Hacia una ontología de la realidad social desde la filosofía de John Searle

8/13/2019 Hacia una ontologa de la realidad social desde la filosofa de John Searle

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Ugcdfhgs, I. 6?4=.Ndmad ucd ct`h`ld jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh jgsjg hd eah`sèd jg I`nc ]gdrhgMactd k`gfa` :>9 447-4=7

www.k`gfa`.umnahg.mh/:>/vgcdfhgs.ntkh

447

Ndmad ucd `ct`h`ld jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh

jgsjg hd eah`sèd jg I`nc ]gdrhgZ@\DVJ] DC @CZ@H@LQ @E ]@MADH VGDHAZQ FD]GJ @C I@NC ]GDVHG] _NAH@]@_NQ

Kl. Iudc _dfh` Ugcdfhgs (ipvgcdfhgsOydn``.gs) Acstatut` jg Nast`rad y Magcmads ]`madhgs, Wcavgrsajdj Dustrdh jg

Mnahg (Udhjavad, Mnahg)

Dfstrdmt

Znas pdpgr mratamdhhy rgvagws tng pracmapdh ghgkgcts e ]gdrhgs pr`p`sgj s`madh ct`h`ly wnamn as smdttgrgj ac jaeegrgct

f``bs dcj pdpgrs. At jasmussgs tng pnah`s`pnamdh dcj m`cmgptudh deeacatags fgtwggc nas pnah`s`pny e s`madh rgdhaty dcj

s`ma`h`lamdh tng`ry, dcj pr`p`sgs s`kg s`huta`cs t` jahgkkds drasacl er`k tng str`cl kgctdhask è nas pr`p`sdh,

usacl t``hs er`k mhdssamdh s`ma`h`lamdh tng`ry dcj tng s`ma`h`ly è bc`whgjlg. Zng kdac `figmtavg as t` nghp hdy tng

eùcjdta`c e`r d m`kprgngcsavg s`madh `ct`h`ly, wn`sg strumturg as supp`rtgj fy tng m`kphgkgctdraty fgtwggc tng

pr`p`sgj ]gdrhg's s`madh `ct`h`ly dcj s`ma`h`lamdh tng`ry.

Bgy w`rjs9`ct`h`ly è s`madh rgdhaty, m`hhgmtavg actgcta`cdhaty, acstatuta`cdh edmts, hdcludlg, kacj.

Vgsukgc

Gstg drtmuh` rgvasd jg kdcgrd mrtamd h`s ghgkgct`s eucjdkgctdhgs jg hd pr`pugstd jg ct`h`ld s`madh jg ]gdrhg qug

sg gcmugctrd jasgkacdjd gc sus javgrs`s hafr`s y drtmuh`s, df`rjdcj` dcdhtamdkgctg dqughh`s dspgmt`s qug jdc

mugctd jg hds deacajdjgs eah`seamds y m`cmgptudhgs gctrg su eah`sèd jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh y hd tg`rd s`ma`hlamd,

utahazdcj` ngrrdkagctds pr`vgcagctgs jg hd tg`rd s`ma`hlamd mhsamd y jg hd s`ma`h`ld jgh m`c`makagct`. Gh `figtav`

pracmapdh gs m`ctrafuar d sgctdr hds fdsgspdrd ucd `ct`h`ld s`madh m`kprgcsavd, muyd gstrumturd gst sustgctdjd p`r

hd m`kphgkgctdragjdj gctrg hd pr`pugstd jg `ct`h`ld s`madh jg ]gdrhg y hd tg`rd s`ma`hlamd.

_dhdfrds mhdvg9 `ct`h`ld jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh, actgcma`cdhajdj m`hgmtavd, ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs, hgcludig, kgctg.

4. Actr`jummac9 judhask` vgrsus k`cask` ct`hlam`

Gc hcgds lgcgrdhgs, gh pr`ygmt` eah`seam` jg I`nc ]gdrhg sg acsmrafg jgctr` jgh mdkp` jg rgehgxac jg sus kdgstr`s

Dustac y ]trdws`c, p`r h` qug kumn` jg su pr`jummac gst rgegrajd d hd eah`sèd jgh hgcludig y jg hd kgctg,jgstdmcj`sg sus m`ctrafuma`cgs dh jgsdrr`hh` jg hd tg`rd jg h`s dmt`s jg ndfhd, jg hd actgcma`cdhajdj y jg hd

m`cmagcmad (]gdrhg 4116, 411:, 6???, 6??4f, 6??:). _gr` su mdkp` jg rgehgxac c` sg hakatd d h`s jgsmrat`s. M`k`

m`csgmugcmad jgh jgsdrr`hh` jg gstds hcgds jg acvgstaldmac, jgsjg kgjadj`s jg h`s 1? ndstd hd dmtudhajdj gh pr`ygmt`

eah`seam` jg ]gdrhg sg dkphd, pgrsaluagcj` `figtav`s jg actglrdmac g actgrrghdmac jg gstds hcgds. M`k` h kask`

s`stagcg9 quagc gsmrafg hafr`s s`frg tgkds javgrs`s ndfr jg sgctar eacdhkgctg hd cgmgsajdj jg gsmrafar uc hafr`

gxphamdcj` mk` gs`s javgrs`s tgkds sg rghdma`cdc gctrg s (]gdrhg6??4944).


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445

Hd fsqugjd jg gsg gspdma` jg actgrrghdmac hhgvd d ]gdrhg d actgrgsdrsg p`r gh gstuja` jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh, gctgcjajd

m`k` gh gspdma` j`cjg gsds jastactds hcgds jg acvgstaldmac m`cehuygc. Gc gstg kdrm`, pufhamd Hd M`cstrummac jg hd

Vgdhajdj ]`madhgc 4117, Kgctg, Hgcludig y ]`magjdjgc 411>, y eacdhkgctg, Kdbacl tng ]`madh \`rhjgc 6?4?.

Gc gstg m`ctgxt` y m`c gsg dec jg actglrdmac, ]gdrhg phdctgd prgluctds eucjdkgctdhgs y d hd vgz dhtdkgctggstakuhdctgs pdrd gh gstuja` jg h` s`madh, qug jdc mugctd jg hds jastactds hcgds jg acvgstaldmac kgcma`cdjds y qug

ludc su eah`sèd jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh9 mk` sg rghdma`cdc hds pdhdfrds m`c gh kucj`0, mk` pdsdk`s jg

pdrtmuhds esamds d gstdj`s actgcma`cdhgs y jg m`cmagcmad0, mk` rgprgsgctdc hds pdhdfrds d hds m`sds0, mk` sg

rghdma`cd hd rgdhajdj s`madh m`c h`s ngmn`s esam`s frut`s0 Q eacdhkgctg, mk` sg actgrrghdma`cd t`j`0

Gstg actgct` p`r p`stuhdr ucd m`sk`vasac uc sastgkd eah`seam dhmdczd su kxakd gxprgsac gc hd prgluctd

pracmapdh qug dtrdvagsd su eah`sèd jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh, y qug ndmg jmdjds sg gralg m`k` gh gig jg su trdfdi`9 mk`

p`jgk`s jdr mugctd jg c`s`tr`s kask`s, m`c cugstr`s pgmuhadrgs rdsl`s nukdc`s m`k` sgr sgrgs m`csmagctgs,

rdma`cdhgs, m`c hgcludig, p`sggj`rgs jg hafrg dhfgjr`, s`madhgs, p`htam`s gc uc kucj` qug sdfgk`s gst

m`ce`rkdj` jg pdrtmuhds esamds mdrgctgs jg rdsl`s kgctdhgs y salcaeamdj`0 Mk` p`jgk`s jdr mugctd jg cugstrd

gxastgcmad s`madh y kgctdh gc uc kucj` jg ngmn`s esam`s frut`s0 (]gdrhg 6?4?9ax). Gc pdhdfrds sakphgs, ]gdrhg sggst prgluctdcj` mk` gxphamdr gh trcsat` `ct`hlam` jg pdrtmuhds d s`magjdjgs.

Hd prgkasd jg gstd prgluctd gvatd jdrhg rgspugstd d trdvs jg jastact`s phdc`s ct`hlam`s gc h`s trkac`s jgh jgfdtg

kgctg-mugrp`, qug tagcg gc gh judhask` mdrtgsadc` m`c hd rgs m`latdcsp`r uc hdj` y hd rgs gxtgcsdp`r `tr d su

kxak` rgegrgctg. Acmhus`, dlrgld ]gdrhg, dhluc`s eahsè`s m`ctgkp`rcg`s sukdc d gst`s j`s phdc`s uc tgrmgr`9

gh muhturdh ` s`madh (4). _`r gh m`ctrdra`, c` mrg` qug vavdk`s gc j`s kucj`s, gh kgctdh y gh esam` ca kumn` kgc`s

gc trgs kucj`s, gh kgctdh, gh esam` y gh muhturdh-, sac` gc uc` s`h`, y jgsg` jgsmrafar hds rghdma`cgs gctrg dhlucds jg

hds khtaphgs pdrtgs jg gsg cam` kucj` (]gdrhg 6??494794>) y, gc m`csgmugcmad, c` nd saj` cgmgsdra` ndmgrsg hd prgluctd p`r mk` gs p`safhg qug jg ngmn`s

frut`s acdcakdj`s m`k` h`s t`k`s (y jg su dlrgldmac), sg jgravg hd gxastgcmad jg ucavgrsajdjgs, Gstdj`s, pdrtaj`s

jg etf`h y mhufgs jg t`j` tap`, p`rqug sakphgkgctg pgrtgcgmgc d kucj`s jastact`s.

