’cbc`}ic {c} {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d

Hd fn{}f|d A’cbc`}ic gdmîd ai`vbaiac hd {}cncliüb‘qcac d vb |ch„ fb |v| ld}}fqihhd|( pähiad {d}d gcy yndôdbd( {f}c nvlgc| lcb|vniac}f| |f |ibqif}cbf|qd`dac| dh lcn{}cmd} tvf f|qc bc f}d lif}qc( {vf|hc| gfhdaf}c| |f bfjdmdb d pfbaf} hc| {}cavlqc| df|f {}flic y dafnä| gdmîd {clc| gfhdaf}c|"

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@vfbqf5 gqq{5##lcbbvf|q}c{f}v"lcn

=1



Nvhqdb d Minmc {c} {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d fb [f}õ

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Dj}fjü tvf hd |dbliüb `vf fb

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c}jdbiudliüb {}cncpf}ä vbd vbd afndbad af dn{d}c lcbq}d f|d af{fbafblid"

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dhjvbd |inihd}„"

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=6



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f|qdnc| dbqf vb ld|c af {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d"

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=0



LD\C 45 ‘\dbjvlgf| Ncvb|q}c|„

Cm|f}pd fh |ijvifbqf ld}qfh {vmhiliqd}ic5

‘\dbjvlgf| Ncvb|q}c|„

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=:

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D}qîlvhc ==»". IacbfiadaLÜAIJC AF []CQFLLIÜB Y AF@FB\D DH LCB\VNIAC]



DLQIPIADA B» 45 AIDJBÜ\QILC

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I". Iafbqiìldliüb5

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II". [}clf|c af hd }f|chvliüb af hd dlqipiada af fwqfb|iüb vbipf}|iqd}id

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="<". [}c{vf|qd af |chvliüb

="<"4". [}c{vf|qd af Vhdaflg Ldqühild 'Dlqipiada tvf pd| d feflvqd})

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="<"=". Cq}d| {}c{vf|qd|5

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=7



III". ]flcec af Ib`c}ndliübF|qindac| f|qvaidbqf| afmf}äb feflvqd} f|qd fblvf|qd {d}d }flcjf} adqc| y afqflqd} hd {}cmhfnäqild fb hd lcnvbiada |fhfllicbdad( lcc}aibdbac lcb fh j}v{c af ibqf}é|"

Fblvf|qd |cm}f fh lcb|vniac} y hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d

F|qindac dnijc'd) fblvf|qdac'd) f| {}fli|c tvf }f|{cbad| lcb hd pf}ada( yd tvfaf{fbaf af qv| }f|{vf|qd| fh éwiqc af hd Dlqipiada af Fwqfb|iüb Vbipf}|iqd}id d }fdhiud} fbqv lcnvbiada"


QP ]DAIC [F]IÜAILC IBQF]BFQ CQ]C\

=" ³\ifbqf| tvf hd {vmhiliada c`f}qdad af hc| {}cavlqc| f| l}fîmhf3

QCQDHNFBQF NFAIDBDNFBQF F\LD\DNFBQF BDAD

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\I BC

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6" ³\dmf| hc tvf f| Nd}ofqibj3

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0" Qf lcb|iaf}d| vb Lcb|vniac} ]f|{cb|dmhf3

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SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

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Hc| }f|vhqdac| afmf}ë| {}f|fbqd}hc| fb `c}nd af lcbqfc( fefn{hc5


QP 4; ]DAIC 6 [F]IÜAILC 1 IBQF]BFQ 4 CQ]C\

D|î {d}d ldad {}fjvbqd( f|qc qf {f}niqi}ä afqflqd} fh {}cmhfnd y {hdbqfd} hd |chvliüb af hd ni|nd`}fbqf dh qfnd af {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d"

]flvf}ad tvf ldad f|qvaidbqf afmf d{hild} lcnc nîbinc 4; fblvf|qd|"

=9



4"1 [hdbiìldliüb af hd Dlqipiada af Fwqfb|iüb Vbipf}|iqd}id

[d}d |fjvi} af|d}}chhdbac hd dlqipiada af Fwqfb|iüb vbipf}|iqd}id Ldn{dôd af C}ifbqdliüb5Fh lcb|vniac} dbqf hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d( |f afmf }fdhiud} hd [hdbiìldliüb"[d}d f|qc( |f qifbf tvf f|qdmhflf} hc |ijvifbqf5

Afìbifbac f|q}dqfjid| af ai`v|iüb y ndqf}idh af c}ifbqdliüb4" ]fadlqf v|qfa fh cmefqipc af hd dlqipiada af Fwqfb|iüb Vbipf}|iqd}id5 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

=" ³Lväh f| hd f|q}dqfjid af ai`v|iüb d }fdhiud} lcb qv ftvi{c af q}dmdec3

Fen5 Pchdbqf|( Q}î{qilc|( Jijdbqcj}d`îd|( dìlgf|( }daic( lcnvbildliüb pf}mdh v cq}c|"

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=" F|qdmhflf fh lcbqfbiac tvf ai|{cba}ä| fb fh ndqf}idh af ai`v|iüb( fb md|f d hd|

|ijvifbqf| pd}idmhf|5

d) Nd}ofqibj y [vmhiliada Fbjdôc|d

m) Af}flgc| afh Lcb|vniac}

l) Lcb|vnc ]f|{cb|dmhf

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F|qdmhflifbac hd }vqd af hd Ldn{dôd af C}ifbqdliüb

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Hd [vmhiliada fbjdôc|d 4; nib

Fh nd}ofqibj 4; nib

Fh lcb|vniac} y fh lcb|vnc}f|{cb|dmhf

4; nib

[vfaf fwi|qi} vbd ncqipdliüb dh lcnifbuc {d|äbachf| vb pîafc( tvf f|lvlgfb dhjvbd {vmhiliada }daidh c tviuä| cm|f}pfb vb hfq}f}c {vmhiliqd}ic"

<;



4"6 Af}flgc| afh lcb|vniac}

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d" Af}flgc d vbd {}cqflliüb f ildu }f|{flqc af hc| {}cavlqc| y|f}pilic| tvf( fb lcbailicbf| bc}ndhf| c {}fpi|imhf|( }f{}f|fbqfb}if|jc c {fhij}c {d}d hd piad( |dhva f ibqfj}iada `î|ild"

m" Af}flgc d dllfaf} d ib`c}ndliüb c{c}qvbd( |v ilifbqf( pf}du( y`älihnfbqf dllf|imhf( }fhfpdbqf {d}d qcnd} vbd afli|iüb c }fdhiud} vbd

fhflliüb af lcb|vnc tvf |f dev|qf d |v| ibqf}f|f|( d|î lcnc {d}d f`flqvd} vb v|c clcb|vnc daflvdac af hc| {}cavlqc| c |f}pilic|" F|qf af}flgc iblhvyf fh lcbqd} lcb fhqifn{c bflf|d}ic {d}d fh f|qvaic af hd ib`c}ndliüb |chiliqdad"

l" Af}flgc d hd {}cqflliüb af |v| ibqf}f|f| flcbünilc| fb vbd }fhdliüb af lcb|vnc(lcb`c}nf d hd| ai|{c|ilicbf| afh {}f|fbqf Lüaijc( y d hd {}cqflliüb lcbq}d lhäv|vhd|dmv|ipd| f ib`c}ndliüb ibqf}f|dadnfbqf ftvîpcld |cm}f hc| {}cavlqc| c |f}pilic|"

a" Af}flgc d hd }f{d}dliüb c }f{c|iliüb afh {}cavlqc( d vbd bvfpd feflvliüb afh |f}pilic?c( af |f} fh ld|c( d hd afpchvliüb af hd ldbqiada {djdad fb hc| ld|c| {}fpi|qc| fb fh{}f|fbqf Lüaijc( |fjõb hd| li}lvb|qdblid|"

f" Af}flgc d fhfji} him}fnfbqf fbq}f {}cavlqc| y |f}pilic| iaübfc| y af ldhiadapdhc}dqipdnfbqf lcn{fqiqipc| tvf |f c`}fuldb fb fh nf}ldac y d |f} ib`c}ndac {c} fh{}cpffac} |cm}f hc| tvf lvfbqd"

`" Hd {}cqflliüb af |v| af}flgc| nfaidbqf {}clfainifbqc| fìldlf| y léhf}f| c äjihf| {d}dhd dqfbliüb af |v| }flhdnc| y afbvblid| fb hd| ib|qdblid| lcn{fqfbqf|( d|î lcnc d |f} f|lvlgdac| af ndbf}d ibaipiavdh c lchflqipd d ìb af af`fbaf} |v| ibqf}f|f| {c} ibqf}nfaic af fbqiadaf| {õmhild| c {}ipdad| af af`fb|d afh lcb|vniac}( fn{hfdbac hc|nfaic| tvf fh c}afbdnifbqc ev}îailc {f}niqd"

j" Af}flgc d bc |f} ai|l}inibdac| {c} ncqipc af c}ijfb( }dud( |fwc( iaicnd( }fhijiüb(c{ibiüb( lcbailiüb flcbünild c af lvdhtvif} cq}d îbachf" Lcnc {d}qf af f|qf af}flgc( fhc}afb af hhfjdad d vb f|qdmhflinifbqc c af afndbad af vb |f}pilic afmf}ä |f} }f|{fqdac(bc {vaifbac f|qdmhflf}|f {}f`f}fblid fb hd dqfbliüb d hc| lhifbqf| tvf lvfbqfb lcb

qd}efqd| af l}éaiqc c gdmiqvdhiada"

g" Af}flgc d hd }f{d}dliüb y d hd ibafnbiudliüb {c} adôc| y {f}evilic| lcb`c}nf d hd|ai|{c|ilicbf| afh {}f|fbqf Lüaijc?

