Http://perla.princeton.edu/. 2014 PERLA Multinacional con Colaboradores de Brasil, Colombia, México, Perú y Estados Unidos Multidisciplinar Baseados

Slide 1

http://perla.princeton.edu/

Note website, thank Mariana Campos

Also thank Ren Flores and Liza Steele for collaborating on articles and for help in producing this power point presentation. Will show slides from both our projects.

Also, have done research first on racial identitification, public opinion before venturing into into stratification.

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2014

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PERLA

Multinacional con Colaboradores de Brasil, Colombia, Mxico, Per y Estados Unidos

Multidisciplinar

Baseados en Encuestas/Surveys en 2010 Con Representacin Nacional

Dos Estagios:

1. Modulo tnico en el Barmetro de las Amricas en 8 a 25 Pases (LAPOP)

2. Encuestas en Profundidad en Brasil, Colombia, Mxico y Per

Sobre-Amuestras

Survey accompanies new interest on the topic in Latin America and the addition of race and ethnicity questions in many national censuses, for the first time.

LAPOP SURVEYS

Also known as Americas Barometer

Face to Face Surveys of 24 Countries in the Americas, based at Vanderbilt University

Political-Science Focus

PERLA Ethnicity Module in 2010 adds:

-ethnoracial identification and skin color measures in 23 countries

-ten ethnicity/race and class origin items in 8 countries

Context of Multiculturalism and New Race Consciousness

But with almost no Data, New Censuses

Brazil exception

In-depth Ethnicity and Race Surveys in Four Countries with about 100 items

National Probability Samples Brazil (1000 cases) Colombia (1050 cases) Mexico (1000 cases) Peru (1500 cases)

Over-Samples Afro-Colombians (500 cases) Mexican Indigenous (500 cases) Afro-Mexicans (400 cases)

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Temas de las Encuestas

Clasificacin Etnoracial

Desigualdades Etnoraciales

Percepciones de Discriminacin

Opinin Publica Actitudes Raciales

Movimientos Sociales

Polticas Publicas Engrciales

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Preocupaciones

Diversidad de Pases con Formaciones Etnoraciales Distintas

Investigar Afro descendientes e Indgenas

Empricamente Testar Desacuerdos/Dudas en Nuestras Discusiones

Entender Implicaciones de Mltiples Maneras de Clasificacin Etnoracial para Conteo Poblacional y Desigualdades

Medir Color de Piel-Una Variable Escondida

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Color Palette

Full range of color continuum

People have these in their heads

Skin color discrimination is widely recognized in Latin America

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF COLOR PALETTE

Color Palette based on actual skin colors

Interviewers rated skin color of respondents before the interview

Skin color based on facial color

Interviewers directed to be familiar with palette and never show it to respondents

Interviewers explained why we are interested in skin color, especially as a meaningful social category that is rarely discussed

(Often used in U.S. surveys)

Cultural and Biological Race Mixture. Culture is consensus. I think one can easily argue that there was more much more biological race mixture across the population than the United States because

- high sex ratio during colonization

- more intermarriage in the twentieth century (based on Brazil data)

- relatively large black and indigenous populations and small white population so that chance of whites encountering nonwhites are greater (data on number of European immigrants?)

- relatively small number of European immigrants compared to US, even at height of mass immigration (except perhaps in Southern Brazil)

- wide skin color varation among the general population in all four countries

Mixture in black population (by far, largest part of nonwhite population) so that intermediate categories (mulatos) kept in black category but one drop rule kept it limited to that category while white category was considered pure (although sometimes violated).

Changing with large scale immigration of latinos and asians in the United States, so the Latin American experience may be important here

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Clasificacin Etnoracial en los Censos e en Encuestas es Medida de Varias Maneras y depende de la pregunta y las categoras usadas y quien responde

Inconsistencias en la Mediacin Etnoracial

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Ejemplos de Preguntas de Censos y Categorias de Respuestas

Preguntas:

Su Color o Raza es.? (Brasil)

Como Ud. Se Considera? (Ecuador)

A que grupo etnico (pueblo) pertenece? (Guatemala)

Segun su cultura, pueblo or razgos fisicos, Ud. es o se considera?.(Colombia)

Ud. Pertenence a la. Cultura? (Costa Rica)

Ud. O Alguno de sus antepasados es? (Uruguay, Argentina)

Cual es su color de Piel? (Cuba)

Categorias de Respuesta:

Para indigenas, indigena o grupo etnico o idioma hablado

Para Afrodescendientes: negro, mulato, pardo afrodescendiente, Afro-(Pais),, preto, raizal, moreno? Indio?

