Instrumentos de los que Se Vale el Científico de la Política - Sorauf

8/10/2019 Instrumentos de los que Se Vale el Científico de la Política - Sorauf

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HLNCHLA Y@BÄ[LHA^CA XNCHLBBA VLXL@C MNCNWAB

Y`r

FWACHLX J. X@WA^F

^clvnrslkak Cahl`cab Fnknrlh` VlbbarrnabNshunba pr`fnsl`cab kn Hlnchla Y`bätlha

Hurs`:Dnt`k`b`mäa kn ba Lcvnstlmahløc p`bätlha

Yr`fns`r rnsp`csagbn: Blh. Abgnrt` Nsplc`za HastnbbarnsXnmucka Bnhtura knb hurs`

Hapätub` LLL knb prnsnctn blgr`.

YWLDNWA NKLHLØC NC NXYAÑ@B

^ C L @ C [ LY @ M W Á F L H A N K L [ @ W L A B E L X Y A C @ A D N W L H A C AGarhnb`ca. G`m`tá, Gunc`s Alrns. Harahas. Muatndaba, Ba Eagaca. Blda, D`ctnvlkn .̀

Qult`. Wl` kn Jacnlr`. Xac J`sì kn H`sta Wlha, Xac Xabvak`r. Xactlam`.

D Ì U L H @



HAYL[^B@ L L L

LCX[W^DNC[@X KN Q^N XN VABNNB HLNC[ÄFLH@ KN BA Y@BÄ[LHA

Ba hlnchla p`bätlha sn ea knklhak` lcvntnrakadnctn at`dar prnstak`. Kn enhe`, ns pr`gagbn qun sna ba mrac nhbìh

tlha nctrn bas hlnchlas s`hlabns. Ba elst`rla kn su hrnhldlnct`y knsarr`bb` ns uc rnbat` kn snbnhhløc kn aptltukns n lknaspr`hnknctns kn bas `tras hlnchlas s`hlabns, kn lctnmrahløc knb` cunv` h`c b` vlnj`, kn ba rnvlm`rlzahløc kn actlmuas traklhl`cns dnklactn cunv`s prìstad`s y akaptahl`cns. Dásrnhlnctndnctn, h`d` ya vld`s, ba hlnchla p`bätlha ea rnhurrlk` nc mrac dnklka a b`s h`chnpt`s, bas tìhclhas y bas

tn`räas kn ba s`hl`b`mäa, ba actr`p`b`mäa y ba pslh`b`mäa.Asä, puns, ns lcnvltagbn qun b`s hlnctäflh`s kn ba p`bätlhalctr`kuzhac nc sus tragaj`s klfnrnctns dìt`k`s, tìhclhas yh`c`hldlnct`s. [ncnd`s, p`r njndpb`, pnrlt`s qun nxadlcac bas dunstras kn v`tactns nc rnbahløc h`c sus prnfnrnchlas p`r tab ` huab hacklkat` a ba Yrnslknchla, nc tact` qun`tr`s `gsnrvac b`s `rmaclsd`s nspnhlablzak`s kn bas Cahl`cns

^clkas nc ahhløc, ` glnc trakuhnc n lctnrprntac bas `grasp`bätlhas kn Darslbl` kn Yakua, y `tr`s acablzac bas `plcl`cns y fabb`s kn b`s ørmac`s kn ba juklhatura. B`s h`c`hldlnct`s qun sn rnqulnrnc y apblhac punknc lr knskn baeaglblkak para h`dprncknr b`s bnmablsd`s kn uc trlgucabeasta ba hapahlkak kn pr`mradar nb acáblsls kn faht`rns ncuca h`dputak`ra.

Apartn kn bas klfnrnchlas nc sus aptltukns y dìt`k`s, b`shlnctäflh`s kn ba p`bätlha tlncnc nc h`dúc hlnrt`s h`dpr`dls`s gáslh`s h`c b`s dìt`k`s ahakìdlh`s. Aucqun b`s "prahtlqunc" kn duy klvnrsas dacnras, nc mncnrab nstác `gblma-

8;



NB HLNC[ÄFLH@ KN BA Y@BÄ[LHA 8>

k`s p`r b`s prlchlpl`s fuckadnctabns knb ndplrlsd`. Nsknhlr: nc day`r ` dnc`r mrak` nstác blmak`s a ba pr`p`-slhløc kn qun nb h`c`hldlnct` kn ba h`ckuhta y bas lcstltu-hl`cns s`hlabns kngn cahnr kn ba nxpnrlnchla, kn ba pnrhnp-hløc sncs`rlab kn b`s enhe`s `hurrlk`s nc nb duck` rnab. Yaranb ndpärlh`, nb h`c`hldlnct` ns uca snrln kn mncnrablzahl`cns gasakas nc ba `gsnrvahløc kn has`s y enhe`s h`chrnt`s.B`s hlnctäflh`s kn ba p`bätlha punknc klfnrlr nc huact` a b`slstndátlhadnctn qun juzmac bas `gsnrvahl`cns y nb rnmlstr`

kn bas dlsdas? pnr`, a pnsar kn nbb`, nstá prnsnctn su ahnptahløc kn b`s dìt`k`s ndpärlh`s.

[ab vnz nxlsta `tra f`rda kn nxprnsar nsta ahnptahløc knbndplrlsd`: b`s pnrlt`s nc hlnchla p`bätlha nstác kn ahunrk`,fuckadnctabdnctn, ahnrha kn b` qun ns ba rnablkak nc nbduck` kn b`s ah`ctnhldlnct`s, asä h`d` ahnrha kn ba dacnra h`d` sn pr`hnkn a knrlvar mncnrablzahl`cns kn tabns

ah`ctnhldlnct`s. H`dpartnc ba knflclhløc kn prunga h`dàqunbb` qun punkn snr `gsnrvak`, y sn dunstrac rnahl`s aahnptar uc "enhe`" sl c` hunctac h`c nb pns` kn ba prunga.Y`r h`cslmulnctn, pr`hurac h`csnmulr b`s lcf`rdns ` k`hudnct`s `rlmlcabns, ` glnc `gsnrvac nb h`dp`rtadlnct`, `lctnrr`mac a `tr`s `gsnrvak`rns. Akndás, prahtlhac b`s rlmur`s`s dìt`k`s knb hlnctäflh` para p`cnr a prunga elpøtnsls

y pr`p`slhl`cns, vablìck`sn kn prungas ndpärlhas. Nc `traspabagras: c` sn fäac kn ba h`ctndpbahløc cl kn ba nxh`ml-tahløc h`d` slstndas para h`c`hnr b` rnbahl`cak` h`c bap`bätlha. Cl tadp`h` knkuhnc nxpblhahløc abmuca kn enhe`sh`chrnt`s, cl ahhl`cns, kn prlchlpl`s mncnrabns ahnrha knaqunbb` qun parnhn "caturab" ` "raz`cagbn", ` "bømlh`".

Xl glnc eay nxhnphl`cns a nstas mncnrablzahl`cns, nb dì

t`k` ndpärlh` slmun slnck` ba sncka dás ldp`rtactn knctr`kn ba hlnchla p`bätlha, y nb nxadnc kn b`s dìt`k`s ndpbnak`sp`r nb pnrlt` nc ba datnrla p`kräa mlrar abrnknk`r kn b`sndpbnak`s p`r ba traklhløc ndpärlha. Nb acáblsls qun vlncn



86 HLNCHLA Y@BÄ[LHA

a h`ctlcuahløc t`hará trns aspnht`s knb tragaj` ahakìdlh`:

b`s dìt`k`s kn qun sn vabnc b`s hlnctäflh`s kn ba p`bätlhapara akqulrlr y knshrlglr b`s kat`s? bas tìhclhas kn qun klsp`cnc para acablzarb`s y ba dacnra h`d` atahac uc pr`gbnda ahakìdlh`.

@G[NCHL@C KN KA[@X

B`s dìt`k`s y tìhclhas ndpbnak`s p`r nb hlnctäflh` kn ba

p`bätlha para `gtncnr kat`s knpncknc kn ba caturabnza knb`s dlsd`s. ^c nstukl` rnbahl`cak` h`c nb slstnda lctnrcahl`cab knb slmb` ULU, ` nb papnb knb maglcntn c`rtnadnrlhac`nc tlndp` kn munrra, tnckräa qun knpncknr prlchlpabdnctnkn b`s k`hudnct`s, rnp`rtajns, rnbat`s pnrs`cabns, h`rrnsp`cknchla, klarl`s, dnd`rlas y arhelv`s `flhlabns qun nb elst`rlak`r sunbn nxadlcar. Nb nstukl` kn ba s`hlablzahløc p`bä

tlha kn b`s clñ`s c`rtnadnrlhac`s nctrn b`s snls y b`s klnzañ`s ns hunstløc duy klfnrnctn. Xøb` dnklactn ba `gsnrvahløc klrnhta, ba hnbngrahløc kn nctrnvlstas y b`s hunstl`carl`snshrlt`s sn p`krác akqulrlr b`s kat`s cnhnsarl`s. Asä, puns.b`s kat`s qun uc` sn pr`p`cn rnuclr s`c b` qun, nc partn,kntnrdlcac b`s dìt`k`s a snmulr para b`mrarb`s. \ punst`qun b`s kat`s qun uca klshlpblca gusha knpncknc nc mrac

dnklka kn sus dntas y kn ba ldamnc qun kn sä dlsda sneaya f`rdak`, v`bvnd`s ab tnda knb fnrdnct` qun `gra ncbas hlnchlas p`bätlhas ahnrha kn bas dntas y tncknchlas kn badlsda.

Nc b`s tìrdlc`s dás adpbl`s, bas eaglblkakns qunuc pnrlt` nc hlnchla p`bätlha p`sna knpncknrác nc mracdnklka kn sus puct`s kn vlsta ahnrha kn ba klshlpblca y knbtragaj` a rnablzar p`r nb pnrlt` nc klhea datnrla.

