Historia de la República del Perú Tomo III

8/9/2019 Historia de la Repblica del Per Tomo III

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BNSXG\NK HI DK \I]LDNCK HID ]I\ Z;2


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BNSXG\NK HI DK \I]LDNCK HID ]I\ Z;2


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Bnstgrnk hi dk \ipldnck hid ]ir Z;2


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9 NAHNCI XG@G 3

prn`ir pirghgDk pgck euahkcngakDhi Dk riplDnck Z;2


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XG@G 3 NAHNCI5

Z UNN P

66 Id ]khri Fukti`kdk62 Ogs @ktig Kfundkr Z UNNN P

6> Dgs ]rgyictgs hi icga`nk pgdtnck hi ]ihrg hi \goks y Lrngais2= Dgs Idiìatgs hi `kti`tnckshi @kauid Kykdk2= Dk Frk`tnck ckstiddkakhi Cidistnag Edgris

2= Dk istkhstnck hi Kzafkrg pgr Cbgquibukack y dk istkhstnckhi Dn`k pgr Crhgvk y YrrutnkZ NR P

2< Id Hnkrnghid pkhri Ldkacg, iacncdgpihnk Sur - ]irukakZ R P

2< Ideusndncg hid fiairkd Edgris y gtrks prghuccngais hi OgsOgkqua hi Dkrrnvk

23 @kauid Lka23 ]ihrg Onàiz hi Klrnd Xnrkhg23 Lirakrhg Kdcihg Z RN P

28 Ogs Fnd hi Ckstrg Z RNN P

28 ]kacbg Enirrg

CK]XYDG 36ID ]I\NGHNS@G IAX\I ;2= Id snfanenckhg bnstrncg hid pirnghns`g>; Id ]irukag Z NN P

>; Id pirnghns`g iatri ;2< Dk ixcipcngakd n`pgrtkacnk hid @i`grnkd hi Cniacnks Akturkdis>< Gtrgs pirnhncgs ia Dn`k y ia prgvnacnks (;23 ]irnhncgs hi Kriqunpk, ]nurk y Cuzcg>3 Dk ihkh hi grg ia id pirnghns`g hurkati id prnìr fglnirag hi Fk`krrk>5 Kdfuags pirnhncgs hi prgvnacnks ia dk pgck hi Fk`krrk Z NNN P

>5 Id pirnghns`g ia ;238 y ;239>6 Dk akrnz hid ensckd Cgdìakris>6 ]irnhncgs skdkvirrnags y skatkcrucnags Z NU P

>2 Id pirnghns`g hurkati dk Cgaeihirkcna ]ir-Lgdnvnkak>2 ]irnghns`g hi dk i`nfrkcna? akcngakdnstk y skatkcrucnag>> ]irnhncgs hi prgvnacnks>> Id cksg ixcipcngakd hid @usig Iruhntgy hi Id Cgrrig

Dntirkrng;=; Id pirnghns`g ia dgs prnìrgs tni`pgs hi dk \istkurkcna Z U P

;=3 Id Cgìrcng Z UN P

;=3 Dks kdtiraktnvks ia dks ixprisngais pirnghstncks;=3 Dk hneusna hid pirnghns`g ia prgvnacnk

CK]XYDG 32AGXKS SGL\I ID XIKX\G IA ;2


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6 NAHNCI XG@G 3

SiFuahg pirghgDk ekDk_ prgSpirnhkh hiD Fukag(;28 pkrk pkfg hi suidhgs y

piasngais y id cgatrktg kd rispictg cga Fnlls y @gatka;98 Id cgatrktg hi i`prstntg hi `kyg hi ;29= cga dks cksks

Fnlls y @gatka pgr 328 `nd pisgs;98 Id cgatrktg hi i`prstntg hi `kyg hi ;29= cga dk Cksk Fnlls

pgr 2== `nd pisgs;98 Dk prrrgfk hi dk cgasnfakcna k dk Cksk Fnlls ia `kyg hi

;29= pgr cnacg kgs;98 Dk sirvnhu`lri hid Istkhg kati dk Cksk Fnlls ia klrnd hi ;29;;95 Id cgatrktg hi cgasnfakcna akcngakd hid fukag k Istkhgs

Yanhgs ia gctulri hi ;29=. Dk naixnstiacnk hi frkahisckpntkdis pirukags pkrk id aifgcng hid fukag ia sus cg`niazgs

;95 Id ckrfug hid fukag. Dks cgahncngais hi trklkog

CK]XYDG . Dk ckacidkcna hi dks hiuhks

cga dgs pksis k`irnckags. Dk trkaqundk cgasgdnhkcnahi dk hiuhk natirak bkstk `krzg hi ;29;

Z N P

;5= Dk n`pdkatkcna hid prisupuistg ia ;285-;286;5; Id prisupuistg hi ;282-;28>.;5; Dk ioicucna hid prisupuistg hi ;282-;28>;5 Krfu`iatgs hkhgs ia hieiask hi dk cgasgdnhkcna;2= Dgs iarnquicnhgs cga dk cgasgdnhkcna;23Xgrrncg;28 Id cgstg hi dk vnhk;28 Cdkusurk hi dk cgasgdnhkcna Z NN P

;29 Id i`prstntg ia Dgahris y dk cgavirsna hi dk hiuhk kafdg- pirukak ia ;293;2> Dk cgavirsna hi dk hiuhk natirak. Dgs ieictgs sgcnkdis y

icga`ncgs hi dk cgavirsna;>; @iahnluru y su prgpng ouzfk`niatg Z NNN P

;>; Dk diy kdifri qui kprgl dgs kctgs hid ]ghir Ioicutnvg Z NU P

;>; Id prisupuistg akcngakd iatri ;29= y ;298 Z U P

;>9 Dks riatks pldncks pir`kaiatis iatri ;298 y ;258;>5 Id cricn`niatg hi dgs fkstgs pldncgs y dgs prisupuistgs;>5 Id prisupuistg ia ;253-;258

CK]XYDG 8DGS ]\N@I\GS NAXIAXGS ]K\K \G@]I\ ID SNSXI@KHI DKS CGASNFAKCNGAIS HID FYKAG ^ SY E\KCKSG(;299-;292)

Dgs kpghirkhgs ensckdis y dk erkaquizk kcuskhgrk hi OgsCksn`nrg Yddgk, Duns @isgais y Eidnpi Lkrrnfk dvkriz


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XG@G 3 NAHNCI2


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> NAHNCI XG@G 3


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Z XG@G 3 P

Z ]\N@I\ ]I\GHG? DK ]GCK EYAHKCNGAKD HI DK \I]lDNCK P

CK]XYDG 3< N Cg`uanckcngais ytrkaspgrtisFunddir`g Vbiidwrnfbt y

dk akvifkcna k vkpgr Id snfanenckhg

sgcnkd y icga`ncg hid vkpgr.


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DKS CG@YANCKCNGAIS ^ DGS X\KAS]G\XIS

BKSXK ;28


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;< ]I\GHG ; CK]XYDG 3


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lllllll

;Z ckptudg 32 ia Aiwlurypgrt, piquik cnuhkh `krtn`k hid Istkhghi @ksskcbussits, circk hi Lgstga. Hispus hi bklir bicbg istuhngs ia uak iscuidk tigdfnck,si hihnc, hishi dgs trici kgs hi ihkh, k dk akvifkcna y cgagcn cg`g `krnairg dgs `kris hi

K`rnck hid Sur. Xiak 2 pnis hi dk

(5=.39 `itrgs) y tia

uak pgtiacnk hi ;9=

cklkddgs hi euirzk. I

hnluog qui vi`gs kq

pirtiaici kd dnlrg

Id vkpgr cgaqunstk

id ]kcencg, hi

Krtbur C. Vkrhdi,

puldnckhg ia ;>8=.

ID UK]G\ ]I\


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;8 ]I\GHG ; CK]XYDG 32 pnis hi isdgrk pgr 3= hi `kafk. Id lkrcg ricniati, \inak hid @kr,hi dk ]kcnencStik` Akvnfktnga Cg pkaytuvg 5== pnis y hispdkz


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; CK]XYDG 38=), hi Krtbur C.Vkrhdi.


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;5 ]I\GHG ; CK]XYDG 3


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lllllll

;Z ckptudg 3


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;2 ]I\GHG ; CK]XYDG 3


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; CK]XYDG 3


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Z tg`g 3 P

Z ]rn`ir ]irghg? dk pgck euahkcngakd hi dk ripldnckP

CK]XYDG 33NDk `gaihk ia dk nan-cnkcna hi dk \ipldnck Dgs lndditis hi

crhntg pldncg NN Dk diy pkrk dnlirkr

hi tksk enok id natirs hid hnairg cg`g

s`lgdg hid nacri`iatg hi dk rnquizk

lkskhk ia id ckpntkd Id kfng y dk usurkNNNId cgstg hi vnhk ia Dn`k ia ;28


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CK]XYDGZ33P

DK @GAIHK IA DK NANCNKCNA HI DK \I]lDNCK.

ID KFNG ^ DK YSY\K.

ID CGSXG HI UNHK IA DN@K IA ;28=


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8. Ia ck`lng, ia ;2


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, qui si pri-siatkrka tghgs dgs qui istklka ia cnrcudkcna y qui si ddiaksia cnirtks `ihnhks hi sifurnhkhia dks auivks i`nsngais qui si bncnirka.

Z NN PDK DI^ ]K\K DNLI\K\ HI XKSK ENOK ID NAXI\S HID HNAI\G CG@G S@LGDG HIDNAC\I@IAXG HI DK \N[YI_K LKSKHK IA ID CK]NXKD.-Id 6 hi iairg hi ;233 si prg-`udf dk diy, kprglkhk id


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6=, Ugd. N, p. 26.(


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955555555555


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Z tg`g 3 P


CK]XYDG 38NYa kfrncudtgr ia ;236y ;232. Dk prnìrk `qunak hi vkpgr

ia dk kfrncudturk cgstik NN Dks diyis

sglri dks tnirrks hi dgs nahngs NNNSi`-

lrgs y cudtnvgs ia dk snirrk. Dk fkakhi-

rk, dk `nairk NUDks eirnks UDks cg-

erkhks UN Id cgìrcng iatri dk cgstk

y dk snirrk UNN Id cgìrcng hid sur hid

]ir UNNNId cgìrcng cga Lgdnvnk NR

\idkcngais cgìrcnkdis cga Cbndi R

Id Ckddkg y Ukdpkrksg Luquis ixtrka-

oirgs y luquis akcngakdis. Id cgìrcng

`krtn`gRNCgìrcnkatis i nahustrnk-

dis RNNDk sulsnstiacnk hi dgs fri`ngsDgafivnhkh hi dgs fri`ngs RNNN Dgs

ixtrkaoirgs RNU Dk diy hi prgbnlncng-

ais Id piask`niatg dnlrick`lnstk hi

Unhkurri Dk diy hi prgbnlncngais iatri

;2 y ;23< Dgs rifdkìatgs hi cg-

ìrcng hi ;233 k ;28= Id rifdkìatg

hi cgìrcng hi ;28= RU Dk prgbnln-

cna hi dk pisck ia luquis ixtrkaoirgs RUNDk sidvk RUNNDk sipudturk hi dgs

ag cktdncgs.


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CK]XYDGZ38P

DK KF\NCYDXY\K, DK FKAKHI\K, DK @NAI\K, ID CG@I\CNG.

DGS F\I@NGS, DGS IxX\KAoI\GS BKSXK ;28;


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3= ]I\GHG ; CK]XYDG 38

Z N PA KF\NCYDXG\ IA ;236 ^ ;232. DK ]\N@I\K @[YNAK HI UK]G\ IA DK KF\N CYD-XY\K CGSXIK.-Dk utndnzkcna hi dks `qunaks hi vkpgr ag sgdg si ieictu k trkvs hi dgslkrcgs, ddifkhgs kd ]ir ia ;28;, sn ag tk`lna si ixtiahn k dk kfrncudturk, k dk n`priatk y k dgseirrgckrrndis. Dk prnìrk `qunak hi vkpgr pkrk uak bkcniahk kzuckrirk hi dk cgstk eui natrghu-cnhk bkcnk ;236. Dk priask hi vkpgr ddif k sir i`pdikhk ia Dn`k iatri ;23> y ;286 pgr Id

Cgìrcng, cg`g si vir ia ua ckptudg pgstirngr.Eui Ogs \uenag Icbianqui qunia `kah bkcir k ua nafds ddk`khg Xg`s Fndd dgs pdkags

pkrk uak `qunak hi vkpgr pkrk su bkcniahk kzuckrirk hi Ska ]ihrg y dk pnhn k Nafdktirrk pgrcgahuctg hi dk Cksk Fnlls. Kdfuags gtrgs bkciahkhgs dg ddk`krga, cga isti `gtnvg, dgcg.

d `ns`g bk cgatkhg ia sus ì`grnks kdfuags hitkddis sglri isti pirghg hi su vnhk, quikrrgoka kdfuak duz sglri dks cgahncngais icga`ncks hi dk pgck. Sipkrkhg hid iorcntg hurka-ti dgs hks hi dk Cgaeihirkcna ]ir-lgdnvnkak, ag di euirga pkfkhgs dgs rhntgs hi su riegr`k ysi vng ia kednctnvk sntukcna, pgr dg cukd viahn kdfuaks ispicnis hi pdktk. Spgdg su tg id krzg-lnspg Liakviati y di hng su cbkcrk hi @gatirrncg pkrk qui dk trklkokrk. Skatk Cruz di sufnrn quicg`prksi dks bkcniahks hi Ska Ogs y Ska Okvnir hi Akzck, hi prgpnihkh hid Istkhg, qui hklkaua hecnt kaukd. Kd vnsntkrdks, iacgatr qui, k piskr hi bkddkrsi ia frka hitirngrg, pghka sir uaaifgcng pkrk qunia euirk ispicudkhgr g tuvnisi frkahis ckpntkdis, puis, khqunrnahgdks ialndditis qui vkdka ua ;=%, sgdg cga id vkdgr hi dgs iscdkvgs bklk fkakacnks. Naeduy d pkrk quidks tg`krk id rncg cgìrcnkati Hg`nafg Idks, quna navnrtn ;; `nd pisgs hi hnairg: y si cgask-fr k @gatirrncg pkrk ixtiahir duifg sus kctnvnhkhis cg`g bkciahkhg kd euahg ckkvirkd hiSka ]ihrg, hi prgpnihkh hi dk Cgafrifkcna hi Ska Eidnpi Airn. Bkdd ia isti dufkr k dk iscdk-vkturk his`grkdnzkhk y divkatnsck y cgìaz pgr ìogrkr su kdnìatg, sus vistnhgs y su klrnfgk dk viz qui n`pdkatklk ua rfnìa hi hnscnpdnak y viahk k bk cniahks hid agrti k tris g cuktrgcklicnddks hi hisrhiais. Cg`pr duifg dk bkcniahk hi Kahkn`kyg ia dk prgvnacnk hi Cgacbu-cgs, hi prgpnihkh hid Istkhg, pkrk duifg viahirdk: bnzg dg prgpng cga uak nak klkahgakhk iaCirrg hi ]kscg ddk`khk "@ircihis" ia kadgfk cgahncna: gltuvg id klgag hi kdfuaks su`kskhiuhkhks pgr rhntgs hi riegr`k: dgfr prstk`gs kd lkog natirs hid 5% kaukd bkcniahg usghi dks ridkcngais hid Krzglnspg cukahg id hnairg ag dg hklka dgs aifgcnkatis snag kd < g 3%

ìasukd, y cga id ckpntkd ks riuanhg puhg ìogrkr dgs `gdihgris hi ckk, dgs egahgs hi dk ckskhi pkndks pkrk bkcir dgs cgcn`niatgs y dk ddk`khk "cksk hi purfk" pkrk eklrnckr kzckr, k dk vizqui cgastruk kd`kciais cuyk enakdnhkh irk sirvnr cg`g hipsntg hi isti prghuctg. Ya `gtgrhi kfuk qui hnirk n`pudsg k ua frka trkpncbi ag pghk sir cgdgckhg pgrqui id kfuk viak cksnk anvid hishi su grnfia: y hi kdd akcn dk nhik hi dk `qunak hi vkpgr, dk prnìrk qui si nastkdia uak bkcniahk hid ]ir.