Dn`rd fagc, c` sg jgfg jgsm`c`mgr qug pdrtg akp`rtdctg jgh trdfdi` jg h`s prakgr`s s`mah`l`s y sus prgjgmgs`rgs

ja` fdstdctg akp`rtdcmad d gst`s tgkds2 mugstac qug tagcg qug vgr, sac jujd, m`c hd prgtgcsac jg eucjdr ucd cugvd

magcmad gc uc m`ctgxt` nastram` jg j`kaca` dfs`hut` jg hds magcmads cdturdhgs. Ds, sa fagc hd e`rkuhdmac jgh

pr`fhgkd grd jastactd, pugs hd prgluctd c` grd s`frg hd m`ctacuajdj gctrg pdrtmuhds y s`magjdjgs sac` gctrg

acjavaju`s y s`magjdjgs, tdct` M`ktg m`k` Jurbngak, \gfgr, g acmhus` Kdrx, c` jagr`c p`r jgsm`ctdj` qug h` s`madh

m`cstatud uc phdc` `ct`hlam` gc s kask` (6). Ks fagc, jgfagr`c cgmgsdradkgctg rgehgxa`cdr y jasmutar m`c hd

fa`h`ld, gh m`ctrdmtudhask` aclhs y `trds m`rragctgs j`kacdctgs, jg kdcgrd jg eucjdkgctdr qu tap` jg

pdrtamuhdrajdj gcmgrrdfd h` s`madh, ndmacj`h` kgrgmgj`r jg m`ctdr m`c ucd magcmad pdrtamuhdr.

Hd m`cmhusac jg ghh`s, m`c jaegrgcmads akp`rtdctgs y kdtamgs vdra`s, eug fsamdkgctg hd kaskd9 gxastg uc dhl` qug

jgeacg h` s`madh ks dhh jg hds acjavajudhajdjgs qug h` m`kp`cgchd ajgd jg qug h`s ngmn`s s`madhgs c` s`c sac` ucd

ghdf`rdmac sua lgcgrasjg ngmn`s psquam`s gxpugstd p`r Jurbngak vagcg d ahustrdr gc e`rkd pdrdjalktamd gstd

satudmacy qug, gc htakd acstdcmad, m`cstatuyg uc phdc` ct`hlam` jastact` m`c mdrdmtgrstamds pr`pads, hhdkdj` h`

s`madh. Ds, \gfgr s`stagcg qug gh grr`r gst gc gstg m`cmgpt` jg h` psquam`9 t`j` h` qug c` gs esam` gs


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449 447-4=7


44>

Jg gstd kdcgrd, sg prgtgcjg m`ctrafuar d sgctdr hds fdsgs pdrd ucd `ct`h`ld s`madh muyd gstrumturd gst sustgctdjd

p`r hd m`kphgkgctdragjdjgctrg hd pr`pugstd jg ct`h`ld s`madh jg ]gdrhg y hd tg`rd s`ma`hlamd. Gst` gs h` qug hhdk`

`ct`h`ld s`madh m`kprgcsavdu `ct`h`ld jg hd rgdhajdj s`madhy qug sg jgsdrr`hhdr gc h` sumgsav`.

Gc uc m`kagcz`, gh drtmuh` actgctd gxp`cgr jg kdcgrd frgvg y m`ngrgctg h`s ghgkgct`s eucjdkgctdhgs jg hdpr`pugstd jg `ct`h`ld s`madh jg ]gdrhg qug sg gcmugctrd jasgkacdjd gc javgrs`s hafr`s y drtmuh`s, jg kdcgrd jg

m`ctdr m`c h`s ghgkgct`s fsam`s qug pgrkatdc ghdf`rdr phdctgdkagct`s mrtam`s y dhlucds pr`pugstds.

6. Hd kgctg m`k` m`cgmt`r

Hd pagzd mhdvg gc gstg cam` phdc` `ct`hlam` y qug pgrkatg gh m`ctacu` gctrg hd rgdhajdj esamd y hd rgdhajdj s`madh gs

hd kgctg9 Cugstr` pr`psat` gs gxphamdr hd `ct`h`ld s`madh nukdcd R...[ `ct`h`ld (qug) gs mrgdjd p`r hd kgctg

(]gdrhg 6?4?967, mursavds kds). Q jdj` gstg cam` phdc` `ct`hlam`, c` gs p`safhg m`cmgfarhd m`k` ucd rgdhajdj sua

lgcgras m`k` uc egckgc` gtrg` sac sustgct` kdtgradh. _`r gh m`ctrdra`, hd kgctg jgfg gctgcjgrsg m`k` uc rdsl`

fa`hlam`jg cavgh supgra`r jgh mgrgfr`, jg hd kaskd kdcgrd qug sg gctagcjg hd jalgstac m`k` uc rdsl` fa`hlam` jgh

gstkdl`. Gc pdhdfrds jg ]gdrhg9 Gc ka pacac, h`s egckgc`s kgctdhgs tagcgc ucd fdsg fa`hlamd9 gstc mdusdj`sp`r hds `pgrdma`cgs jgh mgrgfr` dh kask` tagkp` qug rgdhazdj`s gc su gstrumturd. ]glc gst`, hd m`csmagcmad y hd

Actgcma`cdhajdj s`c tdc pdrtg jg hd fa`h`ld nukdcd m`k` hd jalgstac ` hd marmuhdmac jg hd sdclrg. Gs uc ngmn`

`figtav` s`frg gh kucj` qug stg m`ctagcg magrt`s sastgkds, d sdfgr, mgrgfr`s, m`c gstdj`s kgctdhgs sufigtav`s, y gs

uc ngmn` esam` s`frg tdhgs sastgkds qug st`s tagcgc rdsl`s kgctdhgs (4116947).

D gstd pr`pagjdj gkgrlgctgjgh mgrgfr` ]gdrhg hd jgc`kacd cdturdhask` fa`hlam`, y su pracmapdh mdrdmtgrstamd

gstrafd gc qug jg hd actgrrghdmac jg h`s m`kp`cgctgs esam`-fa`hlam`s qug m`ce`rkdc gh mgrgfr`, gkgrlghd kgctg2

pgr` c` m`k` uc dmt` klam`, sac` m`k` uc rdsl` fa`hlam` mdusdj` p`ry rgdhazdj` gcgh mgrgfr`. Gstd m`cmgpmac

jg hd kgctg m`k` mdusdjd p`r gh mgrgfr` dh kask` tagkp` qug rgdhazdjd gc, ]gdrhg hd lrdeamd m`c gh saluagctg

gigkph`9 h` kask` qug hd haquajgz jgh dlud gs mdusdjd p`r hd m`cjumtd jg ghgkgct`s jgh kamr`cavgh y, m`c t`j`, gs

dh kask` tagkp` uc rdsl` rgdhazdj` gc gh sastgkd jg kamr`ghgkgct`s, ds gxdmtdkgctg gc gsg sgctaj` jg mdusdj`

p`r y rgdhazdj` gc, h`s egckgc`s kgctdhgs s`c mdusdj`s p`r pr`mgs`s qug tagcgc huldr gc gh mgrgfr` gc gh cavgh

cgur`cdh ` k`juhdr, y dh kask` tagkp` sg rgdhazdc gc gh sastgkd kask` qug m`cstd jg cgur`cds. Q h` kask` qug

cgmgsatdk`s hd jastacmac kamr`-kdmr` pdrd mudhquagr sastgkd esam`, ds tdkfac, p`r hds kaskds rdz`cgs,

cgmgsatdk`s hd jastacmac kamr`-kdmr` pdrd gh mgrgfr`. Q ducqug p`jdk`s jgmar jg uc sastgkd jg pdrtmuhds qug gst

d 4?M ` qug gs shaj` ` qug gs hquaj`, c` p`jgk`s jgmar jg caclucd pdrtmuhd jdjd qug gsd pdrtmuhd gs shajd, qug

gsd pdrtmuhd gs hquajd ` qug gsd pdrtmuhd gst d 4?M (]gdrhg41>7964).

D k`j` jg jgeacamac, hd actgcma`cdhajdj gs dqughhd pr`pagjdj jg kumn`s gstdj`s y gvgct`s kgctdhgs gc vartuj jg

hd mudh st`s sg jaralgc d, ` s`c s`frg ` jg, `figt`s y gstdj`s jg m`sds jgh kucj` (]gdrhg 4116941).


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441

Ds gctgcjajd, hd kgctg, d trdvs jg gstd pr`pagjdj gxmhusavd jg h`s sgrgs m`csmagctgs hhdkdjd actgcma`cdhajdjmuyd

pracmapdh eucmac gs hd rgprgsgctdmac, mugctd m`c hd mdpdmajdj fa`hlamdjg mrgdr gh hgcludigqug, d su vgz, sg

m`cstatuyg gc gh pugctg qug ucghd rgdhajdj m`c hd kgctg. Gc jgeacatavd, dh aludh qug m`c hd pr`pugstd gkgrlgctastd

fa`hlamd jg hd kgctg, ]gdrhg gst s`stgcagcj` qug hds pr`pagjdjgs actgcma`cdhgsqug c`s pgrkatgc rgprgsgctdrc`s

gh kucj y gh hgcludig qug jg stds sg jgravdqug c`s pgrkatg c`kfrdrh , s`c m`csgmugcmad jg cugstrd m`cjamac

fa`hlamd, y p`r tdct`, hd mdpdmajdj jg vacmuhdr hd rgdhajdj esamd jg h`s t`k`s m`c hd rgdhajdj s`madh jg h`s pdrtaj`s

p`htam`s, sgrd tdkfac pdrtg jg cugstr` dpdrdt` fa`hlam`.

Hd jastacmac gctrg mdusdj` p`ry rgdhazdj` gcgs eucjdkgctdh jgctr` jg hd pr`pugstd jg `ct`h`ld s`madh jg ]gdrhg y

rgprgsgctd, dh kask` tagkp`, uc` jg h`s gigs pracmapdhgs jgh dp`rtg qug sg prgtgcjg jgsdrr`hhdr m`c gstd

acvgstaldmac. H` kask` sumgjg m`c hd actgcma`cdhajdj y gh hgcludig, dspgmt`s qug s`c trdcsvgrsdhgs d su eah`s`ed.