Concern about local variations in ianguage and terms used but also politics of course.

Census data is better of course but often not yet accessible. Project to begin to exploit it next year on the IPUMS.

Always self identification today

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1. La Mediacin de Raza tiene Implicaciones para La Proporcin Indgena y Afro descendiente

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Indgenas en Mxico

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Quantos Negros no Brasil?

Figure 5.2

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_x0011_Open-ended: Negro_x0011_Open-ended:Ppreto_x0015_Self-identified preto_x0010_African ancestor_x0015_Color 6+ & Kinky hair_x0011_Open-ended: Pardo_x000d_Skin Color 6+_x0010_Kinky/curly hair_x0015_Self-identified pardo_x001b_Self-identified Preto/Pardo_x0018_Interviewer: Preto/Pardo5.66.915.21819.32530.831.439.70000000000000354.959.4

Cuntos indgenas en Per?: depende

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Comparacin entre Peru y Mexico y Entre Pueblos Indigenas

Ecuador, with 7 percent indigenous, asked if they were indigenous before asking which group.

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Peru: Quechua & Aymara

QuechuaSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres 0.150.618500000000000050.9AymaraSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres 0.470600000000000020.722199999999999950.97219999999999995

Mexico: 4 Pueblos Indigenas

NahuatlSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X54.4152.9461.76MayaSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X14.2921.4326.19ZapotecoSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X21.4328.5728.57MixtecoSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X44.8358.6251.72

2. La Desigualdad Medida Por Categoras Etnoraciales de Tipo Censos son Inconsistentes e a veces, No Como Esperado

Indgenas Consistentemente los en maior Desventaja

Mestizos Estn en mejor Situacin que Blancos

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Educational attainment and Identity

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Non-indigenous

Non-Indig

Non-indig

Non-indig

Non-Indig,

non-Afro

0.313808955599999990.342572465200000010.349859823600000010.399235379200000020.313808955599999990.342572465200000010.349859823600000010.39923537920000002BoliviaGuatemalaMexicoColombia11.28.018.649.6199999999999992Indigenous

Indig

Indig

Indig

Indig

0.25746026880.451993855599999990.756825540799999970.982787904000000050.25746026880.451993855599999990.756825540799999970.98278790400000005BoliviaGuatemalaMexicoColombia9.05000000000000075.247.458.83Afro

Afro

0.597621600800000040.59762160080000004BoliviaGuatemalaMexicoColombia9.0500000000000007


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White

Pardo

Preto

White

Indio

Mulato

Negro

White

Mestizo

Indig

Afro

White

Mestizo

Indig

Afro

-0.28864173240000002-0.2346906352-0.47731486039999999-0.97482322840000002-0.3372025944-0.88534179999999996-0.89217849559999995-0.58013881239999998-0.19328157800000001-0.94828627880000005-0.91295657320000001-0.98878836560000005-0.3471555724-1.0295764752000001-1.1316926711999999-0.28864173240000002-0.2346906352-0.47731486039999999-0.97482322840000002-0.3372025944-0.88534179999999996-0.89217849559999995-0.58013881239999998-0.19328157800000001-0.94828627880000005-0.91295657320000001-0.98878836560000005-0.3471555724-1.0295764752000001-1.1316926711999999WhitePardoPreto.WhiteIndioMulatoNegro.WhiteMestizoIndigenousAfro.WhiteMestizoIndigenousAfro.BrazilDREcuadorPeru7.897.356.998.21000000000000097.910.577.769.489.918.05000000000000078.639999999999998811.7811.39.7511.04

3. La Desigualdad Por Color de Piel es Mas Consistente y en la Direccin Esperada

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Educational Attainment

Skin Color

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LightMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador9.687032000000000312.32905000000000111.061468.586294000000000510.660360000000001MediumMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador8.661811999999999411.331689.79268300000000027.874515999999922610.034929999999999DarkMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador7.763461999999999610.5794700000000019.1349809999999987.20083200000000019.1928249999999991

