Informe LAPOP acerca de la Cultura Política de la Democracia 2012

7/31/2019 Informe LAPOP acerca de la Cultura Poltica de la Democracia 2012

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Cultura poltica de la democracia en

Bolivia, 2012:

Hacia la igualdad de oportunidades

Ciudadana, Comunidad de Estudios Sociales y Accin Pblica

LAPOP, Proyecto de Opinin Pblica en Amrica Latina

Cochabamba, Bolivia

Septiembre de 2012

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Cultura poltica de la democracia en Bolivia, 2012

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Depsito Legal:

ISBN:

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Imagen de la Portada: /$323

Diagramacin: $OH[&RQGRUL,EDxH]

Impreso en:

Av. Villazn # 4259

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[email protected]

[email protected]

Cochabamba - Bolivia


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Coordinador del estudio nacional

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Investigadores en Ciudadana, Comunidad de Estudios Socialesy Accin Pblica

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Asistentes de investigacin en Ciudadana

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Equipo de investigacin en LAPOP

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Coordinacin del trabajo de campo para la realizacin de la encuesta

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Sistemas informticos

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Ciudadana, Comunidad de Estudios Sociales y Accin Pblica, 2012


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CONTENIDO

RESumEN EjECuTIvO ......................................................................................................................5

PRLOgO: ANTECEDENTES DEL ESTuDIO ...............................................................................9AgrAdecimientos.................................................................................................................................18

INTRODuCCIN ................................................................................................................................22LAencuestAde 2012 en BoLiviA .........................................................................................................22

La muestra: 3.029 bolivianos seleccionados para representar al pas .............................................23

Innovacin tecnolgica ...................................................................................................................25

El informe y su metodologa ...........................................................................................................25

CAPTuLO uNO:

IguALDAD DE OPORTuNIDADES ECONmICAS y SOCIALES EN LAS

AmRICAS ...................................................................................................................................... ....27i. introduccin...............................................................................................................................27

ii. Antecedentes: LAiguALdAddeoportunidAdessociALesyeconmicAsenLAs AmricAs ..........29iii. LAiguALdAddeoportunidAdessociALesyeconmicAsen BoLiviA: unAperspectivA

desdeeL BArmetrodeLAs AmricAs.............................................................................................36III. 1. La opinin pblica sobre la desigualdad racial y de gnero .................................................49

iv. LAopininpBLicAhAciApropuestAscomunesdepoLticAspBLicAs .........................................51IV. 1. Transferencias condicionales de dinero en efectivo y programas de asistencia

pblica .............................................................................................................................................54

IV. 2. Accin armativa ..................................................................................................................58

v. concLusin..................................................................................................................................60

CAPTuLO DOS:

POBREzA, DISCRImINACIN y PARTICIPACIN POLTICA EN BOLIvIA ......................64i. introduccin...............................................................................................................................64ii. poBrezA, excLusinyformAsdepArticipAcin ...........................................................................64

II. 1. Participacin electoral ............................................................................................................65

II. 2. Participacin partidaria ..........................................................................................................70

II. 3. Cabildeo no partidario ............................................................................................................75

II. 4. Protestas .................................................................................................................................79

II. 5. Participacin cvica y comunitaria .........................................................................................84

iii. otrAsformAsdepArticipAcin....................................................................................................87iv. refLexionesfinALes ....................................................................................................................89v. concLusiones ..............................................................................................................................90

CAPTuLO TRES:

CONfIANzA y LEgITImIDAD DE LAS INSTITuCIONES EN BOLIvIA ...............................93i. introduccin...............................................................................................................................93ii. confiAnzAenLAsinstitucionespoLticAs ...................................................................................95

II. 1. Conanza en la Polica y las Fuerzas Armadas ....................................................................103