Jdj` h` dctgra`r, s`c m`cmgpt`s qug sg rgt`kdrc m`c kdy`r jgtdhhg d h` hdrl` jgh drtmuh`. C` `fstdctg, hd rgvasac

rgdhazdjd ndstd dm pgrkatg ndmgrsg jg ucd vasac pdc`rkamd jg hd gstrumturd lgcgrdh qug s`stagcg hd pr`pugstd

`ct`hlamd jg ]gdrhg. Gh saluagctg jadlrdkd rgprgsgctd lreamdkgctg hd ajgd dqu gxpugstd9

Eugctg9 Ghdf`rdmac pr`pad d pdrtar jg h`s tgxt`s jg I`nc ]gdrhg.

Dn`rd fagc, hd kdrmdjd akp`rtdcmad qug ]gdrhg `t`rld d hd kgctg gc hd gxphamdmac jg hd `ct`h`ld s`madh, y qug trdg

m`csgmugcmads akp`rtdctgs y p`hkamds pdrd su eah`s`edC`lugrd ndfhd jg `ct`h`ld kgctdhastd kagctrds qug Jg

Hdrd s`stagcg qug gh hafr` Hd m`cstrummac jg hd rgdhajdj s`madhfagc p`jrd hhdkdrsg Hd m`cstrummac kgctdhjg hd

s`magjdj (C`lugrd 4111), tagcg m`k` ucd jg sus m`csgmugcmads ks akp`rtdctgs hd ajgd jg qug h`s ngmn`s

acstatuma`cdhgssg s`stagcgc s`frg hd fdsg jg trgs c`ma`cgs fsamds mdusdjds p`rhd kgctg9 actgcma`cdhajdj m`hgmtavd,

dsalcdmac jg eucmac, y jgmhdrdma`cgs jg eucmac jg gstdtus. ]u `ct`h`ld s`madh sg fdsd, gct`cmgs, pracmapdhkgctg

gc gxphamdr mk` sg m`cstruyg hd rgdhajdj s`madh fdi` gstg gsqugkd, j`cjg hd prgp`cjgrdcmad gst gc hd kgctg. Gstd

prakdmd hlamd jg h` kgctdh c` jgid jg sgr pr`fhgktamd, y dmdrrgd m`csgmugcmads tdct` pdrd hd pr`pugstd jg ]gdrhg

m`k` pdrd hds jg gstg drtmuh`. Gc h` sumgsav` hds df`rjdrgk`s m`c jgtdhhg.

6.d) Hd dut`rrgegrgcmadhajdj jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh

Jg hd kaskd kdcgrd m`k` gxastg uc m`ctacu` gctrg rgdhajdj esamd y rgdhajdj s`madh, gxastg uc m`ctacu` gctrg fa`h`ld

y muhturd, y gctrg kgctg y mugrp`. Zdh m`k` h`s gstdj`s kgctdhgs c` sgrdc sac` rdsl`s jg cavgh supgra`r jgh mgrgfr`

jgrrafdcj` hd `p`samac gctrg h` kgctdh y h` esam , hds jaegrgctgs muhturds c` s`c sac` jaegrgctgs e`rkds gc qug

pugjg kdcaegstdrsg ucd sufgstrumturd fa`hlamd sufydmgctg (]gdrhg 411


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46?

_`r rdjamdh qug pugjd pdrgmgr gstd ajgd, h` magrt` gs qug c` jastd kumn` jg hds p`sturds j`kacdctgs jgctr` jg hd

tg`rd s`ma`hlamd gc lrdc pdrtg jgh salh` ^^. Fgrlgr y Humbkdcc h` gxprgsdc gc e`rkd kuy mhdrd mudcj` s`stagcgc

qug ducqug caclc rjgc s`madh gxastgctg pugjd jgravdr jg jdt`sfa`hlam`s, hd cgmgsajdj jgh rjgc s`madh gc mudct`

tdh surlg jgh gquap` fa`hlam` jgh n`kfrg (6??497). Udhg jgmar, acjgpgcjagctgkgctg jgh m`ctacu` gctrg h` fa`hlam` y h` muhturdh, ]gdrhg c` gst

phdctgdcj` ucd esamd s`madh dh gstah` jg M`ktg, j`cjg sg jgfgc dphamdr h`s pracmapa`s kgt`j`hlam`s jg hd esamd d

hd rgdhajdj s`madh pdrd m`kprgcjgr sus hgygs y rgluhdrajdjgs. _`r gh m`ctrdra`, c` gs p`safhg gstdfhgmgr hgygs jg hd

s`magjdj m`k` pugjg ndmgrsg m`c h`s t`k`s, jgfaj` d qug h`s egckgc`s jgh kucj` qug sghgmma`cdk`s m`c

m`cmgpt`s tdhgs m`k` lugrrd y rgv`humac, kdtrak`ca`s, jacgr` y pr`pagjdj c` gstc eucjdj`s sastgktamdkgctg gchd m`cjumtd jg ghgkgct`s qug gstc dh cavgh ks fsam`, jg uc k`j` gc qug h`s egckgc`s qug sghgmma`cdk`s m`c

m`cmgpt`s m`k` jgpsat` jg lrdsd y prgsac gstc eucjdj`s sastgktamdkgctg gc hd m`cjumtd jg ghgkgct`s qug

gstc gc gh cavgh ks fsam` (]gdrhg 41>79>>).

Gst` sumgjgrd pr`jumt` jg hd dut`rrgegrgcmadhajdj jg gst`s trkac`s, p`rqug pdrd qug dhl` sgd ucd rgv`humac `

jacgr` jgfg mrggrsg qug h` gs, y gstg m`cmgpt` qug c`kfrd gh egckgc` gs, h kask`, uc m`cstatuygctg jgh egckgc`

(]gdrhg 41>7, 411


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464

]aluagcj`, gct`cmgs, gh gsqugkd pr`pugst` p`r ]gdrhg, pdrd m`c`mgr hd rgdhajdj s`madh jgfgk`s gstujadr hds trgs

c`ma`cgs fsamds mdusdjds p`rhd kgctg qug pgrkatgc hd gxastgcmad jg ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs (fdsdkgct` htak` jg

hd rgdhajdj s`madh)9 actgcma`cdhajdj m`hgmtavd, dsalcdmac jg eucmac, y jgmhdrdma`cgs jg eucmac jg gstdtus.

M`kgczdrgk`s m`c hd actgcma`cdhajdj m`hgmtavd.

6.f) Actgcma`cdhajdj m`hgmtavd

Wc` jg h`s dspgmt`s ks actgrgsdctgs jgh phdctgdkagct` jg ]gdrhg rgspgmt` jg hd actgcma`cdhajdj, gs qug iuct` m`c

hd actgcma`cdhajdj acjavajudh jgsdrr`hhd uc tap` jg actgcma`cdhajdj kumn` kgc`s gstujadjd9 hd actgcma`cdhajdj

m`hgmtavd (411


8/21



466

jg pr`mgs` kgctdh kastgra`s` qug gxastd eugrd jg hds kgctgs acjavajudhgs. Z`jd actgcma`cdhajdj, m`hgmtavd g

acjavajudh, gxastg gc kgctgs acjavajudhgs (6???95?).

Gct`cmgs, surlg acgvatdfhgkgctg hd prgluctd9 mk` ndmgr mdhzdr gstd vasac jg ]gdrhg m`c gh pracmapa` jurbngakadc`,

mdsa dxa`ktam` gc s`ma`h`ld, jg gxphamdr h` s`madh p`r h` s`madh0 Udhg jgmar, mk` m`clgcadr su ajgd jg ucdactgcma`cdhajdj m`hgmtavd arrgjumtafhg ct`hlamdkgctg d hd acjavajudhjdj` qug hd kgrd dlrgldmac jg acjavaju`s c`

pgrkatard gh sgctaj` jg m`hgmtavajdj, m`c ucd prakdmd jg h` kgctdh qug rgjumg t`jd gxastgcmad s`madh d gstdj`s

kgctdhgs0 Mk` gs p`safhg, gc jgeacatavd, qug ]gdrhg jgeagcjd hd gxastgcmad jg hd actgcma`cdhajdj m`hgmtavd, dh kask`

tagkp` qug cagld t`jd p`safahajdj jg gxastgcmad d dqughh` qug gst eugrd jg kgctgs acjavajudhgs0

M`k` sg djghdct dctgra`rkgctg, ucd dhtgrcdtavd jg s`humac d gstg jahgkd gst, pdrdjiamdkgctg, gc gh dp`rtg

m`cmgptudh qug ndmg gh pr`pa` ]gdrhg mudcj` jgeagcjg gh gkgrlgctask` fa`hlam` jg hd kgctg. Cugstrd pr`pugstd gs

qug gs p`safhg sgpdrdr mdusdj` p`r (mdusdta`c) jg rgdhazdj` gc (rgdhazdta`c), y p`r tdct`, c` p`r gh ngmn`

travadhkgctg vgrjdjgr` jg qug t`j` gs sagkprg rgdhazdj` gcmgrgfr`s acjavajudhgs, sg pugjg m`cmhuar qug t`j` gs

mdusdj` p`rkgctgs acjavajudhgs. Jg c` sgpdrdr dkf`s m`cmgpt`s, h` s`madh c` sgrd ks qug uc gpaegckgc` jg hd

kgctg (d hd pdr m`c gh ruaj` jgh vgctahdj`r jg uc m`kputdj`r) y p`r tdct` hd s`ma`h`ld mdrgmgrd jg figt` jg gstuja`.