Skin Color

Household Income

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Skin Color

Top Household Income

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LightMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador2722.732117.3823.36MediumMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador2016.3712.129.917.95DarkMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador17.85000000000000113.799.918.279999999999999415.29

Skin Color

Bottom Household Income

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Skin Color

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Skin Color

Household Income

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Skin Color


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LightMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador2722.732117.3823.36MediumMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador2016.3712.129.917.95DarkMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador17.85000000000000113.799.918.279999999999999415.29

Skin Color


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Skin color and educational attainment

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Central America and Mexico

Panama1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest12.1041711.22131000000000110.6267600000000019.51465800000000079.945736000000000110.77311000000000110.6216211.75758000000000111.84615Costa Rica1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest8.71153799999999919.09756100000000078.90960500000000097.97784799999999987.47393399999999997.29059800000000019.3333329999999997Honduras1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest9.32183900000000077.97927500000000037.08737900000000036.58754900000000015.91891899999999986.21848699999999976.9130438.0615380000000005Mexico1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest9.69999999999999939.98823499999999959.45058099999999978.96955499999999978.52083299999999978.49238599999999986.9891300000000003Guatemala1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest9.80676300000000019.02556799999999987.63594499999997475.88115900000000025.23423399999999985.0789470000000003El Salvador1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest9.30508500000000019.46571400000000029.03174600000000018.38757400000000088.11583000000000086.5631069999999996Nicaragua1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest8.72549000000000068.63597399999999927.6721997.58754900000000016.88888899999999986.4655169999999744

Respondent color

Mean Years of Education


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Andean

Bolivia1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest12.87770000000000111.9459510.812710.1452000000000019.33623200000000088.58419199999999988.1313129999999969Peru1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest11.9722212.0114911.15799999999999910.5518410.283519.0428569999999997Venezuela1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest11.6530610.87918999999999910.7027910.1039410.0039700000000019.62637399999999849.0909089999999999Colombia1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest12.1818210.86510.7444400000000019.88917499999999989.05668000000000018.48031499999999928.65753400000000019.1Ecuador1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest12.20588000000000110.57759000000000110.61518000000000110.1973800000000019.79809199999999879.04895099999999898.83544299999999979.975609999999999610.02632

Respondent color



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Southern Cone and Brazil

Argentina1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest11.3709710.9631310.49001999999999910.368429.06201599999999988.828125Chile1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest10.85155999999999910.45151000000000110.81645999999999910.0458200000000019.9462378.714285999999999510.28571Paraguay1 - lightest234567891010.89394000000000110.3456410.0783299999999998.82890899999999958.69202899999999988.5766419999999997Uruguay1 - lightest23456789109.628865999999998610.3676499999999999.98910700000000069.21238899999999998.11173199999999998.6777788.9166670000000003Brazil1 - lightest23456789108.77678599999999958.50310600000000078.83934999999999967.8092598.23912999999999947.95302000000000047.80620199999999996.74418599999996366.48648600000000027.3469389999999999

Respondent color



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Caribbean

Suriname1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest11.6937511.05028000000000110.7911111.23922999999999911.0833310.004789.76436799999999759.1268659999999997Jamaica1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest11.47511.276610.86076000000000110.12264000000000110.1952099999999999.74750799999999639.73061200000000078.93814399999999948.6779659999999996Trinidad & Tobago1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest11.494389.83125000000000079.51737499999999779.10457500000000059.30447799999999968.71066000000000078.58823499999999928.3170730000000006Guyana1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest9.09558799999999939.14479599999999959.19078900000000059.45833299999999979.17307699999999938.89758999999999929.2758620000000001Dominican Republic1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest9.89285699999999939.34656999999999989.08011899999999988.70292899999999928.27106200000000067.46202499999999977.87.0624999999999956Belize1 - lightest234567891011 - darkest7.43269200000000036.73114800000000016.90909100000000016.98802400000000027.47252700000000047.72388099999997567.69902900000000037.5

Respondent color


4. La Discriminacin Racial/Por Color es Altamente Percibido Contra Si y Contra Otros en los Cuatro Pases

5. La Mayora de el Publico Apoya Movimientos Sociales Engrciales y Polticas Publicas que promueven gente afro-descendiente y indgena

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32

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In most countries, Do you consider yourself white, mestizo, indigenous, black, mulatto or other?