^ca kn bas dás ldp`rtactns daclfnstahl`cns kn ba cunvahlnchla p`bätlha ea slk` su knsn` kn nxpb`rar cunv`s pr`gbndas. Ea tratak` kn aprncknr dás knb h`dp`rtadlnct`



NB HLNC[LFLH@ KN BA Y@BL[LHA 8=

y kn b`s pr`hns`s p`bätlh`s, ahnrha kn b` huab nxlstnc p`h`skat`s rnmlstrak`s ` pugblhak`s: adpb lar sus h`c`hldlnct`skn b`s bäknrns y sus h`cnxl`cns, kn bas nstruhturas kn p`knrn lcfbunchla, kn bas ahtltukns y prnfnrnchlas p`bätlhas, kn b`spr`hnkldlnct`s snmulk`s nxtra`flhlabdnctn para bbnmar auca knhlsløc. Y`r hlnrt`, mrac partn kn ba hrätlha a ba hlnchlap`bätlha traklhl`cab mlra abrnknk`r kn su snhubar prn`hupahløc p`r bas lcstltuhl`cns p`bätlhas y ba rnbahløc `flhlab yk`hudnctaräa kn sus ahtlvlkakns. Aparnctndnctn, nc `tr`s

tlndp`s, a ba hlnchla p`bätlha bn lctnrnsagac dás b`s kat`sndpbnak`s p`r nb elst`rlak`r qun b`s usak`s p`r `tr`shlnctäflh`s s`hlabns. Nc rnsudnc: h`c frnhunchla nstaga ataka a ba glgbl`tnha. B`s d`knrc`s pnrlt`s nc ba datnrla eactnclk` qun sablr a ba habbn, ab lmuab qun b`s kndás hlnctäflh`s kn bas klshlpblcas kn ba h`ckuhta, a flc kn adpblar suahnrv` kn lcf`rdahløc.

[ab vnz uc njndpb` ayukaräa a eahnr dás hbara nsta nxpacsløc kn b`s kat`s, y kn b`s h`c`hldlnct`s y tìhclhas qunsn rnqulnrnc para rnuclk`s. Nc b`s añ`s trnlcta y huarncta,ba day`r partn kn b`s nstukl`s rnbatlv`s a ba ahtltuk kn b`sv`tactns c`rtnadnrlhac`s knpnckäac kn bas hlfras t`tabns pugblhakas knspuìs kn bas v`tahl`cns, asä h`d` kn b`s kat`sknb hncs`. Nb pnrlt` rnbahl`caga bas varlactns nc b`s kat`s h`

rrnsp`cklnctns a klstrlt`s, hlukakns y h`ckak`s h`c basvarlactns nc `tras harahtnrästlhas kn sus rnspnhtlv`s eagltactns: rnblmløc, clvnb kn nkuhahløc ` lcmrns` pnrs`cab. H`ctabns kat`s nc ba dac`, nb pnrlt` p`käa knshugrlr qun b`sklstrlt`s kn gaj`s lcmrns`s v`tagac p`r b`s hacklkat`s kndøhratas, ` qun b`s h`ckak`s pr`tnstactns prnfnräac a b`s rnpugblhac`s. Xlc ndgarm`, tabns acáblsls tncäac sus bldltahl`cns:

c` rns`bväac ba hunstløc kn hød` bbnmagac b`s lcklvlku`s auca knhlsløc, cl p`r quì knhlkäac ahtuar kn tab ` huab dacnra. Akndás, tragajagac a gasn kn mrackns amrnmak`s,, y søb`p`käac nstagbnhnr rnbahl`cns para mrackns mrup`s kn v`tactns.



85 HLNCH LA Y@ BÄ[ LH A

Ba prnhlsløc rnsubtaga vlrtuabdnctn ldp`slgbn nc nstn tlp`kn acáblsls.

Nc b`s úbtld`s vnlctn añ`s, b`s pnrlt`s eac ak`ptak` nbnxadnc kn dunstras kn v`tactns, para b` huab sn nctrnvlstavarlas vnhns a kntnrdlcakas pnrs`cas nc nb hurs` kn ucahadpaña, y uca vnz dás ab tnrdlcar ìsta. [abns nctrnvlstasc` søb` slrvnc para kntnrdlcar sus harahtnrästlhas p`bätlhash`chrntas, slc` tadglìc sus ahtltukns y h`chnpt`s p`bätlh`s,sus prnfnrnchlas nc puct` a partlk`s y a hacklkat`s, sus

functns kn lcf`rdahløc y nb pr`hns` qun slmunc sus knhlsl`cns p`bätlhas. Xl sn ea p`klk` rnuclr nsta hbasn kn kat`srnbatlv`s a bas v`tahl`cns, nbb` sn kngn nxhbuslvadnctn a qunb`s pnrlt`s nc hlnchla p`bätlha eac punst` nc práhtlha cunvas tìhclhas kn dunstrn` kn ba p`gbahløc v`tactn (uc` kn b`sdás rnputak`s nstukl`s kn nstn tlp`, qun agarha ba t`tablkakknb nbnht`rak` c`rtnadnrlhac`, ndpbna uca dunstra kn dn

c`s kn k`s dlb pnrs`cas), asä h`d` bas kn hunstl`carl`s yacáblsls y tagubahløc kn bas rnspunstas. Y`r tact`, mrahlas anst`s cunv`s lcstrudnct`s ahakìdlh`s nb hlnctäflh` c`rtnadnrlhac` kn ba p`bätlha ea p`klk` kar rnspunsta a duheas yknsh`chnrtactns prnmuctas ahnrha knb nbnht`r c`rtnadnrlhac`.1

A pnsar knb akvncldlnct` knb gneavl`rlsd, b`s traklhl`ca

bns datnrlabns y tìhclhas kn glgbl`tnha slmunc slnck` lcklspncsagbns para nb pnrlt` nc hlnchla p`bätlha. Knpnckn, ncmrac dnklka, kn ba tracshrlphløc bltnrab kn b`s kngatns bnmlsbatlv`s, kn bas ahtas kn bas h`dlsl`cns, kn bas blstas kn v`ta-

1 Nb dás actlmu` y täplh` acáblsls kn bas hlfras t`tabns arr`jakasp`r bas v`tahl`cns, sn nchunctra nc ba `gra kn Arteur C. E`bh`dgn,

Cnw Yarty Y`blcns (Cunva \`ro: ]. ]. C`rt`c & H`dpacy,

Lch., 1<88). Yara njndpb`s kn nstukl`s dás d`knrc`s, gasak`s ncnb dunstrn` kn kat`s, vìasn, kn Gnrcark Gnrnbs`c y h`bag`rak`rns,V`tlcm (Helham`: ^clvnrslty `f Helham` Yrnss, 1<>;) y [en Adnrlhac V`tnr, kn Acmus Hadpgnbb y h`bag`rak`rns. (Cunva \`ro:Jèc ]lbny & X`cs, Lch., 1<69).



NB HLNC[ÄFLH@ KN BA Y@BÄ[LHA 8<

hløc y kn bas bnyns apr`gakas p`r b`s hunrp`s bnmlsbatlv`s.^tlblza b`s klshurs`s, lcf`rdns y knhbarahl`cns knb Yrnslknctn

y kn b`s fuchl`carl`s knb M`glnrc`, ya sn tratn kn k`hudnct`s `flhlabns, h`d` nb Lcf`rdn Acuab s`grn nb, nstak` kn ba^cløc, ` b`s h`dnctarl`s nxtra`flhlabns enhe`s kuractn ucah`cfnrnchla kn prncsa. Cnhnslta b`s lcf`rdns, ahtas y k`hudnct`s kn bas Cahl`cns ^clkas y `rmaclsd`s sugslklarl`s, asäh`d` b`s t`tabns kn bas v`tahl`cns, hncs`s y k`hudnct`s`flhlabns kn b`s prlchlpabns m`glnrc`s. Yara duhe`s kn sus

nstukl`s ‛b`s p`knrns knb prldnr dlclstr` kn ba Mrac Grntaña knctr` kn su maglcntn, ` hød` sn knhlkn nb Yrnslknctna prnstar ayuka a uc, ablak` vähtlda kn uca lcvasløc, p`rnjndpb`‛ kngnrá fuckarsn nc functns dás blgrns y partlhubarns: dnd`rlas, klarl`s, hartas, k`hudnct`s pnrs`cabns, dnd`rack`s, lcf`rdns pnrl`kästlh`s. Qulncns nstuklac nb knsarr`bb` kn bas lknas p`bätlhas punknc rnd`ctarsn a b`s

dacushrlt`s kn b`s mrackns pncsak`rns kn b` pasak`, parab` huab kngnrác tncnr b`s h`c`hldlnct`s knb trakuht`r y knbhabämraf`.

Ns pr`gagbn qun nb hlnctäflh` kn ba p`bätlha fadlblarlzak`h`c bas h`dputak`ras y ba nctrnvlsta klrnhta nchunctrn uctact` d`cøt`c` y actlhuak` nb tragaj` qun sn rnablza nc baglgbl`tnha. \, slc ndgarm`, c` ns tarna fáhlb k`dlcar nb

h`cjuct` kn lcstrudnct`s glgbl`mráflh`s qun sn rnqulnrnc.Xl glnc ns vnrkak qun nb pnrlt` nc hlnchla p`bätlha c` klflnrnday`rdnctn kn b`s rnstactns e`dgrns kn hlnchla nc nb us`qun eahn kn ba glgbl`tnha, nxlstn uca snrln kn lcstrudnct`sglgbl`mráflh`s qun s`c kn partlhubar utlblkak para su tragaj`.Yr`gagbndnctn c` s`c duheas bas klshlpblcas hlnctäflhas qunh`cslknrnc tac útlbns b`s h`dpbntäsld`s äcklhns knb [ldns,kn Cunva \`ro? cl eagrá duheas `tras klshlpblcas qun knpnckac nc tac mrac dnklka kn bas blstas kn blgr`s y pugblhahl`cns pnrløklhas qun p`r äcklhn kn datnrlas aparnhnc ncb`s v`búdncns acuabns knb "Yugblh Affalrs Lcf`rdatl`c Xnr-



;9 HLNCHLA Y@BÄ[LHA

vlhn". Hlnrtadnctn, clcmuca `tra hlnchla punkn sahar tact`pr`vnhe` kn b`s `gshur`s bagnrlct`s knb arhelv` kn k`hudnc

t`s knb M`glnrc` c`rtnadnrlhac`? kn enhe`, s`c tact`s b`sh`c`hldlnct`s qun sn rnqulnrnc, qun ba day`räa kn b`s pnrlt`s nc hlnchla p`bätlha `ptac p`r rnhurrlr a b`s gunc`s `flhl`skn uc gunc glgbl`tnharl` nspnhlablzak` nc k`hudnct`s, sl nsqun su glgbl`tnha tlncn ba sunrtn kn h`ctar h`c abmuc`.