Isti tnpg hi `qunak si fiairkdnz pgcg k pgcg pkrk id cudtnvg hi dk ckk. Ia ;28< si kaua-cn pgr dgs pirnhncgs hi Dn`k qui bklk uak qui istklk k hnspgsncna hi dgs kfrncudtgris quiqunsnirka kdqundkrdk.

Y


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lllllll

3 CK]XYDG 38 ]I\GHG ;

Z NN PDKS DI^IS SGL\I DKS XNI\\KS HI DGS NAHNGS.- Dks Cgastntucngais hi ;2


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3< ]I\GHG ; CK]XYDG 38

istgs sna hg`kr, euirga sgdtkhgs sglri id trnfg y uak ùcbihu`lri hi nahngs egr` crcudgspkrk ispkatkrdgs cga frntgs kfuhgs. Cga istk egr`k hi trnddkr, ìhnkati dks pnskhks hi cklkdfk-hurks, bklk nrrifudkrnhkh ia dk tkrik, kuìatg hi fkstg, prhnhks hi frkag y hi pkok. Ag sicgagck dk `qunak siacnddk, uskhk yk ia Iurgpk, pkrk sipkrkr id frkag hi dk ispnfk sna quilrkrid uag an dk gtrk. Hid `ns`g `ghg, dgs krkhgs ag tiaka ruihks y su riok istklk egr`khk pgr uak

lkrrk hi enirrg hid dkrfg hi ua pni y hid frui sg hi < pudfkhks, dk cukd is tklk uanhk k dk `khirkpgr ìhng hi uak cgrrik: isti nastruìatg isckrlklk dk tnirrk ia ùy pgck prgeuahnhkh.

Dgs pkstnzkdis hi dks tnirrks kdtks hi ùcbks cgùanhkhis hi dk snirrk pghka hisi`pikr uakn`pgrtkati euacna icga`nck cukahg dk fkakhirk cgastntuk ua pghir icga`ncg. Iddk sgdkcgaciatrkrsi ia "istkacnks". Id fkakhg gvnag pkstklk ia hncbks riks ulnckhks ia dks tnirrks `skdtks hi dk cgùanhkh cga uak n`pgrtkacnk ivnhiati. Uiak k sir dk euiati hi kprgvnsngak`niatghi ckrai `s n`pgrtkati pkrk id cgasu`g dgckd y `ncrgrrifngakd y k vicis ia zgaks prxn`ks kdhipkrtkìatg hi Ouaa nrrkhnklk bkstk kdd. Dk crk hi fkakhg vkcuag si fiairkdnz yk iatrkhg idsnfdg RNR y k cg`niazgs hid RR utndnzkahg dks tnirrks `s kdtks hi dk cgùanhkh ddk`khks "vkqui-rks", ks cg`g tk`lna kdfa tnpg hi euirzk hi trklkog iviatukd cg`g irka dgs pkstgris hid pui-ldg g dk "vkquirk hid puildg" qui ricnlka skdkrng ia ispicni sglri tghg prghuctgs kdnìatncngs.Ia kdfuags dufkris, sglri tghg ia id ciatrg y ia id sur, ddif k grniatkrsi bkcnk id irckhg rifngakd

y akcngakd, cgnacnhniahg cga id cricn`niatg hi dk frka prgpnihkh y hi tcancks `ghiraks.Dk nairk suerk hnencudtkhis pgr dk iscksiz hi lrkzgs, dk ekdtk hi kzgfuis pkrk id liaiencng hi

dgs ìtkdis, id hiscgagcn`niatg hi tcancks y iqunpgs `ghirags y dks ristrnccngais gpuistks kdk dnlirtkh hi trasntg, hi cgìrcng y hi ixpgrtkcna hi dks pkstks.

Cirrg hi ]kscg tiak kek`khks `naks hi pdktk cga sus vitks hi Cgdqunonrck y ]krnkrnck hi >.5==pnis hi dkrfg y 8;< hi kacbg y 5.8== pnis hi dkrfg y 32= hi kacbg, rispictnvkìati. Id dklgrighi dks `naks si bkck sna sifurnhkhis an prickucngais cga id ena hi kbgrrkr hnairg: hi kdd dk klua-hkacnk hi kccnhiatis cg`g id qui gcurrnirk ia dk `nak hi @ktkfiati, hgahi piricnirga tris-cniatgs nahngs. Dgs trklkokhgris irka enogs y pir`kaiatis g trkasiatis g `kqunpurgs: istgsdtn`gs cukahg si prghucka lgyks: is hicnr, cukahg dk prghuccna viak k sir kluahkati.]ghka sir hnvnhnhgs tk`lna ia lk rritirgs (g sik dgs qui krrkacklka id ìtkd) g bkpnrisg cbk-qunrnsqui dg ddivklka k dk supirencni, hisauhgs, ia skcgs ddk`khgs ckpkcbgs. Id trklkog si bkckhi hk y hi agcbi y pgr turags hi hgci bgrks iatri frupgs ddk`khgs puatks, qui si kdtiraklkak dks sins hi dk `kkak y k dks sins hi dk tkrhi. Cukahg dks `naks prghucka pgcg dgs lkrritirgsricnlka 5 rikdis pgr hk y dgs bkpnrissgdg 8: ia dgs tni`pgs hi lgyksi dis hklk kdfg hid `nairkdskckhg (bukacbkck). Dk sipkrkcna hi dk pdktk si ddivklk k cklg k cnirtk hnstkacnk hi Cirrg hi]kscg, ia dks bkcniahks pirtiaicniatis k dgs huigs hi dks `naks. Dk k`kdfk`k iatri pdktk ykzgfui tiak ua `ghg i`prncg, n`pireictg y cgstgsg hi ieictukrsi pgr ìhng hi dgs ckscgs hicklkddg ispicnkdìati trkhgs hid Cuzcg y ykaucbg: ia piquik isckdk dgs nahngs dg bkcka iaCirrg hi ]kscg pnskahg iddgs hisckdzgs id kzgfui y dk pdktk ia dgs lgdncbis, cga frkvi hkg pkrksu skduh y su vnhk y luia prgvicbg hi sus prgpnitkrngs, k su viz bklndntkhgs pgr ckpntkdis quicglrklka kdtgs natirisis. Id kzgfui si trkk hi Bukackvidnck sgdg ia piquik prgpgrcna: dk`kygr pkrti viak hi Ispkk ia vksnoks hi bnirrg ùy cgstgsks.

@ucbg pirhka dgs `nairgs cga id kd tg pricng y id hispirhncng hid kzgfui y dk hieictugsk`kairk hi trktkrdg. ]irg luscklka dk `kairk hi riskrcnrsi hi hnvirsgs `ghgs, sna ixcdunr id cga-trklkahg hi dk pdktk iavnkhk k Iurgpk sna pkskr pgr dk ckddkak y i`lkrckhk ia puirtgs ìagriscg`g Bukcbg.

Dgs trkstgrags pgdtncgs tk`lna ripircutka ia dk prghuccna `nairk: y ks cukahg, k dk ckhkhi Skatk Cruz, uag hi dgs `s kctnvgs i natidnfiatis prgpnitkrngs hi Cirrg hi ]kscg, @nfuid Gti-rg, eui histirrkhg, vnag uak lkok ia dk prghuccna.

Dk `kygrk hi dgs `nairgs irka huigs hi sus pirtiaiacnks cga ua ckrctir birihntkrng: skdvguags pgcgs, tiaka qui ktiahir k sus fkstgs cga prstk`gs hi ckpntkdnstks hi Dn`k cuygs

DGS X\KSXG\AGS]GDXNCGS

XK@lNA\I]I\CYXKA IADK ]\GHYCCNA

@NAI\K: ^ KSCYKAHG, K DK

CKHK HI SKAXKC\Yz, YAG HI

DGS @S KCXNUGS

I NAXIDNFIAXIS]\G]NIXK\NGS HICI\\G HI ]KSCG,

@NFYID GXI\G,EYI

HISXI\\KHG,UNAG YAK lKoK

IA DK]\GHYCCNA.


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ID LGG@HI UKD]K\KSG. Dk diy pirukak hi prgbnlncngais hi ;2


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38 ]I\GHG ; CK]XYDG 38

natirisis ddifklka kd ;== g ; si cri uak cg`pkk nahustrnkd cga hnicnsns sgcngs pkrk id `ns`g gloitg: hncbk cg`-pkk ricnln frktuntkìati dks `naks hid Istkhg, sus gencnaks y iasiris y gltuvg ekcndnhkhishnvirsks, nacduyiahg dgs egahgs sglrkatis hi dks tisgrirks hi Kykcucbg y Bukackvidnck. Dki`prisk ag puhg sulsnstnr, sna i`lkrfg, pgr ekdtk hi pirsgakd tcancg, gpirkrngs ixpirtgs y trka-qundnhkh pldnck.

Ia su ì`grnk hi Bkcniahk hi ;23=, ]kahg sikd dks snfuniatis ckusks qui hnencudtklka idprgfrisg hi dk `nairk? "Dk ekdtk hi ckpntkdis pkrk i`priahir trklkogs hi kdfuak cgasnhirkcnaia dgs ksniatgs hi `naks: dk naircnk ia qui ykci ka iatri agsgtrgs id tnd is prntu hi ksgcnkcna:dk naivntkldi diatntuh cga qui cgasnfuniatiìati ck`naka dks cgstgsks glrks sultirraiksi`priahnhks pkrk virnenckr dgs hiskfis: dk nasuencniacnk hi dk anck `qunak k vkpgr qui tiai-`gs histnakhk k isi gloitg: dk iscksiz hi kdfuags aiciskrngs krtcudgs, prghucnhk pgr ekdtk hikc`ndks hi trkaspgrti: id `kygr cgstg hid trklkog hispus hi klgdnhk dk nabu`kak fklidk hi dks`ntks, kcksg tk`lna kdfa rkstrg hi prigcupkcngais iavioicnhks qui trkia cgasnfg gpgsncng-ais y hnsnhiacnks bkrtg pirouhncnkdis".

Z NU P

DKS EI\NKS.-Dk vkstihkh hid tirrntgrng y dk hnvirsnhkh hi prghuccna hklka kd cgìrcng dgckdg rifngakd vkrnkatis ispicnkdis. Dks eirnks cgastntuka frkahis kcgaticn`niatgs pnatgriscgs y prg-huctnvgs. Yak hi iddks irk dk hi Undqui, ia id hipkrtkìatg hi ]uag. Kdd nlk, pgr dk pgck hi]iaticgsts, fiati hi dks rifngais vicnaks hi Kriqunpk, @gquifuk y Cuzcg y, tk`lna, hi Lgdn-vnk y hi dks prgvnacnks krfiatnaks, pkrtncudkrìati Xucuà, cuyg cgìrcng, hitianhg hurkati dkfuirrk hi dk Nahipiahiacnk, sgdg eui rikauhkhg ia ;28=. Hurkati kdfuags hks Undqui, qui kpi-aks cgatklk cga kdfuags ciatiakris hi bklntkatis, vik idivkrsi su pgldkcna bkstk hniz g hgci`nd pirsgaks. Id casud erkacs Lgt`nddnku, qui vnsnt istk eirnk bkcnk ;28;, dk hiscrnli ks? "Dksìrckhirks `s enaks ks cg`g dks `s grhnakrnks hi Iurgpk y hi K`rnck istklka ixpuistks

Ia dk prnìrk `ntkh hid

snfdg RNR dk `nairk, ks

cg`g dk kfrncudturk, siiacgatrklk ia uak frkvi

sntukcna hilnhg k dk

ekdtk hi `kag hi glrk.

Dk ekdtk hi ticagdgfk y

tcancks hi ixtrkccna,

ks cg`g dk prhnhk hi

`nairgs pgr ekdtk hi

ìhnhks hi sifurnhkh y

kfgtk`niatg ixpdncklka

tk`lna id hnecnd

`gìatg hid sictgr. Ia

isti frklkhg hi ;296

pghi`gs glsirvkr ua

ckrfkhgr hi `nairkd g

kpnrn ia pdiak ekiak.

DK C\NSNS @NAI\K


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uaks circk hi gtrks ia ua ixtrkg hisgrhia. Kd dkhg hi skcgs hi ckckg y hi bgoks hi cgck siixbnlka ridgois hi Fnailrk y ogyks hi ]krs. Auistrgs pkgs, auistrgs tircngpidgs y auistrkssihks si gericka k dks `nrkhks ouatg cga frgsirgs lkyitgais qui si eklrncka ia id Cuzcg. Kvicis uak sgdk tniahk cg`priahk tghgs isgs hnvirsgs prghuctgs". Ispicnkd natirs hispirt iaid vnkoirg id irckhg hi ùdks hi Undqui. "Dk prgvnacnk hi Xucuà (kagtk) iavk tghgs dgs kgs

ùcbgs `nddkris hi isgs kan`kdis si`nskdvkois, dgs cukdis sga ùy sgdncntkhgs pgr dgs pirukagspkrk dgs vnkois y id trkaspgrti hi ìrckhirks k trkvs hi dks cgrhnddirks. K ua jndìtrg hid pui-ldg si riaia k isks ùdks ia trgpks hi qunaniatks g sinscniatks, g k vicis `s, kd cunhkhg hihgs g tris fkucbgs Dgs kencngakhgs keduyia ia frka aìrg. Iscgfia cga dgs gogs, pirg snapghir kcirckrsi ùcbg, dk listnk qui dis cgavniai, dk hisnfaka kd ckpktkz g oiei hi dgs fkucbgsy trktka cga d hid pricng ia kdfuaks pkdklrks. Ia fiairkd, id pricng is hi 3= k 5= pisgs y idaifgcng si cgacduyi rpnhkìati".

]gcks si`kaks hispus tiak dufkr ia ]uckr gtrk n`pgrtkati eirnk.

Z U PDKS CGE\KHKS.-Yak hi dks nastntucngais cgdgankdis qui dk \ipldnck birih y `katuvg eui-

rga dks cgerkhks. Irka iddks bir`kahkhis qui si egr`klka, cga kutgrnhkh cg`pitiati, pkrk idioircncng hi glrks hi pnihkh, dk kh`nanstrkcna hi lniais y dk pircipcna hi riatks.

Dk difnsdkcna ispkgdk nasnstn ia hnvirsks gpgrtuanhkhis ia qui pkrk euahkr cukdqunirkhi hncbks iatnhkhis, ia dk qui bklk ispkgdis, nahngs, aifrgs, ùdktgs y gtrks pirsgaks, irkaiciskrnk dk dnciacnk hi dk kutgrnhkh cnvnd y hi dk kutgrnhkh icdisnstnck. Ukrnks vicis ia id ]irkdfuaks quihkrga suprn`nhks pgr bklirsi istkldicnhg sna dk dnciacnk difkd. (Iatri gtrks, dkchudk hi quih lkog dk hipiahiacnk hidk `ns`k ouatk.

Ya cgatrgvirtnhg hicritg hi dk hnctkhurk, eicbkhg id ;2 hi hncni`lri hi ;259, grhia quidk kh`nanstrkcna y id `kaiog hi dks cgerkhks, krcbncgerkhks, cgafrifkcngais, bir`kahkhis ygtrgs grfkans`gs hi isi fairg ixnstiatis ia Dn`k y sus prgvnacnks istuvnirk k ckrfg hi dk

Sgcnihkh hi Liaienciacnk. Dgs sglrkatis hi dks riatks hi dks cgerkhks euirga khouhnckhgs kdBgspntkd Hgs hi @kyg, crikhg ia ;252 y klnirtg ia ;269. Id rncg krcbnvg hi dk Liaienciacnkfukrhk dgs hgcuìatgs hi istks nastntucngais qui ag bka snhg istuhnkhks an ia sus kspictgsksnstiacnkdis an ia dgs icga`ncgs, s ia dgs hi ckrnhkh sgcnkd.