_drd jgsdrr`hhdr m`c kdy`r pr`eucjajdj gstg drlukgct` gs cgmgsdra`, prakgr`, gxp`cgr dhl` dmgrmd jgh Zrdse`cj`,

p`r h` qug h` rgt`kdrgk`s ndmad gh eacdh jgh drtmuh`.

=. Mk` sg m`cstruyg hd rgdhajdj s`madh0

]gdrhg rgsukg gh trgmn` dvdczdj` ndstd dn`rd jg hd saluagctg kdcgrd9 ng dqu, pugs, gh gsqughgt` jg cugstrd

`ct`h`ld2 vavak`s gc uc kucj` m`kpugst` gctgrdkgctg jg pdrtmuhds esamds gc mdkp`s jg eugrzd. Dhlucds jg ghhds

gstc rldcazdjds gc sastgkds. Dhluc`s jg gs`s sastgkds s`c sastgkds vav`s, y dhluc`s jg gs`s sastgkds ndc djquaraj`

gv`huma`cdradkgctg m`cmagcmad. M`c hd m`cmagcmad vagcg hd actgcma`cdhajdj, hd mdpdmajdj jgh `rldcask` pdrd

rgprgsgctdrsg `figt`s y gstdj`s jg m`sds kucjdc`s. Hd mugstac gs dn`rd9 mk` p`jgk`s jdr mugctd jg hd

gxastgcmad jg ngmn`s s`madhgs jgctr` jg gstd `ct`h`ld0(]gdrhg 411


9/21



46=

Gh pr`psat` jg gstd sgmmac = sgr jasmutar hd m`cstrummac jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh p`r kgja` jg hd mrgdmac y kdctgcmac

jg ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs, jgsdrr`hhdcj` prakgr` hds j`s c`ma`cgs fsamds qug, iuct` m`c hd actgcma`cdhajdj m`hgmtavd,

m`cstatuygc hds fdsgs pdrd hd gxastgcmad jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh jg ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs9 hd dsalcdmac jg eucmac y hds

jgmhdrdma`cgs jg eucmac jg gstdtus.

=.d) Dsalcdmac jg eucmac

H`s sgrgs nukdc`s prgsgctdk`s ucd mdpdmajdj c`tdfhg pdrd akp`cgr eucma`cgs d h`s `figt`s2 gxpgrakgctdk`s uc

kucj` jg sahhds y kgsds y c` jg k`hmuhds, jamg ]gdrhg. _gr`, mk` gs qug rgsuhtd edkahadr y s`p`rtdfhg gsd m`kphgid

mdrld kgtdesamd qug akphamd vavar gc uc kucj` jg l`fagrc`s, rldcazdma`cgs s`madhgs y ucavgrsajdjgs sa, gc jgeacatavd,

t`j` gs rgjumafhg d pdrtmuhds esamds0 Gc t`tdh sact`cdducqug c` jgmhdrdjdm`c hd ajgd egc`kgc`hlamd jg Nussgrh

y ]mntz jg qug ndy uc tap` jg rgdhajdj qug sg jd p`r sgctdjd, ]gdrhg s`stagcg qug ucd jg hds rdz`cgs pdrd

rgsp`cjgr d gstd actgrr`ldctg gs qug hd rgdhajdj s`madh gs aclrvajd g acvasafhg (411


10/21



46:

rgmursavdkgctg m`k` uc sastgkd jg rglhds m`cstatutavds qug, gc tdct` sastgkd, dut`ktamdkgctg mrgd hd p`safahajdj

jg ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs (]gdrhg 6?4?94?).

Gstg sastgkd jg rglhds m`cstatutavds sagkprg tagcg hd e`rkd ^ mugctd m`k` Q gc M, y su dphamdmac trdg m`k`

m`csgmugcmad qug gh trkac` Q tagcg qug dsalcdr uc gstdtus c` p`sgj` prgvadkgctg p`r gh `figt` p`r hd s`hdmarmucstdcmad jg sdtasedmgr gh trkac` ^, ds m`k` tdkfac qug gxastd m`csgcs` rgspgmt` jg hd akp`samac jgh cugv`

gstdtus y jg hd eucmac qug mukphg (411


11/21



467

jgsdpr`fdcj` sg gst aludhkgctg gc prgsgcmad jg uc rgm`c`makagct`, gct`cmgs stg pdrgmg c` jgpgcjgr

hlamdkgctg jg s kask`, sac` jg quac ` quacgs tagcgc gh p`jgr jg kdctgcgr gsg rgm`c`makagct`. Q, qu

vacmuhdmac pugjg gstdfhgmgrsg gctrg gh rgm`c`makagct` m`hgmtav` jg ]gdrhg y hd hglatakajdjs`madh jg magrtds eucma`cgs

jg gstdtus0

Hd akp`rtdcmad qug hds magcmads s`madhgs y hd tg`rd s`ma`hlamd gc pdrtamuhdr jdc d egckgc`s s`madhgs m`k` ghp`jgr

y hd hglatakajdj, pdrgmgc jdr magrtds humgs dmgrmd jg gstd rghdmac gctrg acjavaju` y s`magjdj, y s`frg t`j`, pgrkatgc

m`kprgcjgr h` s`madh m`k` j`tdj` jg pr`pagjdjgs mdusdhgs qug, d hd vgz qug s`c m`cstruajds p`r h`s acjavaju`s, s`c

m`cstatutavds jg st`s. stg gs, p`r magrt`, gh phdctgdkagct` qug gst trds hd ajgd jg ndfatusgc F`urjagu, hd tg`rd jg

hd gstrumturdmac jg Lajjgcs y, d ka iuama`, tdkfac trds hds actuama`cgs s`ma`hlamds jg Kdrx, Jurbngak y \gfgr,

m`k` h` rgt`kdrgk`s gc hds m`cmhusa`cgs.

]ac gkfdrl`, m`k` m`csgmugcmad jg hd `ragctdmac acjavajudhastd jg su `ct`h`ld, hd eah`s`ed s`madh jg ]gdrhg trdtd gc

e`rkd kuy jastactd d hd trdjamac s`ma`hlamd h`s m`cmgpt`s jg p`jgr y hglatakajdj. Gh prakgr` h` gctagcjg

eucjdkgctdhkgctg jgsjg hd pgrspgmtavd c`rkdtavd jg h`s p`jgrgs jgctam`s y jg hd mdpdmajdj pgre`rkdtavd jgh

hgcludig (]gdrhg 6?4?94:7-4


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465

M`k` m`csgmugcmad jg h` dctgra`r, ]gdrhg s`stagcg qug ucd vgz qug c`s pgrmdtdk`s jgh p`jgr jg hds jgmhdrdma`cgs

pdrd mrgdr hd rgdhajdj acstatuma`cdh ucd rgdhajdj jg l`fagrc`s, ucavgrsajdjgs, kdtrak`ca`s, pr`pagjdj pravdjd,

jacgr`, gctrg `trds, sg pugjg vgr qug hd rgdhajdj s`madh tagcg ucd gstrumturd e`rkdh tdc sakphg y ghgldctg m`k` hd

gstrumturd jgh hgcludig utahazdj` pdrd mrgdrhd (6?4?945).

Gc m`cmrgt`, gstdj`s kgctdhgs, hgcludig y rgdhajdj s`madh m`kpdrtardc hd kaskd gstrumturd e`rkdh. Ugdk`s m`k`

sumgjg gst` gc h` qug salug.

=.m) Ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs. Mrgdmac y kdctgcmac jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh

Gh gsqugkd lgcgrdh jg hd pr`pugstd jg ]gdrhg pugjg lrdeamdrsg jg hd saluagctg kdcgrd9

Eugctg9 Ghdf`rdmac pr`pad d pdrtar jg h`s tgxt`s jg I`nc ]gdrhg. Gc lras hds trgs c`ma`cgs fsamds jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh

mdusdjds p`r hd kgctg.

Gh ngmn` jg qug h`s egckgc`s s`madhgs jgpgcjdc jg cugstrds dmtatujgs ndmad ghh`s, duc mudcj` c` gstc h`mdhazdj`s

gc hd kgctg, trdg m`k` m`csgmugcmad uc` jg h`s rdsl`s ks gcalktam`s y m`cstatutav`s jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh y h`s

ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs, qug yd kgcma`cdk`s d pr`psat` jg hd dut`rrgegrgcmadhajdj. Gc pdhdfrds jg ]gdrhg9 gh jacgr`

gs jacgr` p`rqug h`s pdrtamapdctgs dmtudhgs jg hd acstatumac h` m`csajgrdc m`k` jacgr` (6?4?94


13/21



46) . Wc mds` lream`

gs qug, p`r gigkph`, pdrd sgr prgsajgctg jg uc jgtgrkacdj` pds p`jrd gxalarsg m`k` rgqugrakagct`, djgks jg

ldcdr hds ghgmma`cgs, sgr maujdjdc`, tgcgr uc jgtgrkacdj` cavgh jg gstuja`s, pgrtgcgmgr d jgtgrkacdjd rghalac `

mdstd, gctrg `tr`s, jg dmugrj` m`c hd hglashdmac jg mdjd tgrrat`ra`. Gstds atgrdma`cgs pr`p`rma`cdrdc hd gstrumturd

hlamd jg s`magjdjgs m`kphgids.