i" Af}flgc d d|clid}|f lcb fh ìb af {}cqfjf} |v| af}flgc| f ibqf}f|f| af ndbf}dlchflqipd fb fh nd}lc af hd| }fhdlicbf| af lcb|vnc"

e" Af}flgc dh {djc dbqili{dac c {}f{djc af hc| |dhac| fb qcad c{f}dliüb af l}éaiqc( fb`c}nd qcqdh c {d}lidh( lcb hd lcb|ijvifbqf }favlliüb af hc| ibqf}f|f| lcn{fb|dqc}ic|jfbf}dac| dh aîd af {djc y hitviadliüb af lcni|icbf| y jd|qc| af}ipdac| af hd| lhäv|vhd|

lcbq}dlqvdhf| {dlqdad| fbq}f hd| {d}qf|( |ib tvf hf| |fdb d{hildmhf| {fbdhiadaf| af dhjõb

<4



qi{c c lcm}c| af bdqv}dhfud c f`flqc |inihd}? |dhpc tvf fh lcb|vniac} {dlqf af ndbf}d{}fpid( fw{}f|d( fw{hîliqd y {c} f|l}iqc hd }fbvblid dh fef}lilic afh af}flgc af {}f{djc\fjõb hd Hfy af [}cqflliüb dh Lcb|vniac}

QIQVHC \FJVBACAF HC\ AF]FLGC\ AF HC\ LCB\VNIAC]F\

D}qîlvhc 6". Fb hc| qé}nibc| f|qdmhfliac| {c} fh {}f|fbqf Afl}fqc Hfji|hdqipc( hc|lcb|vniac}f| qifbfb hc| |ijvifbqf| af}flgc|5

d) Af}flgc d vbd {}cqflliüb fìldu lcbq}d hc| {}cavlqc| y |f}pilic| tvf( fb lcbailicbf|bc}ndhf| c {}fpi|imhf|( }f{}f|fbqfb }if|jc c {fhij}c {d}d hd |dhva c hd |fjv}iada `î|ild?

m) Af}flgc d }flimi} af hc| {}cpffac}f| qcad hd ib`c}ndliüb bflf|d}id {d}d qcnd} vbdafli|iüb c }fdhiud} vbd fhflliüb daflvdadnfbqf ib`c}ndad fb hd datvi|iliüb af {}cavlqc|y |f}pilic|( d|î lcnc {d}d f`flqvd} vb v|c c lcb|vnc daflvdac af hc| {}cavlqc| c|f}pilic|?

l) Af}flgc d dllfaf} d vbd pd}ifada af {}cavlqc| y |f}pilic|( pdhc}dqipdnfbqflcn{fqiqipc|( tvf hf| {f}niqdb him}fnfbqf fhfji} hc| tvf af|ffb?

a) Af}flgc d hd {}cqflliüb af |v| ibqf}f|f| flcbünilc|( nfaidbqf fh q}dqc ftviqdqipc y ev|qc fb qcad q}db|dlliüb lcnf}lidh? y d hd {}cqflliüb lcbq}d néqcac| lcnf}lidhf|lcf}liqipc| c tvf in{hitvfb af|ib`c}ndliüb c ib`c}ndliüb ftvipcldad |cm}f hc| {}cavlqc|c |f}pilic|? [}flî|d|f tvf dh f|qdmhflf} fh ibli|c a) afh d}qîlvhc 6µ afh Afl}fqc Hfji|hdqipcBµ :40( tvf qcac| hc| lcb|vniac}f| qifbfb fh af}flgc d hd {}cqflliüb af |v| ibqf}f|f|flcbünilc|( nfaidbqf fh q}dqc ftviqdqipc y ev|qc fb qcad q}db|dlliüb lcnf}lidh( |ff|qdmhflf tvf hc| lcb|vniac}f| bc {ca}äb |f} ai|l}inibdac| {c} ncqipc af }dud( |fwc(bipfh |clicflcbünilc( iaicnd( ai|ld{dliada( {}f`f}fblid| {chîqild|( l}ffblid| }fhijic|d| caf lvdhtvif} îbachf( fb hd datvi|iliüb af {}cavlqc| y {}f|qdliüb af |f}pilic| tvf |fc`}flfb fb hcldhf| dmif}qc| dh {õmhilc"'Qfwqc {}fli|dac {c} fh d}qîlvhc 4µ af hd Hfy Bµ =:;19)

f) Af}flgc d hd }f{d}dliüb {c} adôc| y {f}evilic|( lcb|flvfblid af hd datvi|iliüb af hc|mifbf| c |f}pilic| tvf |f c`}flfb fb fh nf}ldac c af |v v|c c lcb|vnc?

`) Af}flgc d |f} f|lvlgdac af ndbf}d ibaipiavdh c lchflqipd d ìb af af`fbaf} |v|ibqf}f|f| {c} ibqf}nfaic af fbqiadaf| {õmhild| c {}ipdad| af af`fb|d afh lcb|vniac}(

fn{hfdbac hc| nfaic| tvf fh c}afbdnifbqc ev}îailc {f}niqd"j) Af}flgc( fb qcad c{f}dliüb af l}éaiqc( d f`flqvd} {djc| dbqili{dac| af hd| lvcqd| c|dhac| fb `c}nd qcqdh c {d}lidh( lcb hd lcb|ijvifbqf hitviadliüb af ibqf}f|f| dh aîd af {djc( iblhvyébac|f d|î ni|nc hc| jd|qc| af}ipdac| af hd| lhäv|vhd| lcbq}dlqvdhf| {dlqdad| fbq}f hd| {d}qf|"'Qfwqc dailicbdac {c} fh D}qîlvhc =µ af hd Hfy Bµ =:=64)"

³Lünc y dbqf tviéb afìfbac ni| af}flgc|3

³Tvé f| Ibaflc{i35

Ibaflc{i f| Fh Ib|qiqvqc Bdlicbdh af Af`fb|d af hd Lcn{fqfblid y af hd [}cqflliüb af hd

<=



[}c{ifada Ibqfhflqvdh( `vf l}fdac nfaidbqf Afl}fqc Hfy B» =6707 fb bcpifnm}f afh 499=({d}d {}cncpf} fb hd flcbcnîd {f}vdbd vbd lvhqv}d af hfdh y gcbf|qd lcn{fqfblid y {d}d{}cqfjf} qcad| hd| `c}nd| af {}c{ifada ibqfhflqvdh5 af|af hc| |ijbc| ai|qibqipc| y hc|af}flgc| af dvqc} gd|qd hd| {dqfbqf| y hd micqflbchcjîd"

Lcni|iüb af [}cqflliüb dh Lcb|vniac} fb Ibaflc{i

Hd Lcni|iüb af [}cqflliüb dh Lcb|vniac} “ L[L “ f| fh ü}jdbc danibi|q}dqipclcn{fqfbqf y f|{flidhiudac {d}d lcbclf} hd| {}f|vbqd| ib`}dllicbf| d hd| ai|{c|ilicbf|lcbqfbiad| fb hd Hfy af [}cqflliüb dh Lcb|vniac}( d|î lcnc {d}d in{cbf} hd| |dblicbf|danibi|q}dqipd| y nfaiad| lc}}flqipd| f|qdmhfliad| fb ailgd bc}nd( |dhpc tvf |vlcn{fqfblid |fd bfjdad {c} bc}nd fw{}f|d lcb }dbjc af hfy"

Lvdbac gdy {}cmhfnd| tvf d`flqdb d hc| lcb|vniac}f|"""Af lvn{hi} lcb hc| }ftvi|iqc| mä|ilc| 'lcb|vniac} ìbdh) y lcbqd} lcb vb aclvnfbqc tvfdl}faiqf |v }fhdliüb af lcb|vnc( fb {}inf} hvjd} afmf v|qfa af {}f|fbqd} |v }flhdncdbqf fh {}c{ic {}cpffac} y dbqf hd bfjdqipd af |chvliüb af }flhdnc c dbqf vbd }f|{vf|qd

tvf hf m}ibafb lcb hd lvdh bc |f fblvfbq}f lcb`c}nf {vfaf v|qfa dlvai} dh Ibaflc{i( fbf|f |fbqiac( hf ibaildnc| hd| pîd| d hd| tvf v|qfa {vfaf }flv}}i} fb fh Ibaflc{i {d}d{}f|fbqd} |v tvfed {c} fh {}cmhfnd |v|liqdac54" Fh }flhdnc dbqf fh \f}pilic af Dqfbliüb dh Livadadbc"=" Hd afbvblid dbqf hd Lcni|iüb af [}cqflliüb dh Lcb|vniac}"

4" Fh }flhdnc dbqf fh \f}pilic af Dqfbliüb dh Livadadbc '\DL)Hc {vfaf {}f|fbqd} af hd |ijvifbqf ndbf}d5

º [c} pîd qfhf`übild lcnvbiläbac|f d hc| bõnf}c| qfhf`übilc| ==1:::: ü ==1:7;; dbfwc4:;6( 4<46 ü 40<0"º [c} `dw( fbpidbac hd aclvnfbqdliüb dh ==1 :7;; dbfwc 4:46"

º D q}dpé| af hd {äjibd zfm5 zzz"ibaflc{i"jcm"{f( lcb|ijbdbac |v| adqc| fb fh îqfn tvfibaild ‘[}f|fbqd qv ]flhdnc„"

D q}dpé| afh \f}pilic af Dqfbliüb dh Livadadbc '\DL) fh q}äniqf f| j}dqviqc y vqihiudnc|nfldbi|nc| dhqf}bdqipc| af |chvliüb af lcb hilqc|( qdhf| lcnc hd lcblihidliüb c hdibqf}nfaidliüb( {d}d ibqfbqd} |chvlicbd} fh {}cmhfnd" Fh q}äniqf bc lcbhhfpd hd in{c|iliübaf vbd nvhqd c hd fni|iüb af vbd }f|chvliüb( {f}c |î cmqifbf lcnc mfbfìlic hd lfhf}iadafb hd q}dniqdliüb y fh dlf}ldnifbqc dh {}cpffac} {d}d fw{cbf} |v {c|iliüb" Hd aihijfblid

af lcblihidliüb tvf |f {}cj}dnf lcbqd}ä lcb hd d|i|qfblid af vb `vblicbd}ic af Ibaflc{itvf dlqvd}ä lcnc lcblihidac} y tvifb qfba}ä {c} cmefqipc tvf dnmd| {d}qf| {vfadb hhfjd} d vb dlvf}ac |dqi|`dlqc}ic"