Nb k`dlcl` kn ba glgbl`tnha y kn sus datnrlabns c` søbàyuka a ba lcvnstlmahløc, slc` qun lchbuslvn punkn kar a nsta

bag`r ba nd`hløc kn ba haza. Y`r supunst`, nb snhrnt` h`cslstnnc sagnr quì kat`s h`ctlncn uca glgbl`tnha y huáb ns badacnra dás snchlbba kn nxpb`tarb`s. Qulnc h`c`zha basenrradlnctas aknhuakas c` tnckrá klflhubtak nc nch`ctrarlcf`rdahløc kn b`s has`s nc qun ba H`rtn Xuprnda ea lctnrprntak` ba Bny [aft-Eartbny kn 1<;= s`grn rnbahl`cns `grnr`-patr`cabns. Qulnc c` ba h`c`zha, jadás kará h`c nbba,

dás qun caka p`rqun c` sagrá qun nxlstn. Nc nb tragaj` knglgbl`tnha, ab lmuab qun h`c bas h`dputak`ras, b` nsnchlabns sagnr "b` qun punkn eahnrsn" h`c nbbas. Nb p`knr ` c`p`knr eahnrb` uc` dlsd` ns abm` snhuckarl`.

Ba glgbl`tnha knsndpnña uc papnb ldp`rtactn, lchbuslvnnc nb has` knb pnrlt` ah`studgrak` a `gtncnr sus kat`s 0 t`tab` parhlabdnctn, s`grn nb tnrrnc`. Ns nc ba glgbl`tnha k`cknkngnrá gushar bltnratura rnbahl`caka h`c su klshlpblca, k`ckn kngnrá gushar b` qun `tr`s eac knshuglnrt` actns qun ìb.Clcmúc nruklt` ` lcvnstlmak`r punkn knshugrlrb` t`k` kncunv` p`r sä s`b`, n lchbuslvn nc su pr`pl` hadp` kn lcvnstlmahløc kngnrá snr hapaz kn apr`vnhear b`s tragaj`s ajnc`s.sl ns qun ba hlnchla p`bätlha ea kn snr uc hunrp` ahudubatlv`kn h`c`hldlnct`s h`dparak`s nc datnrla kn p`bätlha. Eav`tr` tlp` kn h`ctrlguhløc ahakìdlha knctr` kn bas hlnchlas

p`bätlhas, qun knpnckn kn b`s tragaj`s kn `tr`s nruklt`s: bas`gras tnørlhas h`dpbndnctarlas. Xn trata kn `gras qunrnúcnc b`s knshugrldlnct`s rnablzak`s p`r b`s kndás, sahac



NB HLNC[ÄFLH@ KN BA Y@BÄ[LHA ;1

mncnrablzahl`cns ahnrha kn nbb`s, bns kac `rknc y slmclflhak`.

Y`r njndpb`: nc [en M`vnrcdnctab Yr`hnss7 Kavlk [ru-dac rnhurrlø a b`s nshrlt`s kn cudnr`s`s pnrlt`s nc p`bätlha

c`rtnadnrlhaca, b`s sltuø knctr` knb darh` kn uca tn`räa

kn mrup` kn ba p`bätlha y pr`kuj` uc acáblsls slstndátlh` y

pnrsplhaz knb slstnda p`bätlh` c`rtnadnrlhac`. Ba ap`rta

hløc kn nstn aut`r h`cslstlø nc pr`p`rhl`car uc darh` kn

rnfnrnchla `rmaclzak` y nxpblhatlv`.

A pnsar kn snmulr knpncklnck` nc tac mrac dnklka knba glgbl`tnha y kn b`s dìt`k`s traklhl`cabns, nb pnrlt` nc

hlnchla p`bätlha rnablza s`grn nb tnrrnc` partn hrnhlnctn kn

su bag`r. [ab vnz nctrnvlstn a partählpns u `gsnrvak`rns

knb slstnda p`bätlh`, para apr`vnhear asä ba lcf`rdahløc

klrnhta qun punknc pr`p`rhl`carbn? ` punkn, p`r njndpb`,

lctnrr`mar a b`s fuchl`carl`s kn uc `rmaclsd` amräh`ba s`grn

nb dìt`k` qun slmunc para knhlklr sus dntas y táhtlhas p`bätlhas. [adglìc punkn h`dglcar bas nctrnvlstas h`c sus pr`

plas `gsnrvahl`cns? ab nstuklar uc partlk` p`bätlh`, ahuklrá

a bas snsl`cns, høchbavns y h`cvnchl`cns, `gsnrvará sus had

pacas, nstará ab tact` kn bas trlgubahl`cns p`r qun pasa para

rnuclr f`ck`s. @ glnc punkn partlhlpar ahtlvadnctn nc b`s

mrup`s y pr`hns`s qun knsna nstuklar? tragajar h`d` fuchl`

carl` knb partlk`, prnsnctar su hacklkatura para h`chnjab

` tragajar h`d` auxlblar akdlclstratlv` kn abmúc m`gnrca

k`r ` h`cmrnslsta. Akndás, su tragaj` s`grn nb tnrrnc` punkn

agarhar dás kn uca kn nstas f`rdas, asä h`d` h`dglcarb`

h`c ba lcvnstlmahløc traklhl`cab.

Ynr` sl nb `gjnt` kn su nstukl` ns nb e`dgrn p`bätlh` t`da

k` lcklvlkuabdnctn, ` pnqunñ`s mrup`s kn e`dgrns p`bätl

h`s, tab vnz su tragaj` tncma qun snr dás slstndátlh`. Huac

k` sn nctrnvlsta a lcklvlku`s para `gtncnr kat`s ahnrha knnbb`s dlsd`s, dás qun ahnrha kn `tras pnrs`cas, ns knhlr,

7 Cunva \`ro: Abfrnk A. Oc`pf, Lch., 1<>1.




huack` sn bns trata h`d` sujnt`s y c` h`d` lcf`rdak`rns, sus

bag`r kngnrá h`cslstlr nc nctrnvlstar a t`k` nb duck` (p`rnjndpb`, ba t`tablkak knb nbnht`rak` c`rtnadnrlhac`? ` t`k`sb`s dlndgr`s kn tab ` huab slcklhat`), ` nc agarhar ucadunstra rnprnsnctatlva. Nct`chns, p`r dnkl` kn prnmuctashulkak`sadnctn prnparakas, nb lcvnstlmak`r knshugrlrá b`sactnhnknctns knb nctrnvlstak` y sus harahtnrästlhas s`hlabns,sus vab`rns p`bätlh`s, sus aht ltukns eahla bas hunstl`cns kn

haráhtnr púgblh` y bas knhlsl`cns qun, nc su `plcløc, ak`pta-räa nc kntnrdlcakas hlrhucstachlas. Nst`s dìt`k`s kn duns-trn` sn eac ndpbnak` duy frnhunctndnctn para ae`ckar ncba h`chlnchla p`bätlha kn b`s v`tactns, pnr` punknc apblharsntadglìc pa ra pr`gar ba h`chlnchla p`bätlha kn b`s clñ`s, b`ssnctldlnct`s cahl`cablstas kn b`s pungb`s qun eagltac basrnml`cns nc pr`hns` kn knsarr`bb` ` nb h`chnpt` qun kn supunst` y kn sus rnsp`csaglblkakns tlncnc b`s fuchl`carl`smugnrcadnctabns.

B`s hlnctäflh`s kn ba p`bätlha slmunc aflcack` sus dìt`k`skn duheas f`rdas. Y`r njndpb`: sn vlncnc nsf`rzack` hakavnz dás nc knshrlglr sus kat`s kn dacnra dás prnhlsa.Duheas vnhns, nst` slmclflha bldltarsn a knhlr "57.8 p`rhlnct` knb tlndp`", nc vnz kn ndpbnar tìrdlc`s h`d` "mn-cnrabdnctn" ` "ba day`r partn knb tlndp`". H`c frnhunc-hla, slc ndgarm`, nbb` ldpblha ba nbag`rahløc kn h`dpblhakasnshabas n äcklhns. Nc snmuck` bumar, eac tratak` kn rnflcarbas hatnm`räas y b`s h`chnpt`s ‛bas uclkakns kn dnklka‛ knqun sn vabnc para akqulrlr kat`s. B`s hlnctäflh`s kn ba p`bä-tlha eac pr`hurak` aflcar h`chnpt`s tabns h`d` nb p`knr, kntab d`k` qun sn punkac dnklr: nb pr`gbnda h`cslstn nckntnrdlcar nb p`knr kn A s`grn G nc kntnrdlcaka sltua

hløc. Y`r úbtld`, ab pr`snmulr h`c ba h`dplbahløc kn kat`s,abmuc`s kn nst`s pnrlt`s eac pncntrak` nc cunv`s hadp`s,nc gusha kn lcf`rdahløc qun bns sna kn utlblkak. B`s eayqun eac lclhlak` nxpnrldnct`s h`ctr`bak`s, nstuklack`, p`r



NB HLNC[ÄFLH@ KN BA Y@BÄ[LHA ;8

njndpb`, b`s dìt`k`s knd`hrátlh`s snmulk`s p`r uc pnqunñ`mrup` nc uca sltuahløc nstruhturaka, hrnaka y `gsnrvaka

p`r nb hlnctäflh`, para bbnmar ab h`csncs` mncnrab. @tr`s eacndpnzak` a vabnrsn kn ba "sldubahløc": ba rnh`cstruhhløckn sltuahl`cns rnabns nc bas qun ea slk` cnhnsarl` ak`ptaruca knhlsløc. Nstuklactns ` akubt`s punknc rnprnsnctar nbpapnb kn cahl`cns knctr` knb slstnda lctnrcahl`cab, p`rnjndpb`, nc ba nspnracza kn qun sus rnahhl`cns y knhlsl`cnsknctr` kn nsa sltuahløc sldubaka arr`jnc abmuca buz s`grn

nb h`dp`rtadlnct` kn bas cahl`cns y kn b`s e`dgrns qunmuäac b`s knstlc`s lctnrcahl`cabns.8