In Spanish, Usted se considera una persona blanca, mestiza, indigena, negra, mulata u otra?

In Portuguese, Vce se considera uma pessoa branca, parda, preta, indigena, ou amarela?

Primary Ethnoracial Question in Americas Barometer

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Auto IdenRacial Self-Identification is Loosely Related to Actual Skin Color

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Ethnic identity and skin color, (1=Lightest, 11=Darkest)

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Bolivia

Indigenous12345678910110.532.278.1719.1327.9826.7711.433.420.260.050Non-Indigenous12345678910111.616.9619.7823.7122.716.8500000000000016.15999999999999661.310.50.30.1

Brazil

White123456789101112.715.9941.7118.227.422.970.579999999999999960.250.1600Indigenous12345678910111.59012.723.8115.8714.297.944.767.946.354.76Pardo12345678910110.932.049999999999999812.3926.7126.0319.7399999999999986.13.31.870.750.12Preto12345678910112.1101.585.266.059.470000000000000614.2115.7918.6817.379.4700000000000006

Dominican Republic

White12345678910113.521.143.7197.73.51.40000Indio12345678910110.21.517.52618.520.310.19999999999999941.20.60.1Mulatto12345678910110317.10000000000000121.315.919.510.46.15.50.60.6Black123456789101100.71.33.36.51922.924.813.17.21.3

Colombia

Indigenous123456789101107.5531.1323.5822.6413.210.940.94000Afro12345678910111.12999999999999991.646.4211.3216.2317.3610.5715.479.817.171.89None12345678910110.8111.4332.6926.2519.327.411.12999999999999990.480.320.160

Ethnic identity and skin color, (1=Lightest, 11=Darkest)

37

Ecuador

White12345678910115.2625.9944.0816.124.282.630.660.330.6600Mestizo12345678910110.666.0724.0433.4723.059.63999999999999882.170.530.250.080.04Indigenous1234567891011009.684026.8817.26.450000Afro12345678910110.791.575.517.0913.3915.7513.3921.2610.246.34.72

Guatemala

Indigenous1234567891011002.7617.3234.0633.079.842.760.200Non-Indigenous123456789101102.9217.0227.0426.9317.646.15999999999999662.190.100

Mexico

Indigenous123456789101104.119999999999997411.3425.2624.7424.747.221.031.5500Non-Indigenous12345678910110.884.7221.6830.8321.6813.425.011.180.289999999999999980.289999999999999980

Peru

White12345678910117.0320.30999999999999941.4119.5310.940.78Mestizo12345678910110.113.4814.9627.0831.8215.385.15999999999999661.790.2100Indigenous123456789101103.1411.71283214.298.861.430.5699999999999999500Black/Mulatto1234567891011005.0810.1728.8125.4216.955.085.081.691.69

La Desigualdad Medida Por Categora Tipo Censos son Inconsistentes e a veces, No Como Esperado

Indgenas Consistentemente los mas en Desventaja

Mestizos Estn en mejor Situacin que Blancos

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Non-indigenous

Non-Indig

Non-indig

Non-indig

Non-Indig,

non-Afro

0.313808955599999990.342572465200000010.349859823600000010.399235379200000020.313808955599999990.342572465200000010.349859823600000010.39923537920000002BoliviaGuatemalaMexicoColombia11.28.018.649.6199999999999992Indigenous

Indig

Indig

Indig

Indig

0.25746026880.451993855599999990.756825540799999970.982787904000000050.25746026880.451993855599999990.756825540799999970.98278790400000005BoliviaGuatemalaMexicoColombia9.05000000000000075.247.458.83Afro

Afro

0.597621600800000040.59762160080000004BoliviaGuatemalaMexicoColombia9.0500000000000007