Hd aihijfblid af lcblihidliüb tvf |f {}cj}dnf lcbqd}ä lcb hd d|i|qfblid af vb `vblicbd}icaf Ibaflc{i tvf dlqvd}ä lcnc lcblihidac} y tvifb qfba}ä {c} cmefqipc tvf dnmd| {d}qf|{vfadb hhfjd} d vb dlvf}ac |dqi|`dlqc}ic"

=" Hd afbvblid dbqf hd Lcni|iüb af [}cqflliüb dh Lcb|vniac} 'L[L)Hd afbvblid afmf}ä {}f|fbqd}|f {c} f|l}iqc fb hd nf|d af {d}qf| y dh lcb|qiqvi} fh ibilic afvb {}clfainifbqc danibi|q}dqipc tvf lvhnibd}ä lcb fh {}cbvblidnifbqc af ailgd lcni|iüb

d q}dpé| af vbd }f|chvliüb( afmf}ä af lvn{hi}|f lcb hd| `c}ndhiadaf|

<<

http://www.indecopi.gob.pe/






LD\C =5 ‘Ni lfhvhd} }cqc„

D nvlgc| af bc|cq}c| bc| gd {d|dac aipf}|c| iblcbpfbifbqf| dh ncnfbqc af lcn{}d} vb{}cavlqc c vb |f}pilic

F|qf f| vb ld|c }fdh af vbd f|qvaidbqf af hd Vhdaflg5

‘Ni lfhvhd} }cqc„

Lybqgid( f|qvaidbqf af Fb`f}nf}îd afh III lilhc |f gdmîd dlf}ldac d vbdqifbad lcnf}lidh {d}d lcn{}d}|f vb lfhvhd}( af hc| |c i|qildac| lcbländ}d y }daic( qcac f|qdmd mifb |f hc {}cmd}cb( hf c}ifbqd}cb fb dhjvbd|

c{licbf| afh lfhvhd}( {djü( `vf d }flf{flicbd} |v ftvi{c y |f hc aif}cbfn{dtvfqdac" Dh hhfjd} d |v ld|d |f fblcbq}ü lcb vbd j}db |c}{}f|d? dhncnfbqc tvf yd imd d vqihiud} |v lfhvhd} f|qdmd }cqc hd {d}qf af hd qd{d(bi|itvif}d |f gdmîd |dhiac( f|qdmd }cqc" Ibnfaidqdnfbqf `vf d }flhdnd} dhd qifbad( tvf {c}|v{vf|qc hf aief}cb tvf |fjv}dnfbqf |f hf gdmîd ldîacc hc gdmîd jch{fdac"[}f|fbqü |v tvfed |f hd dlf{qd}cb hd }fniqif}cb d Hind( bc hf aif}cb cq}cftvi{c( q}dqd}cb af {f}|vdai}hd fb fh |fbqiac tvf qfba}îd tvf {djd} {c} hddpf}îd y af|{vé| af qifn{c y aibf}c {f}aiac( ìbdhnfbqf hc afeü dhhî bc|v{c tvé nä| gdlf} acbaf ai}iji}|f y lünc afbvblid} fh ld|c"


4"³Afmf}îdnc| tvfad}bc| lcb bvf|q}d ib|dqi|`dlliüb dh {d|d} {c} vb ld|c {d}fliac3="³\dmf| tvé afmf| gdlf}( lünc dlqvd} `}fbqf d f|qc| ld|c|3

\fjv}dnfbqf gd| qfbiac dhjõb ld|c af ib|dqi|`dlliüb lcb dhjõb {}cavlqcc |f}pilic( f| {}fli|c }flc}ad}hc y |dmf} tvé gdlf}" \i gd| hfîac hd| {äjibd| dbqf}ic}f| yd |dmf| tvé gdlf}"

<1

Fh IBAFLC[I qifbf d |v ld}jc hc| |ijvifbqf| {}clfainifbqc|5d) [}clfainifbqc| |dblicbdac}f|5'i) Afbvblid {c} ib`}dlliüb d hd| bc}nd| af {}cqflliübdh lcb|vniac}?'ii) Afbvblid {c} iblvn{hinifbqc af dlvf}aclcblihidqc}ic? y('iii) [}clfainifbqc danibi|q}dqipc |dblicbdac}"

D}qîlvhc 44;»". [}clfainifbqc| d ld}jc afh

IBAFLC[ILÜAIJC AF []CQFLLIÜB Y AF@FB\D AFH LCB\VNIAC]



4"0 Lcb|vnc \c|qfbimhf y fh Lcb|vniac} ]f|{cb|dmhf"³Tviébf| |cb lcb|vniac}f|3Hd| {f}|cbd| bdqv}dhf| tvf datvif}fb( vqihiudb c ai|`}vqdb lcncaf|qibdqd}ic| ìbdhf| {}cavlqc| c |f}pilic| ndqf}idhf| fibndqf}idhf|( fb mfbfìlic {}c{ic c af |v j}v{c `dnihid} c |clidhibnfaidqc( dlqvdbac d|î fb vb änmiqc defbc d vbd dlqipiada

fn{}f|d}idh c {}c`f|icbdh" Bc |f lcb|iaf}d lcb|vniac} {d}df`flqc| af f|qf Lüaijc d tvifb datvif}f( vqihiud c ai|`}vqd af vb{}cavlqc c |f}pilic bc}ndhnfbqf af|qibdac {d}d hc| ìbf| af |vdlqipiada lcnc {}cpffac}"

[}ibli{dhf| lcb|vniac}f|•Hd| {f}|cbd| {d}qilvhd}f| c lcb|vniac}f| acné|qilc|(

•Hd| fn{}f|d| tvf lcb|vnfb fb fh nd}lc af |v ldafbd af {}cavlliüb c {}f|qdliüb af|f}pilic|"

•Hd| Danibi|q}dlicbf| [õmhild| d q}dpé| af |v| lcn{}d| y lcbq}dqdlicbf| {õmhild|" Fh Lcb|vniac} ]F\{cb|dmhfFb hd dlqvdhiada( f|qä ldad pfu nä| d|vniac tvf bvf|q}c| gämiqc| af lcb|vnc afmfb |f} |c|qfbimhf| y }f|{cb|dmhf|" ³Tvé tvif}f afli} f|qc3 |ijbiìld tvf bvf|q}c lcb|vnc afmfjvid}|f {c} lif}qc| l}iqf}ic| |clidhf| y nfaicdnmifbqdhf| {d}d jd}dbqiud} vb fbqc}bc|dhvadmhf y ev|qc {d}d qcad hd gvndbiada( bc |chdnfbqf fb hd dlqvdhiada( |ibc qdnmiéb{d}d hd| jfbf}dlicbf| pfbiaf}d|"

Fh lcb|vniac} }f|{cb|dmhf |ifn{}f cm|f}pd hc tvf lcn{}d( hfyfbac hd fqitvfqd afh ni|nc

{d}d {caf} pi|vdhiud} tvf bc lcbqfbjd bibjõb fhfnfbqc tvf {vfad adôd} |v c}jdbi|nc(lcnc hc| q}db|jébilc|" F|qä {fbaifbqf af hd `c}nd lcnc qdh c lvdh {}cavlqc gd |iac`dm}ildac y |i f|c bc gd ncqipc af lcb`hilqc|( dmv|c| d {f}|cbd|( y hd lcbqdnibdliüb tvfdh nfaic dnmifbqf"

F|qf qi{c af lcb|vniac} qifbf gämiqc| nd}ldac|( fn{fudac tvf bc lcn{}d {c} lcn{}d} |ifn{}f |f ìed fb hc| in{dlqc| tvf {vfad cld|icbd} fh lcb|vnc af f|f {}cavlqc d bipfh|clidh( flcbünilc y nfaicdnmifbqdh"

³[c} tvé |f} vb Lcb|vniac} ]F\{cb|dmhf3Gdy nvlgd| }ducbf| {c} hd| tvf afmf}îdnc| |f} lcb|vniac}f| ]F\{cb|dmhf| fb hd|clifada" Hd| nä| in{c}qdbqf| |cb5•Lcbq}imvi} dlqipdnfbqf d tvf |fdb f`flqipc| hc| af}flgc| af ib`c}ndliüb( fhflliüb y}flhdndliüb af hc| lcb|vniac}f| y v|vd}ic| {d}d `cnfbqd} hd ]f|{cb|dmihiada \clidh(

•\chiad}iada y }f|{fqc gdlid qcad| hd| {f}|cbd| in{hildad| fb hc| {}clf|c| af {}cavlliübaf hc| {}cavlqc| c hd {}f|qdliüb af |f}pilic| tvf ai|`}vqdnc|"

•F|qd |chiad}iada |f md|d fb hd lcblifblid af pipi} fb vbd lcnvbiada jhcmdh"

•Bc |chdnfbqf bc| afmfnc| {}fjvbqd}5 tvé f`flqc qifbf ni lcb|vnc fb nî( |ibc qdnmiéb

fb hc| afnä|" <6



DLQIPIADA B» =5 [HDBI@ILDLIÜB

Dlqipiada af Fwqfb|iüb Vbipf}|iqd}id5

Ldn{dôd af C}ifbqdliüb5 ‘Fh Lcb|vniac} dbqf hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d„



II". [}clf|c af hd {hdbiìldliüb af hd dlqipiada af fwqfb|iüb vbipf}|iqd}id="4". [}cmhfnd Iafbqiìldac5

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6" Dh ìbdhiud} hd dlqipiada bc chpiad} fblvf|qd} d hc| {d}qili{dbqf|" 'Dbfwc =5Fblvf|qd dh j}v{c af Ibqf}é|)

0" Fpibafblid} hd feflvliüb af hd dlqipiada }fniqifbac hc |ijvifbqf5 Ndqf}idh afAi`v|iüb y C}ifbqdliüb( @cqc|( Pîafc 'f| c{licbdh) c fh fbhdlf fb ycvqvmf