Nc b` futur` kngnrác qunkar rnsunbt`s abmuc`s `tr`s pr`gbndas rnbahl`cak`s h`c ba h`dplbahløc kn kat`s. Ba pámlcaldprnsa y ba glgbl`tnha eac slk`, p`r traklhløcS knp`sltarl`skn kat`s y h`c`hldlnct`s para b`s lcvnstlmak`rns. Nc baglgbl`tnha nstác asnmurak`s ba ahudubahløc, nb lctnrhadgl`y ba fáhlb klsp`clglblkak kn lcf`rdahløc gáslha. Xlc ndgarm`, ns haka vnz day`r nb v`budnc kn kat`s rnbahl`cak`s h`cnsta klshlpblca qun c` sn nxp`cnc, pugblhac cl ahudubacslstndátlhadnctn. Yunkn snr qun uc pnrlt` p`sna lcf`rdahløc kn b`s actnhnknctns kn b`s bnmlsbak`rns kn su nstak`, yqun `tr` hunctn h`c kat`s rnbatlv`s a nctrnvlstas hnbngrakash`c bäknrns slcklhabns lck`cnsl`s. °Hød`, puns, p`cnr nst`skat`s a klsp`slhløc kn `tr`s lcvnstlmak`rns0 Nsf`rzáck`sn

p`r rns`bvnr nb pr`gbnda, nb "Xurvny Wnsnarhe Hnctnr", knba ^clvnrslkak kn Dlhelmac, ea fuckak` uca nspnhln kn hádara lctnruclvnrsltarla kn h`dpncsahløc, c` søb` para b`skat`s `gtnclk`s nc sus pr`plas lcvnstlmahl`cns rnbatlvas a bat`tablkak knb nbnht`rak` c`rtnadnrlhac`, slc` tadglìc para`tr`s nstukl`s n lcf`rdahl`cns. Ae`ra, huabqulnra kn b`s lc-

8 Bas p`slglblkakns kn nstädub` nc bas hlnchlas s`hlabns s`c nxpb`rakas p`r Ear`bk Muntzo`w y h`bag`rak`rns nc Xldubatl`c lc Lctnrcatl`cab Wnbatl`cs: Knvnb`pdncts f`r Wnsnarhe ack [nahelcm(Ncmbnw``k Hblffs, C. J.: Yrnctlhn-Eabb, Lch., 1<68).



;; HLNCHLA Y@BÄ[LHA

vnstlmak`rns qun tragajac nc bas lcstltuhl`cns dlndgr`skn klhea hádara kn h`dpncsahløc punkn nshrlglr ab Hnctr`.

y nc tarjntas LGD rnhlglrá b`s prlchlpabns kat`s rnbatlv`s auc nstukl` rnablzak` hlch` añ`s atrás, a trns dlb olbødntr`s.` dás, kn klstachla.

Asä } puns, bas hlnchlas p`bätlhas agarhac uca nxtncsa madakn h`c`hldlnct`s y dìt`k`s para ba h`dplbahløc, b` gastactnnxtncsa h`d` para abhaczar uca snrln kn partlhubarlkaknsqun vac knskn bas ahtltukns p`bätlhas kn b`s tragajak`rns juglbak`s easta ba nstratnmla qun rlmn nb ndpbn` kn bas ardascuhbnarns h`d` dnkl` kn klsuasløc. \ b`s pnrlt`s sn pnrhatac, nc dnklka hrnhlnctn, kn b` klfählb qun ns `gtncnr tabnskat`s.

H`c frnhunchla, sn trata kn lcf`rdahløc h`dpbnja:tac h`dpbnja h`d` ba justlflhahløc raz`caka kn uc klrlmnctn p`bätlh`. Nc `tras `hasl`cns, s`c nsqulv`s ` lcasnqulgbns:tac lcasnqulgbns h`d` b`s kngatns kn b`s damlstrak`s kn baH`rtn Xuprnda. A vnhns, ns ldp`slgbn h`ctr`barb`s ` rnpntlrb`s: cakln, p`r njndpb`, rnh`cstruyn ucas nbnhhl`cns mncnrabns hnbngrakas nc ba Mrac Grntaña h`c `gjnt` kn dactncnr uc faht`r h`cstactn? y frnhunctndnctn b`s kat`s nstácblmak`s ab nctuslasd` y a b`s snctldlnct`s knb nruklt` qunb`s rnúcn, puns b`s pnrlt`s nc hlnchla p`bätlha s`c e`dgrnsh`cshlnctns kn su ìp`ha y kn ba s`hlnkak, y sncslgbns a sus

pr`gbndas y sltuahl`cns.

ACABLXLX KN B@X KA[@X

Knspuìs kn rnuclk`s b`s kat`s, sn pr`hnkn a acablzarb`s. Xlba lcvnstlmahløc qun rnablza nb hlnctäflh` kn ba p`bätlha easlk` glnc pbacnaka, eagrá f`rdubak` bas prnmuctas qun sn

pr`p`cn pbactnar, bas rnbahl`cns qun sn pr`p`cn knd`strar.C` sn bldlta a dac`snar sus kat`s slc uc pr`pøslt` knflclk`,søb` para vnr quì rnsubta, aucqun ns uc enhe` pr`gak` qun



NB HLNC[ÄFLH@ KN BA Y@BÄ[LHA ;>

t`k` pnrlt` ea vlst` surmlr rnbahl`cns lcnspnrakas nc nb hurs`kn su tragaj`.

Gáslhadnctn, ba dnta qun pnrslmun ba hlnchla p`bätlha nsba nxp`slhløc kn mncnrablzahl`cns y tn`räas ahnrha knb h`dp`rtadlnct` p`bätlh`, asä h`d` kn b`s slstndas p`bätlh`s.Kak` qun eahn p`h` tlndp` qun ndpnzø a adpblarsn suh`c`hldlnct` kn b` p`bätlh`, ba hlnchla p`bätlha nstá t`kaväaf`rduback` sus mncnrablzahl`cns knshrlptlvas. Qulncns prahtlhac nsta hlnchla c` sagnc duhe` ahnrha knb dacnj` kn b`sslstndas p`bätlh`s kn Áfrlha, ` kn Asla, ` kn ba Adìrlha knb

Xur. X`c duy lch`dpbnt`s sus h`c`hldlnct`s ahnrha kn basaut`rlkakns c`rtnadnrlhacas. Y`r njndpb`: h`c nxhnphløckn ba H`rtn Xuprnda, ns duy p`h` b` qun sn ea nshrltàhnrha knb fuchl`cadlnct` y papnb kn b`s trlgucabns c`rtnadnrlhac`s. Ba tarna kn nsta ntapa knshrlptlva ns rnsp`cknra b`s "hød`", lknctlflhar b`s slstndas y pr`hnkldlnct`s qunrlmnc nb fuchl`cadlnct` kn b`s slstndas p`bätlh`s.

Kn nstn lctnct` kn mncnrablzahløc knshrlptlva a ba knd`strahløc kn rnbahl`cns, eay uc trnhe` grnväsld`: nb pas` knb"hød`" ab "p`r quì". [ac pr`ct` h`d` bas mncnrablzahl`cns knshrlptlvas ndplnzac a p`cnr kn daclflnst` bas varlahl`cns, gushad`s varlahl`cns nc `tr`s faht`rns rnbahl`cak`sh`c aqunbb`s qun tncnd`s nc ba dac`. B`s pnrlt`s pnrhlgncba lcnstaglblkak knb maglcntn nc kntnrdlcak`s slstndas par

badnctarl`s, h`d` b`s kn ba [nrhnra y Huarta Wnpúgblhas ncFrachla? nc `tr`s, `gsnrvac uca nstaglblkak ldprnsl`cactn:nc hasl snsncta añ`s c` ea `hurrlk` nc ba Mrac Grntaña bahaäka kn uc maglcntn p`r fabta kn uc v`t` kn h`cflacza.Nsta klfnrnchla nxlmn uca nxpblhahløc: b`s hlnctäflh`s kn bap`bätlha eac `gsnrvak` varlahl`cns parabnbas nc b`s slstndaskn partlk`s? nb slstnda frachìs kn partlk`s dúbtlpbns y nb kn

k`s partlk`s qun nxlstn nc ba Mrac Grntaña. Bas varlahl`cnsh`ch`dltactns snñabac hlnrta rnbahløc, y ba pr`gaglblkak knklhea rnbahløc sn vn ahnctuaka knglk` a qun b`s lcvnstlma-




k`rns punknc vnr nb dnhaclsd` hausab: bas dacnras h`dùc slstnda dubtlpartlklsta pr`kuhn hàblhl`cns lcnstagbns ncba f`rdahløc knb maglcntn? y ab pnrhatarsn kn klhea rnbahløc,pasac knb acáblsls knb "hød`" rnbatlv` ab M`glnrc` kn maglcntn, ab h`rrnsp`cklnctn "p`r quì".

