Introducción a la historia del mundo islámico - Bernabé López, Fernando Bravo

8/19/2019 Introducción a la historia del mundo islámico - Bernabé López, Fernando Bravo

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ISBN: 978-84-8344-213-5

Diseño y maquetación: Miguel A. Tejedor LópezDepósito legal: M-48543-2011

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Sobre todo iniciaron una nueva forma de ejercer el poder califal. La igura del

%,#&P, ,-Î&+&' %"( #"J ,AA,JE$J I( %,+R%K$+ A,JK,(K$ -&JK&(K" -$# ̂ I$ S,JK, $(K"(Qces había tenido. En principio, por inluencia de los sectores persas del círculo

-$ ,TI-,(K$J -$# %,#&P,W BJK$ J$ %"(G&+K&' $( ,#VI&$( &(,%%$J&A#$M ,S"L,W T $LC$D,+"( , IK&D,+ KEKI#"J %"L" h#, J"LA+, -$ 6&"J $( #, K&$++,iW" h%,#&P, -$ 6&"Ji C,+, ,J$(K,+ $J, #$V&K&L&-,-M =# S$%S" -$ ̂ I$ #"J 9AA,JE$J ,J$(QK,+,( JI C"-$+ $( #, C,+K$ "+&$(K,# -$# &LC$+&"W T Î$ &(%#IT$+,( $(K+$ JIJ %"(QJ$]$+"J T PI(%&"(,+&"J , V+,( %,(K&-,- -$ &+,(E$JW -$# pI+,JR(W T -$ 9J&, !$(K+,#Whizo que, como se ha dicho, recibieran mucha inluencia de la tradición persa, que

%"(G$+KE, ,# J"A$+,(" $( I( J$+ %,J& -&G&("M :" %&$+K" $J Î$ $# %,#&P, J$ %"(G&+K&'en una igura inaccesible. Se rodeó de una gran corte de funcionarios, esclavos y$I(I%"JW T J$ %+$' I( %"LC#&%,-" C+"K"%"#" C,+, +$VI#,+ #, G&-, -$(K+" -$ $##,M

9# -$%#,+,+J$ &(G$JK&-" C"+ 6&"JW $# %,#&P,W C"+ I( #,-"W J$ %"(G$+KE, $( $# -$P$(QJ"+ -$ #, :$T


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(I$G, %&I-,-e @,V-,-M =( $# %I+J" L$-&" -$# 3&V+&J $#&V&' I( #IV,+ $JC$%&,# C"+JI J&KI,%&'( l%$+%, -$ I( %,(,# (,G$V,A#$ ^I$ I(E, $# 3&V+&J T $# qIP+,K$JW $( $#%,L&(" -$ #,J +IK,J ^I$ &A,( -$


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K$(%&, ,# %I#K"W $# ̂ I$ #,J K+,(J,%%&"($J $%"('L&%,J J$ +$,#&D,+,( -$ ,%I$+-" , #,J("+L,J $JK,A#$%&-,J C"+ >,S"L,W $# L,(K$(&L&$(K" -$ I(,J +$#,%&"($J $(K+$S"LA+$J T LI]$+$J ,-$%I,-,J C,+, #, L"+,#&-,- -$ #, BC"%,W $K%M 1(%#IJ"W C,+,

$# %"(K+"# -$ #, "+K"-"Z&, -$ #, P$W J$Vf( BJK, $+, -$P$(-&-, C"+ $# %,#&P,W J$ %+$'$( K&$LC"J -$ ,#Q>,Lf( cbO0Qb00d I(, &(JK&KI%&'(W #, &$"6'W Î$ C$+J$VIE, #,S$K$+"-"Z&, T #, A#,JP$L&,M =JK, $JC$%&$ -$ &(Î&J&%&'(W ̂ I$ -I+' $(K+$ $# bX[ T $#bYNW PI$ ,A"#&-, C"+ $# %,#&P, ,#Q>IK,x,gg cbY[QbUOdM

También en el ejército hubo cambios. Como ya se ha visto, con el inal de$ZC,(J&'( $# C,C$# -$ #"J R+,A$J $( $# $]B+%&K" J$ PI$ +$-I%&$(-" C+"V+$J&G,L$(QK$M =# #IV,+ -$ BJK"J #" PI$+"( "%IC,(-" VI$++$+"J C+"G$(&$(K$J -$ #"J CI$A#"J&(-EV$(,J -$ %,-, D"(, %"(Î&JK,-,M =( $# "%%&-$(K$ $JK$ #IV,+ #" "%IC,+"( #"JA$+$A$+$Jm $( $# "+&$(K$W -$JCIBJ -$ #"J J&+&"JW $JK$ #IV,+ #" "%IC,+"( #"J &+,(E$JW