10



="= \f}pilic| af dqfbliüb( d{cyc y }f|chvliüb af tvfed|Hc| |f}pilic| af dqfbliüb dh lhifbqf( d{cyc y }f|chvliüb af tvfed|y lcb`hilqc| |cb nfldbi|nc| tvf vbd c}jdbiudliüb v|d {d}ddmc}ad} hd| bflf|iadaf| af hc| lcb|vniac}f| af|{vé| tvf hc|{}cavlqc| y |f}pilic| |cb lcn{}dac| c fbq}fjdac|" Ailgc|

nfldbi|nc| iblhvyfb lf}qiìldac| af jd}dbqîd( d{cyc qélbilcdlf}ld afh v|c( d|î lcnc ai|{c|ilicbf| }fhdlicbdad| lcb hdafpchvliüb( hd }f{d}dliüb y fh ndbqfbinifbqc af hc| ni|nc|"

Hc| {}cavlqc| c |f}pilic| tvf bc c`}flfb vb }fbainifbqc |dqi|`dlqc}ic( yd |fd {c} af|{f}`flqc| c `dhhd| c lcnc }f|vhqdac af vb ndh v|c( {vfafb dld}}fd} vbd pichdliüb d hc|af}flgc| af hc| lcb|vniac}f|( d|î lcnc {é}aiad af aibf}c( qifn{c y }flv}|c|"

³Tvé afmf| fwiji} d hd fn{}f|d3•Tvf iblv}}d fb nfaiad| {}fpfbqipd| {d}d }favli} tvfed| c`}flifbac d hc| lcb|vniac}f|(iblhviac| dtvfhhc| tvf datvif}fb hc| {}cavlqc| {c} pfbqd| d ai|qdblid( hd c{liüb afafpchpf} hc| {}cavlqc| afbq}c af vb {f}îcac af qifn{c"

•Tvf lcnvbitvf af ndbf}d lhd}d d hc| lcb|vniac}f| lünc fhhc| {vfafb dllfaf} d|f}pilic| y d{cyc af {c|qpfbqd"

•Tvf c`}fuldb }f{d}dliüb y ndbqfbinifbqc d vb {}flic }ducbdmhf y fbq}fjd} ib`c}ndliübc{c}qvbd dlf}ld afh qifn{c f|{f}dac {d}d hd ai|{cbimihiada af hc| }f{vf|qc| af hc|{}cavlqc|"

Hd I\C y hd |dqi|`dlliüb afh lhifbqf5I\C 4;;;4( Jf|qiüb af hd ldhiada . \dqi|`dlliüb afh lhifbqf “ Ai}flq}ilf| {d}d hc|

lüaijc| af lcbavlqd {d}d hd| c}jdbiudlicbf|" Lvdbac hd| c}jdbiudlicbf|{}c{c}licbdb d hc| lhifbqf| lcn{}cni|c| {c} dafhdbqdac }fhdlicbdac| lcb |v| {}cavlqc|y |f}pilic| 'lüaijc|)( ai|nibvyfb hd {}cmdmihiada af tvf |v}edb tvfed|" Hd bc}nd dyvad dhd| c}jdbiudlicbf| d af|d}}chhd} f in{hfnfbqd} lüaijc| af lcbavlqd fìldlf|( ev|qc| y{}fli|c|"I\C 4;;;=( Jf|qiüb af hd ldhiada . \dqi|`dlliüb afh lhifbqf “ Ai}flq}ilf| {d}d fhq}dqdnifbqc af hd| tvfed| fb hd| c}jdbiudlicbf|" F|qd Bc}nd Ibqf}bdlicbdh {}c{c}licbdc}ifbqdliüb |cm}f lünc hd| c}jdbiudlicbf| {vfafb dmc}ad} af ndbf}d ev|qd y fìldu hd|tvfed| |cm}f |v| {}cavlqc| c |f}pilic|"I\C 4;;;<( Jf|qiüb af hd ldhiada . \dqi|`dlliüb afh lhifbqf “ Ai}flq}ilf| {d}d hd}f|chvliüb af ai|{vqd| fwqf}bd d hd| c}jdbiudlicbf|" F|qd Bc}nd Ibqf}bdlicbdh dmc}ad

dtvfhhd| |iqvdlicbf| fb tvf hd| c}jdbiudlicbf| bc {vfadb }f|chpf} hd| tvfed| d q}dpé| af|v| nfldbi|nc| ibqf}bc| {d}d fh q}dqdnifbqc af hd| tvfed|( mv|ldbac nfldbi|nc|fwqf}bc|

Hd Lcni|iüb af [}cqflliüb dh Lcb|vniac}( fb lcc}aibdliüb lcb fh Ai}flqc}ic afh IBAFLC[I(f|qdmhflf}ä( ai}flqdnfbqf c nfaidbqf lcbpfbic| lcb ib|qiqvlicbf| {õmhild| c {}ipdad|( nfldbi|nc|dhqf}bdqipc| af }f|chvliüb af ai|{vqd| afh qi{c af d}miq}def( nfaidliüb( lcblihidliüb c nfldbi|nc|niwqc|( tvf( nfaidbqf {}clfainifbqc| |fblihhc| y }ä{iac|( dqifbadb y }f|vfhpdb lcb ld}älqf} piblvhdbqf y afìbiqipc {d}d dnmd| {d}qf| hd| tvfed| c }flhdndlicbf| af hc| lcb|vniac}f| c v|vd}ic|(|ib {f}evilic af hd| lcn{fqfblid| danibi|q}dqipd|"

D}qîlvhc <7µHfy af [}cqflliüb dh Lcb|vniac}

1:



\fjõb fh lüaijc af [}cqflliüb y af`fb|d afh Lcb|vniac}5

D}qîlvhc =1µ". Dqfbliüb dh {õmhilc y |f}pilic af dqfbliüb af }flhdnc|

=1"4" F| cmhijdliüb af qcac {}cpffac} in{hfnfbqd} hc| nfldbi|nc|bflf|d}ic| {d}d m}ibad} dqfbliüb c{c}qvbd( lcbqibvd y `hviad d hc|lcb|vniac}f| y v|vd}ic|( afmifbac lcbqd} lcb fh {f}|cbdh |vìlifbqf(qf}nibdhf| af dqfbliüb( d|î lcnc gc}d}ic| tvf }f|{cbadb d hd afndbadaf dqfbliüb afh {õmhilc |fjõb ldad ld|c( lcb|iaf}dbac d|{flqc| lcncgc}d| af ndyc} d`hvfblid afh {õmhilc fb f|qdmhflinifbqc|( hc| qi{c| afc{f}dlicbf| c q}db|dllicbf| tvf |f }fdhiudb( fbq}f cq}c| d|{flqc| tvf{f}niqdb m}ibad} fh |f}pilic c{c}qvbc d hc| lcb|vniac}f|"

=1"=" Fb ld|c fh {}cpffac} lvfbqf lcb vbd hîbfd af dqfbliüb qfhf`übildaf }flhdnc|( afmf d|fjv}d}|f tvf hd dqfbliüb |fd c{c}qvbd y tvf bc |flcbpif}qd fb vb cm|qälvhc dh }flhdnc dbqf hd fn{}f|d"

=1"<" \ib {f}evilic afh af}flgc af hc| lcb|vniac}f| af ibilid} hd|dllicbf| lc}}f|{cbaifbqf| dbqf hd| dvqc}iadaf| lcn{fqfbqf|( hc|{}cpffac}f| f|qäb cmhijdac| d dqfbaf} hc| }flhdnc| {}f|fbqdac| {c} |v|lcb|vniac}f| y ad} }f|{vf|qd d hc| ni|nc| fb vb {hduc bc ndyc} dq}fibqd '<;) aîd| ldhfbad}ic" Ailgc {hduc {ca}ä |f} fwqfbaiac {c} cq}cijvdh lvdbac hd bdqv}dhfud afh }flhdnc hc ev|qiìtvf( |iqvdliüb tvf |f}ä{vf|qd fb lcbclinifbqc afh lcb|vniac} dbqf| af hd lvhnibdliüb afh {hducibilidh"

=1"1" Bc {ca}ä lcbailicbd}|f hd dqfbliüb af }flhdnc| af lcb|vniac}f|

dh {djc {}fpic afh {}cavlqc c |f}pilic ndqf}id af ailgc }flhdnc( c aflvdhtvif} cq}c {djc"

="< [}cqflliüb y {}ipdliada af adqc| afh lcb|vniac}"Hd {}cqflliüb y {}ipdliada af hd ib`c}ndliüb afh lcb|vniac} |f }fìf}f d |dhpdjvd}ad} fhaf}flgc af hc| lcb|vniac}f| d hd {}ipdliada( hiniqdbac fh qi{c af ib`c}ndliüb tvf |f}fõbf y hd `c}nd fb tvf f|qd ib`c}ndliüb |f cmqifbf( vqihiud y d|fjv}d"

Fh ibl}fnfbqc afh v|c af hd lcnvbildliüb fhflq}übild( iblhviad| hd| q}db|dllicbf|ìbdblif}d|( d|î lcnc fh l}flinifbqc d j}db f|ldhd af hd| md|f| af adqc|( gdlf |v}ji}

ibtvifqvaf| }f|{flqc af lünc |f {vfaf {}cqfjf} hd {}ipdliada af hc| lcb|vniac}f|({d}qilvhd}nfbqf hd ib`c}ndliüb af iafbqiìldliüb {f}|cbdh"

Hd| c}jdbiudlicbf| {vfafb dyvad} d ndbqfbf} |v l}faimihiada y hd lcbìdbud af hc|lcb|vniac}f| nfaidbqf fh v|c af |i|qfnd| }ijv}c|c| {d}d hd cmqfbliüb( v|c y {}cqflliübaf hd ib`c}ndliüb af hc| lcb|vniac}f|"

17



[d}d fpiqd} tvf hd }flc{ihdliüb y fh {}clf|dnifbqc af adqc| {f}|cbdhf| ib`}ibedb hd{}ipdliada( vbd c}jdbiudliüb afmf}îd5