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White

Pardo

Preto

White

Indio

Mulato

Negro

White

Mestizo

Indig

Afro

White

Mestizo

Indig

Afro

-0.28864173240000002-0.2346906352-0.47731486039999999-0.97482322840000002-0.3372025944-0.88534179999999996-0.89217849559999995-0.58013881239999998-0.19328157800000001-0.94828627880000005-0.91295657320000001-0.98878836560000005-0.3471555724-1.0295764752000001-1.1316926711999999-0.28864173240000002-0.2346906352-0.47731486039999999-0.97482322840000002-0.3372025944-0.88534179999999996-0.89217849559999995-0.58013881239999998-0.19328157800000001-0.94828627880000005-0.91295657320000001-0.98878836560000005-0.3471555724-1.0295764752000001-1.1316926711999999WhitePardoPreto.WhiteIndioMulatoNegro.WhiteMestizoIndigenousAfro.WhiteMestizoIndigenousAfro.BrazilDREcuadorPeru7.897.356.998.21000000000000097.910.577.769.489.918.05000000000000078.639999999999998811.7811.39.7511.04

La Desigualdad Por Color de Piel es Mas Consistente y en la Direccin Esperada

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Skin Color and Educational Attainment

42

Light-0.49149177560000001-0.30066153039999999-0.49927793440000001-0.64802499999999996-0.31787913080000002-0.78619721880000004-0.65774628639999999-0.9074927008-0.49149177560000001-0.30066153039999999-0.49927793440000001-0.64802499999999996-0.31787913080000002-0.78619721880000004-0.65774628639999999-0.9074927008BoliviaBrazilColombiaDREcuadorGuatemalaMexicoPeru128.1410.39910.269.269.289999999999999111.89Medium-0.29987233639999999-0.25051661600000003-0.46962736799999999-0.45942394120000002-0.24004412040000001-0.39106990159999999-0.44901933999999999-0.3686959528-0.29987233639999999-0.25051661600000003-0.46962736799999999-0.45942394120000002-0.24004412040000001-0.39106990159999999-0.44901933999999999-0.3686959528BoliviaBrazilColombiaDREcuadorGuatemalaMexicoPeru9.88000000000000087.439.18.53999999999999919.657.718.3310.96Dark0.308701960.301171777199999990.662474198399999990.43478217440.436677710.423225014800000020.591987326000000040.560000000000000050.308701960.301171777199999990.662474198399999990.43478217440.436677710.423225014800000020.591987326000000040.56000000000000005BoliviaBrazilColombiaDREcuadorGuatemalaMexicoPeru8.516.788.47000000000000067.48.775.387.0710.26

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44

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6. Race is Sui Generis throughout Latin America

Ethnoracial Inequality is Independent of Class/Socioeconomic Origins

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Table for 23 Countries

47

National Differences in the Effect of Skin Color on Educational Attainment

Coefficient plot

Each data point represents: color + countryXcolor

48

7. Latin Americans Recognize Discrimination against Blacks and Indgenous

For Dominants, Certainly More than the United States

Except Bolivia

49

8. Perceived Discrimination

Latin Americans often perceived discrimination by race, language or color and black, indigennous and dark skin persons report that they have been discriminated on those factors

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Recent Publications

Flores, Ren and Edward Telles. 2012. Social Stratification in Mexico: Disentangling Color, Ethnicity and Class. American Sociological Review 77(3): 486-494

Telles, Edward and Liza Steele. 2012. Pigmentocracy in the Americas: How is Educational Attainment Related to Skin Color? Insights 73

Telles, Edward and Denia Garcia. 2013. Mestizaje and Public Opinion in Latin America Latin American Research Review 48(3): October, 130-152

Telles, Edward and Stan Bailey. 2013. Understanding Latin American Beliefs about Racial Inequality American Journal of Sociology 118(5): August, 1559-1595

Telles, Edward E. and Ren Flores. 2013. More than Just Color: Whiteness, Nation and Status in Latin America Hispanic American Historical Review 93(3): March, 411-449

Telles, Edward and Tianna Paschel. 2014. Beyond Whitening: Color, Status and Nation in Latin Amerian Racial Classification American Journal of Sociology

Pereira, Krista and Edward Telles. 2014.Color, Racial Classification and Discrimination in the Health of Latin Americans Social Science and Medicine

Telles, Edward E. and the Project on Ethnicity and Race in Latin America.2014. Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race and Color in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press