Ia hnvirsgs dufkris hi dk snirrk ixnstn tk`lna pkrk id usueructg y dk ixpdgtkcna kfrcgdksdk cgstu`lri hi dks bir`kahkhis y cgerkhks. K isti rispictg Ogrfi Gstirdnaf y Hiaans Cbvizbka istuhnkhg id cksg hi dk cgùanhkh ck`pisnak hi Ska Kfusta hi Bukygpk`pk ia id hns-trntg hi Ktkvnddgs Lkog, prgvnacnk hi Bukrkz, hipkrtkìatg hi Dn`k. (Hiskrrgddg kfrcugdk y prg-cisgs sgcnkdis ia dk cgùanckhk ck`pisnak hi Bukygpk`pk" ia Kddpkacbns,Cuzcg A;8, ;>6>)

HICKSI qYIBKlK G\G

DKUKlDI IA DG\GS HID G\NISI]XIAX\NGAK]I\G AKHNIISXKlK HIHNCK \ICGFI\DG.KYAqYI SISKCKlK KzGFY

HI BYKACKUISY CKAXNHKH @YCBG @IAGqYI IA DGSXNI@]GSCGDGANKDIS ^ CYl\K DKSAICISNHKHIS DK @NAI\KAKCNGAKD.


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"Bir`kahkhis" g "cgerkhks" irka ksgcnkcngais hi cgùairgs grfkanzkhks cga dk enakdnhkh hidgfrkr id enakacnk`niatg hi dk cidilrkcna ia dk cgùanhkh hi uak enistk ridnfngsk, pkrkdidkìati kdk tkrik hi kyuhkr k ckhk uag hi dgs sgcngs ia id cudtnvg hi sus pkrcidks y ia dk cgastruccna hi susvnvniahks. Unacudkhks k dks cgerkhks y k dgs skatgs g n`fiais k iddks kaixks istuvnirga enistks trk-hncngakdis qui nacduyirga dks hkazks. Ia id vkddi hid @katkrg eui istricbk dk ridkcna hi dks cgerkhks

cga "dk nastntucna hi ckrfgs". Istgs irka? id prngsti, id ckpnta, id `kygrhg`g y dgs kcg`pkkatis.Kd prngsti dg ag`lrklk id prrgcg y su prnacnpkd euacna cgasnstk ia ksifurkr id euacngak`niatg hidk enistk y kh`nanstrkr dk tnirrk hid Skatg. ]krk iddg luscklk id prngsti ua ckpnta pkrk iatrifkrdi dkstnirrks qui cga su prghuccna bkcka vnkldi dk enistk. Id ckpnta cuyg ckrfg irk riatkldi luscklk sus`kygrhg`gs y cga iddgs trklkoklk dks tnirrks. Dgs `kygrhg`gs prgviaka hid ck`pisnakhg hisulsnstiacnk y kdrihihgr hi iddgs y hid ckpnta kfruplkasi dgs kcg`pkkatis, qui irka pkrniatisy kddifkhgs. Ckhk uag hi istgs frupgs hi pirsgakois tiaka sus prgpnks vistn iatks y ia dks enistkscu`pdka hnstnatgs kctgs rntukdis. Kd ckpnta cgrrispgahk id kdqundir hi dk lkahk hi `sncks.

DKS YUKS, ID UNAG ^ ID ]NSCG HI NCK

Duifg hi dk crnsns gcksngakhk pgr dksfuirrks hi Nahipiahiacnk, risur-fn dk kfrncudturk ia dgs vkddis hi dkCgstk, cg`g vi`gs ia isti tixtg hi

Xscbuhn sglri id cudtnvg hi dk vnh y dk

prghuccna hi pnscg. Hi Id ]ir? islg-

zgs hi vnkois rikdnzkhgs iatri ;232 y

;28


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Z UN PID CG@I\CNG IAX\I DK CGSXK ^ DK SNI\\K.-@ucbg si bk hnsirtkhg kcirck hi dgs gls-tcudgs sn`lgdnzkhgs pgr dk figfrkek kccnhiatkhk hid pks y sglri dk ixnstiacnk hi vks hi trkas-pgrti. Kenr`kcna ag hnscutnhk ericuiati`iati bk snhg dk hi qui katis hid surfn`niatg hi dgseirrgckrrndis ia dk sifuahk pkrti hid snfdg RNR y k dg dkrfg hid snfdg RR, tk`lna ia dks hckhks

katirngris ia dk pgdtnck vnkd nancnkhk ia dgs >


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nahustrnk kfrcgdk g eklrnd hi uag u gtrg pks. Xksks ispicnkdis si istkldicka pkrk kfukrhniatis,kzckris, cgck, tklkcg y ckckg. Dgs fkakhgs hi cukdqunirk cdksi y tghgs dgs cg`istnldis qui siixpgrtksia hi uag k gtrg Istkhg ag pkfkrka hiricbg kdfuag. Dks diyis prgbnlntnvks y hi istka-cg qui istgrlksia id trencg dnlri hi dgs erutgs y prghuccngais hid ]ir g hi Lgdnvnk quihklkaklgdnhks ia k`lks \ipldncks, skdvg dks pkstks hi grg y pdktk. Dgs ieictgs ixtrkaoirgs natirakhgs

pgr dgs puirtgs hi uak y gtrk pkrti cgatrktkati pkfkrka ia dks ergatirks rispictnvks hi dkakcna ia qui si cgasu`nirka, k dg `s, id 3=%. @ghirkhks tksks irka sikdkhks pkrk id tra-sntg. Dgs ieictgs lgdnvnkags ixpgrtkhgs pgr puirtgs pirukags ag hilka sir frklkhgs cga gtrghiricbg hid hi klrnd hi;28= si pkct ixtrkir hid trktkhg hid cg`ircng cidilrkhg ia Cbuqunskck id ;6 hi agvni`lri hi

;23


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y hi < rikdis cg`g krlntrng: is hicnr `iags qui dk tksk hi eilrirg hi ;23


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krrnlkr k puirtgs ìagris y ckditks bklndntkhks: pirg bklniahg hkhg dufkr istk pidnfrgsk cgstu`-lri k frkahis klusgs, dk risgducna supri`k hi < hi `kyg hi ;28< hnspusg qui ag si cgacihni-rk, ia khidkati, siìokatis pir`nsgs snag k dgs luquis ia dkstri y, hi anafa `ghg, k dgs quituvniria ìrckhirks k lgrhg.

Z RN PCG@I\CNKAXIS I NAHYSX\NKDIS.-]gcg si agtklk bkstk ;28; dk prisiacnk hi ua isprntunabiriati kd hiskrrgddg hi ua ckpntkdns`g akcngakd.

An frkahis prgpnitkrngs hi aifgcngs ia prgfrisg an pktrgais hi i`prisk bklk ia aìrgsuencniati. Ag euacngaklka lkacgs an ia prgvnacnks an ia Dn`k. Sgdg si bklka prisiatkhg prgyic-tgs pkrk istkldicirdgs. Id siakhgr pgr Cbkcbkpgyks, Katgang \ghrfuiz, bklk snhg id kutgr hidprgyictg hi uag, id "Lkacg hi Kfrncudturk i Nahustrnk Eklrnd" qui eui k hgr`nr ia uak cg`nsna. Ia;23= id cgìrcnkati Ogs ]kudnag Kcivihg egrùd gtrg pdka, istk viz pkrk uak iatnhkh qui bkrkgpirkcngais hi hiscuiatg y prstk`g y i`nsna hi lndditis: istk cgatrk hipsntgs ia ìtdncgcga ;% hi natirs ìasukd pkrk dgs hipgsntkatis. Kprglkhg pgr id Ioicutnvg y id Xrnluakd hid Cga-sudkhg, ag dg istuhn id Cgafrisg. ]gr dtn`g, hurkati dgs hks hi Skatk Cruz ia ;236, surfnirga

hgs prgyictgs hi ua Lkacg Akcngakd qui si gcupkrk hid sirvncng hi dk hiuhk ixtirngr i natirak,ks cg`g hi ekcndntkr id hiscuiatg hi hgcuìatgs hi crhntg, bkcir khidkatgs y gpirkcngais hick`lng. Hispus hid istuhng crtncg pgr uak cg`nsna qui ag`lr id Fglnirag agr-pirukag, siiacgìah idklgrkr ua auivg prgyictg k Ogs @krk Fkdhnkag: `s ag eui auack prisiatkhg.

^k ixnstka, sna i`lkrfg, hispus hi ;2;9 ia Iurgpk dgs frkahis lkaquirgs cg`g Dkeenti hi]krs, Bgpi hi K`stirhk`, Lkrnaf hi Dgahris y, sglri tghg, dgs \gstcbndh cuyg snsti`k si ixtia-hk hi Dgahris k Apgdis. Dk "istrktifnk hi dgs natirisis" hi dgs frkahis enakacnirgs frkvnt prg-euahkìati sglri dks sgcnihkhis nafdisk y erkacisk bkcnk ;23= y ia dgs kgs snfuniatis: hi istgdtn`g trktka dks agvidks hi Lkdzkc.

Id crhntg si hiskrrgdd bkstk ;28; ia id ]ir, k piskr hi qui ag ixnstka lkacgs? "Id cgìrcngixtrkaoirg (iscrnln Skatnkfg Xvkrk kd gcupkrsi hi dk iscdkvntuh y rienrnahgsi kd pirghg iatri ;23=y ;23>) qui, k piskr hi dk naistklndnhkh hi dk pkz, si bklk hiskrrgddkhg y sifuk hiskrrgddahgsi,cga ksg`lrgsk rkpnhiz, dis bklk prgpgrcngakhg (k dgs bkciahkhgs) lkog id snsti`k hid crhntg quiiacuiatrk tghg bg`lri bgarkhg qui gerici pgr fkrkatk cukdqunir ckpntkd, trkpncbis, euahgs, ckd-hirks, auivgs bgrags, auivgs y pghirgsgs kdk`lnquis, auivgs y lkrktgs nastruìatgs hi dklgr".

K`rnck Dktnak, tka vnhk pkrk lilir ia Iurgpk y Istkhgs Yanhgs sus nhiks pgdtncks y ia Iurgpksus kencngais natidictukdis, istuvg iatgacis diogs hi ksn ndkr pgr su idiìatg akcngakd isk naeduiacnkixtrkaoirk ia id ck`pg icga`ncg, pdiakìati, hishi id puatg hi vnstk hi su kccna prgpnk.

Sn si euirk k lusckr dgs ag`lris hi dks pirsgaks `s kckuhkdkhks hi dk pgck, kdfuak n`pgr-tkacnk pghrka tiair dks dnstks hi dgs qui irka gldnfkhgs k cupgs g i`prstntgs. Ia id qui si bnzg,pgr cksn ;9=.=== pi sgs ia Dn`k id


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Z RNN PDK SYLSNSXIACNK HI DGS F\[email protected]\kd \nvirk Sirak, ia ua istuhng sglri dgs kspictgshi dk icgag`k ia id prn`ir fglnirag hi Fk`krrk, gerici id snfuniati cukhrg hi dgs fri`ngs ygcupkcngais qui pkfklka pktiati rifnstrkhgs ia Dn`k ia ;233? Kafkrnddirgs 85.9 ;/<

Lkrlirgs ;;8 ]iduquirgs ;0 2 Kfukhgris


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I`prisk fri`ng hi pkakhirgs ;.569 Nahustrnk cgcbis hi pgstks 23.> Nahustrnk prgeisgris hi cnrufk ;6=.6 Nahustrnk cuirhirgs 3< Sulkstkhgris hi pgdnck 69.8

I`prisk nahustrnk hi pnckhgris hi tklkcg


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I`prisk nahustrnk hi ekr`kcnk ;2= I`prisk nahustrnk hi tiahirgs

I`prisk nahustrnk hi ckeitirgs I`prisk nahustrnk hi egahnstks ;=3.,8 I`prisk nahustrnk hi pksk`kairgs 9.8

I`prisk nahustrnk hi lghifuirgs 588,.= I`prisk nahustrnk hi cbnafkaks


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HK HI @I\CKHG. Dk viatk k`ludktgrnk ia Dn`k irk uak trkhncna birihkhk hi dk pgck cgdgankd. @ucbgs fri`ngs siriuaka k gericir sus prghuctgs ia istgs n`prgvnskhgs `irckhgs, cg`g si glsirvk ia isti hitkddi hi ua dig hi Ouka@kurncng \ufiahks, tntudkhg @irckhg prnacnpkd hi dk ckpntkd (;>8


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;; `nd pisgs. Dgs erkacisis si hnstnafuka cg`g cgìrcnkatis ia ogyks y krtcudgs eiìanags, sks-tris y piduquirgs. Dgs ntkdnkags, ouatg cga dgs ispkgdis, cgastntuka dk cgdgank ixtrkaoirk `s auì-rgsk. K vicis i`pizklka ùy bu`ndhiìati y ìogrklka ìrcih k su dklgrngsnhkh y k su cgas-tkacnk, bkstk riuanr luiaks egrtuaks. Kdfuags ispkgdis si bklka quihkhg hispus hi Kykcucbgy dgs kfrkvngs y riacgris cgatrk su pks i`pizklka k sir gdvnhkhgs. Bulg katnfugs `ni`lrgs hid

iorcntg rikdnstk qui cgatnaukrga vnvniahg ia dk snirrk cg`g prgpnitkrngs ia diokaks prgvnacnks.Dk Cgastntucna hi ;2


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vnfiati sglri dgs sirvnhgris ia dgs nastntutgs kr`khgs y dgs qui gltuvnisia ckrtk hi cnuhkhkak.Dk Cgaeihirkcna ]ir-lgdnvnkak riprisiat uak kctntuh hi cgrhnkdnhkh y sn`pktk k dgs

ixtrkaoirgs. Uianhgs hi dks `gatkks, hlnd ia id `kr (puis uak hi dks ckusks hi dk vnctgrnk hiCbndi eui su `iogr iscukhrk) id sirrkag Skatk Cruz riprisiat id kpgyg k dgs lrntancgs.

Ia dk Cgastntucna hi ;23> yk si `krck atnhk`iati dk hnvnsna iatri pirukags pgr akcn`nia-

tg y pgr akturkdnzkcna. Iatri istgs dtn`gs si nacduy? ;) K dgs ixtrkaoirgs kh`ntnhgs kd sirvncnghi dk \ipldnck cga kcuirhg hid Cgasiog hi Istkhg:


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ckrrukois, cuirgs, cbgcgdktis, enhigs, bkrnak, okla, dncgris hi tghks cdksis, `kz, `katick, kati-qunddk, ìaistrks, `gaturks pkrk cklkdfkr, ùildis, pksks, pdvgrk, rgpk bicbk, skdntri, skd, sg`-lrirgs hi pkok, tklkcg, tidks tgscks hi dkak y kdfgha, tgcuygs, vidks hi cirk y silg, vnags.

ID ]IASK@NIAXG DNL\ICK@LNSXK HI UNHKY\\I.-@kauid Dgriazg hi Unhkurri, qunia ykia su ì`grnk sglri dk pkcnenckcna hi K`rnck @irnhngakd y ia su hnsirtkcna sglri id cgìrcngdnlri bklk ixpriskhg nhiks icga`ncks ia ;2;2, si gpusg ia id Cgafrisg Cgastntuyiati hi ;2


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ID \IFDK@IAXG HI CG@I\CNG ^ DGS @NAI\KDIS. Xrks dk prgùdfkcna hid \ifdkìatg hi Cgìrcng hi ;28=, id kzgfui,`ktirnkd qui irk ixtrkhg hi dks `naks hi Bukackvidnck (;), y dk pdktk, ixtrkhk hi dks `naks hi Cirrg hi ]kscg (


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Id auivg Fglnirag, nakufurkhg ia hncni`lri hi ;233, suspiahn, pgr hicritg hi 2 hi `krzghi ;238, dk vnfiacnk hid rifdk`iatg katihncbg skdvg kdfuaks agr`ks: y ristkldicn id hi 5 hiouang hi ;2


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Xu`lis, irka dufkris hi riuana pkrk iddgs y kdd ricnlka su cgrrispgahiacnk, pgaka ia lkrrnckssu kcinti y cg`pditklka su kprgvnsngak`niatg cga vviris hnvirsgs.