Gc sglucj` huldr, h`s ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs c` gxastgc dashdjdkgctg, sac` gc m`kphgids actgrrghdma`cgs rgmpr`mds

(]gdrhg 6??4944>). Jg gstd kdcgrd, p`r gigkph`, gh jacgr`qug tgcl` gc ka mugctd fdcmdrady m`c gh qug pdl` kas

mugctds, h` ldc m`k` gkphgdj`jg hd Wcavgrsajdj Dustrdh jg Mnahg, gc ka mdhajdj jg pr`egs`rjg uc jgtgrkacdj`

acstatut`. Q gc tgrmgr huldr, c` gxastgc h`s ngmn`s frut`s y h`s ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs m`k` j`s mhdsgs acjgpgcjagctgs

jg ngmn`s, sac` ks fagc sg vacmuhdc gc ucd rghdmac j`cjg h`s ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs tagcgc m`k` eacdhajdj mrgdr

y m`ctr`hdr d h`s ngmn`s frut`s (]gdrhg 6??49441, mursavds kds). Ds p`r gigkph`, sa fagc jadradkgctg sh`

pdrtamapdk`s gc actgrmdkfa`s jg pdpghgs y ruaj`s, gh rgsuhtdj` gs qug gegmtavdkgctg p`jgk`s trdcsp`rtdrc`s gc hd

h`m`k`mac m`hgmtavd y ds pr`jumar uc mdkfa` frut` jg cugstrd satudmac lg`lreamd.

Dn`rd fagc, mk` sg pr`jumg hd gxastgcmad m`ctacudjdjg h`s ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs0 ]gdrhg s`stagcg qug hd ajgd

actuatavd gs qug h` gsgcmadh pdrd hd mrgdmac y gh kdctgcakagct` jg h`s ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs gs gh p`jgr, pgr` h`

magrt` gs qug t`j` gh dpdrdt`mrgdmac, kdctgcmac y gh p`jgr rgsuhtdctgeucma`cd sh` pr`jumt` jg hd dmgptdmac

y gh rgm`c`makagct` m`hgmtav` (6?4?94?=). Gc m`csgmugcmad, hd kdctgcmac jg h`s ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs sh`

rgqugrard jg rgprgsgctdma`cgs qug eucma`cdc jg hd kaskd kdcgrdqug hds jgmhdrdma`cgs jg eucmac jg gstdtus, pugs,

m`k` hds acstatuma`cgs y h`s ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs gxastgc gc hd kgjajd gc qug s`c rgm`c`maj`s m`k` tdh, camdkgctg

rgquagrgc jg uc rgm`c`makagct` ` dmgptdmac m`ctacudj`s pdrd kdctgcgr su gxastgcmad (]gdrhg 6?4?). Gc

m`csgmugcmad, sg m`cmhuyg qug d iuama` jg ]gdrhg c` sg rgquagrg jg caclc `tr` tap` jg gxphamdmac jastactd d hd

mrgdmacjg h`s ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs pdrd gxphamdr su kdctgcmacgc gh tagkp`, pugs m`kpdrtgc hd kaskd gstrumturd.

]ac gkfdrl`, tdh m`k` sg sgdh dctgra`rkgctg, gstg phdctgdkagct` gs pr`fhgktam`, pugs c` gs mhdr` mk` m`cmafg

gh mdkfa` acstatuma`cdhjgctr` jg ucd gstrumturd jg eucma`cgs jg gstdtus j`cjg hd dpr`fdmac y hd jgsdpr`fdmac

akphamdc rgm`c`makagct` (gctgcjaj` stg m`k` gh cam` rgquasat` pdrd hd gxastgcmad jg h`s ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs).

]aluagcj` d C`lugrd, sg pugjg s`stgcgr qug ]gdrhg 411< c` jaegrgcmad hd dmgptdmac m`k` ngmn` hafrg y c`

m`dmma`cdj` jg hd dmgptdmac gctgcjajd m`k` gh c` gigrmama` jg ucd p`samac gegmtavd dctg ucd acstatumac (C`lugrd

4111). Gc m`csgmugcmad, ]gdrhg gctgcjgrd gh rgm`c`makagct` m`k` hd c` `p`samac jg rgsastgcmad, pgr`, gc gsg mds`,

mk` p`jrdk`s gct`cmgs c` dmgptdr ucd acstatumac mudcj` sg c`s akp`cg p`r hd eugrzd ` p`r hd m`grmac0 Gc

Kdbacl tng ]`madh \`rhj]gdrhg dmgptd h` m`ceus` y pdrdj`idh jg gstd satudmac, mudcj` sgdhd qug sa fagc gh p`jgr

jg uc jgtgrkacdj` l`fagrc` gst fdsdj` gc uc sastgkd jg eucmac jg gstdtus rgm`c`maj` m`hgmtavdkgctg, pugjg

m`ctacudr eucma`cdcj` sh` sa gxastg ucd dkgcdzd jg va`hgcmad pgrkdcgctg fdi` hd e`rkd jgh mugrp` kahatdr p`hamadh(6?4?945=).

Ks duc, gh dchasas gkpram` g nastram` pgrkatg `fsgrvdr qug hd kdy`r pdrtg jg h`s mdkfa`s acstatuma`cdhgs sg

pr`jumgc jg kdcgrd pduhdtacd y jgsjg jgctr`jg hds kaskds acstatuma`cgs. Mk` gxphamdrd ]gdrhg, jgctr` jg su

gsqugkd jg mrgdmac y kdctgcmac jg ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs, hd rgv`humac acjustradh, gh pds` jgh egujdhask` d hds

lrdcjgs urfgs k`jgrcds ` gh mdkfa` qug nd sueraj` hd edkahad m`k` ucajdj s`madh fsamd0 Gstds actgrr`ldctgs ndc

jdj` pag d khtaphgs tg`rds jg hd acstatuma`cdhazdmac y jgsacstatuma`cdhazdmac jgsjg hds magcmads s`madhgs, jg kdcgrd


14/21



46>

jg p`jgr gxphamdr hd jackamdgnast`ramajdjqug prgsgctd hd rgdhajdj s`madh, m`kprgcjacj`hd m`k` pdrtg jg pr`mgs`s

nastram`s qug sg jgsdrr`hhdc jgctr` jg uc gspdma`-tagkp` jgtgrkacdj`. Gc m`csgmugcmad, hd `ct`h`ld s`madh jgfg,

gc gstg sgctaj`, m`kprgcjgr hd rgdhajdj s`madh gc e`rkd jackamd y c` gsttamd.

Gc hd kdy`rd jg h`s mds`s gstds tg`rds jg hd acstatuma`cdhazdmac ndc rgmurraj` d hd hglatakajdj ` d pr`mgs`s jghglatakdmacpdrd p`jgr gxphamdr tdct` hd kdctgcmac jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh m`k` h`s mdkfa`s qug gc ghhd sg pr`jumgc.

\gfgr, p`r gigkph`, jgstacd pdrtg akp`rtdctg jg su tg`rd s`ma`hlamd d gstujadr h` qug hhdkd hds e`rkds gstdfhgs

jg rghdmac s`madh, sgdhdcj` qug s`c dqughhds gc hds mudhgs hds dmtatujgs sufigtavds jg h`s acjavaju`s qug pdrtamapdc

gc ghhds gstc ragctdjds p`r hd mrggcmad gc uc `rjgc hgltak` (Lajjgcs 411>9675). Gs gh Gstdj` gh sastgkd s`madh qug,

p`r dct`c`kdsad, rgprgsgctd hd ajgd jg uc `rjgc hgltak`gc \gfgr.

Dsakask`, fdscj`sg pracmapdhkgctg gc h`s gsmrat`s s`frg hglatakajdj jg \gfgr, Fgrlgr y Humbkdcc s`stagcgc qug

t`jdacstatuma`cdhajdj gstdfhgmajd rgquagrg jg hglatakdmac, gs jgmar, jg k`j`s d trdvs jg h`s mudhgs p`jgr gxphamdrsg

y iustaeamdrsg. Gstd dearkdmac sg fdsd gc uc dchasas tgram`-gkpram` jg jastactds rgdhajdjgs acstatuma`cdhgs, jg j`cjg

sg jgsprgcjg qug m`c hd figtavdmac jg hds acstatuma`cgs (pr`mgs` jg acstatuma`cdhazdmacgc pdhdfrds jg h`s dut`rgs),

surlg hd cgmgsajdj jg jgsdrr`hhdr kgmdcask`s gspgmeam`s jg m`ctr`h s`madh, jdj` qug, ucd vgz qug hds acstatuma`cgshhgldc d sgr rgdhajdjgs acjgpgcjagctgs jgh pr`fhgkd s`madh m`cmrgt` jgh mudh surlagr`c, ndy pr`fdfahajdjgs jg qug

sg jgsvgc jg h`s murs`s jg dmmac pr`lrdkdj`s acstatuma`cdhkgctg (Fgrlgr y Humbkdcc6??49>7). Jg gstd kdcgrd,

hds cugvds lgcgrdma`cgs phdctgdc uc pr`fhgkd jg dmdtdkagct` p`r gh ngmn` jg c` ndfgr pdrtamapdj` jargmtdkgctg

gc hd mrgdmac jg hd acstatumac, p`r h` qug gh `rjgc acstatuma`cdh rgquagrg qug sg gstdfhgzmdc sdcma`cgs g acv`mdr

dut`rajdj s`frg gh acjavaju`, m`c acjgpgcjgcmad jg h`s salcaeamdj`s sufigtav`s qug stg pugjd dtrafuar d mudhquagr

satudmac pdrtamuhdr.

Jgfaj` d qug gh pr`mgs` jg hglatakdmac rgquagrg jg m`ctr`h s`madh, Fgrlgr y Humbkdcc s`stagcgc qug gst

gkpdrgctdj` m`c gh p`jgr. _`r h` tdct`, hgi`s jg sgr uc pr`mgs` ac`mu`, hd hglatakdmac gst ctakdkgctg vacmuhdjd

m`c gh p`jgr qug p`sggc quagcgs kdcgidc hd acstatumac gc mugstac. Gc m`csgmugcmad, hd acm`rp`rdmac jgh dchasas

jg hd hglatakajdj y gh p`jgr gc hd mrgdmac y kdctgcmac jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh gs, gc jgeacatavd, uc` jg h`s lrdcjgsdp`rtgs qug hd s`ma`h`ld p`jrd ndmgr d hd eah`s`ed jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh jg ]gdrhg, m`c kards d sgctdr hds fdsgs pdrd

ucd `ct`h`ld s`madh ks m`kprgcsavd` pdrd ucd `ct`h`ld jg hd rgdhajdj s`madhqug trdfdig m`chds magcmads s`madhgs

y c`pdrdstds.