II. 2. Conanza en las instituciones de representacin y participacin electoral ......................... 111


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II. 3. Conanza en las Gobernaciones y autonomas departamentales .........................................114

iii. LegitimidAddeLgoBiernocentrALsegndesempeoinstitucionAL .........................................118

iv. concLusiones ............................................................................................................................124

CAPTuLO CuATRO:CORRuPCIN, DELINCuENCIA y DEmOCRACIA .................................................................127

i. introduccin.............................................................................................................................127ii. midiendoLAcorrupcin............................................................................................................129

iii. percepcindeinseguridAdyvictimizAcinpordeLincuenciA ..................................................135

iv. eLimpActodeLAinseguridAdyLAcorrupcineneLApoyoALsistemA

poLticoyeLestAdodederecho................................................................................................140

v. concLusin................................................................................................................................144

CAPTuLO CINCO:LEgITImIDAD POLTICA y TOLERANCIA EN BOLIvIA ......................................................146

i. introduccin.............................................................................................................................146

ii. ApoyoALsistemApoLtico.........................................................................................................148

iii. toLerAnciApoLticA ..................................................................................................................154iv. estABiLidAddemocrticA ..........................................................................................................160

v. preferenciAporLAdemocrAciA ................................................................................................163

vi. concLusiones ............................................................................................................................165

CAPTuLO SEIS:gOBIERNOS LOCALES ..................................................................................................................168

i. introduccin.............................................................................................................................168

ii. pArticipAcinAniveLLocAL ......................................................................................................171

II. 1. Asistencia a reuniones municipales ......................................................................................171

II. 2. Presentacin de solicitudes a los gobiernos locales .............................................................175iii. sAtisfAccinyconfiAnzAenLosgoBiernosLocALes ................................................................178

III. 1. Satisfaccin con los servicios locales .................................................................................179

III. 2. Conanza en los gobiernos locales .....................................................................................187

iv. impActodeLAconfiAnzAyeLApoyoALsistemA .......................................................................191

v. concLusin................................................................................................................................191

CAPTuLO SIETE:EL ESTADO DE LA juSTICIA EN BOLIvIA: uNA mIRADA DESDE LOS

CIuDADANOS ...................................................................................................................................193i. introduccin.............................................................................................................................193

ii. confiAnzAenLAsinstitucionesdeLsistemAjudiciAL: perspectivAciudAdAnA .........................197

iii. concLusiones ............................................................................................................................211


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CAPTuLO OCHO:LA DEmOCRACIA EN BOLIvIA A TREINTA AOS DE Su RESTAuRACIN....................213

i. introduccin.............................................................................................................................213ii. treintAAosdedemocrAciAen BoLiviA...................................................................................213

II. 1. De la convulsin a la continuidad ........................................................................................213

II. 2. La democracia de Bolivia en el mundo ................................................................................216

iii. opinionessoBredemocrAciA, poBrezAyexcLusin ..................................................................218III. 1. Pobreza, exclusin y Bolivia como pas democrtico ........................................................219

III. 2. Opinin sobre la democracia y satisfaccin con la democracia .........................................221

iv. reLAcionesentreeL estAdoyLAsociedAd ..............................................................................226IV. 1. Rol del Estado .....................................................................................................................226

IV. 2. Ciudadana y representantes ................................................................................................229

v. LAdemocrAciAyLos otros ...................................................................................................232vi. concLusiones ............................................................................................................................235

CAPTuLO NuEvE:LOS BOLIvIANOS y SuS IDENTIDADES ...................................................................................238i. introduccin.............................................................................................................................238

ii. eLdeBAtedeLAsidentidAdestnicAsen BoLiviA: entreLorAciALyLocuLturAL..................238iii. registrAndoLAsidentidAdesen BoLiviA ..................................................................................241iv. idiomA........................................................................................................................................244v. identidAdesgrAduALes..............................................................................................................246vi. identidAddecLAse ....................................................................................................................250vii. reLigin.................................................................................................................................250viii. concLusin............................................................................................................................253

BIBLIOgRAfA .................................................................................................................................256