Nc su avachn eahla nstas tn`räas y mncnrablzahl`cns, nb pnrlt` nc hlnchla p`bätlha knpnckn nc úbtlda lcstachla, h`d`t`k`s b`s hlnctäflh`s s`hlabns, kn abm` duy hnrhac` a ba lctulhløc ` "vlsløc". @gsnrva kntnrdlcak`s suhns`s ` ahhl`cns, ynchunctra qun nctrn nbb`s eay hlnrtas rnbahl`cns qun tlncnc

abm` nc h`dúc. Kn su `gsnrvahløc kn enhe`s h`chrnt`s kngnrá knkuhlr prlchlpl`s mncnrabns ` rnbahl`cns fuckadnctabns. C` rnsubta fáhlb knflclr b`s h`c`hldlnct`s y eaglblkaknsqun kngn p`snnr para pnrhlglr h`cjuct`s, pautas y rnbahl`cns,pnr` c` nstác duy bnj`s kn ba nsnchla knb tabnct` hrnak`r. Xlcndgarm`S c` ns uc pr`hns` kn lknas qun sn knsarr`bbnc knctr` kn uc vahä` lctnbnhtuab. B`s h`c`hldlnct`s ya akqulrlk`s

y bas lcvnstlmahl`cns rnablzakas h`c actnrl`rlkak pr`p`rhl`cac lcklhl`s kn p`slgbns rnbahl`cns. Ba lctulhløc, ba pnrhnphløc kn bas rnbahl`cns, kn bas hausas kn ba lcnstaglblkak knuc maglcntn, ndnrmnc h`c fáhlb bømlha knb h`c`hldlnct` knbM`glnrc` kn maglcntn tact` h`d` knb qun sn tncma kn b`spartlk`s p`bätlh`s.

Nc dnklka hrnhlnctn, knskn qun sn lclhlara su tncknchla

kn h`dp`rtadlnct`, ba hlnchla p`bätlha c`rtnadnrlhaca snlctnrnsa p`r pnrhlglr y nxprnsar nstas rnbahl`cns kn dacnradás prnhlsa. Y`r njndpb`: ba rnbahløc punkn nxprnsarsn snchlbbadnctn nc uc huakr` kn hlfras kn p`rhnctajns:



NB HLNC[ÄFLH@ KN BA Y@BÄ[LHA ;=

Nc nstn huakr` aprnhlad`s h`c hbarlkak dnrlklaca ba rnbahløc nxlstnctn nctrn nb clvnb kn b`s lcmrns`s y nb partlk`

prnfnrlk` p`r b`s v`tactns? y nstá lmuabdnctn hbar` qun klhearnbahløc c` nxlstlräa sl bas hlfras h`ctnclkas nc bas huatr`p`rhl`cns knb huakr` funrac kn ;> a >>%. Xlc ndgarm`,nxlstnc dnklkas dás nxahtas qun nb huakr` kn p`rhnctajnspara hablgrar klhea rnbahløc. Nb h`nflhlnctn kn h`rrnbahløcc`s pnrdltn rnbahl`car ba varlahløc kn uc mrup` kn kat`s(para snmulr h`c nb dlsd` njndpb`, nb lcmrns` pnrs`cab nc

b`s klstlct`s klstrlt`s) h`c bas varlactns kn `tr` mrup` (nbp`rhnctajn kn v`t`s glpartlklstas `gtnclk`s p`r haka uc`kn b`s partlk`s). Nstn slstnda tlncn cudnr`sas vnctajas s`grnnb huakr` kn p`rhnctajns: punkn dnklr varlactns dás sutlbnsy punkn vabnrsn kn kat`s prnhls`s nc vnz kn ndpbnar bashatnm`räas dás mncnrabns qun sn rnqulnrnc para nb huakr`.Akndás, ba rnbahløc punkn nxprnsarsn kn dacnra dás nxahtadnklactn uca h`ctlcua qun va knskn + 1.9 (h`rrnbahløc p`sltlva pnrfnhta), pasack` p`r 9 (h`rrnbahløc lcnxlstnctn),easta ‛1.9 (h`rrnbahløc lcvnrsa pnrfnhta). Akndás kn nstadnklka kn h`rrnbatlvlkak, nb pnrlt` nc hlnchla p`bätlha punknndpnzar a dnklr varlahl`cns qun ldpblqunc dás kn ucavarlagbn, vablìck`sn kn klvnrsas hbasns kn tìhclhas kn h`rrnbahløc dúbtlpbn.;

Wnhlnctndnctn sn ea lctr`kuhlk` nc ba hlnchla p`bätlhauca cunva tìhclha kn acáblsls: nb ajustn kn bas ahtltuknssnmúc nshaba, pnrfnhhl`cak` p`r b`s s`hl`-pslhøb`m`s kuractnba snmucka Munrra Ducklab. B`s pnrlt`s nc hlnchla p`bätlhaknshugrlnr`c su utlblkak nc bas kìhakas knb hlchuncta y knb

; B`s hlnctäflh`s kn ba p`bätlha nchunctrac kn utlblkak nb `púshub` kn V. @. Ony s`grn dnklkas nstakästlhas uclf`rdns, A Yrldnr `fXtatlstlhs f`r Y`bltlhab Xhlnctlsts

(Cunva \`ro: [e n Hr`wnbb-H`bblnrYugblselcm H`.8 1<>;). ^c nxhnbnctn y dás h`dpbnt` tratak` knbas tìhclhas knb acáblsls nstakästlh` s`hlab punkn nch`ctrarsn nc ba`gra kn Eugnrt Gbab`ho, X`hlab Xtatlstlhs, qun ns dls adpbla. (Cunva \`ro: DhMraw-Elbb G`ò H`., 1<69.)




snsncta. M`d` tìhclha, h`cslstn nc uc lctnct` kn `rkncarbas ahtltukns lcklvlkuabns kn ahunrk` h`c su lctncslkak. En

aquä uc njndpb` qun punkn ayukarc`s a h`dprncknrba:gáslhadnctn, nb ajustn snmúc nshaba ahtúa nc nb supunst`kn qun e`dgrns h`cshlnctns knb h`ctnxt` y h`csnhunchlas knbas klstlctas ahtltukns rnahhl`carác kn hlnrta dacnra a kntnrdlcakas asnvnrahl`cns ahnrha kn uc tnda. [`dack`h`d` njndpb` bas ahtltukns eahla b`s slcklhat`s `grnr`s,hagräa nspnrar qun bas rnspunstas slmulnrac nst`s patr`cns:

1. [`k`s b`s slcklhat`s kngnrácsnr pr`shrlt`s.

7. Kngnc pr`shrlglrsn b`s slcklhat`s kn fuchl`carl`s púgbl

h`s.8. Kngnräac pr`shrlglrsn kntnr

dlcak`s tlp`s kn eunbmas.

Yatrøc1

sä

säsä

Yatrøc7

c`

sl

sä

Yatrøc8

c`

c`

sä

Yatrøc;

c`

c`

c`

Nc `tras pa bagras : c` sn punkn nspnrar qu n abmulnc nstìkn ahunrk` h`c ba prldnra asnvnrahløc y nc knsahunrk` h`cbas slmulnctns. C` hagn nspnrar rnspunstas qun slmac patr`

cns sä-c`-c`, sä-c`-sä, c`-sä-c`. Xl bas hunstl`cns rnbahl`cakash`c kntnrdlcaka ahtltuk punknc `rkncarsn asä (nc nb njndpb` actnr l`r , nc nb `rknc kn 1, 7 y 8) para b`mrar uc pat røcnshab`cak` kn rnspunstas h`d` nb qun vnd`s nc nb njndpb`prnhnknctn, snrác "ajustagbns". Ns knhlr: punknc `rkncarsnsnmúc nb mrak` kn lctncslkak kn bas rnahhl`cns p`r nbbaspr`kuhlkas.

B`s hlnctäflh`s kn ba p`bätlha eac apblhak` nsta tìhclha abacáblsls kn b`s v`t`s y knhlsl`cns kn bnmlsbak`rns y junhns, asäh`d` a bas ahtltukns kn nbnht`rns y hlukakac`s. A flc kn



NB HLNC[ÄFLH@ KN BA Y@BÄ[LHA ;<

apblharba a b`s bnmlsbak`rns, kngnrá karsn p`r asnctak` qunsus v`t`s nc pr` ` nc h`ctra kn abmuca bny h`cstltuync rns

punstas cnmatlvas ` aflrdatlvas a knhbarahl`cns knstlcakasa dnklr ba ahtltuk. Yr`slmulnck` h`c nb njndpb` actnrl`r, c`s`huparnd`s kn b`s pr`ynht`s kn bny (` ncdlnckas a b`s pr`ynht`s kn bny qun sn prnsnctac ab H`cmrns` nc rnbahløc h`chunstl`cns bag`rabns? bunm` `rkncarnd`s bas rnspunstas knb`s parbadnctarl`s kn ahunrk` h`c hlnrt` cúdnr` kn pr`punstas bnmlsbatlvas. A flc kn b`mrar nb patrøc `rkncak` kn

ba nshaba ‛nc nb supunst` kn qun b`s rncmb`cns punknc snrajustak`s a nshaba‛, b`s rncmb`cns kn adg`s njns kngnrácgarajarsn y `rkncarsn kn cunv`. Nb rnsubtak` flcab kn ba nshaba klrá duheas h`sas ab pnrlt` nc hlnchla p`bätlha.