Gc gegmt`, m`cmgfar m`c ]gdrhg qug t`jd hd rgdhajdj acstatuma`cdh gs mrgdjd p`r dmt`s qug tagcgc hd e`rkd hlamd jg hds

jgmhdrdma`cgs jg eucmac jg gstdtus, y qug, p`r tdct`, hd mrgdmac y kdctgcmac jg gstd rgdhajdj pugjg gxphamdrsg

gxmhusavdkgctg gc eucmac jg jamnd gstrumturd sac cgmgsajdj jg acm`rp`rdr `tr`s ghgkgct`s ` vdradfhgs jgctr` jgh

dchasas, c` sh` gs, d ka iuama`, `t`rldr uc p`jgr s`frggxphamdtav` dh hgcludig y d h`s dspgmt`s sakfham`s gkdcdj`s

jg stg gc hd m`ce`rkdmac jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh, sac` tdkfac gs `hvajdr qug hds jastactds jgmhdrdma`cgs jg eucmac

jg gstdtus c` eh`tdc gc gh darg, sac` gstc gcmdrcdjds gc suigt`s acjavajudhgs ` m`hgmtav`s qug, gc trkac`s jg

F`urjagu, humndc p`r akp`cgr sus salcaeamdma`cgs gc uc mdkp` jgtgrkacdj`, y p`r tdct`, m`k` s`stagcg Hdrrdc d

pr`psat` jgh pr`mgs` jg k`jgrcazdmac gc Hdtac`dkramd, c` sg trdtd jg uc pr`mgs` cgutrdh qug `murrg d pgsdr jg

h`s sgrgs nukdc`s R...[ (sac` jgpgcjg) jg hds actgrprgtdma`cgs qug h`lrgc akp`cgrsg (Hdrrdc 6??7965).

Udhg jgmar, rgm`c`magcj` gh r`h eucjdkgctdh qug mukphg gh hgcludig gc hd m`ce`rkdmac jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh -m`k`

h` vgrgk`s gc gh saluagctg dpdrtdj`- y gc rghdmac m`c hd pr`pugstd jg ]gdrhg, actgrgsd jgstdmdr j`s m`sds9 hd prakgrd,

qug h`s pr`mgs`s s`madhgs c` sg m`kprgcjgc gxmhusavdkgctg gc eucmac jg sus mdrdmtgrstamds sakfham`-haclstamds,

sac` tdkfac gc vartuj jg sus gxprgsa`cgs kdtgradhgs gcmdrcdjds gc suigt`s acjavajudhgs ` m`hgmtav`s (C`lugrd)2 y hd

sglucjd, vacmuhdjd m`c hd dctgra`r, qug gh mdkp` jg hds salcaeamdma`cgs jgfg m`kprgcjgrsg m`k` uc tgrrgc` jg humnd


15/21



461

s`madh qug rgprgsgctd actgrgsgs m`cmrgt`s jg lrup`s s`madhgs gspgmeam`s, qug utahazdc rgmurs`s qug gstc eugrd jgh

mdkp` jg hds salcaeamdma`cgs pdrd h`lrdr akp`cgrsg, m`k` hd m`dmmac esamd, gh dpdrdt` jgh Gstdj`, gh mdpatdh

gm`ckam`, gctrg `trds. Gh dchasas jg h`s jastact`s kgmdcask`s jg p`jgr y hglatakajdj d trdvs jg h`s mudhgs sg

gxprgsdc dkf`s puct`s dpdrgmg, gct`cmgs, m`k` acs`shdydfhg.

:. Gh p`jgr jgh hgcludig

_`r h` gxpugst` ndstd dqu, gs mhdrd hd akp`safahajdj jg m`cmgfar gstrumturds acstatuma`cdhgs sac qug ndyd dhlucd e`rkd

jg hgcludig, p`rqug stg gs pdrmadhkgctg m`cstatutav` jg h`s ngmn`s qug hds m`kp`cgc. H` dctgra`r, hhgvd d ]gdrhg d

s`stgcgr qug h` s`madhsg gxphamd d trdvs jgh saluagctg `rjgc sgmugcmadh9 actgcma`cdhajdj ;3 hgcludig ;3 acstatuma`cgs

s`madhgs (6?4?). Gc m`csgmugcmad, gh hgcludig gs hd acstatumac s`madh fsamd gc gh sgctaj` jg qug t`jds hds jgks

prgsup`cgc gh hgcludig, pgr` gh hgcludig c` hds prgsup`cg d ghhds2 ustgjgs pugjgc tgcgr hgcludig sac tgcgr jacgr` ca

kdtrak`ca`s, pgr` c` dh rgvs (]gdrhg 4117).

Gh p`jgr jg`ct`hlam` jgh hgcludig gs ucd mdrdmtgrstamd accgldfhg y eucjdkgctdh pdrd su m`kprgcsac m`k`

egckgc` c` sh` fa`hlam` sac` tdkfac s`madh. _gr`, d ka iuama`, gc h`s trkac`s gxpugst`s p`r ]gdrhg, sg m`rrg gh

ragsl` jg mrggr qug t`jd hd gstrumturd s`madh jg jgrgmn`s, jgfgrgs y `fhaldma`cgs gst s`stgcajd s`frg dmt`s

haclstam`s qug tagcgc hd mdrdmtgrstamd jg m`kfacdr dkfds jargmma`cgs jg diustg, kacakazdcj` ` sakphgkgctg

`katagcj` gh r`h jg gstrumturds kdtgradhgs y c` purdkgctg sakfhamds, mugstac qug c`s rgtr`trdg cugvdkgctg dhpr`fhgkd jgh p`jgr y hd hglatakajdj dctgs kgcma`cdj`. Gs dmds` uc dmt` haclstam`, j`cjg sgdh` pfhamdkgctg

qug gstd gs ka mdsd, h` qug hd m`cvagrtg gc dhl` jg ka pr`pagjdj0, jcjg qugjdc gc uc dchasas m`c gstds

mdrdmtgrstamds hds m`cjama`cgs nastramds y p`htam`-iurjamds qug pgrkatgc hd gxastgcmad (n`y hgltakd) jg hd pr`pagjdj

pravdjd0


16/21



4=?

7. Hd rgj y gh trdse`cj`

Z`jdvd edhtd jgsdrr`hhdr uc htak` dspgmt` mhdvg gc hd `ct`h`ld s`madh jg ]gdrhg9 hd Vgj y gh Zrdse`cj`. Hd t`tdhajdj

jg h`s gstdj`s actgcma`cdhgs sh` eucma`cdc m`k` h` ndmgc s`frg uc Zrdse`cj` jg sdfgr-ndmgr qug hgs pgrkatg d h`s

acjavaju`s gcergctdrsg dh kucj` (]gdrhg 6??4). Gh Zrdse`cj` sgrd, gct`cmgs, gh m`ciuct` jg mdpdmajdjgs c`actgcma`cdhgs prgactgcma`cdhgsqug ndmgc p`safhgs h`s gstdj`s actgcma`cdhgs jg eucmac (]gdrhg 41179) (5).

_`r gigkph`, c` pugj` tgcgr hd actgcmac jg t`kdrkg ucd mgrvgzd gc uc fdr sa dctgs c` mugct` m`c gh gstdj`

actgcma`cdh jg qug gxastg uc sastgkd jg actgrmdkfa` qug ds h` pgrkatd, jg qug gxastg gh jacgr` m`k` kgja` jg gsg

actgrmdkfa`, y ds sumgsavdkgctg (m`k` gstdj`s actgcma`cdhgs gc iugl`s jg rghdmac gc hd Vgj). Dsakask`, c` pugj`tgcgr gsd actgcmac sa c` mugct` m`c hd mdpdmajdj jg s`stgcgr `figt`s rlaj`s gc ka kdc`, jg s`stgcgrkg s`frg hd

supgreamag jg hd tagrrd, ` jg actr`jumar hquaj`s p`r ka f`md (m`k` jasp`sama`cgs jgh Zrdse`cj`).

Dsakask`, ]gdrhg 4116 y 411< jastaclug -c` sac mdgr gc magrtds dkfalgjdjgs- gctrg Zrdse`cj` pr`eucj` y

Zrdse`cj` h`mdh. Gh prakgr`, acmhuard t`jds dqughhds mdpdmajdjgs jg Zrdse`cj` qug s`c m`kucgs d t`j`s h`s sgrgs

nukdc`s gc vartuj jg su cdturdhgzd fa`hlamd, kagctrds qug hds mdpdmajdjgs qug m`cstatuygc gh Zrdse`cj` h`mdh,

acmhuardc m`sds tdhgs m`k` dfrar pugrtds, fgfgr mgrvgzd jg hds f`tghhds, y hd p`sturd prgactgcma`cdh qug tgcgk`s

ergctg d m`sds m`k` m`mngs, eral`ream`s, jacgr` y mmtghgs (]gdrhg 4116947=).

Jg h` qug sg trdtd gct`cmgs, p`stuhd ]gdrhg, ndmagcj` dhusaccugvdkgctg c` jgmhdrdjd- dh htak` \attlgcstgac, gs

qug hds mdpdmajdjgs jgh Zrdse`cj` pgrkatgc gctgcjgr h` qug gst gc iugl`, qug c` gs ks qug uc magrt` tap` jg

m`c`makagct` s`frg gh k`j` jg eucma`cdkagct` jgh kucj`, qug c` gst acmhuaj` gc gh sgctaj` hatgrdh jg hd `rdmac(]gdrhg 411


17/21



4=4

mdusdhqug, jg dmugrj` m`c Fùrjagu, mdrdmtgrazd hd rghdmac gctrg acjavaju` y lrup` s`madh, y qug gstrumturd h`s

ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs.