LISTA DE fIguRAS .........................................................................................................................264ListAdegrficos...............................................................................................................................264ListAdetABLAs..................................................................................................................................270ListAdecuAdros ...............................................................................................................................270ListAdemApAs ...................................................................................................................................270

ANEXOS......................................................................................................................271

nexos i: cArtAdeconsentimiento..................................................................................................272Anexos ii: diseo muestrAL ..........................................................................................................273

Anexos iii: cuestionArios ..............................................................................................................281


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Cultura Poltica de la Democracia en Bolivia, 2012

Resumen ejecutivo

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Pas/Institucin

Investigadores(ubicados enelpas del estudio a menos que se indique lo contrario)

VanderbiltUniversity,

Nashville, TN,

Estados Unidos

LAPOP Central

Dr. Mitchell Seligson, Director de LAPOP, y Centennial Professorde Ciencia Poltica

Dra. Elizabeth J. Zechmeister, Subdirectora de LAPOP, y Profesora Asociada de Ciencia

Poltica

Dra. Susan Berk-Seligson, Profesora de Lingstica Espaola, del Departamento de Espaol y

Portugus

Dra. Mara Fernanda Boidi, Coordinadora de Operaciones de Campo de LAPOP, Uruguay

Dra. Amy Erica Smith, Coordinadora de Investigaciones de LAPOP y Profesora Asistente en

Iowa State University

Dra. Abby Crdova, Becaria Postdoctoral de LAPOP y Profesora Asistente en University of

Kentucky

Grupo de Mxico y Centroamrica

Mxico Pablo Pars Garca, Presidente de DATA Opinin Pblica y MercadosDr. Vidal Romero, Profesor de Ciencia Poltica, Instituto Tecnolgico de Mxico (ITAM)

Guatemala Dra. Dinorah Azpuru, Profesora Asociada de Ciencia Poltica en Wichita State University,

Estados Unidos y Socia de ASIES en Guatemala

Diseo de la muestra y coordinacin del trabajo de campo: Juan Pablo Pira, ASIES

El Salvador Dr. Miguel Cruz, Profesor Visitante de Florida International University, Estados Unidos

Dr. Ricardo Crdova, Director Ejecutivo de FUNDAUNGO

Honduras Ted Enamorado, estudiante de doctorado, Departamento de Ciencia Poltica, Vanderbilt

University, Estados Unidos

NicaraguaDr. John Booth, Regents Professor de Ciencia Poltica, University of North Texas, Estados

Unidos

Costa Rica Dr. Jorge Vargas, Subdirector del proyecto Estado de la Nacin, Costa Rica

Ronald Alfaro Redondo, estudiante de doctorado, University of Pittsburgh, e Investigador del

proyecto Estado de la Nacin, Universidad de Costa RicaPanam Dr. Orlando Prez, Profesor y Jefe del Departamento de Ciencia Poltica en Central Michigan

University, Estados Unidos

Belice Georgina Pizzolitto, Coordinadora de Estudios Especiales, LAPOP Central

Grupo del Caribe

RepblicaDominican

a

Dr. Jana Morgan Kelly, Profesora Asociada de Ciencia Poltica en University of Tennessee,

Estados Unidos

Dr. Rosario Espinal, Profesora de Sociologa, Temple University, Estados Unidos

Guyana Everette Cleveland y Marciano Glasgow, Development Policy and Management Consultants

Mark Bynoe, Director, Development Policy and Management Consultants


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Pas/Institucin

Investigadores(ubicados en el pas del estudio a menos que se indique lo contrario)

Bolivia Dr. Daniel Moreno, Ciudadana, Comunidad de Estudios Sociales y Accin Pblica,Cochabamba

Vivian Schwarz, Ciudadana, Comunidad de Estudios Sociales y Accin Pblica, Cochabambay candidata doctoral, Departamento de Ciencia Poltica, Vanderbilt University