V`tahløc kn bnmlsbak`rns nc rnbahløc h`c pr`ynht`s kn bny

Yr`ynht`

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Nstn acáblsls `rknca bas aht ltukns (pr`ynht`s kn bny partlnck` kn aqunbb`s qun b`mrar`c ba day`r ucacldlkak aaqunbb`s nc qun sn bbnmø ab dáxld` knsahunrk`. [adglìc`rknca a b`s bnmlsbak`rns kn ahunrk` h`c su p`slhløc rnbatlva nc nsta nshaba kn ahtltukns? klhea `rkncahløc punkn

snrvlr tadglìc para lknctlflhar mrup`s kn bnmlsbak`rns qundunstrac lkìctlha ahtltuk eahla bas klstlctas hunstl`cns. Kak`qun ns duy rar` b`mrar uca nshaba pnrfnhta, snrvlrá para



>9 HLNCHLA Y@BÄ[LHA

lknctlflhar a aqunbb`s bnmlsbak`rns huy`s v`t`s c` nchajacknctr` knb patrøc? bunm`, nb pnrlt` p`krá nxadlcar bas ra

z`cns kn qun sus v`t`s rnsubtnc lch`cmrunctns. Y`r úbtld`,ba lcf`rdahløc `gtnclka h`c nsta nshaba p`krá ndpbnarsn ncacáblsls slmulnctns. Y`r njndpb`: sn p`kräa rnbahl`car basklfnrnchlas kn `plcløc kn b`s bnmlsbak`rns, patnctns nc nstanshaba, h`c bas klfnrnchlas kn partlk`, kn b`s dármncns knv`tahløc h`c qun sablnr`c nbnmlk`s ` kn ba h`dp`slhløckn sus klstrlt`s.>

Y`r supunst`, nxlstnc duheas `tras tìhclhas y dìt`k`sacabätlh`s a klsp`slhløc knb hlnctäflh` k`tak` kn ldamlcahløc. Abmuc`s sn vabnc kn kat`s ndpärlh`s? pnr`, knglk` aba traklhløc flb`søflha kn nsta klshlpblca, eay `tr`s qun c`b` eahnc asä. Y`r njndpb`: hlnrtas f`rdas kn acáblsls flb`søflh` s`dntnräac bas lknas kn uc e`dgrn ` kn uc d`vldlnctà bas prungas dás kuras y rlmur`sas kn su bømlha y kn suh`csnhunchla lctnrca. B`s nstukl`s rnablzak`s nc `tras traklhl`cns nxadlcaräac ba vnrkak fuckadnctab kn bas daclfnstahl`cns rnbatlvas a su ìtlha y su vab`r, dnklactn ba lcvnstlmahløc rahl`cab kn b`s prlchlpl`s "caturabns" y just`s,lcenrnctns a ba caturabnza knb e`dgrn rahl`cab y kn ucas`hlnkak h`rrnhtadnctn `rkncaka. @tr`s, nc hadgl`, nxadlcaräac nb slmclflhak` y b`s us`s knb bncmuajn. \ t`kaväa`tr`s h`cslknraräac ba nflhahla kn b`s dnkl`s ndpbnak`s para

b`mrar b`s flcns knsnak`s, ` bas h`csnhunchlas práhtlhas knpnrsnmulr ba dnta "A" nc vnz kn ba dnta "G".

Xlc ndgarm`, ba hlnchla p`bätlha slmun lctnrnsáck`sn, ncabt` mrak`, nc nb knshugrldlnct` kn rnbahl`cns nctrn b`skat`s ndpärlh`s rnuclk`s. \ akndás knb knshugrldlnct` kn

> Nb us` rnhlnctn knb acáblsls nc nshaba nc ba hlnchla p`bätlha c`rtnadnrlhaca nstá adpbladnctn lbustrak` nc Kldncsl`cs `f H`cmrns-

sl`cab V`tlcm, kn Kuchac DhWan (Gnronbny: ^clvnrslty `f Hablf`rcla Yrnss, 1<>5), y nc Quactltatlvn Acabysls `f Juklhlab Gnea-vl`r < kn Mbnck`c Xheugnrt (Cunva \`ro: Frnn Yrnss `f Mbnch`n,Lch., 1<><).



NB HLNC[ÄFLH@ KN BA Y@BÄ[LHA >1

tabns rnbahl`cns, sn prn`hupa p`r b`s pr`gbndas kn hausa ynfnht`. H`d` hasl t`k`s b`s s`hløb`m`s, b`s pnrlt`s nc hlnchla

p`bätlha sn dunstrac uc tact` rnahl`s a lctr`kuhlrsn nc nbtnrrlt`rl` kn ba hausablkak. Xu v`hagubarl` agucka nc pabagras qun s`sbayac ba hunstløc kn bas hausas? tìrdlc`s tabnsh`d` faht`rns, kntnrdlcactns, lcfbunchlas, funrzas, c`s sumlnrnc ba hausa, sl glnc nbuknc ba rnsp`csaglblkak kn lknctlflharba. Xlc ndgarm`, nb nruklt` sagn qun uca rnbahløcpnrslstnctn c` ns cnhnsarladnctn kn caturabnza hausab. Xnpunkn knd`strar qun nc nb nbnht`rak` c`rtnadnrlhac` eayuca rnbahløc nctrn ba tnrdlcahløc kn b`s nstukl`s supnrl`rnsy ba prnfnrnchla p`r nb partlk` rnpugblhac`, pnr` c` nspr`gagbn qun ba f`rdahløc uclvnrsltarla sna b` qun ldpubsaa mrac cúdnr` kn hlukakac`s a v`tar p`r klhe` partlk`.Yr`gagbndnctn ba nxpblhahløc nstì nc ba sltuahløc nh`cødlhay s`hlab, rnbatlvadnctn nbnvaka, qun `hupac tact` bas pnrs`cas hubtas h`d` b`s rnpugblhac`s. A knhlr vnrkak, ba rn

bahløc nctrn k`s varlnkakns, huabnsqulnra qun snac, punkntncnr trns nxpblhahl`cns: ba rnbahløc punkn snr puradnctnhasuab? uca punkn snr hausa kn ba `tra, nc t`k` ` nc partn?` glnc punknc nxlstlr hausas nxtnrcas qun pr`kuzhac ba rnbahløc nctrn adgas. Ba tarna dás arkua qun tlncn actn sä nbpnrlt` ns ba kn kar h`c ba nxpblhahløc aknhuaka.

Xl glnc nc su day`r partn, ab dnc`s ldpbähltadnctn, nb

acáblsls kn bas hlnchlas s`hlabns gusha bas hausas, rnhlnctndnctn sn ea p`pubarlzak` `tr` tlp` kn acáblsls: nb fuchl`cab,qun ns `tra akaptahløc kn b`s dìt`k`s kn ba s`hl`b`mäa. Nbfuchl`cablsd` prnsup`cn ba uclkak knb slstnda p`bätlh`h`d` uc h`cjuct` kn lcstltuhl`cns y pr`hns`s nc d`vldlnct`, qun h`ctrlguyn ab glncnstar y ab fuchl`cadlnct` knb slstnda. Xl b`s h`dp`cnctns ‛hlnrtas lcstltuhl`cns y hlnrt`s

pr`hns`s p`bätlh`s ‛pnrturgac nsn fuchl`cadlnct` nc darhea, nsn d`vldlnct` knb slstnda, sn bns h`cslknra "klsfuchl`cabns". Y`r h`cslmulnctn, bas prnmuctas qun uc` sn pbactna




nc nb acáblsls fuchl`cab s`c kn fuchl`cadlnct` dás qun knhausa. °Quì ns b` qun kntnrdlcaka partn knb slstnda ap`rtaab glncnstar knb h`cjuct`0 Kak` qun ba Hádara kn b`sB`rns c` eahn b` qun eahäa hlnc añ`s atrás, °huáb ns suahtuab fuchløc knctr` knb slstnda p`bätlh` grltáclh`0 °Wna-blzac b`s partlk`s p`bätlh`s bas dlsdas fuchl`cns nc b`s slstn-das kn uc`, k`s ` dúbtlpbns partlk`s0 Xl s`badnctn nxlstnuc partlk` p`bätlh` vlagbn, °knsndpnñac `tr`s `rmaclsd`s `lcstltuhl`cns ba fuchløc kn nxprnsar `plcl`cns h`ctrarlasy prnsnctar p`slgbns abtnrcatlvas a ba p`bätlha a snmulr0 Gásl

hadnctn, nb lcstrudnct` knb acáblsls fuchl`cab pnrdltn abpnrlt` partlr kn ba fuchløc para lknctlflhar a ba nctlkak qunba rnablza, ` glnc partlr kn ba nctlkak para lknctlflhar bafuchløc ` fuchl`cns qun rnablza.6

NX[ WA[ NML A KN BA LCV NX[ LMA HLØ C

[ras kn t`k` huakr` kn lcvnstlmahløc nruklta nxlstn ucanstratnmla, uc pbac danstr` qun nxp`cn nb pr`gbnda y knbl-cna bas dacnras kn `rkncar bas prungas. Nc prldnr bumar.nb pbac ` pr`ynht` knflcn nb abhachn y b`s bädltns knb nstukl`?knsblcka uca p`rhløc kn tnrrnc` knctr` knb vast` ádglt`kn ba p`bätlha. Asldlsd`, b`hablza aqunbba partn knb slstndap`bätlh` qun pr`p`rhl`ca h`cvnclnctndnctn b`s kat`s qunnb pnrlt` cnhnslta? p`rqun, ab lmuab qun nb astrøc`d`, tlncnqun rnhurrlr, p`r cnhnslkak, a ba lcf`rdahløc klsp`clgbn ncnb duck` rnab: c` punkn hrnar uc adglnctn kn bag`rat`rl`.

Ab trazar ba nstratnmla kn su lcvnstlmahløc, b`s hlnctäflh`skn ba p`bätlha eac knsarr`bbak` hlnrtas hatnm`räas ` hbasns hn

6 ^c blgr` rnhlnctn, qun abhaczø mrac lcfbunchla y qun ndpbna nb

acáblsls fuchl`cab, partlhubardnctn nc su nstruhtura acabätlha lctr`-kuht`rla, ns [en Y`bltlhs `f ten Knvnb`plcm Árnas, kn Magrlnb Ab-d`ck y Jadns X. H`bndac (Yrlchnt`c, C. J.: Yrlchnt`c ^clvnr-slty Yrnss, 1<69).



NB HLNC[ÄFLH@ KN BA Y@BÄ[LHA >8

dìt`k`s para atahar b`s pr`gbndas a qun sn ncfrnctac. B`shuatr` qun dnchl`cac h`c day`r frnhunchla s`c nb elstø

rlh`, nb h`dparatlv`, nb h`varlagbn y nb d`c`mráflh`. Y`rknsmrahla, c` eay ucacldlkak nctrn b`s dlndgr`s kn bapr`fnsløc ahnrha knb slmclflhak` nxaht` kn nstas hatnm`räas?pnr` a pnsar kn ba ldprnhlsløc knb slmclflhak`, a pnsar kn baldgrlhahløc nctrn nstas hatnm`räas, a pnsar knb enhe` kn qunnxlstnc `tras táhtlhas para tratar b`s pr`gbndas prnsnctns ncba hlnchla p`bätlha, slrvnc para njndpblflhar b`s pbacns knlcvnstlmahløc ndpbnak`s p`r b`s pnrlt`s nc ba datnrla. Xnráútlb n lbustratlv` nstuklarb`s, slndprn qun sn tncmac prnsnctnssus bldltahl`cns.