Telles, Edward, Ren Flores and Fernando Urrea Giraldo, Pigmentocracies: Skin Color, Census Ethnoracial Categories and Educational Inequality in Eight Latin American Countries (under review)

Telles, Edward and Florencia Torche Who is Indigenous in the Americas? (in process)

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FIN/FI/FIM/END

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Various Census Questions and Categories: Mostly Self Identification

Questions:

Your color or race is? (Brazil)

How do you consider yourself? (Ecuador)

To what ethnic group (people) do you belong? (Guatemala)

According to your culture, people or physical features, are you or do you consider yourself(Colombia)

Do you belong to the culture? (Costa Rica)

In countries Venezuela and Paraguay, separate questions for afro-descendants and indigenous

Response categories:

For indigenous, indigena or as a particular ethnic group or language. Early Censuses used attire, diet or community

For Afrodescendants: negro, mulato, pardo, preto, raizal, etc.

Concern about local variations in ianguage and terms used but also politics of course.

Census data is better of course but often not yet accessible. Project to begin to exploit it next year on the IPUMS.

Always self identification today

53

Ethnoracial Inequality

54

Identity


55

WhiteBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru8.29177099999999718.530343000000000210.1280699999999999.918032999999999411.17MestizoBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru9.3510.52677000000000110.2939211.22IndigenousBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru7.36507899999999976.8557218.68181799999999638.46739099999999929.81Mulatto/PardoBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru7.808416999999974610.347378.898305000000000610.9BlackBrazilMexicoColombiaEcuadorPeru7.52254599999997449.55199999999999969.088234999999999210.16

Identity

Household Income

56


Identity


57

WhiteMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador22.6316.48999999999999815.4716.3914.96MestizoMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador23.2318.44000000000000116.220.48IndigenousMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador11.398.339.8613.5612.36Mulatto/PardoMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador15.8715.588.9812.96BlackMexicoPeruColombiaBrazilEcuador9.800000000000000712.929.800000000000000716.18

Identity


58


Identity


59


Identity

Household Income

60


Identity


61


Identity


62


Pigmentocracy

(not picked up in ethnoracial census categories)

63

Color Palette

Full range of color continuum

People have these in their heads

Skin color discrimination is widely recognized in Latin America

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF COLOR PALETTE

Color Palette based on actual skin colors

Interviewers rated skin color of respondents before the interview

Skin color based on facial color

Interviewers directed to be familiar with palette and never show it to respondents

Interviewers explained why we are interested in skin color, especially as a meaningful social category that is rarely discussed

(Often used in U.S. surveys)

Cultural and Biological Race Mixture. Culture is consensus. I think one can easily argue that there was more much more biological race mixture across the population than the United States because

- high sex ratio during colonization

- more intermarriage in the twentieth century (based on Brazil data)

- relatively large black and indigenous populations and small white population so that chance of whites encountering nonwhites are greater (data on number of European immigrants?)

- relatively small number of European immigrants compared to US, even at height of mass immigration (except perhaps in Southern Brazil)

- wide skin color varation among the general population in all four countries

Mixture in black population (by far, largest part of nonwhite population) so that intermediate categories (mulatos) kept in black category but one drop rule kept it limited to that category while white category was considered pure (although sometimes violated).

Changing with large scale immigration of latinos and asians in the United States, so the Latin American experience may be important here

64

Take Away Points

Skin Color (External Identification) Matters

Skin Color Matters particularly in Some Countries

Ethnoracial Identification (Self- Identification) may be Less Important than Color

Ethnoracial Identification and Skin Color do not necessarily Overlap

Class Origins Also Matter

This is Work in Progress

65

Importance of Race Mixture (Mestizaje) in Latin America (vs Segregation in the United States)

1. mixture facilitated by demographic imbalance between colonizers and colonized

2. nationalizing elites made mixture central to national identity

3. little history of racial segregation (some in PR, Cuba and Panama)

4. often use mixed race categories

5. classification is more fluid and ambiguous

6. a national ideology of mixture widely accepted and downplays or denies importance of race and racial disadvantages AND THIS HAS AFFECTED RESEARCH ON THE TOPIC

Need to include stuff on indigenous

66

OLS Models predicting SES in Ecuador

Note: Controls for Sex, Age, Community size, and geographical region. Household Income model also controls for education, age2, and PERLA/LAPOP survey.