Paraguay Manuel Orrego, CIRDlvaro Caballero, CIRD

Chile Dr. Juan Pablo Luna, Profesor Asociado de Ciencia Poltica, Instituto de Ciencia Poltica,Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile

UruguayDra. Mara Fernanda Boidi, Coordinadora de Operaciones de Campo de LAPOPDra. Mara del Rosario Queirolo, Profesora Asistente de Ciencia Poltica, Universidad de

MontevideoBrasil Dr. Lucio Renno, Profesor Asociado de Ciencia Poltica, Universidad de Brasilia

Dr. Mathieu Tourgeon, Profesor Asociado de Ciencia Poltica, Universidad de Brasilia

Argentina Dr. Germn Lodola, Profesor Asistente, Universidad Torcuato Di TellaVenezuela

Dra. Damarys Canache, CISOR Venezuela y Profesora Asociada de Ciencia Poltica,University of Illinois, Estados Unidos

Grupo de Amrica del Norte

EstadosUnidos

Dr. Mitchell Seligson, Director de LAPOP y Profesor Centennial de Ciencia Poltica,Vanderbilt University (Director del Proyecto)

Dra. Elizabeth J. Zechmeister, Subdirectora de LAPOP y Profesora Asociada de CienciaPoltica, Vanderbilt University

Dra. Amy Erica Smith, Coordinadora de Investigacin de LAPOP y Profesora Asistente enIowa State University

Canad

Nat Stone, Profesor, Marketing and Business Intelligence Research Program, School ofBusiness, Algonquin College

Dra. SimoneBohn, Profesora Asociada de Ciencia Poltica, York University

Dr. Franois Gelineau, Profesor Asistente de Ciencia Poltica, Universit LavalDr. Keith Neuman, The Environics Institute

Hait Dra. Amy Erica Smith, Coordinadora de Investigacin de LAPOP y Profesora Asistente en

Iowa State University, Estados Unidos

Dr. Franois Gelineau, Profesor Asociado de Ciencia Poltica, Universit Laval

Jamaica Balford Lewis, Instructor de Mtodos de Investigacin, Departamento de Sociologa,

Psicologa y Trabajo Social, University of the West Indies, Mona

Surinam Dr. Jack Menke, Profesor de Ciencias Sociales en University of Suriname

Trinidad y Tobago Dr. Marlon Anatol, Institute of International Relations, The University of the West Indies. St.

AugustineGrupo de los Andes y el Cono Sur

Colombia Dr. Juan Carlos Rodrguez-Raga, Profesor Asociado de Ciencia Poltica, Universidad de los

Andes, Bogot

Dr. Miguel Garca, Profesor Asistente de Ciencia Poltica, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot

Ecuador Dr. Juan Carlos Donoso, Profesor Asistente, Universidad de San Francisco de Quito

Dr. Daniel Montalvo, Profesor Asistente, Universidad de San Francisco de Quito

Per Dr. Julio Carrin, Profesor Asociado en la University of Delaware, Estados Unidos e

Investigador del Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima

Patricia Zrate Ardela, Investigadora, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima


28/333


Introduccin

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La encuesta de 2012 en Bolivia

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La muestra: 3.029 bolivianos seleccionados para representar al pas

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Captulo Uno:

Igualdad de oportunidades econmicas y sociales en las Amricas*

I. Introduccin

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II. Antecedentes: La igualdad de oportunidades sociales y econmicas en lasAmricas

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(O*UiFR,PXHVWUDODGLVWULEXFLyQGHODULTXH]DHQODUHJLyQFRPSDUDQGRORVFRHFLHQWHV*LQLHQ$PpULFDGHO6XU$PpULFD&HQWUDO$PpULFDGHO1RUWH\ODUHJLyQGHO&DULEH6HSXHGHREVHUYDUTXHORVQLYHOHVSURPHGLRGHGHVLJXDOGDGVRQPXFKRPiVDOWRVHQ$PpULFD&HQWUDO\$PpULFDGHO6XUTXHHQ$PpULFDGHO1RUWH\HO&DULEH9DULRVSDtVHV*X\DQD6XULQDP%HOLFH+DLWt7ULQLGDG\7REDJR\ORV(VWDGRV8QLGRVIXHURQHOLPLQDGRVSRUQRKDEHUUHSRUWDGRVXtQGLFH*LQLGHVGH