Nstukl`s elstørlh`s

Huack` eagbac knb dìt`k` elstørlh`, hasl t`k`s b`s hlnctäflh`s kn ba p`bätlha sn rnflnrnc a abm` dás qun ab nstukl` kn

b` pasak` ` ab ndpbn` kn kat`s c` h`ctndp`rácn`s. Xnrnflnrnc a nstukl`s rnbatlv`s a kntnrdlcak` pnrä`k`, y `rmaclzak`s snmúc su snhunchla. Asä, puns, p`r nstukl`s elstørlh`s nctncknd`s aqunbb`s qun `rmaclzac hr`c`bømlhadnctnb`s kat`s, bas knshrlphl`cns ` nb acáblsls.

[raklhl`cabdnctn, b`s nstukl`s elstørlh`s abhaczac sudáxld` vab`r, knctr` kn bas hlnchlas p`bätlhas, nc aqunbb`s

hadp`s rnbahl`cak`s h`c nb knsarr`bb` kn hlrhucstachlas yah`ctnhldlnct`s nc nb tracshurs` knb tlndp`. Mrac partn knbnstukl` knb pncsadlnct` flb`søflh` kn @hhlknctn sn ea rnablzak` p`r dnk l` kn uca nstruhtura elstør lha: prnfnrnchlaqun rnfbnja nb supunst` kn qun bas mrackns lknas nv`buhl`caceasta tracsf`rdarsn nc `tras qun rnhurrnc ab pasak` lctnbnhtuab, qun rnfbnjac b`s hadgl`s `hurrlk`s nc ba s`hlnkak, y

qun ba elst`rla kn bas lknas p`bätlhas sn klstlcmun p`r suh`ctlculkak a b` barm` knb tlndp`. Y`r tact`, qulncns nstuklac bas lknas snñabac ba lcfbunchla kn B`hon s`grn b`s fuc-



>; HLNCHLA Y@BÄ[LHA

kak`rns kn Nstak`s ^clk`s? nb knsarr`bb` knb knrnhe` caturab, knskn b`s nst`lh`s easta b`s d`knrc`s Yakrns kn ba

Lmbnsla? ba lctnrprntahløc qun Darx elz` kn ba klabìhtlhaenmnblaca y kn bas k`htrlcas kn b`s utlbltarlstas. Kn lmuabd`k`, bas snckas kn ba Elst`rla pnrdltnc snmulr ba plsta abknsarr`bb` kn bas k`htrlcas juräklhas. Yunknc d`strar nb knsncv`bvldlnct` knb knrnhe` lctnrcahl`cab nc datnrla kn munrra, h`cf`rdn va rnsp`cklnck` a ba aparlhløc y pnrfnhhl`cadlnct` kn bas ardas d`knrcas y kn cunv`s dnkl`s knknstruhhløc.

C` `gstactn, a dnklka qun ba hlnchla p`bätlha sn ea lkàhnrhack` a uca dás nstrnhea ablacza h`c bas hlnchlas kn bah`ckuhta, b`s nstukl`s elstørlh`s eac lk` pnrklnck` ba p`pubarlkak kn qun actns m`zagac, b` qun sn kngn, nc partn,a qun, nxtra`flhlabdnctn, sn knhbarø lcknpncklnctn kn baElst`rla? haka vnz ns dnc`r nb cúdnr` kn pnrlt`s nc hlnchlap`bätlha (y, hln rtadnctn , kn elst`r lak`rns) qun ba h`chlgnc

h`d` uca klshlpblca qun nstukla ba Elst`rla h`ctndp`rácna.Xlc ndgarm`, eay raz`cns duhe` dás pr`fuckas. Nb slstnda elstørlh` søb` pr`kuhn uc acáblsls nv`buhl`clsta? nsknhl r: søb` punkn pr`p`rhl`car nxpblhahl`cns y acáblsls nctìrdlc`s kn snhunchlas tndp`rabns. Eay `hasl`cns nc qunsndnjactn acáblsls ns cnhnsarl` y aknhuak`, pnr` frnhunctndnctn c` b` ns. \ huack` sn ndpbna para rnablzar uca ns

pnhln kn acáblsls nc pr`ynhhløc ‛"prnklhhløc"‛, b`s pnrlt`snc hlnchla p`bätlha sn dunstrac haka vnz dás knsh`cflak`sy prnhavlk`s. \a c` sn slnctnc tac klspunst`s a eahnrprnklhhl`cns nbnht`rabns a gasn kn kat`s elstørlh`s? prnflnrnceahnrbas dnklactn nb ndpbn` kn dunstras nstakästlhas knp`gbahløc para h`c`hnr bas prnfnrnchlas p`bätlhas kn b`slcklvlku`s.=

= B`s nstukl`s elstørlh`s nc hlnchla p`bätlha c`rtnadnrlhaca tlncnc su njndpb` täplh` nc ba `gra kn Harl G. Xwlsenr, AdnrlhacH`cstltutl`cab Knvnb`pdnct (G`st`c: Eùmet`c Dlffblc H`dpacy,



NB HLNC[ÄFLH@ KN BA Y@BÄ[LHA >>

Nb nstukl` d`c`mráflh`

Nb tìrdlc` nstukl` d`c`mráflh` (nstukl` s`hl`bømlh` s`grnlcklvlku`s ` mrup`s) sn apblha ab nxadnc kn kntnrdlcakasuclkakns p`bätlhas. Ba uclkak punkn h`cslstlr nc uc s`bènhe` h`c t`kas sus radlflhahl`cns (p`r njndpb`: bas nbnhhl`cns kn 1<6; nc ba Mrac Grntaña) ? nc uca `rmaclzahløc

p`bätlha (ba As`hlahløc Dìklha C`rtnadnrlhaca, ` abmúcpartlk` p`bätlh` b`hab)? nc uca lcstltuhløc mugnrcadnctab(uc h`dltì u `rmaclsd` kn bas Cahl`cns ^clkas, ` kn abmúcsugurgl` kn ba b`hablkak), ` nc uca knhlsløc úclha (ba apr`gahløc kn uc pr`ynht` kn bny p`r nb Xncak`, ` uca hausa

juzmaka p`r ba H`rtn Xuprnda). Akndás, nb tragaj` snrácnhnsarladnctn h`dpbnt`, easta k`ckn sna p`slgbn, y c`snbnhtlv`? sn `hupará kn ba uclkak h`d` uc t`k`, nc vnz knagarhar hlnrtas partns kn uc cúdnr` kn has`s sndnjactns.Y`r njndpb`: sl vnrsara s`grn kntnrdlcak` h`dltì knb H`cmrns`, nstuklará t`kas sus ahtlvlkakns y rnbahl`cns nc vnzkn `huparsn kn kntnrdlcak`s aspnht`s (nb fuchl`cadlnct`knb slstnda kn ac tlmònkak, p`cmad`s p`r has`) kn b`s h`dltìs nc mncnrab.

X`c duhe`s b`s atrahtlv`s knb nstukl` d`c`mráflh`. Kn

glk` a qun agarha ba uclkak h`dpbnta, tlncn nb h`b`r y nblctnrìs lcträcsnh` knb pnrl`klsd` p`bätlh` kn hablkak. Y`rnbb`, y p`r su hapahlkak para rnpr`kuhlr bas rnablkakns knbpr`hns` p`bätlh`, nb nstukl` d`c`mráflh` ns duy p`pubarh`d` dnkl` kn ncsnñacza. Nc ba prnparahløc kn su tragaj`,nb nstuklactn sn slncta ab bak` knb sncak`r, knb junz, knb Yrnslknctn ` knb ndgajak`r, ak`ptack` kn cunv` su knhlsløc.

Akndás, nb nstukl` d`c`mráflh` `frnhn datnrlab knshrlptlv`

1<>;) y nc [en Mr`wte `f Y`bltlhab [eùmet lc ten ]nst, knHearbns E. Dhbbwalc (Cunva \`ro: [en Dahdlbbac H`dpacy,1<87).




qun sumlnrn bas rnbahl`cns cnhnsarlas para uc acáblsls

nxaht`. Xnñaba nb hadlc` para ba rnablzahløc kn nstukl`sdás prnhls`s nc sus pr`p`slhl`cns tnørlhas, y para ba h`dpr`gahløc kn bas dlsdas. Asä, puns, nch`ctrad`s nc bahlnchla p`bätlha uca snrln kn tndas qun pasac p`r ba "ntapaknb nstukl` d`c`mráflh`", y qun sunbnc snr snmulk`s p`rnstukl`s h`dparatlv`s, tnørlh`s y h`varlagbns.

Xlc ndgarm`, bas vnctajas knb nstukl` d`c`mráflh` h`cs

tltuync, ab dlsd` tlndp`, sus knsvnctajas. Yunst` qu-`hupa kn uca s`ba uclkak, ns ldp`slgbn eahnr mncnrablzahl`cns, bas qun søb` s`c p`slgbns sl sn huncta h`c hlnrt`cúdnr` kn d`c`mrafäas sndnjactns? y, p`r knsmrahla, b`snruklt`s p`snnc uc knhnphl`cactn lcklvlkuablsd` qunb`s ldpubsa a c` t`dar kn d`knb` nstukl`s rnablzak`s h`cactnrl`rlkak. Akndás, aucqun b`s kntabbns knshrlptlv`s rn

subtnc slndprn fashlcactns, nb nstukl` d`c`mráflh` ns bldltak`, prnhlsadnctn knglk` a su haráhtnr knshrlptlv`. Nb nstukl`kn uc s`b` bltlml` actn b`s trlgucabns (h`c kntabbns ahnrha knbas partns, enhe`s qun d`tlvar`c nb pbnlt`, b`s ag`mak`s, basprungas nc nb julhl`, b`s lcf`rdns ` abnmat`s actn b`s trlgucabns kn apnbahløc y bas h`csnhunchlas kn ba snctnchla) punkn ncsnñarc`s duhe` ahnrha knb fuchl`cadlnct` knb slstnda

juklhlab nc uc has` kntnrdlcak`. Xlc ndgarm`, c` c`spnrdltlrá sahar mncnrablzahl`cns ahnrha knb pr`hnkldlnct`

juklhlab nc uc h`cslknragbn cúdnr` kn hausas? y duhe` dnc`s c`s pnrdltlrá h`bnmlr bas raz`cns qun b`s trlgucabns tlncnc para ahtuar y knhlklr kn ba dacnra h`d`b` eahnc.5

5 K`s h`c`hlk`s y nxhnbnctns nstukl`s d`c`mraflh`s, s`c : kn

Xtnpenc O. Galbny, H`cmrnss Daons a Bav` (Cunva \`ro: H`bud-gla ^clvnrslty Yrnss, 1<>9), y [en Y`bltlhab Yr`hnss ack F`rnlmcY`blhy: [en Daolcm `f ten jap`cnsn Ynahn Xnttbndnct, kn GnrcarkH. Hènc (Yrlchnt`c, Cnw Jnrsny. Yrlchnt`c ^clvnrslty Yrnss,1<>=).