Xghgs istgs katicihiatis tuvnirga n`pgrtkacnk ia ridkcna cga id prgldi`k hi dk akcngakdn-hkh hi dks nsdks hi Dglgs qui suscnt ia ;29


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Z tg`g 3 P


CK]XYDG 39 N Dk cgatrnlucnanahfiak y dk hi ckstks Gtrks cgatrnlu-

cngais hnrictks. Dk cgatrnlucna nahus-

trnkd y dk hi pktiatis Dk cgatrnlucna

hi prihngs Cgatrnlucngais nahnrictksNN Fkstgs pldncgs NNN \ickuhkcna,

cgatklndnhkh y kh`nanstrkcna ensckd Id

Xrnluakd @kygr hi Cuiatks Dk kh`n-

anstrkcna hi ciasgs y rk`gs ixtnafun-

hgs Id i`pglricn`niatg hid Istkhg,

hi dk Nfdisnk y dks cgrpgrkcngais pgr dk

via tk hi sus lniais NU Hiuhk

ixtirak Hiuhk natirak Id \k`g hi

Krlntrngs.


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CK]XYDGZ39P

DK ]Gl\IzK HI DK BKCNIAHK ]lDNCK BKSXK ;28;


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Z N PK CGAX\NLYCNA NAHFIAK ^ DK HI CKSXKS.-Dk cgatrnlucna pirsgakd (tkatg dk hi nah-fiaks cg`g dk hi dgs hi`s pirukags ddk`khk hi ckstks) eui rktnenckhk pgr dk diy hi 3 hi agvni`-lri hi ;2


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prgpgrcna ia dks tksks. Dk `ns k diy dk rii`pdkz cga dk cgatrnlucna ddk`khk nahustrnkd, quifrkvklk id 3% sglri id prghuctg hi dk nahustrnk y hi dgs ckpntkdis y irk kpdnckldi ia tghks dks cnu-hkhis qui euisia sihi hi hipkrtk`iatg y ia dgs dufkris hgahi si bklk `kahkhg istkldicirkquiddk. ]rgatg si cgastkt qui dk cgatnauk `gvndnhkh hi dgs cgatrnluyiatis sikdkhgs pgr dk diyhi ;2


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Dk diy hi 3 hi agvni`lri hi ;2P


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YA CI@IAXI\NG ]K\KDGS AG CKXDNCGS.Khi`s hi trkhncngaisy cgstu`lris vkrnks,dgs na`nfrkatisixtrkaoirgs quiddifkrga k auistrg pks

kpgrtkrga sus prgpnksridnfngais. Hkhg quiag pghka siriatirrkhgs iaci`iatirngs cktdncgs,frupgs qui prgeisklkauak ei hnstnatk, cg`gdgs ouhgs y dgskafdnckags, si vnirgagldnfkhgs k crikr susprgpngs ispkcngs. Iaistks egtgfrkekspghi`gs kpricnkrhitkddis hid Ci`iatirngLrntancg hid Ckddkg,

nakufurkhg ia ;233.


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GACI]XG @GAXG (]ISGS)

uidhgs 8.>63.===

@nanstirng .;98

i Fuirrk@nanstirng 6>3.>=;

i Bkcniahk

@nanstirng 393.=99

i @krnak

ghir Ouhncnkd 36

uatks ;;=;: @krnak, 393.=99: trnluakdis y ouicis, 36: dks ouatks hipkrtk`iatkdis, ;;


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\KAFG @GAXG

Frkahis `krnsckdis

Fiairkdis hi hnvnsna

Fiairkdis hi lrnfkhk

Cgrgaidis

Xianiatis cgrgaidis Skrfiatgs `kygris

Ckpntkais

Xianiatis

Kdeiricis

Skrfiatgs prnìrgs

Cklgs prnìrgs

Cgraitks y sgdhkhgs

Ia ;23> si prgùdf

hicritg pgr id cukd s

`ghnencklka dgs suidhi dgs `ndntkris

pirukags. Id kuìat

hitir`na qui dgs p

kaukdis euirka hi dk

snfuniati `kairk?

DGS SYIDHGS HDGS @NDNXK\IS

pududkrga dks kfntkcngais rivgducngakrnks qui kkhnirga k dks n`pireiccngais hid snsti`k vnfiati dknaivntkldi ridkokcna ia dk `grkd hiatrg hi dk rickuhkcna hi dks riatks. Dgs fglnirags sucisnvgseuirga k dgs kuìatgs hi ksciasgs y piasngais pkrk dgs i`pdikhgs `ndntkris y cnvndis y k cgatrktgspricnpntkhgs eriati k dk aicisnhkh hi sgstiairsi: y dks istricbicis hid Xisgrg cgavnrtnirga ia uakafustngsg prgldi`k bkstk id pkfg hi dgs bkliris hi dk lurgcrkcnk. Dk cgatklndnhkh truack y pgcg

`ghirak qui difkrk id rfn ia vnrrinakd y qui dgs sucisnvgs y ericuiatis ck`lngs rivgducngakrngsia`krkkrga, ag hnspusg an snqunirk hi uak gencnak qui ciatrkdnzksi dk cuiatk hi nafrisgs y ifrisgs.

Ia ;23= si natiat kpdnckr id snsti`k hi cgatklndnhkh pgr pkrtnhk hgldi: pirg su pdkanenckcnabkdd glstcudgs nasupirkldis y si khkpt ua `tghg qui, sna i`lkrfg hi sir n`pireictg, si kcir-cklk k hncbg snsti`k. Dks gencnaks di gpusnirga uak tiakz risnstiacnk y dgs trkstgrags pgdtncgs natrg-huoirga tkdis hisrhiais qui dk cuiatk ddif bkstk ckricir hi dk uanegr`nhkh cga qui tghgs dgsistkldicn`niatgs ensckdis hilka ddivkrdk.

Dk pircipcna hi dks cgatrnlucngais hnrictks istklk rifdkhk pgr dg priciptukhg ia ;; hi kfgs-tg hi ;2


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YAK ICGAG@K HIUKSXKHK

Dk Nahipiahiacnk tuvg ua cgstg

icga`ncg ùy kdtg pkrk id pks.

Dk sipkrkcna hi Ispkk ag trkog,

cg`g sgklka dgs dnlirkdis, id kufi

cgìrcnkd kd idn`nakrsi dks ristrnccngais

ìrckatndis. Dk prghuccna hicricn, si

pirhnirga dgs katnfugs ìrckhgs cg`g

id Kdtg ]ir, Cbndi y [untg, id crhntg

iscksi y dk riatk pir cpntk tkrh ia

ricupirkrsi. Istk prhnhk hi ìrckhgs

irgsnga cgasnhirkldiìati k dk kfrn-

cudturk cgstik y k sus tirrktianiatis.Khi`s, dk vnhk pgdtnck, naistkldi y,

pgr `gìatgs, cgrruptk, ag fkrkatnzk-

lk anafa tnpg hi navirsna. Ia ;238,

pgr ioi`pdg, id casud lrntancg Lidegrh

K. Vndsga, naegr`klk k su Fglnirag dg

snfuniati? Sglri dk ixnstiacnk hi isti

Snsti`k hi Sglgrag, yg sn`pdiìati

crig qui anafa euacngakrng pldncg ia

id ]ir si bkddk cg`pditkìati ixiatg,

kdfuags puihia sir cgaqunstkhgs k

ìags pricng qui gtrgs, pirg tghgs,

hishi id dtn`g ]risnhiati, id Fiairkd

Fk`krrk pkrk klkog, ista naeictkhgs

cga isti vncng. Dk oustncnk ia id ]ir bk

snhg bkstk kbgrk, y pkrici qui cgatn-

aukr sniahg, kdckazkhk tka sgdg pgr id

sglgrag. Ia B. Lganddk, Frka Lritkk y

id ]ir? naegrìs hi dgs casudis lrntan-

cgs, tg`g N, Dn`k? Nastntutg hi Istuhngs

]irukags,;>69, p. 25.

Id hisgrhia irk tkd qui anafa Fglnir-

ag puhg n`pdiìatkr ua `ghidg icg-a`ncg cdkrg, ìags ua prisupuistg.

Dgs nafrisgs `s n`pgrtkatis cga dgs

qui pghk cgatkr irka dks riatks hi

khukak, id trnlutg hi dgs nahngs y dgs

"cupgs" hi fuirrk qui divkatklka dgs

ckuhnddgs. Is dfncg supgair, khi`s,

qui id prnacnpkd fkstg qui tuvnirga dgs

rifìais hi iatgacis eui id grhia

natirag, is hicnr, fkrkatnzkr su pir`k-

aiacnk ia id pghir. Id crhntg ixtirag,

pgr dtn`g, istklk suspiahnhg.

Dk kfrncudturk, pgr ioi`pdg, kctnvnhkh k

dk qui si hihncklk dk `kygr pkrti hi dk

pgldkcna, bklk kciatukhg su crnsns.

@ucbks bkcniahks bklka snhg histrun-hks pgr dks fuirrks y pirhnirga trklkok-

hgris. Ia dk cgstk, cniatgs hi iscdkvgs

kprgvicbkrga dk prisiacnk hi dgs ior-

cntgs dnlirtkhgris y si iargdkrga ia dk

ducbk lkog dk prgìsk hi cgasifunr su

dnlirtkh. Dgs bkciahkhgs tuvnirga qui

sglrivnvnr cga sgdg kdfuags iscdkvgs,

pigais dnlris i nahngs ykakcgaks. ]gr

iddg, dgs vnkoirgs qui ricgrrka dk cgstk

cg`pkrkrga su kfrncudturk cga dk Uiaus

hi @ndg? ckrick hi lrkzgs. Gtrg prgldi-

`k hi dgs bkciahkhgs irk dk iscksiz hi

crhntg. Xuvnirga qui hipiahir, cuka-

hg pghka, hi dgs prstk`gs cgstgsgs

(kdrihihgr hid ;2-


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sicuistrkhks k dgs oisuntks, dgs lniais qui kh`nanstrklk dk Naqunsncna, dgs pirtiaicniatis kd`gakstirng hi Id Iscgrnkd y dgs qui si tntudklka ciasgs hi nahngs. Istk hnriccna eui ixtnafunhkpgr id hicritg hi 5 hi `kyg hi ;2


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Dgs nahnvnhugs qui cg`prkrga dgs lniais nahnckhgs hishi id ;9 hi oudng hi ;239 quihkrga iapgsisna hi iddgs `niatrks id Fglnirag dis hivgdvnirk ia id tr`nag hi 5 kgs dks ckatnhkhis quibulnisia hkhg y id vkdgr hi dks ìogrks aiciskrnks y tndis ixnstiatis ia dks enacks, kd tni`pg hi suiatrifk. Sn id Fglnirag ag cu`pdk cga klgakr, hiatrg hid pdkzg sikdkhg, dks ckatnhkhis y id vkdgrkatihncbgs, si hicdkrklk k dgs cg`prkhgris ia pdiag hg`nang hi dgs euahgs qui bulnisia khqun-

rnhg. Dks khouhnckcngais hi lniais akcngakdis pgr kdckacis y koustis hi suidhgs g ia pri`ng hisirvncngs pristkhgs k dk Cgaeihirkcna, euirga cgasnhirkhks audks: ag ks dks qui prgviaka hi suid-hgs g koustis hiviafkhgs ia sirvncng hid Fglnirag akcngakd.

Dgs cg`prkhgris hi lniais pirtiaicniatis k istkldicn niatgs pldncgs hi nastruccna, liaien-ciacnk, cgùanhkhis ridnfngsks g hi ciasgs hi nahngs g hi cukdqunir gtrk cdksi qui bulnisia snhgiakoiakhgs hispus hid ;9 hi oudng hi ;239, hilka pircnlnr hi dk ckok hi krlntrngs id rhntg hid 5%kaukd sglri dgs ckpntkdis ia qui bulnisia cg`prkhg isks enacks, sni`pri qui dks hivgdvnirka k suskatirngris prgpnitkrngs. ]irg sn ag quirka bkcir dk hivgducna, isgs katirngris prgpnitkrngs pircnln-rka hi dk ns`k ckok id ck aga g ìrcih cgahuctnvk qui dis riahka sus enacks katis hi dk iakoiak-cna. Cga istk dtn k agr`k surfk ua tistn gang sgdiài hi dk vkdnhiz hi dk iakoiakcna k ekvgrhi dgs kctukdis pgsiihgris qui hilk cgastkr pgr nastruìatg pldncg cga cntkcna ouhncnkd hidkatnfug prgpnitkrng.

Dks viatks bicbks pgr id Fglnirag pgr cgaciptg hi ciasg g iaentiusns hiatrg hid pirghg kati-hncbg, euirga rifudkhks pgr hnspgsntnvgs sn`ndkris.

Si prgbnln, lkog piak hi audnhkh, riskrcn niatg hi natirisis y prhnhk hi dg qui hniria, quikdfuag puhnirk cg`prkr ia khidkati g tg`kr ia khouhnckcna hi pkfg u gtrk ckusk dgs lniaisakcngakdis y hi`s ìacngakhgs ia dk diy, cukdqunirk qui euisi dk kutgrnhkh qui dgs iakoiakrk.

Istk prgbnlncna quih sna ieictg cukahg pgcgs kgs hispus, id Chnfg Cnvnd y id hi Iaouncnk`nia-tgs ia dg cnvnd pir`ntnirga dk viatk hi lniais akcngakdis cga dks `ns`ks egr`kdnhkhis qui su krriahk-`niatg: g sik, sgdkìati ia sulkstk pldnck. Kadgfg tr`nti hnirga k dk viatk hi lniais pirtiaicnia-tis k dgs istkldicn niatgs pldncgs hi liaienciacnk, hi nastruccna g hi cukdqunir gtrg rk`g.

Dk trnsti bnstgrnk hi dg gcurrnhg cga dgs lniais akcngakdis k dg dkrfg hid snfdg RNR quih risu`n-hk ia dks snfuniatis pkdklrks qui trkascrnln @. E. Luiag ia su ì`grnk cg`g hnrictgr hi \iatksia id kg hi ;262? "Id Istkhg bk bicbg suyks tghks dks prgpnihkhis qui pirtiaicnirga kd cgaviatghi oisuntks, k dk ckok hi ciasgs hi nahfiaks, k dk hi Oiruskda, Ckutnvgs, Naqunsncna, Id Iscgrnkd, Ckcn-ckzfgs y tghgs dgs qui pirtiaicnirga k dgs cgaviatgs suprisgs cga `s dgs lniais sicuistrkhgshurkati dk fuirrk hi auistrk i`kacnpkcna qui ag euirga hivuidtgs y qui `s lnia bka snhg ricg-agcnhgs y pkfkhgs. Ia dk kctukdnhkh sga, sna i`lkrfg, uy pgcks dks prgpnihkhis hi qui d puihihnspgair. Dk `kygr pkrti bka snhg iakoiakhks hid `ghg `s nrrifudkr y pirouhncnkd k dgs natirisisensckdis. Fiairkdìati dk kairk hi virnenckrdg bk snhg istk? ivkdukhg ua euahg pgr pirntgs pkrcnkdis,id cg`prkhgr bk hkhg ia pkfg hgcuìatgs hi crhntg ag pgr id pricng hi pdkzk snag pgr id ag`n-akd. Dgs fglnirags ia tghgs dgs pksis, kd k`grtnzkr sus hiuhks, tniaia ia cuiatk dk cgtnzkcna quidis hk id cgìrcng sna iagscklg hi su crhntg. ]irg iatri agsgtrgs dks prgpnihkhis hid Istkhg bkasnhg hispricnkhks kd vkdgrnzkrsi y si bka k`grtnzkhg iddks cga hgcuìatgs pldncgs qui si glti-aka cga hiscuiatg ia id cgìrcng. @ucbks hi isks prgpnihkhis bka snhg iakoiakhks k ekvgr hi

dgs `ns`gs i`pdikhgs qui istklka iackrfkhgs hi su kh`nanstrkcna. Dk `kygr pkrti hi dgs hgcu-ìatgs qui si hnirga ia pkfg bka hiskpkricnhg hi dgs krcbnvgs".Dgs katirngris cgaciptgs qui @. E. Luiag bnzg suygs ia ;262, sna ìacngakr hi hahi dgs tg`k-

lk, pirtiaicia k dk ì`grnk hi Ogs @kauid Gsgris cg`g hnrictgr hi \iatks ia id kg hi ;26=.]isi k iseuirzgs knsdkhgs ag ddif k egr`krsi bkstk dk pgck ia qui si bkrka istks puldnckcng-

ais, ua `krfis g snqunirk ua naviatkrng hi dgs lniais akcngakdis y kccngais ensckdis. Dk rickuhkcnahi dgs prghuctgs riahnhgs pgr dks prgpnihkhis, ciasgs y ckpiddkaks pirtiaicniatis kd Istkhg, dkkh`nanstrkcna y id pkfg hi dks ddk`khks hgtis hi ]ktrgaktg akcngakd y id `kaiog hi dgs lniais hidgs cgaviatgs suprisgs ddifkrga k sir, ia cgaouatg, dgs sglrkatis g ristgs hi ua rk`g

Z ;23> hNcNi`lri Id

Cgìrcngpuldnc

kdfuags hicritgs

hkhgs pgr id

prisnhiati Kfusta

Fk`krrk y su `nanstrg

hi Bkcniahk, Ogs hi

@iahnluru. Yag hi

iddgs istkldick uak

rilkok kd n`puistg

sglri id tklkcg. Isti

prghuctg pkfkrk kpkrtnr hi iatgacis

sgdg ua rikd pgr `kzg,

ìhnhk qui ag hilk

ixcihir hi


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frkahiìati hns`naunhg y sglri iddgs ag rnfn uak iencniati cgatklndnhkh. Khi`s hid triìahghisgrhia, ùcbks vicis ag bulg diyis g hicritgs cgbiriatis y ienckcis qui dgs rifdkìatksia.Euacngakrngs i`pigsgs trktkrga, ia dg pgsnldi, y hiatrg hi dgs ricursgs k su kdckaci, hi cgatrk-rristkr dgs ieictgs kcuùdkhgs pgr dk nacurnk iah`nck y pgr id hgdg n`puai.