50,3450,72

46,35

40,2

30

35

40

45

50

55

Amrica delSur

AmricaCentral

Caribe Amrica delNorte

Fuente: Banco Mundial

*UiFR,'HVLJXDOGDGHQODV$PpULFDV

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Tabla I. 1. ndices de Gini para Bolivia (1996-2007)

1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003-04

2005 2006 2007(p)

Bolivia 0,60 0,60 0,58 0,62 0,59 0,60 n.d. 0,60 0,59 0,56Urbana 0,51 0,52 0,49 0,53 0,53 0,54 n.d. 0,54 0,53 0,51Rural 0,61 0,63 0,64 0,69 0,64 0,63 n.d. 0,66 0,64 0,64

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&DStWXOR8QR,JXDOGDGGHRSRUWXQLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV\VRFLDOHVHQODV$PpULFDV


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0.64

0.63

0.62

0.61

0.60

0.59

0.58

0.570.58

0.59

0.610.60

0.560.56

0.55

0.54

0.531999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

ndicegini

Fuente: Weisbrot, Ray, Johnston. 2009, con datos del INE

0.59

*UiFR,(YROXFLyQGHOQGLFHGH*LQLHQ%ROLYLD

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LQJUHVRSURPHGLRPiVEDMRVHQ%ROLYLDODGHVLJXDOGDGHQODViUHDVUXUDOHVHVRVWHQVLEOHPHQWHPD\RUTXHHQODVXUEDQDV

4XpVXFHGHHQODV$PpULFDV"/RVQLYHOHVGHGHVLJXDOGDGHQODUHJLyQHVWiQFDPELDQGR$OPLVPRWLHPSRTXHVHREVHUYDQGLIHUHQFLDVDORODUJRGHODV$PpULFDVWDPELpQVHHQFXHQWUDHYLGHQFLDGHFRQYHUJHQFLDHQORVQLYHOHVGHGHVLJXDOGDG8QLQIRUPHUHFLHQWHGH%URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWLRQUHYHODTXHGHVGHHODxRODGHVLJXDOGDGKDHVWDGRPHMRUDQGRHQDOJXQRVGHORVSDtVHVWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHPiVGHVLJXDOHVHQODUHJLyQ/ySH]&DOYD\/XVWLJ(O*UiFR,SUHVHQWDXQDVHULHWHPSRUDOGHUHVXOWDGRVGHOtQGLFHGH*LQLSDUDFXDWURSDtVHVHQWUH\0LHQWUDVTXHODGHVLJXDOGDGKDGLVPLQXLGRHQDOJXQDPHGLGDHQ%UDVLO\+RQGXUDVKLVWyULFDPHQWHFRQRFLGRVSRUVXIDOWDGHLJXDOGDGHQORVGRVSDtVHVKLVWyULFDPHQWHFRQQLYHOHVPiVEDMRVGHGHVLJXDOGDGpVWDKDFUHFLGR&RVWD5LFDRVHKDPDQWHQLGRLJXDO8UXJXD\


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63

61

59

57

55

53

51

49

47

45

2005

Fuente: Banco Mundial

2006 2007 2008 2009

Brasil

Costa Rica

Honduras

Uruguay

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0,46

0,55

0,67

0,75

0,54

0,47

0,30

0,39

0,53

0,66

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

0,70

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frica Sub-Sahariana

Asia del Sur Asia del Este yel Pacfico

Europa y AsiaCentral

Fuente: Base de datos del PNUD

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