NB HLNC[ÄFLH@ KN BA Y@BÄ[LHA >=

Nstukl`s h`dparatlv`s

Eug` uc tlndp`, kuractn nb knsarr`bb` kn ba hlnchla p`bätlha nc C`rtnadìrlha, nc qun b`s nstukl`s h`dparatlv`snrac p`h` dás qun knshrlphl`cns kn b`s m`glnrc`s nxtrac

jnr`s. Nrac "h`dparatlv`s" apncas nc nb snctlk` kn ucah`dparahløc ldpbählta h`c nb slstnda p`bätlh` c`rtnadnrlhac`. Ynr` bas h`sas eac hadglak`. Nc ba ahtuablkak, b`s

hlnctäflh`s kn ba p`bätlha h`dparac lcstltuhl`cns, tabns h`d`partlk`s p`bätlh`s y bnmlsbaturas? pr`hns`s, h`d` b`s kn s`hlablzahløc ` kn s`buhløc kn h`cfblht`s? n lchbuslvn slstndasp`bätlh`s nc su t`tablkak. Akndás, b`s nstukl`s h`dparatlv`sklflnrnc nc huact` a su abhachn. B`s eay qun nxtlncknc suh`dparahløc easta dás abbá kn bas fr`ctnras cahl`cabns, nlchbuslvn trashlncknc bas fr`ctnras hubturabns? `tr`s, h`d`

uc rnhlnctn nstukl` knb pr`hns` bnmlsbatlv` kn huatr` nstak`s kn ba ^cløc, s`c kn haráhtnr nstrlhtadnctn cahl`cab.

Ba amrupahløc kn nstukl`s h`dparatlv`s kndunstra knduheas dacnras cunstra lchapahlkak para h`ctr`bar basvarlagbns p`bätlhas. [nclnck` a dac` uc slstnda p`bätlh`nstagbn, h`c uc nbnvak` clvnb kn vlka, nb pnrlt` nc hlnchlap`bätlha c` punkn hrnar `tr` nc nb qun dlbb`cns kn snrns

vlvac nc ba dlsnrla. Ns lcklspncsagbn gushar `tr` slstndap`bätlh` qun ahusn uca nstaglblkak sndnjactn y uc clvnb knvlka klstlct`. Asä, puns, para nstagbnhnr uca h`dparahløc,gusha sndnjaczas nc aqunbbas varlagbns qun knsna dactncnrh`cstactns, y klfnrnchlas nc aqunbbas nc qun gusha varlahløc.Huact` day`r sna ba sndnjacza nctrn b`s slstndas p`bätlh`s‛h`cslknrak`s t`tab ` parhlabdnctn‛ qun nstá h`dparack`, day`r snrá nb cúdnr` kn varlagbns qun b`mrn dactncnrh`cstactns, sl glnc nbb` klsdlculrá nb kn bas mncnrablzahl`cnsqun punkn eahnr. H`cf`rdn nsa sldlbltuk klsdlcuya ‛slt`da, p`r njndpb`, b`s slstndas `hhlknctabns y b`s c` `hhl-




knctabns‛, day`rns snrác bas p`slglblkakns kn uc darmncdás mrackn kn klfnrnchla y kn uca mada dás adpbla kn

p`slgbns nxpblhahl`cns? pnr` tadglìc h`rrnrá nb rlnsm` kn qunbas varlagbns c` lknctlflhakas p`r su nstukl` snac nc rnablkak bas qun dás h`ctrlguyac a bas sndnjaczas y klfnrnchlasnch`ctrakas.

Xna huab sna ba nxtncsløc kn sus tragaj`s, qulncns b`s rnablzac s`c, p`r duhe`s h`chnpt`s, b`s cunv`s tnørlh`s kn bahlnchla p`bätlha. Nbb`s eac blgnrak` ba hlnchla p`bätlha c`r

tnadnrlhaca kn su bldltaka y nxhbuslva prn`hupahløc p`rb`s m`glnrc`s y slstndas p`bätlh`s kn @hhlknctn? tratac knnch`ctrar mncnrablzahl`cns qun agarqunc t`k`s b`s slstndasp`bätlh`s, slc prn`huparsn p`r bas fr`ctnras cahl`cabns y hubturabns? gushac patr`cns mncnrabns kn p`bätlha qun trashlnckac b`s bädltns knb tlndp` y nb nspahl`, y tratac kn eabbarnbndnct`s h`ducns a t`k`s b`s slstndas p`bätlh`s, asä h`d`

b`s qun varäac h`c ba hubtura y ba nxpnrlnchla. B`s lcvnstlmak`rns qun sn bldltac ab nstukl` kn uc` ` varl`s m`glnrc`s `hhlknctabns sn `hupac kn slstndas p`bätlh`s h`cstrulk`ss`grn hubturas y s`hlnkakns rnbatlvadnctn parnhlkas? pnr`qulncns vac dás abbá y sn lctnrnsac p`r b`s slstndas c``hhlknctabns, punknc bbnmar h`c day`r fahlblkak a hlnrt`sfaht`rns s`hlabns fuckadnctabns qun sn nchunctrac nc nb slstn da p`bätlh` y sus varlactns: nb hbac, ba fadlbla, ba nstruhtura s`hlab gáslha y ba caturabnza kn ba nh`c`däa. Ba lchbusløc ‛nc nb dìt`k` h`dparatlv`‛ kn b`s slstndas p`bätlh`sprldltlv`s y kn aqunbb`s nc pr`hns` kn knsarr`bb`, ns a bashlnchlas p`bätlhas b` qun uc cunv` y p`knr`s` tnbnsh`pl` aba astr`c`däa: adpbäa nb abhachn y nb hadp` kn ba lcvnstlmahløc.<

< Jèc ]aebon, Enlcz Nubau, "]lbblad Guheacac y BnW`y Fnr-mus`c, nc [en Bnmlsbatlvn Xystnd (Cunva \`ro: Jèc ]lbny &X`cs, Lch., 1<67), eac h`dparak` nb pr`hns` bnmlsbatlv` y nb papnbkn b`s hunrp`s bnmlsbatlv`s nc huatr` nstak`s kn ba ^cløc? [en



NB HL NC [Ä FL H@ KN BA Y@ BÄ[ LHA ><

Acáblsls h`-varlagbn

Xl glnc nstn tìrdlc` sn ndpbna dnc`s qun b`s `tr`s ncba hlnchla p`bätlha, b`s pnrlt`s nc ba datnrla sunbnc pncsarnc uca nspnhln kn nstratnmla kn ba lcvnstlmahløc qun tncmah`d` hnctr` ba rnbahløc nctrn uc h`rt` cúdnr` kn varlagbnsknctr` kn uc s`b` slstnda p`bätlh`. Xu bltnratura agucka ncnstukl`s qun kndunstrac ba rnbahløc nctrn b`s klstlct`s tlp`s

kn m`glnrc` b`hab y bas harahtnrästlhas kn bas hlukakns ncqun tlncnc su aslnct`? nctrn bas harahtnrästlhas kn pnrs`cablkak y bas ahtltukns p`bätlhas kn b`s c`rtnadnrlhac`sakubt`s? nctrn bas tncsl`cns s`hl`-nh`cødlhas y ba lchlknchlakn aht`s knblhtu`s`s nc nb paäs.

Nc nstukl`s kn nstn tlp`, nb tragaj` knb hlnctäflh` kn bap`bätlha sn harahtnrlza p`r su snmurlkak tnørlha. Ka p`r

asnctaka ba nxlstnchla kn uca rnbahløc pr`gagbn y rnúcn suskat`s kn ahunrk` h`c nsn supunst`. Nc nstn has`, b`s bädltnsknb nstukl` c` knpncknc knb tlndp` cl kn b`s enhe`s cl knbas lcstltuhl`cns, slc` kn varlagbns knpncklnctns n lcknpncklnctns? nc `tras pa bagras : kn b` qun nb lcvnstlmak`r nspnrnnch`ctrar. [lncn uc prnsnctldlnct` gastactn flrdn kn b`qun eabbará? p`r tact`, ba nstratnmla kn su lcvnstlmahløcnstá klrlmlka eahla nstn `gjnt`. Kn t`k`s nst`s dìt`k`s knlcvnstlmahløc, ns nb qun dás sn apr`xlda a b`s traklhl`cabnsblcnadnct`s knb dìt`k` hlnctäflh`. Kak` qun søb` rnsubtap`slgbn nc uca klshlpblca gastactn snmura kn su elpøtnsls, suaparlhløc nc ba hlnchla p`bätlha ns duy rnhlnctn? tact`,

Hlvlh Hubturn, kn Magrlnb Abd`ck y Xlkcny Vnrga (Yrlchnt`c^clvnrslty Yrnss, 1<68), hruza bas fr`ctnras tact` cahl`cabns h`d`

hubturabns, para nstuklar ba hubtura p`bätlha kn Dìxlh`, Ltabla,Abndacla, ba Mrac Grntaña y Nstak`s ^clk`s. Flcabdnctn, hltarnd`s Fùr Hltlns: A Xtuky lc H`dparatlvn Y`blhy Daolcm, kn @bl-vnr Y. ]lbblads y Hearbns W. Akrlác (Flbaknbfla: ^clvnrslty `fYnccsybvacla Yrnss, 1<68).



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