Z NU PHIYHK IRXI\AK.-Dk hiuhk ixtirak ag eui kuìatkhk cga auivgs i`prstntgs hispus hi;2, cuygs ieictnvgs euirga hi `s hi ;< `nd bg`lris, n`pusg,

kpkrti hid cg`prg`nsg hi cg`piaskr k isi pks sus fkstgs y id hi ktiahir k su sgstian niatg, idpkfg hi ìhng `ndda vgtkhg pgr id Cgafrisg cg`g pri`ng pkrk dks euirzks cbndiaks y hi gtrgìhng `ndda pkrk dks pirukaks. Cukahg si dnqunh dk hiuhk hid ]ir k ekvgr hi Cbndi pgr dk Cga-viacna hi ;< hi sitni`lri hi ;282, id Fglnirag akcngakd si gldnf k klgakr dk ckatnhkh hi 8`nddgais hi pisgs.

Ia hncni`lri hi ;28; si ddif k ricgagcir k Istkhgs Yanhgs uak hiuhk hi 3== `nd pisgs pgrid vkdgr hi luquis y ckrfkìatgs kpriskhgs hurkati dk fuirrk hi dk Nahipiahiacnk. Isti crhntg,ag rktnenckhg pgr id Fglnirag, hng dufkr k auivgs ricdk`gs ia ;283 y ;289.

HIYHK NAXI\AK.-Dk hiuhk natirak cricn cga dk diy hi riegr`k `ndntkr hi ;< hi hncni`lri hi;2 qui ag sgdg grhia pkfkr k dgs sirvnhgris hid Istkhg ia lniais akcngakdis cg`g yk si bkvnstg, snag tk`lna ia chudks hi riegr`k sifa id tni`pg, ckdnhkh y aìrg hi sus sirvncngs. Sgdgia ua kg ddif hncbk hiuhk k ;.8>3.;25 pisgs y snfun kuìatkahg bkstk id ;8 hi iairg hi ;233ia qui gtrk diy di pusg tr`nag. Sglri isti ksuatg si trktk ia ckptudg katirngr.

Id hicritg hi ;3 hi eilrirg hi ;233 hnspusg qui si kpdnckrk k dk hiuhk pldnck dgs lniais hi dgscgaviatgs suprisgs.

Xtudgs hi dk hiuhk natirak euirga? dgs lndditis hid crhntg pldncg, kh`ntnhgs hurkati ua tni`pgia dks khukaks, dks chudks hi riegr`k, dgs cr hntgs ricgagcnhgs, dks ditrks fnrkhks k Dgahris y prg-tistkhks, dk ditrks fnrkhks pgr id @nanstirng hi Bkcniahk y dks ditrks, ksn`ns`g, fnrkhks pgr dk iatnhkhcrikhk pkrk dk k`grtnzkcna hi dk hiuhk, ddk`khk Ouatk Akcngakd hid Crhntg ]ldncg.

Dk diy prgùdfkhk id


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Dk Ckok hi K`grtnzkcna bklk snhg crikhk pgr hicritg hi


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Z tg`g 3 P


CK]XYDG 35NDk risurriccna hi @id-fkr NN@kauid Dgriazg hi Unhkurri Un-

hkurri cgatrk UnhkurriIenfni hi UnhkurriNNNOgs Frifgrng ]krihis NUHid Skdti-

rng pirukag, k dk vnhk hi @krta hi ]grrks

pgr Ogs @kauid Ukdhs U\ifkdnstks y

udtrk`gatkags hilktis sglris dgs cga-

ednctgs iatri id kdtg cdirg y id Fglnirag.

Ogs Nfakcng @griag UN Ogs Ogkqua

hi @grk y dk Iscuidk Iscgcisk UNN Id

]khri Fukti`kdk Ogs @ktig Kfundkr

UNNNDgs ]rgyictgs hi icga`nk pgdtnck

hi ]ihrg hi \goks y Lrngais Dgs Idi-

`iatgs hi `kti`tnckshi @kauid Kyk-

dkDk Frk`tnck ckstiddkakhi Cidistnag

Edgris Dk istkhstnck hi Kzafkrg pgr

Cbgquibukack y dk istkhstnck hi Dn`k

pgr Crhgvk y Yrrutnk NR Id Hnkrnghid

pkhri Ldkacg, iacncdgpihnk surpirukak

RId eusndncg hid fiairkd Edgrisy gtrks prg-

huccngais hi Ogs Ogkqua hi Dkrrnvk

@kauid Lka ]ihrg On`aiz hi Klrnd

Xnrkhg Lirakrhg Kdzihg RNOgs Fnd hi

Ckstrg

RNN

]kacbg Enirrg.


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CK]XYDGZ35P

AGXKS SGl\I DK KCXNUNHKH CYDXY\KD

IA ID ]I\GHG ;2


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DZ N PK \ISY\\ICCNA HI @IDFK\.-Dk fdgrnk hi @krnkag @idfkr tniai ua katncnpg ia dk ihncnabicbk ia Kykcucbg ia ;2= y ùrn eusndkhgia Y`kcbnrn id ;< hi `krzg hi ;2;9. Sus pgisks kpkricnirga puldnckhks ia uak ihncna cg`-

pditk sgdg ia id kg ;262 cga prdgfg hi Erkacnscg Fkrck Ckdhira: ek`ndnkris suygs bklkahistrunhg, sna i`lkrfg, ùcbks hi iddks pgrqui irka hi k`gr.

Is @idfkr id prnìr pgitk pirukag cuygs virsgs si ricgpndka `s hi sisiatk kgs hispushi su ekddicn`niatg y uag hi dgs qui `s bka sn hg n`ntkhgs, kpkrti hi qui si di ktrnluyirgaùcbks cg`pgsncngais qui puihia tiair su istndg pirg qui ag euirga iscrntks pgr d.

Bk snhg khouhnckhg kd snfdg RUNNN id prnvndifng hi bklir hnvudfkhg dk vnitk hid k`gr-ckprncbgy hid k`gr-siaskcna. Ia dgs kdlgris skafrniatgs hid snfdg RNR @idfkr frklk, pgr id cgatrkrng, cgadfrn`ks y skafri, dk istk`pk hid k`gr-pksna. Ia ùcbgs krtnstks qui kdckazkrga uak frkarnquizk hi vnhk ispnrntukd ag si iacuiatrk, ia kdtg frkhg, id siatn`niatg hid hilir. @idfkr, iack`lng, ag sgdg is id ckatgr hi dk hishigsk Sndvnk snag id pktrngtk `ndntkati ùirtg pgr dk dnlir-tkh hid ]ir sna kyuhk ixtrkaoirk. Kluahka, pgr gtrk pkrti, iscrntgris qui vuidvia pdiliygs dgsti`ks qui trktka, cukdisqunirk qui iddgs sika, pganiahg ia sus pkdklrks khgrags pkricnhgs k dgserkquis qui dks fiatis ag kcg`ghkhks kdqundka ia dks cksks ddk`khks "bgfkr hi agvngs" g cgskpkricnhk. @idfkr sn`lgdnzk ua cksg gpuistg, id hi quniais iaagldicia dgs ti`ks pgpudkris y isgis dg qui bkci cukahg utndnzk id rnt`g hid ykrkv. [u pghr sir, ia su`k, `s sulyufkati quiid k`gr, dk ùirti, dk dnlirtkh y id puildg cuyk cuhrupdi kurigdk ndu`nak k isti `gzg kriqunpi-g hi vinatncuktrg kgs7

Dk nacgrriccna g dk ekdtk hi `khuriz hi su glrk ist hislgrhkhk, ks, pgr su ckpkcnhkh pkrkid hgdgr k sgdks, pgr dk hid luia sirvnr y pgr dk hi kcirckrsi kd cgrkza hi tghgs. Si di puihi bga-rkr cga id cdkra y dk funtkrrk, ia ua hnscursg hi ciri`gank sgdiài, ùsntkahg sus virsgs ia uaklubkrhnddk hi istuhnkati y ckatahgdgs ia uak okrkak.

Dgs dntirktgs prgeisngakdis ag dgs tg`krga ia cuiatk hurkati ùcbg tni`pg: pirg dgs bu`nd-his y dgs kaan`gs supdnirga isi hisvg. Katis y hispus hi dk ihncna hi ;262 bulg ckacngai-

rgs y bgoks suidtks cga dgs ykrkvis hi @idfkr. Dk fdgrnk hi isti pgitk bk snhg n`puistk pgr idpuildg hi klkog bkcnk krrnlk, kqu hgahi bk bklnhg y bky tkatks fdgrnks qui si bk quirnhg n`pg-air hi krrnlk bkcnk klkog ìhnkati dk prisna, dk prgpkfkahk, id vgcirg y bkstk id sglgrag.

Z NN P@KAYID DG\IA_G HI UNHKY\\I.-Id > hi `krzg hi ;28; ekddicn ia Dn`k @kauid Dgriazghi Unhkurri, pgdtncg y ournstk hi qunia yk si bk bkldkhg rintirkhks vicis ia isti dnlrg. Bklk akcn-hg ia dk ckpntkd hid Unrrinaktg, id ;> hi `kyg hi ;663.


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Id pgitk y prcir

kriqunpig ducb ou

k @ktig Fkrck]u`kckbuk ia dk

rivuidtk nahipiahia

grfkanzkhk ia su tni

aktkd. Hurkati dk lk

hi Y`kcbnrn (;< hi `

hi ;2;9), @idfkr cky

prnsngairg y eui eus

pgr id iorcntg rikdn

su cidilrkhk glrk

pgtnck, cg`pndkhk

puldnckhk

pstu`kìati, nacd

Ckrtks k Sndvnk (;26;).

Ia dk vnhk pldnck hi Unhkurri bky bkstk auivi natiasks y cgatrkhnctgrnks itkpks. Ia dk prnì-rk, qui cgrrispgahi k dks pgstrnìrks hid pirghg cgdgankd, Unhkurri si hienai cg`g slhntg hiIspkk, cgastntucngakdnstk, riegr`nstk y `ghirkhg, skdvg ia id katncdirnckdns`g y ddifk k sir gnhgrhi dk Kuhniacnk hid Cuzcg. @s tkrhi, sipkrkhg hi iddk pgr sgspicbks y priviacngais, hispushi dk rivgducna hi ;2;8, ricnli cg`g ia uak ispicni hi histnirrg, id ag`lrk`niatg hi gnhgr

hi dk Kuhniacnk hi ]uirtg ]racnpi (;2), dkì`grnk sglri dk pkcnenckcna hi K`rnck (;2;6), dk hnsirtkcna sglri id cgìrcng dnlri (;2;2), id`kanenistg sglri dk riprisiatkcna hi dgs kìrnckags ia dks Cgrtis (;2


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IA ;23=QZUNHKY\\IP IHNXK

IA ]K\S SY]\G^ICXG

HI CHNFGICDISNSXNCG

HIHNCKHG K SYSKAXNHKH ID S\.

]G UNNN . KDDCGASNFAK

KYHKCIS]\NACN]NGS SGl\I

SG@IXN@NIAXGHID ]GHI\

IS]N\NXYKD KDXI@]G\KD,

@KX\N@GANG HIDGS CD\NFGS (),

\IHYCCNA HIA@I\G HI

CGAUIAXGS, ()NAHI]IAHIACNK

ICDISNSXNCKE\IAXI KDGlNS]G HI\G@K ()

Cg`g `nanstrg rieut id `kanenistg hi Cgdg`lnk sglri dgs euahk`iatgs qui tiak pkrk bkcirdk fuirrk kd ]ir. Cg`g hnputkhg pnhn qui ia dk skdk hi sisngais si pusnirk uak istktuk hi Lru-tg cga dk nascrnpcna. "Dk vgz hi dk pktrnk supirk k dk hi dk akturkdizk. Dk K` rnck ag kh`nti tnrk-ags an hg`nakhgris".

Kcuskhg cg`g pkrtcnpi ia uak cgaspnrkcna qui hiln istkddkr ia hncni`lri hi ;2


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Iatr ia dk pgdtnck p

ia ;2


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Dk agviak y dtn`k pkrti hi dk prghuccna hi Unhkurri cgrrispgahi k su dnlrg Unhkurri cgatrkUnhkurri(;23>), vgduìa prnìrg hi ua cursg hi Hiricbg Icdisnstncg hihnckhg k Ogs @kauid]ksquid, ckaanfg y vnckrng fiairkd hi dk Nfdisnk @itrgpgdntkak hi Dn`k sglri id qui virska dgssnfuniatis prrkegs.

UNHKY\\I CGAX\K UNHKY\\I.- Iaeir`g y kacnkag, cgatrntg y tgrturkhg, vniahg ia dkùirti hi sus bnoks ua ckstnfg hnvnag, criyiahg bklir ouatkhg irrgris y cudpks ia iscrntgs, hns-cursgs y vnkois pgr pksis diokags cg`g Istkhgs Yanhgs, Ldfnck y Bgdkahk, hgahi eui lnia ricn-lnhg y idgfnkhg, cgaenisk qui "id hisig turludiatg hi hnstnafunrsi" di ddiv k puldnckr katis glrks`kacbkhks "`s cga dk sglirlnk qui cga dk bu`ndhkh". "Id grfuddg y id k`gr (kfrifk) euirga `nspksngais hg`nakatis". ]gcg k pgcg si kcirc k dk ridnfna hi sus pkhris, k piskr hi hnstrkccngaisùahkaks y hi tkriks gencnkdis. Ia K`lktg, hispus hi bklir snhg `nanstrg ia [untg, cgìazk iscrnlnr su cursg hi Hiricbg Icdisnstncg, qui hilk sir uak ritrkctkcna hi sus nhiks katirngris,lkog id ioi`pdg qui hnirk Gdkvnhi. Si tntud cg`g si bk vnstg, Unhkurri cgatrk Unhkurri.