•Hiniqd} hd }flc{ihdliüb af adqc| {f}|cbdhf| d ib`c}ndliüb tvf |fd f|fblidh {d}d hd{}cpi|iüb af hc| {}cavlqc| c |f}pilic|( c mifb tvf |fd {}c{c}licbdad lcb fhlcb|fbqinifbqc ib`c}ndac y pchvbqd}ic afh lcb|vniac}"

•Cmqfbf} hc| adqc| {c} nfaic| hfjdhf| y ev|qc|"

•F|{fliìld} fh {}c{ü|iqc {d}d fh lvdh |f f|qäb }flchflqdbac adqc| {f}|cbdhf|( yd |fddbqf| c dh ncnfbqc af hd lcb|vhqd"

•Bc }fpfhd}( {cbf} d ai|{c|iliüb c v|d} hc| adqc| {f}|cbdhf| {d}d {}c{ü|iqc| ai|qibqc| afdtvfhhc| f|{fliìldac|( iblhviad hd nf}ldacqflbid( fwlf{qc mdec fh lcb|fbqinifbqcib`c}ndac y pchvbqd}ic afh lcb|vniac} c mdec hd dvqc}iada tvf cqc}jd hd hfy"

•Ad} d hc| lcb|vniac}f| fh af}flgc d lcbì}nd} |i hd c}jdbiudliüb qifbf ib`c}ndliüb|cm}f fhhc| y lvf|qicbd} f|qc| adqc|( |fjõb hc f|qi{vhd hd hfy" \i fh lvf|qicbdnifbqc qifbféwiqc( hd ib`c}ndliüb afmf}îd |f} mc}}dad( }flqiìldad( lcn{hfqdad c fbnfbadad"

•[}cqfjf} hd ib`c}ndliüb {f}|cbdh }f|jvd}adbac }ducbdmhfnfbqf hd |fjv}iada"

•F|qd} dmif}qd d dpdblf|( {}älqild| y {chîqild| }fhdlicbdad| lcb hd ib`c}ndliüb {f}|cbdh yc`}flf} ndbf}d| fw{faiqd| {d}d f|qdmhflf} hd fwi|qfblid( hd bdqv}dhfud y fh v|c {}ibli{dhaf hd ib`c}ndliüb {f}|cbdh"

•]fpfhd} hd iafbqiada y hd vmildliüb gdmiqvdh af hd {f}|cbd fbld}jdad af {}cqfjf} hc|

adqc| fb hd c}jdbiudliüb 'hhdndac d pflf| lcbq}chdac} af adqc|) y gdlf} d f|qd {f}|cbd}f|{cb|dmhf af lvn{hi} hd| nfaiad| dbqf| nfblicbdad|"

19



LD\C <5 ‘Hd L}i{qcj}d`îd„

Hd| fn{}f|d| fb hd dlqvdhiada |chiilqdb adqc| af hc| v|vd}ic| {c} Ibqf}bfq iblhv|c gd|qd |fgdlfb q}d|b`f}fblid| mdbld}id|( hff fh ld|c y }f`hfwicbd"

‘Hd L}i{qcj}d`îd„

Hd -l}i{qcj}d`îd- f| hd qélbild tvf {f}niqf ncaiìld} vb nfb|defc}ijibdh nfaidbqf vbd c pd}id| lhdpf|( af `c}nd tvf tvfafqcqdhnfbqf ihfjimhf dbqf lvdhtvif} {f}|cbd( fwlf{qc dtvfhhd tvfqfbjd hd lhdpf daflvdad {d}d af|fbl}i{qd}" F|qc {f}niqf fbpid} ib`c}ndliüb d q}dpé| af HD ]FA lcb |fjv}iada af tvf bc {ca}ä |f}

pi|qd {c} bibjvbd {f}|cbd defbd dh nfb|def"

Dlqvdhnfbqf j}dlid| dh lcnf}lic fhflq}übilc |f {vfaf lcn{}d} ypfbaf} {c} Ibqf}bfq( {f}c tvf qdb |fjv}d f| hd q}db|dlliüb( |fjõbhc| fbqfbaiac| dì}ndb tvf hd l}i{qcj}d`îd f| hd |chvliüb {d}d tvfbibjõb -{i}dqd- ib`c}näqilc qfbjd dllf|c d qv| adqc| y nvlgcnfbc| d qv| lvfbqd|" ³Fb }fdhiada |f}ä d|î3 Hd| fn{}f|d| tvflvfbqdb lcb qifbad| pi}qvdhf| bc| {iafb lcbìdbud {d}d {caf} lcn{}d} |ib bibjõb iblcpfbifbqf( qfba}fnc| lcbìdbud3

[}fjvbqd af }f`hfwiüb5

4" Qõ lcbìd}îd| ib`c}ndliüb {c} hd }fa lcnc5 qv bõnf}c af lvfbqd(lhdpf( fql" ³Lcbìd}îd| fb f|qd ncaf}biada3

6;



DLQIPIADA B» <5 FEFLVLIÜB

Dlqipiada af Fwqfb|iüb Vbipf}|iqd}id5

Ldn{dôd af C}ifbqdliüb5 ‘Fh Lcb|vniac} dbqf hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d„



II". [}clf|c af hd feflvliüb af hd dlqipiada af fwqfb|iüb vbipf}|iqd}id

="4". Adqc| af hd Dlqipiada

@flgd Gc}d Hvjd} B» af {d}qili{dbqf|

="=". D{hitvf hc| ib|q}vnfbqc| af fpdhvdliüb af hd dlqipiada 'f|qd}ä ai|{cbimhf fb hd{hdqd`c}nd pi}qvdh)

Fblvf|qd dh j}v{c af ibqf}f|Fblvf|qd dh f|qvaidbqf]fji|q}c af d|i|qfblid af hc| {d}qili{dbqf|]fji|q}c af d|i|qfblid afh j}v{c af ibqf}f|]fji|q}c af d|i|qfblid afh f|qvaidbqf

="<". Daevbqf hd| `cqc| y#c piafc af hd feflvliüb af hd dlqipiada

64



="1 Dllf|c d \f}pilic| F|fblidhf|

D {f|d} af tvf f| }f|{cb|dmihiada afh f|qdac jd}dbqiud} tvf fh af}flgc d hd |dqi|`dlliübaf hd| bflf|iadaf| mä|ild| |fd }f|{fqdac( gdy nvlgc| hvjd}f| c lcbailicbf| fb tvf fhf|qdac bc jd}dbqiud c bc {vfaf jd}dbqiud} hd {}cqflliüb af f|qf af}flgc" Iblhv|c lvdbac

|î |f {}cqfjf hd |dqi|`dlliüb af dhjvbd| bflf|iadaf| mä|ild|( f| {c|imhf tvf fh af}flgc d|f}pilic| f|fblidhf| bc f|qé {}cqfjiac {c} lcn{hfqc( lcnc hd fhflq}iliada( jd|( djvd yqfhé`cbc" Vbd c}jdbiudliüb {vfaf lcbq}imvi} dh lvn{hinifbqc af f|qf af}flgc"

Vbd c}jdbiudliüb tvf |vnibi|q}d |f}pilic| f|fblidhf| afmf}îd5

•Bc af|lcbflqd} hc| |f}pilic| f|fblidhf| {c} bc {djc |ib ad}hf dh lcb|vniac} hdc{c}qvbiada af mv|ld} {hduc| }ducbdmhf| {d}d }fdhiud} fh {djc?

• Dh f|qdmhflf} hd| {}ic}iadaf| y ld}jc|( c`}flf} vbd qd}i`d tvf {}c{c}licbf vbd |vmpfbliübd hd| {f}|cbd| bflf|iqdad|?

•C{f}d} af ndbf}d q}db|{d}fbqf( {}c{c}licbdbac ib`c}ndliüb }fhdlicbdad lcb hd ìedliübaf {}flic| y ld}jc|?

•Bc }flv}}i} d hd af|lcbfwiüb lchflqipd af hc| |f}pilic| tvf {fbdhiud d qcac| hc|lcb|vniac}f|( ibaf{fbaifbqfnfbqf afh {djc( fb ld|c| af lvfbqd| in{djd| tvf afmf}îdb|f} {djdad| fb `c}nd lchflqipd {c} vb j}v{c af lcb|vniac}f|?

•Jf|qicbd} lvdhtvif} }dlicbdnifbqc c ibqf}}v{liüb afh |vnibi|q}c af ndbf}d ftviqdqipd(

fpiqdbac ai|l}inibd} d lvdhtvif} j}v{c af lcb|vniac}f|? y•Ndbqfbf} y dlqvdhiud} lcbqibvdnfbqf |v| |i|qfnd| {d}d dyvad} d {}fpfbi} hd ibqf}}v{liübafh |f}pilic"

6=



="6 [}cqflliüb af hd \dhva y |fjv}iada afh Lcb|vniac}"

="6"4 ³[c} tvé {hdbqfd}nf fh qfnd af |dhva y |fjv}iada fb fh lcb|vnc3

Vb af}flgc mä|ilc af hc| lcb|vniac}f| y v|vd}ic| f| hd {}cqflliüb lcbq}d hc| }if|jc| tvf

{vfadb d`flqd} d |v |dhva c |fjv}iada" F|qf af}flgc |f jd}dbqiud {c} bvf|q}dLcb|qiqvliüb"

\fjõb fh Lüaijc af [}cqflliüb y af`fb|d afh Lcb|vniac} D}qîlvhc =:". [}cqflliüb af hd |dhva y |fjv}iada( dì}nd hc |ijvifbqf5

=:"4"Hc| {}cavlqc| c |f}pilic| c`f}qdac| fb fh nf}ldac bc afmf}äb lcbhhfpd}( fblcbailicbf| af v|c bc}ndh c {}fpi|imhf( }if|jc| ibev|qiìldac| dh lcb|vniac} c d |v|mifbf| c tvf bc {vfadb |f} dapf}qiac| {c} fh lcb|vniac}"