M`k` sg jai`, ]gdrhg magrrd gh mrmuh` gxphamdtav` jgh Zrdse`cj` sgdhdcj` qug, eacdhkgctg, t`j` sg rgdhazd gcy gs

mdusdj` p`rkgctgs y mugrp`s acjavajudhgs. H` dctgra`r jgid gc gvajgcmad hd ucajargmma`cdhajdj jg su dchasas, tdh m`k`phdctgd Fhdmbfurc (6?4?) gc su rgsgd d Kdbacl tng ]`madh \`rhj, mudcj` sg trdtd jg hds s`magjdjgs y sus kagkfr`s,

c` ndy ucd s`hd jargmmac. Ds m`k` h`s acjavaju`s ndmgc hds s`magjdjgs, tdkfac hds s`magjdjgs ndmgc d hds pgrs`cds,

pgr` ]gdrhg sh` dmgptd hd gxphamdmac muyd jargmmac vd jg h` pgqug` d h` lrdcjg. Ds, m`k` sg nd vgcaj`

s`stgcagcj`, su pr`pugstd `ct`hlamd m`kagczd y tgrkacd gc gh acjavaju`, p`r h` qug trdg dpdrgidjd gh ragsl` jgh

gpaegc`kgcdhask`-djvgrtaj` p`r Jurbngak ndmg ks jg uc salh` dtrs-, qug tgrkacd p`r jgsm`c`mgr t`jd mdpdmajdj

jg mdusdmac d h` s`madh y, gc m`csgmugcmad, jgsm`c`mg hd rgmapr`majdj mdusdhqug sg gstdfhgmg gctrg acjavaju` y

s`magjdj.

Wcd gvgctudh sakahatuj gctrg h` phdctgdj` p`r ]gdrhg y Fùrjagu gstdrd gc hd rghdmac qug gstdfhgmg mdjd acjavaju`

m`c su pr`pa` Zrdse`cj`. _gr`, prgmasdkgctg, gh m`cmgpt` jg ndfatus-y m`c h hd kdy`r pdrtg jgh dchasas s`ma`hlam`-

tagcg qug vgr m`c hd rghdmac acjavaju`-s`magjdj (suigt`-kucj`), j`cjg dkf`s s`c hd m`cjamac jg p`safahajdj jgh`tr`, y p`r tdct`, gh Zrdse`cj` sg m`kprgcjg m`k` ucd m`cstrummac m`hgmtavd qug kdctagcg ucd rghdmac jg

rgmapr`majdj mdusdh m`c h`s acjavaju`s, gc pdhdfrds jg Fùrjagu, qug gs gstrumturdj` p`r h`s acjavaju`s d hd vgz qug

gstrumturdctg jg st`s. Gstg gs, tdkfac, gh sgctaj` jgh dxa`ktam` pracmapa` jurbngakadc` jg gxphamdr h` s`madh p`r

h` s`madh. Hd kaskd ajgd gst trds hd cgmgsajdj jg m`kprgcsac nastram`-s`madh jg Kdccngak, y jg h` phdctgdj` p`r

Fgrlgr y Humbkdcc qug, d ka iuama`, gcmagrrd fagc gh ajgdra` j`kacdctg gc tg`rd s`ma`hlamd s`frg gstg puct`9 Hd

dut`-pr`jummac jgh n`kfrg gs sagkprg, y p`r cgmgsajdj, ucd gkprgsd s`madh R[ Ds m`k` gs akp`safhg qug gh

n`kfrg sg jgsdrr`hhg m`k` tdh gc gh dashdkagct`, tdkfac gs akp`safhg qug gh n`kfrg dashdj` pr`juzmd uc dkfagctg

nukdc` R[ Zdc pr`ct` m`k` sg fsgrvdc egckgc`s gspgmeamdkgctg nukdc`s, sg gctrd gc gh j`kaca` jg h` s`madh.

Hd nukdcajdj gspgmeamd jgh n`kfrg y su s`madhajdj gstc gctrghdzdjds ctakdkgctg. Gh n`k` sdpagcsgs sagkprg, y

gc hd kaskd kgjajd, n`k` s`maus(6??49


18/21



4=6

Dn`rd fagc, mk` gs p`safhg tdh javgrsajdj egc`kcamd jgctr` jg gstd ucamajdj `ct`hlamd0, mk` sg gxphamd hd

gxastgcmad kgctdh y s`madh gc uc kucj` m`ce`rkdj` gctgrdkgctg p`r pdrtmuhds esam`-qukamds0 Q eacdhkgctg,

mk` sg actgrrghdma`cd t`j`0 Vgsp`cjgr d gstds prgluctds gs hd tdrgd qug gcergctd hd ct`h`ld jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh

y s`frg hds mudhgs sg ndc gctrgldj` dhlucds humgs gc gstg drtmuh`.

_`r h` tdct`, quazs hd prakgrd m`cmhusac gs qug hd `ct`h`ld s`madh pr`pugstd p`r ]gdrhg m`cstatuyg uc dp`rtg

sustdctav` dh gstuja` jg hd gstrumturd hlamd jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh y jg hds m`cjama`cgs jg p`safahajdj jg h`s ngmn`s

s`madhgs. Zdh vgz, uc pr`ygmt` mgrmdc` p`jrd sgr hd tg`rd s`madh rgdhastd jg Fndsbdr y Drmngr (Drmngr 6??1), qug

m`kpdrtg dhluc`s dspgmt`s fdsdhgs m`c hd `ct`h`ld sgdrhgdcd, m`k` gh pdrtar jg hd prgkasd jg dmgptdr hd gxastgcmad

jg ucd rgdhajdj s`madh (y cdturdh) gxtgrcd g acjgpgcjagctg jg hd v`huctdj jg quagcgs hd gsmrutdc, duc mudcj` p`sggc

vdrads jaegrgcmads jdj` gh mdrmtgr jg dkf`s trdfdi`s -Drmngr jgsdrr`hhd ucd `ct`h`ld gc eucmac jg vacmuhdrhd m`c

dspgmt`s gpastkam`s y kgt`j`hlam`s pr`pa`s jgh gigrmama` s`ma`hlam`.

Dsakask`, gh dp`rtg m`cmgptudh rgspgmt` jg mk`sg m`cstruyg hd rgdhajdj s`madh qug hhgvd d mdf` ]gdrhg, rgprgsgctd

hd gstrumturd s`frg hd mudh jgsdrr`hhdr gstd `ct`h`ld jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh, jgstdmcj`sg hd eucmac gsgcmadh qug hg

`t`rld dh hgcludig gc hd lgcgrdmac jg jgmhdrdma`cgs jg eucmac jg gstdtus -ghgkgct` mhdvg pdrd hd mrgdmac jgngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs-, ds m`k` tdkfac hd gstrumturd y jastacmac gctrg h`s ngmn`s s`madhgs g acstatuma`cdhgs, y gh

akp`rtdctg pdpgh qug jgsgkpgd hd actgcma`cdhajdj m`hgmtavd gc gstd m`cstrummac.

_gr` hd pr`pugstd jg ]gdrhg tdkfac prgsgctd vdm`s, jahgkds y pdrdj`ids, sagcj` hd pracmapdh su m`cmgpmac

kgctdhastd, qug gctagcjg hd rgdhajdj s`madh m`k` m`cstruajd kgjadctg `pgrdma`cgs hlam`-kgctdhgs mdusdjds p`ry

rgdhazdjds gcmgrgfr`s acjavajudhgs, p`r kgja` jg hd `pgrdmac jg rgprgsgctdmac jg gsd rgdhajdj m`k` gxastgctg, sac

rgpdrdr gc hd mdpdmajdj mdusdhqug prgsgctd gh ngmn` acstatuma`cdh kask` -gctgcjaj` m`k` gxtgrc`g arrgjumtafhgd

hd kgctg qug hg ja` `ralgc- gc hd mrgdmac jg `tr`s ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs y, p`r tdct`, gc hd jargmmac jg diustg

m`ctrdrad kucj`-kgctg(s). Gc `trds pdhdfrds, su dchasas gst mgctrdj` gc hds pr`pagjdjgs mdusdhgs jg hd kgctg y c`

jg h`s ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs, h` qug cgmgsdradkgctg akphamd ucd m`cmgpmac acjavajudhastd jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh, qug

m`rrg gh ragsl` jg mdgr gc ucd c`mac gpaegc`kcamd jg std.

Dh kask` tagkp` y m`k` m`csgmugcmad jg h` dctgra`r, ]gdrhg `t`rld pr`pagjdjgs s`frggxphamdtavds dh hgcludig,

`t`rlcj`hg hd mdpdmajdj gxmhuygctg jg mrgdmac y kdctgcmac jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh, ds m`k` tdkfac jg lgcgrdr

h`s p`jgrgs jgctam`s qug pgrkatgc hd gxastgcmad m`ctacudjd jg h`s ngmn`s acstatuma`cdhgs.

Ergctg d gstg gsmgcdra` jg jahgkds, gh dp`rtg qug hd tg`rd s`ma`hlamd pugjg ndmgr d hd `ct`h`ld s`madh jg ]gdrhg gs

sustdctav`, pracmapdhkgctg p`rqug, m`k` sg s`stuv` drrafd, c` cagld hd mdpdmajdj jg mdusdmac jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh.