Id prisltirg Ogs @ktig Kfundkr y id ]. @. Er. Ogs Si`nakrng bncnirga dk ciasurk hi dk glrk hiUnhkurri y hnirga dufkr k dk Cgahiakcna hid dnlrg tntudkhg Unhkurri cgatrk Unhkurripgr id krzglns-

pg idictg Erkacnscg hi Skdis Krrnitk (;28=). Dk `gakrquk pgatnencnk kpkrick aifkhk ia isti dnlrg:id ]kpk irk hicdkrkhg prnìrg iatri dgs nfukdis: si bkldklk hi dk ekdnlndnhkh hid ]gatenci y hidklsgdutns`g y hi dgs vncngs hi kdfuags hi iddgs: hieiahksi dk pgtistkh hid fglnirag cnvnd pkrkcgavgckr cgacndngs ks cg`g dk supirngrnhkh oirrqunck hi istgs, dk ournshnccna hi dgs glnspgs y dkkutgrnhkh sicudkr sglri dk hnscnpdnak hi dk Nfdisnk.

Unhkurri cgatrk Unhkurrieui cgahiakhg pgr id krzglnspg, ckdnencahgdg cg`g ddiag hi grfuddgy hi keictkcna "vncnkhg ia su piask`niatg y ia su diafukoi pgr id isprntu hid snfdg". ]nhn, pgrisg, `gasigr Krrnitk k sus "k`khgs enidis" qui si klstuvnirka hi diirdg y qui quntkrka "hi iaìhng hi sus ek`ndnkris istk pnihrk hi iscahkdg, krrgokahg id hncbg dnlrg, sn dg tniaia, kd euifg".

Unhkurri, qui an cga dk vioiz an cga dk cgavirsna bklk pirhnhg su egriasi kea hi hnscutnr,pnhn qui si qui `krk k d y k su glrk sn irka ieictnvkìati birtncgs: y ddiv id ksua tg kd euirgcnvnd cga ua ricursg hi euirzk pgr criir qui id kutg krzglnspkd bklk navkhnhg dk ournshnccna hidtrnluakd hi n`priatk. Cga `gtnvg hi isti ouncng, sifunhg kati dk Cgrti Supirngr, si puldnckrgahgs naegrìs hid prg`gtgr ensckd hid Krzglnspkhg, ]ihrg hi Liakviati y tk`lna uak Cgatistk-cnapgr id klgfkhg hi Unhkurri, qui irk su bnog @idcbgr (;28=). Ia id hilkti natirvnag ErkacnscgOkvnir @krntifun, frka rifkdnstk, cga uak Hieiask cktdnck hid prnìr tg`g hid cursg hi HiricbgIcdisnstncg hid sigr Unhkurri(;28=).

Dk Cgrti Supri`k ddif k hicdkrkr qui ag bklniahg cntkhg id Krzglnspg k Unhkurrri an ghgsu hieiask, ag irk oustg cgahiakrdi.

^k ia istk pgck Unhkurri bklk pirhnhg su vgckdk ia dk Cgrti Supri`k, sna huhk pgr su cgdk-lgrkcna cga Skatk Cruz. Cukahg istuvg ia [untg, ia ;23>, bklk iscrntg ua Ugtg sglri qui agsi cgasniatk id hisi`lkrcg hi dks trgpks hi Cbndi ia anafuag hi auistrgs puirtgs. \itnrkhg hi dk`kfnstrkturk si cgaskfr k dk prgeisna hi klgfkhg. Kpkrti hi dk pgd`nck sglri su dnlrg, puldnc

kdfuags kdifktgs y hnctìais prgeisngakdis, iatri iddgs ua ì`grnkd kd Cgasiog hi Istkhg cga idgloitg hi qui dk Cgastntucna si cu`pdnirk ia ekvgr hi dgs ixtrkaoirgs y cuyg ena irk hieiahir dgsnatirisis hi Kdiokahrg Cgcbit ia ridkcna cga id fukag (;28=). Isti Cgcbit hng grnfia k uak ricdk-`kcna qui ripircutn ia dk ìhnkcna agrtikìrnckak hurkati dk fuirrk hid pkcencg.

Ekddicn Unhkurri ia Dn`k id > hi `krzg hi ;28;.

IENFNI HI UNHKY\\I.-Ia dk ìatkdnhkh hi Unhkurri, cg`g ia isgs ihnencngs hid Cuzcg hgahidgs ùrgs nackncgs sulsnstia hilkog hi dk pritiacngsk cgastruccna `ghirak, supirvnvi dk ricnk

DK ]GD@NCK

UNHKY\\I-SKDIS. Ia;23>, id `kfnstrkhg

@kauid hi Unhkurri

puldnc id dnlrg

Unhkurri cgatrk

Unhkurri,ia id cukd

bkck vkrnks crtncks k dk

Nfdisnk. Id hi `kyg

hi ;28=, Id Cgìrcng

cgìatk dk kpkrncna hi

dk rispuistk hid

krzglnspg hi Dn`k,

Erkacnscg Skdis Krrnitk,Cgahiakcna hid dnlrg

tntudkhg Unhkurri

cgatrk Unhkurri. Kd

rispictg, hnog id hnkrng?

"cukahg pgr prnìrk

viz si vi id rieirnhg Sr.

Unhkurri sna id pristnfng

hi dk `kfnstrkturk, sna

id pghir hid @nanstirng

y si ritrkctk hi sus

irrgris, iatgacis

hispnirtk tka kckdgrkhg

y krhniati () cidg qui

si di cgahiak sna grdg

y pkrk hieiahir dgs

cagais y dgs su`gs

]gatencis ()".

Z ;28= `kyg P


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trkhncna ourhnck ispkgdk qui prghuog uak enfurk tka siirk cg`g Sgdrzkag y ]iriyrk. Autrnhg,cg`g dgs frkvis cudtgris hi dk cniacnk hi dks diyis ia id Snfdg hi Grg, cga id kcg` pkskhg dkta hidHiricbg rg`kag, dg i`lrnkfk cga id vnag cdnhg y lurluoikati hid erkacs, id ntkdnkag y id nafdshi dks hgctrnaks rkcngakdnstks, siasukdnstks y akturkdnstks. Bky ia sus sndgfns`gs isckdgergs, pgrquidis cgrrgi uak naeiccna k cuygs ieictgs Sgdrzkag y ]iriyrk y sus cgitaigs euirga naùais? id

kasnk urfiati hi riegr`kr kd Istkhg y k dgs siris bu`kags. Ia d dk sulgrhnakcna hid euacngakrng,dk prgsgpgpiyk hid `kfnstrkhg, dk pihkatirk hid hgctgr ia ournspruhiacnk, quihka piriaaiìa-ti sgìtnhgs k dgs kekais y k dks naqunituhis qui dg ktgrìatka cg`g cnuhkhkag y cg`g bg`lri.Id rispitg k dk diy dg sulgrhnak kd kasnk hi eidncnhkh nahnvnhukd y cgdictnvk: y su grhia ourhncg agcgrrispgahi k dg qui is snag k dg qui pghrk sir. Dgs tixtgs auìrgsgs qui bk dihg ag i`lgtkasnag ixcntka su n`kfnakcna. Su rkcngakdns`g ddifk k vicis k sir tka ixtri`khg qui si vuidvisgkhgr y krrksk dks hnstkacnks qui sipkrka dk rikdnhkh y dk utgpk. Ia pfnaks hgahi hilk n`pirkrdk rfnhk hnkdctnck, egrok qunìrks y tk`lna histndk, hi cukahg ia cukahg, cgaenhiacnks atn`ksiatri cancks i nafiauks. Gnhgr, cgaspnrk. Ixpirtg ia dks diyis, quniri ìogrkrdks y rihkctk, cgapdu`k kprisurkhk, prgdnok, cirtirk i nackaskldi, cgastntucngais, diyis cgastntucngakdis y chnfgscnvnd, piakd, cgìrcnkd, icdisnstncg, hi prgcihn`niatgs. ]dianpgtiacnkrng ia ]kak`, su prgyictg is`s ndusg qui id hi sus ndusgs cgdifks. Kudncg hi Lgdvkr, cgatrnluyi k hirrgckrdg. Hnputkhg, egrù-

dk id tixtg hi uak Ckrtk nakpdnckldi y `krcbk duifg kd histnirrg. ]rgskhgr hi istndg lrivi, hnrictg ykfuhg, cga ua sgrpriahiati knri hi `ghiranhkh, puhg bklir iscrntg agvidks: kuaqui ia iddks idancg pirsgakoi n`pgrtkati bklrk snhg d `ns`g. ]uldncnstk k vicis fiankd y k vicis puirnd y iaùcbks gcksngais hisgrlntkhg, kpkrici sni`pri cga luiak natiacna y auack hiok hi sir suoitgnatiriskati. Kegrtuakhg pgsiihgr hi uak dgafivnhkh y uak vntkdnhkh ixtrkgrhnakrnks, risudt snia-hg ua bklntkati hid puatg pdcnhg, ciri`gangsg cgrtiskag ia dks pgstrnìrks hid Unrrinaktg, quisi pusg k hnvkfkr y k sgkr cga dgs ispions`gs hi dk pgck hi dk Ndustrkcna pkrk tir`nakr krrkstrk-hg ia dks ti`pistkhis y ia dgs klns`gs hi dk I`kacnpkcna y hi dk kakrquk ripuldnckak. Hi isgstris ùahgs cgatrkhnctgrngs bky erkfìatgs hi su pirsgakdnhkh nacgaeuahnldi qui, ks, kpkriciiruhntk y k`pudgsk cg`g dk hi ua ournscgasudtg hid snfdg RUNN, gptn`nstk y sgkhgrk cg`g dk hi uaendsgeg hid snfdg RUNNN y vgduldi i nacgbiriati cg`g dk hi ua pgdtncg hid snfdg RNR.

Z NNN POGS F\IFG\NG ]K\IHIS.-Akcn ia Dn`k id ;> hi `krzg hi ;662. Ia id Cgdifng hid ]racn-pi, ia id hid Cgaviatg hi dk Luiak @uirti, ia dk Iscuidk hi ]ndgtkoi, ia id Cgavnctgrng hi SkaCkrdgs eui istuhnkati ùy hnstnafunhg. Cukahg hng ua ixkìa fiairkd hi endgsgek y `kti`tn-cks ddk` dk ktiacna su tisns sglri id prgldi`k hi bkddkr, pgr ìhng hi tris gl sirvkcngais, dgsidiìatgs hi dk rlntk hi ua cgìtk. Gpt pgr dk prgeisna hi dk ìhncnak, sna pirhir hi vnstkdks `kti`tncks ia tghgs sus rk`gs, ia ispicnkd dk kstrgag`k prctnck: dk pkrti kstrga`nck hidkd`kakqui g fuk hi egrkstirgs cgrrn k su ckrfg hishi ;2=;. Ia ;2=3 eui ag`lrkhg sustntutghi dk ctihrk hi ]rn`k hi @kti`tncks, gcupkhk pgr Fklrnid @griag hispus hi dk ùirtk hiCgsì Luiag. Xk`lna si hihnc kd istuhng hi dk qu`nck y hi dk lgtanck y, cksn pgr s sgdg,

kpriahn id nhng`k frnifg. Si ricnln hi ` hncg ia ;2=8. Klrn ia id Cgdifng hi Ska Eirakahgid istuhng hi dks `kti`tncks. Yan ia sus istuhngs y iasikazks dk kstrgag`k kpdnckhk k dkfigfrkek i bnhrgfrkek. Ia ;2=> eui ag`lrkhg rifiati hi dk ctihrk hi prn`k hi `kti`tncks:y ia ;2;< eui cgs`frkeg `kygr hid ]ir. Dgs kd`kakquis qui puldnc hishi ;2;= si iacuia-trka khgrakhgs cga hnsirtkcngais esncg-`hncks-kstrga`ncks-bnstrncks-figfrencks. Ia ;2;9ricnln id frkhg hi hgctgr ia ìhncnak. Istuvg iatri dgs euahkhgris hi dk Nahipiahiacnk: pirti-aicn kd prnìr Cgafrisg Cgastntuyiati: hnsi id iscuhg akcngakd: ricnln id ttudg hi ]rgtg`-hncg Fiairkd hid ]ir (;2


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Ekddicn ia Dn`k id ;5 hi hncni`lri hi ;23>. Ag sgdg eui ua cgatnaukhgr hi dk trkhncna hidgs `hncgs `kti`tncgs hi qui euirga ioi`pdgs ]ihrg hi ]irkdtk Lkrauivg y Cgsì Luiag,snag tuvg khi`s cgaskfrkcna k dk endgsgek, dk ournspruhiacnk y dk tigdgfk.

Z NU PHID SKDXI\NG ]I\YKAG K DK UN HK HI @K\XA HI ]G\\KS ]G\ OGS @KAYIDUKDHS.-Ogs @kauid Ukdhs, dnìg, akcnhg id hi oudng hi ;656, eui bnog hi ua `sncg hitiktrg y hi uak ùdktk dnlri. Iatrifkhg kd cgaviatg kfustnag istuhn kdd dkta, endgsgek, `kti`-tncks y tigdgfk: y duifg gpt pgr dk prgeisna ddk`khk hi cnruokag dktnag pkrk, duifg, pghir, pgrìhng hi uak dnciacnk ispicnkd, ioircir dk ìhncnak y, frkcnks k uak \ikd Grhia hi hnspiask hi suckdnhkh hi ùdktg, gptkr dgs frkhgs uanvirsntkrngs ia Ska @krcgs (;2=5 y ;2=6).

Hnvirsgs trklkogs iscrnln iatgacis sglri ti`ks prgeisngakdis. Ddif k sir vgckd hid trnluakdhi ]rgtgìhncktg, cktihrtncg hi dk Yanvirsnhkh, `ni`lrg hi dk Sgcnihkh hi @ihncnak hi@khrnh. Ska @krta dg nacduy ia id pirsgakd hi dk Sgcnihkh ]ktrntnck y Xgrri Xkfdi dg bnzg `hn-cg hi c`krk hid Fglnirag. Enfur iatri dgs pgitks qui ckatkrga k dk nahipiahiacnk y k dk dnlir-tkh. Ia ;23; eui idifnhg hnputkhg pgr Dn`k.

Ia ;233 puldnc su Skdtirng ]irukag ia pkrerksns hi dgs cniatg cnacuiatk skd`gs hi Hkvnh y hikdfuags catncgs skfrkhgs ia virsg ckstiddkag pkrk nastruccna y pnkhgsg ioircncng hi tghgs dgs enidisy prnacnpkdìati hi dgs pirukags, cga agtks ndustrktnvks y pnkhgsks.Eui riprghucnhg ia ]krs ia;235.

K dk ùirti hi @nfuid Xkeur ia ;239, ddif k sir ag`lrkhg Ukdhs, cktihrtncg hi prn`k hiìhncnak ia dk uanvirsnhkh y prgtg`hncg fiairkd hid ]ir.

Ia ;239 pgdi`nz cga id iscgcs Krcbnvkd S`ntb qui dg ktkc ia id pirnhncg Id \ifiairkhgr.Ia ;235 kpkricnirga su @i`grnk sglri dk hnsiatirky dk glrk tntudkhk Kd pldncg pirukag, id

]rgtg`hncg fiairkd hi dk \ipldnck, istk dtn`k cgatrk id na`ghirkhg usg hid ckdgìdkag.Dk ddifkhk k Dn`k hi dk tirrnldi iaeirìhkh ddk`khk id cdirk `grlus hng dufkr k qui, k pitn-

cna hid Fglnirag, Ukdhs rihkctkrk uak ì`grnk sglri iddk (;236).Ia ;28=, cga `gtnvg hi dk hicdkrkcna bicbk pgr id ]kpk hi qui erky @krta hi ]grrks pirti-

aick kd aìrg hi dgs lniakviaturkhgs, ihnt Ukdhs ua vgduìa hi hgscniatks pfnaks cga dkvnhk hi isti pknskag suyg qui bklk snhg, sifa d `ns`g hnog, hi su aen`k cdksi y hi su bu`nd-hi akcn`niatg. Isi `ns`g kg eui ag`lrkhg hnrictgr hid Cgdifng hi @ihncnak.