67

OLS Models predicting SES in Brazil


68

OLS Models predicting SES in Mexico


69

OLS Models predicting SES in Colombia


70


OLS Models predicting SES in Peru

71

72

Brazil

White123456789101112.715.9941.7118.227.422.970.579999999999999960.250.1600Indigenous12345678910111.59012.723.8115.8714.297.944.767.946.354.76Pardo12345678910110.932.049999999999999812.3926.7126.0319.7399999999999986.13.31.870.750.12Preto12345678910112.1101.585.266.059.470000000000000614.2115.7918.6817.379.4700000000000006

Colombia

White12345678910114.0925.6140.1920.715.85999999999999772.590.540.140000000000000010.2700Mestizo12345678910110.637.3321.6730.5824.749.46000000000000093.311.730.160.240.16Indigenous123456789101105.619999999999995715.7323.617.9825.844.496.74000Mulatto123456789101101.0521.0522.1124.2122.114.214.211.0500Black12345678910110.800.42.4110.03999999999999916.8721.6921.6914.469.63999999999999882.0099999999999998

Ecuador

White12345678910115.2625.9944.0816.124.282.630.660.330.6600Mestizo12345678910110.666.0724.0433.4723.059.63999999999999882.170.530.250.080.04Indigenous1234567891011009.6839.7826.8817.26.450000Mulatto12345678910111.691.696.7813.5622.0316.9516.9510.175.085.080Black123456789101101.474.411.475.8814.7110.2930.8814.717.358.82

Mexico

White12345678910119.470000000000000621.8431.5819.2111.8450.790.26000Mestizo12345678910110.826.5221.4531.2620.2713.454.71.180.3500Indigenous12345678910110.50.996.4425.7424.2628.718.914.46000White12345678910117.6419.4342.6817.529.23999999999999843.180.320000Mestizo12345678910110.569999999999999953.6218.331.2226.514.064.051.430.2400Indigenous123456789101103.2711.8128.6431.1614.828.53999999999999911.260.500Mulatto1234567891011004.230000000000000415.4916.89999999999999929.5819.725.635.632.820Black12345678910110011.1120.3724.0733.333.73.701.851.85

Peru

White12345678910117.6419.4342.6817.529.23999999999999843.180.320000Mestizo12345678910110.569999999999999953.6218.331.2226.514.064.051.430.2400Indigenous123456789101103.2711.8128.6431.1614.828.53999999999999911.260.500Mulatto1234567891011004.230000000000000415.4916.89999999999999929.5819.725.635.632.820Black12345678910110011.1120.3724.0733.333.73.701.851.85

Brazil

73

Mexico

74

Colombia

75

Ecuador

76

Peru

77

Brasil: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como negros o con antepasados negros, por diferentes indicadores

78

Negro/Afro - pregunta abierta Preto - Auto-identidadAntepasado AfricanoPreto/Pardo - Auto-identidadPreto/Pardo - entrevistadorPadre o Madre - Preto/Pardo/Negro Piel>=6 + Cabello crespoCabello CrespoPiel>=66.8915.3121.9255.2959.4663.3919.331.430.8

% of respondents

Colombia: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como negros o con antepasados negros, por diferentes indicadores

79

Negro/Afro - pregunta abiertaNegro - auto-identidadAntepasado AfricanoNegro/Mulato - auto-identidadNegro/Mulato - entrevistadorPadre o Madre- Negro/Mulato Piel>=6 + Cabello CrespoCabello Crespo, rizadoPiel>=618.05999999999999914.42019.57999999999999120.0924.3210.1919.2223.81

% of respondents

Mxico: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como indigenas o con antepasados indigenas, por diferentes indicadores

80

Se consideraEncuestadorPregunta abiertaLengua MaternaTradiciones/CostumbresAmbos padresMadrePadreCualquier padreCualquier antepasado12.48.800000000000000724.4512.522.1713.5316.67000000000000916.4619.7546.87

% of respondents

Mestizo

White

Dominant Group

Mulatto

Indigenous

Black

Mestizaje

81

Per: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como indigenas o con antepasados indigenas, por diferentes indicadores