=:"="Fb ld|c tvf {c} hd bdqv}dhfud c lcn{cbfbqf| afh {}cavlqc c afh |f}pilic tvf

|f lcnf}lidhilf( fh }if|jc |fd {}fpi|imhf {d}d fh {}cpffac}( é|qf afmf}ä qcnd} hd|nfaiad| bflf|d}id| {d}d |v daflvdad lcb|f}pdliüb( ndbi{vhdliüb y q}db|{c}qf(dapi}qifbac dh lcb|vniac} af ailgc }if|jc( d|î lcnc afh ncac lc}}flqc af hdvqihiudliüb afh {}cavlqc c hd {}f|qdliüb afh |f}pilic( y hd| dllicbf| d qcnd} fb ld|caf {}cavliac vb adôc" Hd| dllicbf| afh {}cpffac} bc afmf}äb ibl}fnfbqd} fh}if|jc {}fpi|imhf"

J}db {d}qf af hd }f|{cb|dmihiada {d}d tvf |f lvn{hd f|qf af}flgc( lc}}f|{cbaf d hd|ib|qiqvlicbf| {õmhild|( hc| {}cavlqc}f| y `dm}ildbqf| af bvf|q}c| mifbf| af lcb|vnc( y dhc| tvf c`}flfb |f}pilic|" \ib fnmd}jc( afmfnc| qdnmiéb pfhd} {c} bvf|q}d {}c{id |dhva y|fjv}iada fb fh lcb|vnc( {c} fefn{hc d q}dpé| af hd lc}}flqd ndbi{vhdliüb af hc|

dhinfbqc| c fh v|c }f|{cb|dmhf af hc| nfaildnfbqc|" D hd gc}d af fhfji} {}cavlqc| y|f}pilic|( afmfnc| gdlf} af hd |dhva y hd |fjv}iada vb l}iqf}ic af bvf|q}c lcb|vnc"

[c} fefn{hc( bc bc| afed ibai`f}fbqf |i |f gdb lvn{hiac c bc hc| af}flgc| hdmc}dhf| af|dhva y |fjv}iada af hc| q}dmdedac}f| af vbd `äm}ild fb Lgibd |i af dhhî {}cpifbf bvf|q}d}c{d" Bc| afmf {}fclv{d}( {c} fefn{hc( hd |fjv}iada fb hd| nätvibd|( hc| tvînilc|fn{hfdac|( hd lcbqdnibdliüb dqnc|`é}ild y fh ndbfec af hc| af|djøf|" Lcnc ihv|q}d f|qffefn{hc(nvlgd| pflf| pdb d hd {d} hd| lcb|iaf}dlicbf| af |dhva y |fjv}iada" Cq}c| fefn{hc| |cb {}ic}iqd}idnfbqf vbd lvf|qiüb af in{dlqc nfaicdnmifbqdh5 hd|cm}ffw{hcqdliüb af hc| nd}f| lcnc lcb|flvfblid afh fhfpdac lcb|vnc af {f|ldac( c fhfn{cm}flinifbqc af hc| |vfhc| y hd lcbq}imvliüb d hd |ftvîd {c} vbd jdbdaf}îd ibqfb|ipd(lcb|flvfblid af bvf|q}c dhqc lcb|vnc af ld}bf" Hd fw{hcqdliüb afh Lchqäb( nibf}dh tvf|f vqihiud {d}d hd| mdqf}îd| af hc| lfhvhd}f| y hd| hd{qc{|( hd| lvdhf| |cb fwq}dîad|jfbf}hdnfbqf {c} biôc| fw{hcqdac| fb hd ]f{õmhild afh Lcbjc y d ldv|d af fhhc nvf}fbfb hc| gcyc| af fwldpdliüb c hd `c}nd lcnc |f `dm}ild fh djvd fnmcqfhhdad tvfbc}ndhfbqf mfmfnc|( jfbf}dbac nä| lcbqdnibdliüb d hd gc}d af fhdmc}d} fh {hä|qilc y hdfwq}dlliüb af|nf|v}dad afh djvd {d}d {caf}hd q}dqd} y ìbdhnfbqf c`f}qd} vb {}cavlqcfbpd|dac d hd {cmhdliüb tvf tviuä| ‘ibjfbvdnfbqf„ lcb|vnf( bc {}fpifbac hc| in{dlqc|tvf f|qc jfbf}d"

6<



="6"= ³Tvé }if|jc| af |dhva y |fjv}iada gdy3

Hc| }ifjc| af |dhva y |fjv}iada af vb {}cavlqc pd}îdb nvlgc |fjõb hd ldqfjc}îd d hd lvdh{f}qfbflf" Hc| {c|imhf| }if|jc| fb ndqf}id af dhinfbqdliüb bc |cb hc| ni|nc| tvf fb{}fbad| af pf|qi}( {}cavlqc| af hin{ifud c d{d}dqc| fhflq}übilc|"

Dh }f|{flqc af hc| dhinfbqc| fh Lüaijc af [}cqflliüb y af`fb|d afh Lcb|vniac} dì}ndfb hc| |ijvifbqf| d}qîlvhc|5

D}qîlvhc <:»". Dhinfbqc| c}jäbilc|Hc| {}cpffac}f| tvf c`}fuldb dhinfbqc| c}jäbilc| afmiadnfbqf lf}qiìldac|( afmf}äbiafbqiìld}hc| lhd}dnfbqf fb hd| fqitvfqd|( fbpd|f| y hc| nfaic| af ib`c}ndliüb ai}flqc| fibai}flqc|" [d}d |v lcnf}lidhiudliüb( hd lf}qiìldliüb f| cmhijdqc}id"

D}qîlvhc <7»". Dhinfbqc| bvq}dlévqilc|Hc| dhinfbqc| bvq}dlévqilc| bc {ca}äb {}cnclicbd}|f lcnc d{qc| {d}d |chvlicbd} {}cmhfnd| af |dhva |i bc lvfbqdb lcb hd| lc}}f|{cbaifbqf| {}vfmd| néaild| y lifbqîìld|tvf hc| }f|{dhafb"

D}qîlvhc <9»". Dhinfbqc| q}db|jébilc| c lcb ibj}faifbqf| q}db|jébilc|Lvdbac vb dhinfbqc |fd q}db|jébilc c lcbqfbjd ibj}faifbqf| q}db|jébilc| afmf}ä ibaild} ailgd lcbailiüb fb |v fqitvfqdac" Fh ]fjhdnfbqc f|qdmhflf}ä fh {c}lfbqdeflc}}f|{cbaifbqf"

D}qîlvhc 1;»". J}d|d| q}db|Lvdbac vb dhinfbqc lcbqfbjd vb qi{c af j}d|d lcb|iaf}dad q}db| afmf}ä dapf}qi}hc fb |vfqitvfqd( d|î lcnc |v {c}lfbqdef"

D}qîlvhc 14»". Ib`c}ndliüb d lcb|vniac}f| lcb }f|q}illicbf| f|{flidhf|Fh {}cpffac} f|qä cmhijdac d ib`c}nd} lhd}dnfbqf dh lcb|vniac} lvdbac fh dhinfbqclcbqifbf dhjõb ibj}faifbqf adôibc c dhf}jébilc {d}d vb j}v{c af lcb|vniac}f|( qdhf|lcnc hc| {}cavlqc| tvf lcbqfbjdb duõld} d ìb af {}fpfbi} d hc| aidméqilc| y hc|{}cavlqc| tvf lcbqfbjdb jhvqfb d ìb af {}fpfbi} d hc| lfhîdlc|" Hd }f`f}iad cmhijdliüb bcf| qdwdqipd y afmf}ä |f} d{hildad {d}d ld|c| |inihd}f|"

="6"< Nfldbi|nc| {d}d hd }fqi}dad af {}cavlqc|

Hd| c}jdbiudlicbf| qifbfb vbd }f|{cb|dmihiada {c} hc| {}cavlqc| tvf pfbafb c {}cpffb(

iblhv|c af|{vé| af pfbaf}hc| c fbq}fjd}hc|"

Dllicbf| tvf afmf }fdhiud} hd c}jdbiudliüb y tvf fh lcb|vniac} afmf lcbclf} \i vb {}cavlqc( af|{vé| af gdmf} |iac {vf|qc fb fh nf}ldac( }f|vhqd {}f|fbqd} vb {fhij}cbc {}fpi|qc( c f|qd} af`flqvc|c( hd| c}jdbiudlicbf| afmf}îdb5◃ Bcqiìld} d hd| dvqc}iadaf| lc}}f|{cbaifbqf| y dh {õmhilc fb qcac| hc| {dî|f| acbaf fh{}cavlqc `vf pfbaiac( iblhv|c |i `vf pfbaiac {c} cq}d c}jdbiudliüb" Dh gdlf} f|qc( hdc}jdbiudliüb afmf}îd lhd}dnfbqf5

4) Iafbqiìld} fh {}cavlqc y lväbac `vf {}cavliac" V|d} ihv|q}dlicbf| {d}d `dlihiqd} fhlcbclinifbqc afh {}cavlqc y hd }fqi}dad"

61



=) F|{fliìld} fh qi{c af }if|jc tvf {c|ff fh {}cavlqc"

<) Fw{hild} tvé afmf}îdb gdlf} hc| lcb|vniac}f| {d}d afpchpf} fh {}cavlqc"

1) ]fqi}d} qcac| hc| {}cavlqc| tvf qcadpîd f|qäb fb hd ldafbd af ai|q}imvliüb"

6) Qcnd} nfaiad| {d}d ib`c}nd} d hc| j}v{c| pvhbf}dmhf| y d hd| tvf pipfb fb ä}fd|}v}dhf|"

0) ]f{d}d}( }ffn{hdud}( ncaiìld} c |v|qiqvi} fh {}cavlqc af`flqvc|c {c} cq}c {}cavlqc"

:) Lcn{fb|d} daflvdadnfbqf d hc| lcb|vniac}f| |ib }fq}d|c? y

7) F|qdmhflf} vb |i|qfnd {d}d }d|q}fd} hc| {}cavlqc| tvf {f}niqd |v }fqi}dad"

Fh ld|c nä| |cbdac af }fqi}dad af {}cavlqc| f| fh af@i|gf} [}ilf af hd fn{}f|d Ndqqfh( {d}qf af hd bcqilidailf5