Iaeir`g, cksn sna pghirsi `gvir hid sndda ia qui pksklk dgs hks, hgdgrnhg pirg diyiahg yiscrnlniahg cgastkatiìati, sus dtn`gs `gìatgs euirga k`krfkhgs y kcgrtkhgs pgr dgs ktk-quis naourngsgs hi qui eui gloitg ia oudng hi ;283, k prg psntg hi uak agtk suyk sglri dk `gr-tkdnhkh ia Dn`k. Ekddicn id hi oudng hi ;283.

@hncg istuhngsg, kuaqui dn`ntkhg ia sus cgagcn`niatgs: dntirktg eicuahg: pgitk cdsncg: ti-dgfg iruhntg: crnstnkag vnrtugsg: cnuhkhkag tnd, "glihniati k dks diyis y enid glsirvkhgr hi dgs hili-ris sgcnkdis", cg`g hnog uak hi dks aicrgdgfks k d hihnckhks y, pgr iacn`k hi tghgs dgs hi`sìricn`niatgs, bg`lri luiag, Ukdhs riuan cukdnhkhis qui pgcks vicis si iatriìzcdka ia

uak sgdk pirsgak. Isti cksg is ua hiskeg k dks oirkrquks y k dgs priouncngs sgcnkdis y rkcnkdis. Bikqu ua frka ùdktg pirukag, akcnhg pglriìati ia dgs dtn gs dustrgs hi dk pgck vnrrinakd, pkrkksciahir pgr sus prgpngs `rntgs, ia dgs prnìrgs y ti`pistugsgs kgs hi dk \ipldnck.

Z U P\IFKDNSXKS ^ YDX\K@GAXKAGS HILKXIS SGL\I DGS CGAEDNCXGS IAX\I IDKDXG CDI\G ^ ID FGLNI\AG. OGS NFAKCNG @G\IAG.- Frka kctnvnhkh hgctrnakrnkbulg k dg dkrfg hi tghg isti pirghg sglri ksuatgs cgaixgs cga dks ridkcngais iatri dk Nfdisnk y

Ia ;235 id `hncgdnìg eui hisnfakh

prgtg`hncg fiairk

dk \ipldnck, y si

hisi`pi cg`g

hnrictgr hid Cgdifng

@ihncnak bkstk ;28=

Xk`lna si hiskrrg

cg`g iscrntgr. Iatri

sus glrks dntirkrnks

ista? ]gisks skfrk

(;2;2), Skdtirng piru

g pkrerksns hi dgs ;

skd`gs hi Hkvnh (;2

y Unhk kh`nrkldi hi

lniakviaturkhg

erky @krta hi ]grr

(;28=). Kqu dg vi`g

ia uak kcukridk hi

]kacbg Enirrg.

6

OGS @KAYIDUKDHS(;656-;283)


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ID ]KAIF\NCG HISKA NFAKCNG HI

DG^GDK ]G\@KXIG KFYNDK\,

Gl\K @KISX\K HIDK G\KXG\NK

SKF\KHK]I\YKAK HI

XGHGS DGSXNI@]GS, EYI

]YlDNCKHG IA ;232) XNIAI lIDDIzKS

N@]I\ICIHI\KS:K]K\XI HI ISXI

UKDG\ K\XSXNCG ÎS]N\NXYKD,

\I]\ISIAXK YAISEYI\zG ]K\KHIEIAHI\ K DK

CG@]KNK HIoISS ^

]\G]YFAK\ SY\ISXKlDICN@NIAXG

IA ID ]I\.

id Istkhg cg`g sicuidk hi uak tiahiacnk kciatukhk hishi id snfdg RUNNN. Hncbks puldnckcngais,iatri dks qui si histkcklka dks yk ìacngakhks hi Unhkurri, snrvia cg`g katicihiati hi dksglrks qui pgstirngrìati ihntkrga Unfnd, @krntifun y gtrgs.

Dk naqunituh ag ixnstn sgdg ia Dn`k snag tk`lna ia prgvnacnks. Ia id Cuzcg, Liantg Dksgtuvg, cg`g si bk kagtkhg yk ia gtrg ckptudg, uak pgsncna aitkìati rifkdnstk ia id pirnhncg

Id Ciasgr Icdisnstncg y ia iscrntgs cg`g dk Kpgdgfk hid isprntu y ditrk hid prgspictg hid prgldi`ksglri id rfnìa ixtirngr hid cdirg cgatrk dk n pufakcna qui hi d si bnzg. Ia Kriqunpk, Ouka Fukd-lirtg Ukdhnvnk puldnc ia ;2


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Xk`lna cgagcnhg

cg`g \kà hi \go

g ]khri Fukti`kdk,pgr su pks hi

prgcihiacnk, eui ua

erkndi erkacnsckag q

ddif kd ]ir ia ;23

Yak viz ia Dn`k, si

hihnc hurkati cnac

kgs k dk cgastruccn

hid bgspntkd y dk nfdi

hi Auistrk Sigrk h

Fukhkdupi. Duifg si

trksdkh k Nck, hgah

pks sus dtn`gs kg

Ia dk rifna si di

ktrnluyi id `ndkfrg

bkcir lrgtkr uak

euiati hi kfuk ia i

hisnirtg pkrk qui dg

pirifrnags puhnirka

lilir hi iddk.

Cukahg uak diy hi kfgstg hi ;23; `gvn dk sihi hid glnspg hi @kyaks k Cbkcbkpgyks y idFglnirag trksdkh dk ournshnccna sglri dks prgvnacnks hi ]ktkz y Cbkcbkpgyks, si gpusg id Cklnd-hg Icdisnstncg hi Xruonddg ia ag`lri hi dk pgtistkh hid ]kpk. Id Fglnirag nasnstn lkog kpircnln-`niatg hi suspiasna hi ti`pgrkdnhkhis y ixpktrnkcna.

Dk nastntucna hi dk ]rgpkfkahk hi dk Ei y hi dk cnvndnzkcna iatri dgs na enidis hi K`rnck @irn-

hngakd, istkldicnhk ia oudng hi ;28= pgr id glnspg hi @kyaks Ogs @krk hi Krrnkfk, eui hnvudfkhkia ua egdditg. ^ dgs bgagris eailris cgaskfrkhgs ia Nck k dk ì`grnk hi Er. \kà \goks hiOiss @krk, ddk`khg id ]khri Fukti`kdk, rktnenckrga ia ;23> uak prgeuahk y eirvgrgsk hivgcnapgpudkr qui bkstk bgy pirhurk. Kd kg snfuniati, tuvnirga dufkr dks enistks pkrk cidilrkr dk liktn-enckcna hi Ouka @ksks y @krta hi ]grrks, qui ksn`ns`g, ripircutnirga ia dk n`priatk.

Id pkaifrncg hi Ska Nfakcng hi Dgygdk pgr @ktig Kfundkr, glrk `kistrk hi dk grktgrnk skfrkhkpirukak hi tghgs dgs tni`pgs, eui puldnckhg ia ;232. Dg prihnc Kfundkr ia dk nfdisnk hi Ska ]ihrgid 3; hi oudng hi ;232. Xniai liddizks n`piricihirks: kpkrti hi isti vkdgr krtstncg y ispnrntukd, ripri-siatk ua iseuirzg pkrk hieiahir k dk Cg`pkk hi Oiss y prgpufakr su ristkldicn niatg ia id ]ir.

Z UN P

OGS OGK[YA HI @G\K ^ DK ISCYIDK ISCGCISK.- Ia ;23< kpkricnirga id Dn`k dgsCursgs hi dfnck y tnckiscrntgs pgr Ogs Ogkqua hi @grk sifa dk Is cuidk hi Ihn`lurfg. Id `ns-`g @grk puldnc ia ;285 su trk huccna sglri Xrktkhg hi dk ivnhiacnkhi Figrfi Ck`plidd. DgsCursgsddivklka id ipfrkei? "\krk viz dk ekcudtkh natidictukd iafkk kd qui hi luiak ei dk cgasud-tk" y tuvnirga vkrnks riihncngais? ia Lgfgt, ;28=: @khrnh, ;289: Dk ]kz, ;285: @khrnh, ;>93.

@grk eui ua dntirktg ispkgd qui ddif kd ]ir ia ;23; hispus hi bklir cgdklgrkhg cga idrfnìa dnlirkd istkldicnhg ia Cbndi katis hid khvian`niatg hi ]grtkdis. Si hihnc k dk iasika-zk y kd pirnghns`g y istkldicn uak cgrhnkd ridkcna cga dgs natidictukdis kutgrntkrnstks qui sicua-hkrga k Fk`krrk. Ia ;238 si hnrnfn k Lgdnvnk y kctu cg`g pkrtnhkrng y cgasioirg prnacnpkd hiSkatk Cruz. Ugdvn hurkati dgs hks hi dk Cgaeihirkcna y tuvg k su ckrfg Id Icg hid ]rgtictgrkhg.Hispus rifris k Iurgpk ia `nsna hnpdg`tnck y ag vgdvn ok`s.

@grk ddk` k dk tigrk hi dk ivnhiacnk "dk pkrti vntkd hi dk dfnck" y si `kaneist khvirsg ag sgdgk dk endgsgek iscgdstnck snag tk`lna kd siasukdns`g, kd rkcngakdns`g y, pkrtncudkrìati, k Binaicng"cuyk riputkcna pkrk sus trklkogs ourhncgs (hnog) sirvk hi kpgyg k ua ìzqunag cursg hi endgsgekcg`g tixtg hi iasikazk". Kuaqui cg`lktnhg pgr dgs trkhncngakdnstks, pkrici bklir lusckhg ia dkiscuidk iscgcisk hid siatnhg cgà ua kr`k cgatrk id dnlirkdns`g hid qui si bklk kpkrtkhg.

Z UNN PID ]KH\I [email protected] \kyùahg g \kà hi \goks, akcn ia [uitzkdtiakafg,Fukti`kdk, ia ;269. Nafris, sniahg ùy ogvia, ia dk grhia erkacnsckak y kdd ricnln id ag`lrihi Ogs \kà \goks hi Oiss @krk. Frkvis trkstgrags kcgaticnirga ia kquid pks kd prghucnrsidk sicudkrnzkcna hid cdirg rifudkr y cga `gtnvg hi dk aifktnvk hi isti pkrk pristkr ourkìatg hi

glihniacnk k dk Ksk`ldik hi Fukti`kdk y pkrk ourkr dk Cgastntucna eihirkd. Cga `gtnvg hi isticgaednctg, Erky Ogs \kà \goks istuvg prisg y vnko kd ]ir ia klrnd hi ;23=. Ddif k Dn`k iaoudng hi kquid kg y si kdgo ia id cgaviatg hi Ska Erkacnscg. Eui aiciskrng qui pnhnirk dnciacnksispicnkdis pkrk id ioircncng hi su `nanstirng.

Ia id Ckddg irnfn id bgspntkd y dk nfdisnk hi Auistrk Sigrk hi Fukhkdupi. K piskr hi tka n`pgr-tkati kctg, ixnstia ùcbks hiencniacnks ia dk naegr`kcna kcirck hi su vnhk iatri ;23< y ;238.

Ia ;239 si hnrnfn k Cbnacbk. Ia klrnd hi isi kg istklk ia Nck. Kdd irnfn uak cksk hi ioircn-cngs y ua ti`pdg. K dk iatrkhk hi kquiddk si dik dk snfuniati nascrnpcna? "Hngs ti `nrk, id tni`pgpksk, dk ùirti vniai, dk itiranhkh ti ispirk".

OGSI]B \K^@(;669-;23>)


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]I\G AG EYI\GAISGS HGAIS

SY^GS DGS qYICKYXNUK\GA K DK

N@KFNAKCNA]G]YDK\. EYI\GA

@S lNIA SYBY@NDHKH, SY

CK\NHKH, SYIS]\NXY HI

]IANXIACNK ^ HI@G\XNENCKCNA,

ID HGA SNAFYDK\HI ]IAIX\K\ IADKS CGACNIACNKS

^ HI BKCI\UKXNCNANGS, DK

CK]KCNHKH ]K\K]\IEI\N\ K DGS

ANGS ^ K DGS]Gl\IS. SY

]\GCISG HIlIKXNENCKCNA SI

NANCN IA ;>6=.

Ya hicritg prgpncng hi Skdkviry, istnùd sus kekais pkrk cgastrunr ua ciìatirng qui, kd ena,eui nakfurkhg ia ;236. Eklrnckhg cga id suhgr hi dgs pglris erky Ogs \kà \goks eui gpuistgk qui ia d si cglrksia hiricbgs gairgsgs.

Skdkvirry dg ddif k ag`lrkr glnspg hi @kyaks, ckrfg qui ag kcipt, g qui dks cnrcuastkacnksag vgdvnirga vnkldi. Iarknzkhg ia dk rifna hi Nck, euirga vgdvnahgsi ek`gsks dks `nsngais pgr

d nancnkhks, sus vnsntks k iaeir`gs y prisgs, sus ricgrrnhgs pgr dgs piquigs puildgs, sus iseuir-zgs pgr dk ripkrkcna hi dgs ti`pdgs y pgr dk euahkcna hi uak cksk hi ihuckahks. Khi`s irnfnid bgspntkd hi Fukhkdupi pkrk ùoiris ia ]nscg.

]gcg k pgcg kdckaz frka ek`k hi vnrtuh y hi pgsiir hgais ixtrkgrhnakrngs.Ekddicn k dgs 53 kgs id . Frka kdlgrgtg ckus dk agtncnk hi su hicisg. Su

ricuirhg pir`kaicn n`lgrrkldi y ddifk, cg`g yk si hnog, k auistrgs hks. Hi d cgatrgasi snaciskr bicbgs prghnfngsgs. Eui `sncg, pnatgr y tk`lna dntirktg. Cg`pusg virsgs ridnfngsgs, trn-skfngs, grkcngais y agviaks y iscrnln, ksn`ns`g, ua ixtrkctg hid Xrktkhg hi dk usurkhi Funddir`g]irkdhg. ]irg ag euirga isgs hgais suygs dgs qui ckutnvkrga k dk n`kfnakcna pgpudkr. Euirga`s lnia su bu`ndhkh, su ckrnhkh, su isprntu hi piantiacnk y hi grtnenckcna, id hga snafudkr hipiaitrkr ia dks cgacniacnks y hi bkcir vktncnangs, dk ckpkcnhkh pkrk prieirnr k dgs angs y k dgspglris. Su prgcisg hi liktnenckcna si nancn ia ;>6=.

OGS @KXIG KFYNDK\.- Dk pirsgakdnhkh hi Ogs @ktig Kfundkr, id kutgr hid idgcuiati pkai-frncg hi Ska Nfakcng hi Dgygdk katis ìacngakhg y qui kpkricn ihntkhg ia Dn`k ia ;236, ishnfak hi ktiacna `naucngsk. Skli`gs, pgr dk `kfaenck grkcna eailri qui di hihnc `gasi-gr Ogs Katgang \gck y Lgdgk, qui bulg uak pgck hi ixtrkvg ia dk vn hk hi Kfundkr, ua klns-`g hid qui puhg isckpkr. Hispus hi isti ipnsghng, su ixns tiacnk eui dk hi ua skcirhgti `ghi-dg. @ghidg pgr sus ducis y pgr su cniacnk y tk`lna pgr su pnihkh y pgr su `g histnk. Kfundkr agqunsg snag sir ckpidda hi dk cksk hi ioircncngs ia dk ckddi hi Ska ]ihrg: pirg k iddk si cgaskfrhurkati trinatk y gcbg kgs. Hisvn ia ;283 id ag`lrk`niatg qui k su ekvgr si nlk k ixpihnrcg`g `ni`lrg hid Cgasiog hi Istkhg. ]uhg bklir snhg krzglnspg ia ;299 y ag qunsg sirdg pkrk,iasifunhk, prisiatkr kati id prisnhiati hi dk \ipldnck su iarfnck quiok pgr dks hnencudtkhis iaqui si bkddklk iatgacis dk Nfdisnk pirukak. Id ttudg hi klgfkhg bgagrkrng di eui ri`ntnhg pgr idNdustri Cgdifng cg`g uak sgrprisk pkrk d.