82

Se consideraEncuestadorPregunta abiertaLengua MaternaTradiciones/CostumbresAmbos padresMadrePadreCualquier padreCualquier antepasado4.73000000000000046.278.1911.423.4625.9331.74293540.1

% of respondents

Per: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como negros/mulatos, por diferentes indicadores

% of respondents

83

PeruEncuestadorSe consideraPregunta AbiertaNegro/Mulato - pregunta abiertaNegro/Mulato - IDNegro/Mulato - encuestadorAncestro Africano1+ padre Negro/Mulato Piel>=6 + cabello crespo/rizadocabello crespo/rizadoPiel>=61.2E-21.6199999999999999E-21.6500000000000001E-23.3000000000000002E-24.1200000000000001E-24.4699999999999997E-26.54E-27.3800000000000004E-23.5999999999999997E-20.135000000000000010.2273

84

Peru: Quechua & Aymara

QuechuaSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres 0.150.618500000000000050.9AymaraSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres 0.470600000000000020.722199999999999950.97219999999999995

Mexico: Grupos Indigenas

NahuatlSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X54.4152.9461.76MayaSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X14.2921.4326.19ZapotecoSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X21.4328.5728.57MixtecoSe considera indigena*Habla idiomaCualquiera de los padres es X44.8358.6251.72

Table 1.1: Afrodescendant and Indigenous Population (in 1000s) and Percentages in Latin America by Country

Countries

Year

Afrodescendant Population

Percentage

Year

Indigenous Population

Percentage

Total NationalPopulation

Argentina

2010

150

0.4

2010

955

2.4

40,117

Bolivia

2012

24

0.2

2012

4,068

40.6

10,027

Brazil

2010

97,083

50.9

2010

897

0.5

190,733

Chile

2012

97

0.6

2012

1,700

10.3

16,636

Colombia

2005

4,274

10.5

2005

1,393

3.4

41,468

Costa Rica

2011

334

7.8

2011

104

2.4

4,302

Cuba

2012

3,885

34.8

2012

--

--

11,163

Dominican Republic

2010

A) 2,267

B) 8,980

A) 24.0

B) 89.0

2010

2267

24

9,445

Ecuador

2010

1.043

7.2

2010

1,014

7.0

14,484

El Salvador

2007

7

0.13

2007

13

0.23

5,744

Guatemala

2011

5.0

0.0

2011

4,428

30.0

14,713

Honduras

2011

59

1.0

2001

428

7.0

8,448

Mexico

2010

2,366

2.2

2010

11,133

9.9

112,337

Nicaragua

2005

23

0.4

2005

444

8.6

5,142

Panama

2010

313

9.2

2010

418

12.3

3,454

Paraguay

2012

234

3.5

2012

116

1.7

6,673

Peru

2007

411

1.5

2007

7,600

27.0

27,412

Uruguay

2011

255

7.8

2011

159

4.8

3,286

Venezuela

2011

A)953

B)14,534

A) 3.5

B)53.4

2011

953

3.5

27,228

TOTAL A) 112,035 A) 20.2

B) 133,027 B) 24.0 34,317 6. 2 554,298

Source: See Telles and PERLA 2014 for extensive sources list

Ordinary Least Squares Models Predicting Years of Schooling in Eight Latin American Countries, 2010

Skin color

-0.340***

-0.248***

Parental occupation

0.500***

0.495***

Mexico

0.990***

1.241***

Guatemala

0.407**

2.560***

Colombia

1.797***

1.894***

Ecuador

2.345***

2.623***

Bolivia

2.425***

3.506***

Peru

2.917***

2.904***

Dominican Republic

1.338***

1.837***

Interaction: Mexico X skin color

-0.052

Interaction: Guatemala X skin color

-0.448***

Interaction: Colombia X skin color

-0.015

Interaction: Ecuador X skin color

-0.060

Interaction: Bolivia X skin color

-0.227***

Interaction: Peru X skin color

0.010

Interaction: Dominican Republic X skin color

-0.109

Number of Observations

14,741

14,741

Note: Controls for Gender, Age, Urban/Rural and Countries. Brazil is reference for countries.

Documents

Http://perla.princeton.edu/. 2014 PERLA Multinacional con Colaboradores de Brasil, Colombia, México, Perú y Estados Unidos Multidisciplinar Baseados