Vb `vblicbd}ic af hd Lcni|iüb Fv}c{fd lcb i}nü {c|qf}ic}nfbqf tvf lf}ld af 4:";;; d}qîlvhc| gdmîdb|iac }fqi}dac| fb Fv}c{d( afmiac d {}fclv{dlicbf| aftvf {ftvfôd| {ifud| {vaif}db af|{}fbaf}|f af hc| evjvfqf| y dgcjd} d hc| biôc|"

Cq}c ld|c af hd ni|nd fn{}f|d gd |iac lcb }f|{flqc d vbd nvôfld( é|qd f| {d}qfaf hd bcqilid"5

Vbd nvôfld af hd nd}ld @i|gf}.[}ilf gd afedac |v lcbailiübaf dbjfhildh y |f gd lcbpf}qiac fb vbd {}c`fqd afh I|hdn( c dh nfbc| f|c f| hc tvf gdb afbvblidac vb j}v{c af {da}f|( d|î hc }flcjf fh |iqic zfm =; nibvqc|"lcn

\fjõb hc| afbvblidbqf|( hd nvôfld tvf cld|icbdhnfbqf j}iqd-ndnä( ndnä- qdnmiéb gdmhd y ailf -Fh I|hdn f| hd hvu-"

@vfbqf5 fhlcnf}lic"{f

66

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LD\C 15 ‘Hc| {}cavlqc| q}db|jébilc|„

Fb fh [f}õ bc |dmfnc| |i lcb|vni|nc| {}cavlqc| q}db|jébilc| yd tvf fb |v fqitvfqdacbc hc ai|{cbfb( |f f|{f}d tvf fh jcmif}bc |ijd d{cydbac fh fqitvfqdac af f|qc| {}cavlqc|d q}dpé| af bc}nd| y tvf ìbdhnfbqf |f lvn{hd {d}d fh mifb af hd {cmhdliüb" Vbd pfu nä||ijvfb lcb hd [vmhiliada Fbjdôc|d"

‘Hc| {}cavlqc| q}db|jébilc|„

Vb q}db|jébilc f| vb c}jdbi|nc pipc l}fdac d}qiìlidhnfbqfndbi{vhdbac |v| jfbf|"

Hd ibjfbif}îd jfbéqild {vfaf di|hd} {d}qf| afh DAB 'fh ndqf}idhjfbéqilc) af lvdhtvif} pi}v|( mdlqf}id( pfjfqdh( dbindh f ibq}cavli}hd| fbcq}c"

Fwi|qfb `}f|d| lcb jfbf| af {f|ldac afh Ä}qilc {d}d {caf} |fnm}d}hd|fb qfn{c}dad af bifpf y ndîu ‑v|dac fb dhinfbqdliüb af dpf| aflc}}dh‑ tvf {}cavlf |v {}c{ic {f|qiliad"

\f gdb }f{c}qdac ld|c| af dhf}jid| f ibqcwildlicbf| {c} lcb|vncai}flqc f ibai}flqc af {}cavlqc| lcnc f|qc|"

\f }cn{f hd md}}f}d bdqv}dh fbq}f hd| f|{flif| dbindhf| y pfjfqdhf|"Hd qélbild f| bvfpd y |f af|lcbclfb |v| f`flqc| d hd}jc {hduc"

Vb qf}lic af hd {cmhdliüb nvbaidh pipf fb {dî|f| acbaf f| cmhijdqc}ic fhfqitvfqdac af q}db|jébilc|"

Vb qi{c af |cyd q}db|jébild ‑lcb hd tvf |f {}cavlfb dlfiqf|lcnf|qimhf|‑ hhfpd jfbf| af mdlqf}id| tvf hf {f}niqfb {}cavli} vbd|v|qdblid ib|flqiliad"

Hd ai`f}fblid `vbadnfbqdh lcb hd| qélbild| q}dailicbdhf| af nfec}djfbéqild f| tvf {f}niqfb `}dbtvfd} hd| md}}f}d| fbq}f f|{flif| {d}dl}fd} |f}f| pipc| tvf bc fwi|qîdb fb hd bdqv}dhfud" \f q}dqd af vb

fw{f}infbqc d j}db f|ldhd md|dac fb vb ncafhc lifbqîìlc tvf f|qä fbfbq}failgc"


4" ³\dmîd| hc tvf f}d vb q}d|jébilc3=" ³Lcb|vnf| {}cavlqc| q}db|jébilc|3

60

Lvdbac vb dhinfbqc |fd q}db|jébilc clcbqfbjd ibj}faifbqf| q}db|jébilc|afmf}ä ibaild} ailgd lcbailiüb fb |v fqitvfqdac" Fh ]fjhdnfbqc f|qdmhflf}ä fh {c}lfbqdef lc}}f|{cbaifbqf"

D}qîlvhc <9[]CYFLQC AF LÜAIJC AF []CQFLLIÜB Y

AF@FB\D AFH LCB\VNIAC]



LVHQV]D C]JDBIUDLICBDH

F|qindac f|qvaidbqf( f|qdnc| lcblhvyfbac fh lv}|c af D|vbqc| af Lcb|vniac}f| y fbf|qd {d}qf afh lv}|c yd }fdhiud|qf hd dlqipiada af Fwqfb|iüb Vbipf}|iqd}id5 Ldn{dôd af

C}ifbqdliüb ‘Fh Lcb|vniac} dbqf hd [vmhiliada Fbjdôc|d„( ncqipc {c} fh lvdh qf ibpiqc d}f|{cbaf} hd |ijvifbqf {}fjvbqd5

‘³Fh v|c af ‘qflbchcjîd| af hd ib`c}ndliüb„ 'aflhd}dad fb hd Ni|iüb af hdVbipf}|iada)( qf gdb `dlihiqdac v cm|qdlvhiudac hd feflvliüb af hd dlqipiada afFwqfb|iüb Vbipf}|iqd}id }fdhiudad3„

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6:



IB@C]NF @IBDHLdn{dôd af C}ifbqdliüb5 ‘Fh Lcb|vniac} dbqf hd {vmhiliada fbjdôc|d„

I". LD]DQVHD5Hcjc@dlvhqdaF|lvfhdBcnm}f| y d{fhhiac| D|ijbdqv}dLilhcAclfbqf Qvqc} Lfbq}c Vhdaflg LdqühildBcnm}f af hd Dlqipiada

II". Ibq}cavlliüb5 'fw{hildliüb lc}qd y {}fli|d af hc tvf q}dqd}d fh ib`c}nf( d|i lcnc |v|{d}qf|)

III". Dnmiqc af d{hildliüb 'Hvjd} y#c c}jdbiudliüb acbaf |f af|d}}chhc c {vmhilc hddlqipiada)

IP". Bõnf}c| y ld}dlqf}î|qild| af hc| {d}qili{dbqf|

P". ]f|vhqdac| 'afqdhhf c}afbdac af ldad vbc af hd| dlqipiadaf|.Aw([h(Fe.}fhdlicbdbachc| lcb fh hccj}c af hc| cmefqipc|"

PI". Hfllicbf| d{}fbaiad|'afqdhhd} l#v af hc| hcj}c| cmqfbiac| lcnc f|qvaidbqf|)

PII". Aiìlvhqdaf|5 'Fb fh af|d}}chhc af hd dlqipiada y tvf |vjif}f {d}d |v nfec}d)

PIII". \vjf}fblid|5 '[}c{vf|qd| af nfec}d af hd dlqipiada( bvfpd| {}c{vf|qd| af dlliüb)

IW". Dbfwc| 'fpiafblid| af hd dlqipiada)◃ Fblvf|qd dh j}v{c af ibqf}f|◃ Fblvf|qd dh f|qvaidbqf◃ ]fji|q}c af d|i|qfblid af hc| {d}qili{dbqf|◃ ]fji|q}c af d|i|qfblid afh j}v{c af ibqf}f|◃ ]fji|q}c af d|i|qfblid afh f|qvaidbqf◃ @cqc| y#c piafc|

67



Dvqcfpdhvdliüb =

IB\Q]VLLIÜB5

Fblif}}d lcb vb lî}lvhc fb hd }f|{vf|qd tvf lcb|iaf}f| lc}}flqd( f|qc {f}niqi}ä fb}itvflf} qv lcbclinifbqc"

Hd l}i{qcj}d`îd f| hd lifblid tvf f|qvaid hc| af}flgc| afh lcb|vniac}" P @

Hc| |f}pilic| f|fblidhf| tvf afmf dllfaf} fh |f} gvndbc f|qäb}f`f}iacd dh djvd( af|djvf y hd hvu"

P @

Hd| fn{}f|d| f|qäb cmhijdad| d }fqi}d} |v| {}cavlqc| |i f|qc| }f{}f|fbqdbvb adôc {d}d hc| lcb|vniac}f|"

P @

Hc| {}cavlqc| q}db|jébilc| |cb dtvfhhc| bvq}ifbqf| piqdhf| {d}d hd |dhva" P @

Hd {}cqflliüb y {}ipdliada af hd ib`c}ndliüb afh lcb|vniac} |f }fìf}f d|dhpdjvd}ad} fh af}flgc af hc| lcb|vniac}f| d hd {}ipdliada"

P @

69



Jhc|d}ic5

DJFBLID AF [VMHILIADA5 Qcad {f}|cbd( bdqv}dh c ev}îaild( tvf m}ibaf |f}pilic| af ai|fôc(lcb`flliüb( c}jdbiudliüb y#c feflvliüb af dbvblic| y cq}d| {}f|qdlicbf| {vmhiliqd}id|"

DBVBLIC5 vbiada af ai`v|iüb {vmhiliqd}id"