Hurkati ùcbgs kgs su vnhk eui ìthnck. Si divkatklk k dks sins g sni ti hi dk `kkak, grk-lk hurkati ìhnk bgrk, hick `nsk ia uak ckpnddk, tg`klk ua hiskyuag erufkd y hihncklk hgsbgrks k cgaeiskr. Id ristg hid tni`pg, bkstk dks tris g cuktrg hi dk tkrhi, dg navirtk ia vnsntks hicgasudtk g ckrnhkh, pripkrkr sir`gais g bkcir istuhngs y ioircncngs pnkhgsgs. Kuaqui eui ua`kistrg ia dk grktgrnk skfrkhk, sgdg iscrnln id pkaifrncg hi Ska Nfakcng qui prgauacn ia dkenistk qui cidilr dk bir`kahkh hi Auistrk Sigrk hi dk G ia id ti`pdg hi dk Cg`pkk id ;3hi ouang hi ;236, naeirngr, sifa sus cgati`pgraigs, k dk `kygr pkrti hi sus hnscursgs g sir-`gais n`prgvnskhgs. K uak iruhncna naìask uak ua kciatg vibiìati y kpksngakhg cgan`kfnakcna hi pgitk, iaagldicnhg pgr dk cgacniacnk hid hilir `grkd y ridnfngsg, dk prctnck hi

dk ckrnhkh y dk ixpirniacnk hi vnhk. I`pizklk cga tgag siacnddg, cksn ek`ndnkr, bkldkahg cg`gpuihi bkldkr ua pkhri g ua k`nfg atn`g pkrk duifg, cga uak naspnrkcna cricniati, suscntkr ua`kfaitns`g sna pkrkdidg. Sgdk i`gcngakrsi kd ixtri`g hi hirrk`kr dfrn`ks y k piskr hi quisu kuhntgrng pghk cgastkr hi cnacuiatk pglris ùoiris. Su grnfnakdnhkh, su euirzk, su endgsgek, suistndg bncnirga hi @ktig Kfundkr uag hi dgs `s frkahi y bgahgs krtnstks hi dk pkdklrk qui bkykaakcnhg ia id ]ir.

K isti `rntg, hndunhg ia id tni`pg, si kfrif id hi dk prgeuahk vgckcna skcirhgtkd y id hidk kutatnck ckrnhkh crnstnkak. @ktig Kfundkr ag tiak snag ua vistnhg, criyiahg qui, cga iddg, aghierkuhklk k dgs pglris. Kdfuak viz ddiv sglri sus bg`lrgs pgr dks ckddis ua dicbg pkrk ua


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\icgrhkhg pgr uak

ek`gsk kriafk qui dhihnc k Sn`a Lgd

ia ;2


80/303


qui dgs nahngs pkrtncnpkrka ia dk vnhk akcngakd y pgr dk prigcupkcna qui tuvg kati gtrgs hgsprgldi`ks qui id snfdg RNR pirukag ag klgrh? dks tnirrks pkrk istgs pirukags klgrfiais y dknasnpniacnk hi dk pisquirk.

DGS IDI@IAXGS HI @KXI@XNCKSHI @K AYID K^KDK.-Ia id Cuzcg kpkricn ia ;23.Agsgtrgs ddk`k`gs dkktiacna hishi ;>, sglri id tistn`gang hid pkhri Ldkacg. ^k bk ddifkhg k sir ihntkhk pgr EdnxHiaifrn Duak dk sifuahk pkrti, kcksg `s vkdngsk, rieiriati k dk zgak iatri Cuzcg y Kriqunpk,skdvg uaks pfnaks sglri id cuzcg (Dn`k, Nastntutg, \nvk-Kfirg ;>68.


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(Dn`k ;258). Id `ns`g Ghrngzgdk nacduy ia id `ns`g vgduìa dk "Figfrkek bnstrnck ripuldnck-ak pirukak", glrk qui kpkricn prnìrg ia ;282 ia id pi rnhncg Id _kankfg. Kduhi k pgckspgstirngris kd ekddicn`niatg hid kutgr, gcurrnhg ia ;23;>.

@KAYID LKA.-]gr dk na`grtkdnhkh hi su `krcbk Id ktkqui hi Ycbu`kygpuihi sir ulnck-hg hiatrg hi istk pgck @kauid Lka, sn lnia su vnhk y sus kctnvnhkhis si prgdgafkrga bkstk;296.

Edkutnstk, funtkrrnstk, ckatkati, hnrictgr hi grquistk, eui eicuahk tk`lna su dklgr cg`gcg`pgsntgr. Hi d si cgagcnirga ua "Auivg bnàg pktrntncg" (;2


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]KACBG ENI\\G\I]\GHYCI, K SY

@KAI\K, ID@NDKF\G HI DK

CI\@NCK@GCBNCK qYI BK

CGASI\UKHG\GSX\GS ^

ISCIAKS HI YAK]GCK @YI\XK.

BK XG@KHGCG@G YA CIASG

HI DK FIAXINAXI\ISKAXI qYI

UNG, AGlDI ^]DIlI^K ^ DK

BKCI HISENDK\IA EG\@K

KlNFK\\KHKHISHI ID

@N\KHG\ qYIKDzK SY ]NACID

CGDG\NSXK, qYIXNIAI SKlNHY\K

HI KACNKAG ^CKAHG\ ^

@KDNCNK HI ANG.

Z RN POGS FND HI CKSX\G.-Ogs Fnd hi Ckstrg y @grkdis, bu`ndhi `udktg akcnhg ia Dn`k, cuykvnhk bk snhg istuhnkhk pgr Ogkqua Yfkrti y Yfkrti, nancnk dk dnstk hi pnatgris pirukags hi dk pg-ck ripuldnckak. Ia ;2;6 cgatrkog `ktrn`gang ia Cbndi, pks ia id qui vnvn hi ;2;8 k ;2


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"Akcnhg ia dgs kdlgris hid snfdg hnicnauivi, cg`g quihk hncbg, pks ]kacbg Enirrg dgs vinatiprnìrgs kgs hi su ixnstiacnk ia dk cgahncna hi slhntg hi dk @gakrquk, y ia dk hi tistnfg, tkdviz kctgr, hi dk ducbk i`kacnpkhgrk: sna i`lkrfg, sgdg puihia cgasnhirkrsi kdusnvks k istk pg-ck, iatri dks d`naks hid kcukridnstk, dks rgtudkhks Ya sntnkhgr hid Ckddkg, Ya gencnkd hid iorcntg krfia-tnag-cbndiag, Eun hid iorcntg dnlirtkhgry Id skrfiatg _kpktk, ritrktgs dgs hgs dtn`gs hi ua aifrg

fuirrirg qui, ricgrhkahg grfuddgsg ia dk kacnkanhkh dks pritrntks bkzkks, sgdiànzklk dksenistks hid kanvirskrng pktrng vnstnahgsi id uanegrì `ndntkr y priahniahg ia d dks cgahicgrkcng-ais fkakhks k skafri y euifg".

"Cga `kygr natiasnhkh hilnirga n`prisngakr dk siasnlndnhkh krtstnck hid pnatgr ùdktg dgsrizkfgs, qui kdckaz ckhucgs, hi dk pg`pk cgdgankd. Ks vi`gs qui hihnck uags cukhrntgs rncgsia cgdgrnhg y `gvn`niatg kd ]ksig hi Kdckdhis, ciri`gank qui ia pgcks gcksngais hiln cga-ti`pdkr, puis eui suprn`nhk hi bicbg hid ;2;< kd ;2;9, pgr grhia hi dks Cgrtis hi Ckhnz".

"Hi gtrg kspictg gencnkd hi dk pgck, ag ekustugsg y tiktrkd cg`g id katirngr, snag hi dfulricruidhkh, prisiatk ]kacbg Enirrg tris d`naks hi kutatnck hgcuìatkcna frenck? ia dk prnì-rk, ua krnstcrktk, `ni`lrg hi dk ksgcnkcna ddk`khk hi dk ]kz y Ckrnhkh, pricihnhg hi ua iscdk-vg qui kfntk uak ck`pkanddk, pnhi, pgr dks ckddis hi Dn`k, uak dn`gsak pkrk bkcir lnia pgr idkd`k hid qui vka k koustncnkr: snfui k istk pfnak gtrk, kua `s ttrnck, ia dk cukd ua pnquiti hi

sgdhkhgs custghnk dk bgrck, ia cuyk pkrti supirngr id virhufg icbk dk ektkd dkzkhk kd cuiddg hidrig k qunia kcg`pkk ua skcirhgti: y vniai, pgr dtn`g, dk hid ]iantiacnkhg pgr dk Naqunsncna,cklkddirg ia ua ksag y frgtisckìati ktkvnkhg pgr id sk`liantg y dk puatnkfuhk cgrkzk, quipkrici ddifkr bkstk dks divkatkhks cidgsks hi dgs lkdcgais pnatkhgs hi virhi, hgahi ksg`kacurngsgs y curngsks".

"]gr dg fiairkd, ia dk eidncsn`k riprghuccna hi cgstu`lris y tnpgs dnìgs si cgaeuahia dkshgs pgcks, kfgaks hid vnrrinaktg y cg`niazgs hi dk akcngakdnhkh nahipiahniati, `s hns`ndiskati dk bnstgrnk pgdtnck qui ia dk cgtnhnkak rikdnhkh hi dgs bicbgs: ks, id Kduàg hid ]racnpi,cgdifng cdkusurkhg pgr Ska @krta pkrk nastkdkr ia su dgckd dk Lnldngtick hi Dn`k, pgcg si hneiria-cnk, cga su uanegrì virhi y su sg`lrirg kpuatkhg hid ckrgdnag g eirakahnag hid fglnirag hiIcbianqui, qui usklk tk`lna, pkrk hitir`nakhks ciri`ganks, lncgrang y erkc: dks tkpkhks, vns-tniahg skyks k`pdnks g hi ìhng pksg, tkatg puhnirga cgquitikr cga dgs ihickais hi Klksckdcg`g cga dgs hi Lgdvkr: k dgs nahngs hisckdzgs, qui gericka rifkdntgs k dgs pktrgais g pkfklkakd curk rispgasgs pgr dks kd`ks hi sus enakhntgs, nfukd dis hklk qui dgs isqund`ksia dgs hidifkhgshi dk @g akrquk g dgs `ka hgais hi dk \ipldnck: y k dks tirtudnks ia dks skdks hi puirtks ldkackscga endgs hgrkhgs y istrkhgs hi hk`kscg g tircngpidg, prgtifnhks pgr n`fiais skfrkhks, ndu`n-akhk pgr gdgrgsks luoks ia krkks hi crnstkd y ia dks qui sirvka fgdgsnaks y rieriscgs dkckygs hickdza cgrtg y cbnaks ritricbirks, hi ckliddirk crispk, edgricnhk hi okz`nais y rgsks, dg `ns`gpuhg ksnstnr dk vnrrinak hgk afidk _ivkddgs hi dk ]izuidk qui dk `krnsckdk Fk`krrk".

"]gr prnvndifng hi dk ihkh, k`nfk sir`gaikhgrk hi cukdisqunirk hi dgs hgs puhg sir isk Uni-ok hi dk krnstgcrkcnkqui id kcukridnstk ags prisiatk siatkhk ia duogsg sge hi su hgr`ntgrng, dgspnis hisckaskahg ia uak snddntk hi pkok, klrnfkhk cga ua rilgzg ldkacg, cinhk dk eriati pgr uaviaha hi sihk kzud y ia dks sniais hgs pkrcbicntgs hi bgoks hi tklkcg: tkd viz dk okquick, riqui-

rnhgrk hi tka ricgìahkldis ìhngs curktnvgs, dk hiln dk rispitkldi hk`k kd trksagcbkr hi dkvspirk, vniahg hkazkr ia kdfa skrkg Id gah hi Kriqunpkg k dk bnok iafrihk cga su kdtg vistnhgkvnvkhg pgr dgs tgquis iaciahnhgs hid khirizg hi cgrkdis, cgatistkahg kd cg`ps hi Id `nauid skduhg fkdkati qui, divkatkahg id sg`lrirg, di hnrnfi su pkriok: qunzs id okdig prisiat kspic-tg hi vgtg y si rikdnz, k dgs sgais hi krpk y vngda, kati Id kdtkr hi ]ursn`k: tk`pgcg is n`pgsnldiqui dk kacnkak tuvnirk iaeir`gs ia cksk y qui id hgdgr hi cklizk si dg prghuoirk dk `kdk agcbipkskhk vidkahg k dk sigrk hi cktri n pirnkdqui, iatri lgrhkhks slkaks y piskhgs cgrtnakoisrgogs, hisckask ia id suatugsg dicbg, qui irk hi `khirk ldkack cga `gdhurks kuriks y aicisn-tklk uak isckdirnddk pkrk iackrk`krsi bkstk su kdturk".

Dk glrk hi ]kacbg E

is ua tistn`gang hi

cgstu`lris y dk sgc

dnìk hi dgs prnì

kgs hi dk \ipldnck

Enirrg, qui irkkutghnhkctg, n`pusg

istndg prgpng ia sus

cgdgrnhks istk`pks.

lnia pkrk ùcbgs c

id ùdktg ckrick hi

tcanck rienakhk, su

trklkog is nrri`pdkz

ia auistrgs hks. Kq

glsirvk`gs dk kcuk

tntudkhk Nahnk

cgahucniahg su ddk`

ckrfkhk hi cglri, h

ìhnkhgs hid snfdg R

XISXNFGHI IRCI]CNA


86/303


"Ag sni`pri, yk dg vi`gs, si hgr`k k pnirak suidtk ia kquiddgs rifkdgais tni`pgs: sgdk tk`-lna natirru`pnr id suig hi sus k`nstkhis Dk ek`ndnk qui hk lgrrifks. ]kacbg Enirrg dk riprisia-tk k dk puirtk hi ua rkacbg cbgrrnddkag, fgdpikhk nasnstiatiìati pgr ua sigr trkoikhg hildkacg? su ùoir, s erngdiatk, si i`lgzk ia uak ckpk aifrk qui hiok vir dk cdkrk ekdhk virkani-fk y uak ùdktk, tgckhk cga sg`lrirg cancg hi eidpk, `nrk kd hiscunhg kd aifrg hi ckdza hi dk

rghnddk, pgrtkhgr hi dgs nastruìatgs pkrk dk siriaktk ckddioirk, pricursgrk hi dk enistk hg`stnck,hgahi bkra ducnhg pkpid uaks lgtiddks prgìtihgrks qui si via iacn`k hi ua pgyg. Id ekrgdqui piahi kati dk cksk hk nhik hi dk pglrizk hid kdu`lrkhg, dk cukd gldnfk kd Cklkddirg qui vk kvnsntks hi agcbik ddivkr k su dkhg k ua aifrntg, kr`khg hi uak dnatirak. ^ qu `gag is id pkoicn-ddg cga su cbk quitntk klgtgakhk! qu vnhk y qu frkcnk hi dk hi dgs aifrgs hi ]kacbg Enirrg, hinatiacngakhk sgarnsk y pupndks hi kzklkcbi, hkazkrnaks ia dk kviaturk hi dk iscdirtnck".

"Xk`pgcg hurkati dks `kkaks istnvkdis dg pksklk `kd dk fiati hi Cbgrrnddgs: hfkadg id virk-aikati vistnhg hi k`krnddg y cga kdtg sg`lrirg hi pkok qui vk pgr dk pdkyk, sifunhg hi ua crnkhgqui, ia uak ckakstk, di ddivk rgpk y utiasndngs hi tgckhgr y Dk lknstkqui, k grnddks hi ua `krpdnhg gstiatk dgs cu`pdnhgs pkatkdgais y dk tanck g tgaiditihi clnck kzud y isi kzud euirti ydn`png prihndictg hid kcukridnstk dnìg".

"Ag sgdg si gcup isti ia krnstgcrtncgs ricrigs: auìrgsks istk`pks hihnc k dks Hkazks

hi cbuacbgs y pkddkscga dk fkyk pgdncrg`k hid nahuìatg sirrkag, k Id sga hi dgs hnkldgs, k dk]rgcisna cvnck hi dgs aif

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Historia de la República del Perú Tomo III