_`r gh m`ctrdra`, hd kdy`r pdrtg jg hd tg`rd s`ma`hlamd -m`c kdtamgs y jaegrgcmads, p`r magrt`- df`ld p`r ucd

m`cmgpmac jg h` s`madh m`k` gxtgrcdg arrgjumtafhgdh acjavaju`, y m`k` p`rtdj`rd jg mdpdmajdj mdusdh s`frg h`s

acjavaju`s. ]ac jujd, gstd jasmusac pugjg tdkfac gctgcjgrsg gc trkac`s jg hd sgkpatgrcd tgcsac gctrg dlgcmad

y gstrumturd qug dtrdvagsd d hd s`ma`h`ld jgsjg sus `rlgcgs. _gr` ks dhh jg hds m`rragctgs qug sg acmhacdc p`r uc`

u tr` hdj`, sg pugjg s`stgcgr qug gxastg uc m`csgcs` gc mudct` hd rghdmac gctrg acjavaju` y s`magjdj sg m`kprgcjg

gc trkac`s jg acehugcmad mdusdh kutud (ducqug gsg hgcludig c` sgrd usdj` p`r hd Gsmughd Ngrkgcutamd). Gc gh mds`

jg Jurbngak, hd m`cmgpmac jg h`s ngmn`s s`madhgs m`k` k`j`s jg ndmgr, pgcsdr y sgctar gxtgra`rgs y m`grmatav`s,

jd mhdrd mugctd jg ghh`. \gfgr, d quagc sughg gcmdsahhdrsg gc gh hdj` `pugst` jg Jurbngak, jgeagcjg hd kaskd ajgd

mudcj` s`stagcg qug, duc mudcj` sh` h`s acjavaju`s pugjgc sgr suigt`s jg ucd dmmac `ragctdjd p`r su sgctaj`, h`s

egckgc`s s`madhgs c` pugjgc gxphamdrsg rgjumacj`sg d egckgc`s psam`hlam`s, pugs h` actgrgsdctg y pr`pa` jg

su gxphamdmac gs gh dchasas actgrprgtdtav` jg hd dmmac s`madh (\gfgr 411


19/21



4==

p`r ghh`s kask`s, sac` fdi` dqughhds marmucstdcmads m`c qug sg gcmugctrdc jargmtdkgctg, qug gxastgc y hgs ndc saj`

hgldjds p`r gh pdsdj` (Kdrx 41>49:?:). Z`j`s ghh`s dpuctdc gc hd kaskd jargmmac.

Gc m`csgmugcmad, quazs gh dp`rtg pracmapdh qug hd tg`rd s`ma`hlamd pugjd ndmgr d hd `ct`h`ld jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh

tgcld qug vgr, prgmasdkgctg, m`c rghgvdr gstd rghdmac jg rgmapr`majdj, qug trdg m`k` m`csgmugcmad ucd acehugcmadmdusdh kutudgctrg acjavaju`s y s`magjdj, qug jgeacg d hd rgdhajdj s`madh, y qug gc trkac`s jg hd fdtgrd m`cmgptudh

pr`pugstd p`r ]gdrhg sg pugjg gctgcjgr, m`k` sg drlukgct gc gh mugrp` jgh drtmuh`, gstdfhgmagcj` ucd jastacmac

dh k`kgct` jg m`kprgcjgr h`s ngmn`s s`madhgs/acstatuma`cdhgs gctrg mdusdj` p`ry rgdhazdj` gc, jg kdcgrd jg c`

m`ceucjar j`s satudma`cgs jastactds9 p`r uc hdj`, gh ngmn` travadhkgctg vgrjdjgr` jg qug t`j` ngmn` s`madh, dh sgr ucd

rgprgsgctdmac, gs acjgegmtafhgkgctg rgdhazdj` gcmgrgfr`s acjavajudhgs2 y p`r `tr`, qug h` dctgra`r c` akphamd qug

t`j` ngmn` s`madh sgd tdkfac mdusdj` p`rmgrgfr`s acjavajudhgs. M`k` sg drlukgct, st`s pugjgc sgr mdusdj`s

gxtgrcdkgctgp`r `tr`s ngmn`s s`madhgs/acstatuma`cdhgs, jdj` qug tdkfac mugctdc m`c mdpdmajdj mdusdh. Gc gstd

jastacmac sg dp`yd, gct`cmgs, gh drlukgct` jg hd rgmapr`majdj mdusdh gctrg acjavaju` y s`magjdj (yd gxpugst`), qug

gs tdkfac dp`ydj` gxphmatdkgctg p`r Fgrlgr y Humbkdcc mudcj` s`stagcgc qug hd rghdmac gctrg gh acjavaju` y su

lrup` s`madh gs rgmpr`md (` jadhmtamd), vdhg jgmar, gh acjavaju` mrgd hd rgdhajdj s`madh dh kask` tagkp` qug gs mrgdjd

p`r std.

Eacdhkgctg, `tr` dp`rtg eucjdkgctdh jg hd s`ma`h`ld tagcg qug vgr m`c hd cgmgsajdj jg jgsdrr`hhdr ucd tg`rd jg hd

acstatuma`cdhazdmac qug gxphaqug m`c kdy`r gxdmtatuj hd kdctgcmac y gh mdkfa` acstatuma`cdh. Zdh m`k` ]gdrhg h`

gxp`cg, d jaegrgcmad jg hd rgdhajdj esamd frutd jg t`k`s y ldhdxads, hd rgdhajdj s`madh rgquagrg sgr mrgjdpdrd sgr tdh,

gs jgmar, jgfgk`s rgprgsgctrc`shd y, gc gsg m`ctgxt`, hd mrggcmad qug p`safahatd hd rgdhajdj s`madh gs nastramd, vdhg

jgmar, gst gcmdrcdjd gc acjavaju`s pdrtamuhdrgs y, p`r tdct`, suigtd d h`s dvdtdrgs jg hd tgkp`rdhajdj. Gc

m`csgmugcmad, rgquagrg jg kgmdcask`s jg trdspds` jg hglatakajdjjg hd mrggcmad, m`c sus rgspgmtav`s kgmdcask`s

jgp`jgrds`madj`s.

Gs gc vartuj jg gstd m`kphgkgctdragjdj gctrg hd eah`sèd s`madh jg ]gdrhg y hd tg`rd s`ma`hlamd, qug gstg drtmuh` sg

pr`p`cg m`ctrafuar dh jgsdrr`hh` jg ucd `ct`h`ld jg hd rgdhajdj s`madh ks m`kprgcsavd, gctgcjagcj` p`r ksm`kprgcsavducd ct`h`ld qug, prgmasdkgctg, t`kg gc m`csajgrdmac gstd m`kphgkgctdragjdj, jgsdrr`hhcj`sg p`r

gh trdfdi` m`ciuct`gctrg eah`sèd y magcmads s`madhgs. _drd ghh`, h`s vagi`s javasa`cask`s jgfgc mgjgr tgrrgc` d hd

actglrdmac jg h`s sdfgrgs, gc fgcgeama` jg dhmdczdr ucd vasac ks m`kprgcsavd y m`kphgtd jgh egckgc` s`madh gc

t`jd su gxtgcsac.

C`tds

(4) M`c gstd ajgd, ]gdrhg gst ndmagcj` rgegrgcmad pracmapdhkgctg d Jgrrajd y d hd eah`sèd jgm`cstrumma`castd (]gdrhg

6?4?).

(6) C` jgfg m`ceucjarsg hd jasmusac `ct`hlamd m`c hd kgt`j`hlamd. Ds, sa fagc gs magrt` qug Jurbngak tgrkacdr

phdctgdcj` qug h` s`madh jgfg sgr gxphamdj` p`r h` s`madh, gstd gs ucd prgmasac jg tap` kgt`j`hlamd qug vagcg

prgmgjajd p`r hd jasmusac `ct`hlamd j`cjg jgeagcjg hd gxastgcmad jg h` s`madh m`k` rgdhajdj sua lgcgras, jastactd dh

dlrgldj` jg acjavajudhajdjgs qug hd m`ce`rkd.

(=) Ugr hds jgegcsds jg ]gdrhg dh rgdhask` y gh m`csgmugctg dtdqug dh pgrspgmtavask` gc ]gdrhg 411< y 6??4.

(:) Hd jastacmac gctrg ngmn` acstatuma`cdh y s`madh jg ]gdrhg, prgsgctd dhlucds sgkgidczds m`c hd c`mac jg dmmac

s`madh jg \gfgr, pugs stg s`stagcg qug sa j`s pgrs`cds mn`mdc gc hd mdhhg -p`r gigkph`-, sg gst gc prgsgcmad jg ucd


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4=:

actgrdmmac s`madh, pgr` c` jg ucd dmmac s`madh pr`padkgctg tdh, pugst` qug gh sgctaj` jg std c` gstdfd jaralaj` d

hd rgmapr`majdj jg hd dmmac.

(7) Wcd camd kgcmac d hd hglatakajdj sg gcmugctrd gc hd rgegrgcmad qug ndmg gc Kdbacl tng ]`madh \`rhjd pr`psat`

jg h`s p`jgrgs jgctam`s acngrgctgs d h`s l`fagrc`s. Hd hglatakajdj gs mrumadh pdrd gh eucma`cdkagct` jg h`sl`fagrc`s, p`rqug gh p`jgr p`htam` rgquagrg jg dhlc lrdj` jg dmgptdmac (6?4?945=).

(5) Gc hd trdjummac mdstghhdcd jgh hafr` Kgctgs, mgrgfr`s y magcmad, sg utahazd hd gxprgsac Kdhhd gc vgz jg Vgj.

_drd edv`rgmgr ucd kgi`r m`kprgcsac, sg nd utahazdj` hd matd pravahgladcj` hd gxprgsac jg Vgj.

(


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]gdrhg, I. 411:. Gh rgjgsmufrakagct` jg hd kgctg. Fdrmgh`cd9 Gjat`radh Mrtamd.

]gdrhg, I. 411

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Hacia una ontología de la realidad social desde la filosofía de John Searle