DBVBLIDBQF5 qcad {f}|cbd( bdqv}dh c ev}îaild( tvf af|d}}chhd dlqc| lvyc f`flqc c ìbdhiadaai}flqd c ibai}flqd |fd lcblv}}i} fb fh nf}ldac y tvf( {c} nfaic af hd ai`v|iüb af {vmhiliada( |f{}c{cbf5 i) ihv|q}d} dh {õmhilc( fbq}f cq}c|( dlf}ld af hd bdqv}dhfud( ld}dlqf}î|qild|( {}c{ifadaf| cdq}imvqc| af hc| {}cavlqc| c |f}pilic| lvyd {}cavlliüb( ibqf}nfaidliüb c {}f|qdliüb lcb|qiqvyf fhcmefqc af |v dlqipiada? c( ii) ncqipd} q}db|dllicbf| {d}d |dqi|`dlf} |v| ibqf}f|f| fn{}f|d}idhf|"

D\INFQ]ÎD IB@C]NDQIPD5 Ld}dlqf}î|qild af qcad q}db|dlliüb lcnf}lidh {c} hd lvdh vbc af hc|djfbqf|( fh {}cpffac}( |vfhf qfbf} ndyc} y nfec} ib`c}ndliüb |cm}f hc| {}cavlqc| y |f}pilic| tvfc`}flf fb fh nf}ldac d hc| lcb|vniac}f|"

D\CLIDLICBF\ AF LCB\VNIAC]F\5 Hd| D|clidlicbf| af Lcb|vniac}f| |cb c}jdbiudlicbf|

tvf |f lcb|qiqvyfb af lcb`c}niada lcb hd| bc}nd| f|qdmhfliad| {d}d qdh f`flqc fb fh Lüaijc Lipih"\v ìbdhiada f| {}cqfjf}( af`fbaf}( ib`c}nd} y }f{}f|fbqd} d hc| lcb|vniac}f| y v|vd}ic|( {vaifbacibqf}{cbf} d bcnm}f af fhhc| afbvblid| y }flhdndlicbf| dbqf hd| dvqc}iadaf| lcn{fqfbqf|( |fdbdanibi|q}dqipd| c ev}i|aillicbdhf| y dbqf hc| c}jdbi|nc| }fjvhdac}f| af hc| |f}pilic| {õmhilc|"

LDN[DÔD [VMHILIQD]ID5 dbvblic| ai`vbaiac|( fb vb ni|nc f|{dlic jfcj}äìlc y qfn{c}dh( {c} fh ni|nc dbvblidbqf( d q}dpé| af aipf}|c| nfaic| qdhf| lcnc qfhfpi|iüb( }daic( ldqähcjc| afpfbqd|( `chhfqc|( aid}ic|( }fpi|qd|( {dbfhf| f Ibqf}bfq( fbq}f cq}c|( }f|{flqc af hc| ni|nc| {}cavlqc|y {}f|fbqdbac fh ni|nc nfb|def {vmhiliqd}ic {}ibli{dh"

LCB\VNIAC]F\ C V\VD]IC\5 Hd| {f}|cbd| bdqv}dhf| tvf datvif}fb( vqihiudb c ai|`}vqdblcnc af|qibdqd}ic| ìbdhf| {}cavlqc| c |f}pilic| ndqf}idhf| f ibndqf}idhf|( fb mfbfìlic {}c{ic c

af |v j}v{c `dnihid} c |clidh ibnfaidqc( dlqvdbac d|î fb vb änmiqc defbc d vbd dlqipiadafn{}f|d}idh c {}c`f|icbdh" Bc |f lcb|iaf}d lcb|vniac} {d}d f`flqc| af f|qf Lüaijc d tvifbdatvif}f( vqihiud c ai|`}vqd af vb {}cavlqc c |f}pilic bc}ndhnfbqf af|qibdac {d}d hc| ìbf| af |vdlqipiada lcnc {}cpffac}"

LCB\VNIAC] ]F\5 [f}|cbd ib`c}ndad( lcblifbqf af |v| gämiqc| af lcb|vnc lcb vb nfbc} in{dlqc bfjdqipc |cm}f fh nfaic dnmifbqf y {c|iqipc gdlid hd |clifada"

AF\D]]CHHC \C\QFBIMHF5 |dqi|`dlf} hd| bflf|iadaf| afh {}f|fbqf( |ib lcn{}cnfqf} hdld{dliada af hd| jfbf}dlicbf| `vqv}d| {d}d |dqi|`dlf} |v| {}c{id| bflf|iadaf|"

AIPF]\IADA5 [f}niqi} fh dllf|c y pfhd} {c} hc| af}flgc| af hc| ai|ld{dliqdac|( {f}|cbd| af cq}cl}fac( }dud( lcbailiüb flcbünild( fql"

ND]OFQIBJ C NF]LDACQFLBID5 F|q}dqfjid| af pfbqd md|dad| fb hd {hdud( {}flic( {}cncliüby {}cavlqc"

NFAIC AF LCNVBILDLIÜB \CLIDH5 qcad {f}|cbd( bdqv}dh c ev}îaild( tvf m}ibaf |f}pilic| fblvdhtvif}d af hd| `c}nd| d q}dpé| af hd| lvdhf| f| `dlqimhf ai`vbai} {vmhiliada( yd |fd af ndbf}d{f}|cbdhiudad c in{f}|cbdh( fb fh qf}}iqc}ic bdlicbdh( {c} nfaic| qdhf| lcnc lc}}f|{cbafblid(qfhfpi|iüb( }daic( qfhé`cbc( Ibqf}bfq( dl|înih( aid}ic|( }fpi|qd|( dìlgf|( {dbfhf|( pchdbqf| c lvdhtvif} cq}c nfaic tvf {}cavuld vb f`flqc af lcnvbildliüb |inihd}"

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BC]ND AF AI@V\IÜB5 qcad bc}nd }f`f}iad d hd| ld}dlqf}î|qild|( ncadhiadaf| y {}cgimilicbf| afhd aipvhjdliüb dh {õmhilc af hd {vmhiliada( lcb fwlf{liüb af dtvéhhd| }f`f}iad| d hd vmildliüb `î|ildaf dbvblic|( hd| lvdhf| qifbfb ìbdhiada af c}afb v}mdbî|qilc y bc af }fjvhdliüb afh nfb|def{vmhiliqd}ic"

[]CAVLQC5 F| lvdhtvif} mifb nvfmhf c ibnvfmhf ndqf}idh c ibndqf}idh af c}ijfb bdlicbdh c bc "

[]CAVLQC]F\ C @DM]ILDBQF\5 Hd| {f}|cbd| bdqv}dhf| c ev}îaild| tvf {}cavlfb( fwq}dfb(ibav|q}idhiudb c q}db|`c}ndb mifbf| ibqf}nfaic| c ibdhf| {d}d |v {}cpi|iüb d hc| lcb|vniac}f|"

[]CNCLIÜB AF PFBQD\5 qcad dtvfhhd dlliüb af|qibdad d iblfbqipd} hd q}db|dlliüb |cm}f{}cavlqc| c |f}pilic| fb lcbailicbf| af c`f}qd fwlf{licbdhf| y qfn{c}dhf|( tvf d{d}flfb lcncnä| pfbqdec|d| }f|{flqc af hd| lcbailicbf| af hd c`f}qd c}aibd}id c f|qäbad}" [vfaf lcb|i|qi} fb}favlliüb af {}flic|( ibl}fnfbqc af ldbqiada( lcblv}|c|( |c}qfc|( ldbef| v cq}c| |inihd}f|"

[]CPFFAC]F\5 Hd| {f}|cbd| bdqv}dhf| c ev}îaild|( af af}flgc {õmhilc y {}ipdac( tvf afndbf}d gdmiqvdh `dm}ildb( fhdmc}db( ndbi{vhdb( dlcbailicbdb( nfulhdb( fbpd|db( dhndlfbdb(

{}f{d}db( fw{fbafb( |vnibi|q}db {}cavlqc| c {}f|qdb |f}pilic| af lvdhtvif} bdqv}dhfud d hc|lcb|vniac}f|"

[VMHILIADA5 qcad `c}nd af lcnvbildliüb ai`vbaiad d q}dpé| af lvdhtvif} nfaic c |c{c}qf( ycmefqipdnfbqf d{qd c ai}ijiad d {}cncpf}( ai}flqd c ibai}flqdnfbqf( hd indjfb( nd}ld|( {}cavlqc| c|f}pilic| af vbd {f}|cbd( fn{}f|d c fbqiada fb fh fef}lilic af |v dlqipiada lcnf}lidh( ibav|q}idh c{}c`f|icbdh( fb fh nd}lc af vbd dlqipiada af lcblv}}fblid( {}cncpifbac hd lcbq}dqdliüb c hd}fdhiudliüb af q}db|dllicbf| {d}d |dqi|`dlf} |v| ibqf}f|f| fn{}f|d}idhf|"

[VMHILIADA FB []CAVLQC5 qcad {vmhiliada ìedad fb fh fn{dtvf( fb fh fbpd|f c fb fh lvf}{cafh {}cavlqc" Fh }cqvhdac bc qifbf bdqv}dhfud {vmhiliqd}id( {c} hc tvf dh bc lcb|iaf}d}|f {vmhiliadafb {}cavlqc f|qä `vf}d afh änmiqc af d{hildliüb af hd| bc}nd| |cm}f {vmhiliada fb af`fb|d afh

lcb|vniac}"

\F]PILIC5 F| lvdhtvif} dlqipiada af {}f|qdliüb af |f}pilic| tvf |f c`}flf fb fh nf}ldac(iblhv|ipf hd| af bdqv}dhfud mdbld}id( ìbdblif}d( af l}éaiqc( af |fjv}c|( {}fpi|icbdhf| y hc||f}pilic| qélbilc| y {}c`f|icbdhf|" Bc f|qäb iblhviac| hc| |f}pilic| tvf {}f|qdb hd| {f}|cbd| mdec}fhdliüb af af{fbafblid"

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◃ \ÎBQF\I\ AF HD HFJI\HDLIÜB VF" [vmhiliada Fbjdôc|d y [vmhiliada Lcn{d}dqipd"=;;:( Dllf|c5 4: af ndyc afh =;4;^? :" Ai|{cbimhffb5gqq{5##fv}c{d"fv#hfji|hdqicbS|vnnd}if|#lcb|vnf}|#lcb|vnf}Sib`c}ndqicb#h<=;4;S

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