sobre todo los de Jurasán, y más tarde los turcos de Asia Central. El in de las%"(Î&JK,J %"(##$G' &VI,#L$(K$ I(, L$+L, -$ #"J &(V+$J"J %"(J$VI&-"J C"+ $#J,Î$" -$ %&I-,-$J T K&$++,JM H"+ $##"W $# A"KE( -$ VI$++,W Î$ J$+GE, C,+, L,(QK$($+ , #,J K+"C,JW KIG" Î$ J$+ JIJK&KIE-"W $( I( C"+%$(K,]$ &LC"+K,(K$W C"+ #"J&(V+$J"J Î$ $# =JK,-" C$+%&AE, L$-&,(K$ #"J &LCI$JK"JM 6$A&-" , $JK"W $# $]B+Q%&K" L,(K$(&-" C"+ $# =JK,-" J$ PI$ +$-I%&$(-" S,JK, $JK,+ %"LCI$JK" J'#" C"+K+"C,J +$VI#,+$J %"(K+"#,-,J C"+ #, ,-L&(&JK+,%&'( %$(K+,#M =JK$ $]B+%&K" %,#&P,#W%"LCI$JK" C+&(%&C,#L$(K$ C"+ ]I+,J,(E$JW PI$ ,#A$+V,(-" I(, L,T"+ %,(K&-,--$ $J%#,G"J KI+%"JW #"J %I,#$J P"+L,+"(W A,]" #,J '+-$($J -$# %,#&P, ,#Q>IK,J&LW I(%I$+C" -$ B#&K$ $(%,+V,-" -$ JI J$VI+&-,-M !"( $# K&$LC"W #"J KI+%"J ,-Î&+&$+"(una inluencia desmedida sobre el califa, hasta el punto de convertirse en losG$+-,-$+"J V"A$+(,(K$J -$# %,#&P,K"M

9 JI G$DW C$+G&GE,( $( #,J P+"(K$+,J -$# &LC$+&" %I$+C"J L&K,+$J &(-$C$(Q-&$(K$J ̂ I$ J$ L,(K$(E,( , A,J$ -$# A"KE( "AK$(&-" $( C$+&'-&%,J &(%I+J&"($J $(K$++&K"+&" $($L&V"M =JK"J %I$+C"J L&K,+$J $JK,A,( P"+L,-"J C"+ S,A&K,(K$J -$#,J D"(,J P+"(K$+&D,J ̂ I$ J$ C+$JK,A,( G"#I(K,+&"J C,+, $J,J $LC+$J,JM 3,LA&B(se fundaron una serie de centros fortiicados, los 4$,'7!W Î$ ,#A$+V,A,( , VI$Q++$+"J Î$ ##$G,A,( I(, G&-, -$ ,IJK$+&-,- T ,J%$K&JL" %$+%,(, ,# L&JK&%&JL"

+$#&V&"J"W T Î$ J$ $(%,+V,A,( -$ L,(K$($+ J$VI+,J %&$+K,J D"(,J P+"(K$+&D,JM

U

=( $# LI(-" -$ #, %I#KI+, #, &(JK,I+,%&'( -$ #, (I$G, -&(,JKE, %,#&P,# JICIJ"#, %"(J"#&-,%&'( T #, $JK&LI#,%&'( -$ K$(-$(%&,J T, $Z&JK$(K$J -I+,(K$ #"J ,k"J-$# %,#&P,K" "L$T,M =( %"(%+$K"W $JK" J$ K+,-I]" $( #, ,-"C%&'( -$ #,J P"+L,J %I#QKI+,#$J C+$$Z&JK$(K$JW A&D,(K&(,J T C$+J,JW C+&(%&C,#L$(K$W C$+" C,J,-,J C"+ $#K,L&D -$# &J#,L T $# R+,A$ l,I(Î$ $# C$+J, J&VI&' L,(K$(&$(-" JI G&K,#&-,- $(

la parte oriental del Imperio y como lengua de alta cultura—. Esto signiica que


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-I+,(K$ #"J ,k"J -$# %,#&P,K" ,AA,JE J$ &(&%&' I(, V+,( $LC+$J, -$ &J#,L&D,%&'( T,+,A&D,%&'( -$ C,+K$ -$ #,J S$+$(%&,J +"L,("QS$#$(EJK&%,J -$ A&D,(%&" T L,D-$"QJ,JR(&-,J -$ H$+J&,M H$+" G, , J$+ #, %I#KI+, C$+J, #, ^I$ #"V+$ &LC"($+J$ $( $#

C,K+&L"(&" LIJI#LR( $( #, BC"%, ,AA,JEW PI(-&B(-"J$ %"( #, %I#KI+, R+,A$ $(I(, %&G&D,%&'( &J#RL&%, -$ %,+R%K$+ I(&G$+J,#M

En lo que a la cultura escrita se reiere se llevó a cabo un gran esfuerzo paratraducir las obras ilosóicas y cientíicas de la Antigüedad. Se trataba de obrasV+&$V,J ̂ I$W %"(J$+G,-,J C"+ #"J A&D,(K&("JW S,AE,( J&-" K+,-I%&-,J C"+ #"J J&+&"J,# ,+,L$" T ^I$ #"J $JKI-&"J"J R+,A$J K+,-I%&+E,( , JI #$(VI, , C,+K&+ -$ BJK,J,+,L$,J " -&+$%K,L$(K$ -$# V+&$V"M 6$ $JK$ L"-" #"J $JKI-&"J"J R+,A$J KIG&$+"(,%%$J" , #,J "A+,J -$ H#,K'(W 9+&JK'K$#$JW HK"#"L$"W H&KRV"+,JW H#"K&("W $K%M *+,(C,+K$ -$ $JK, #,A"+ -$ K+,-I%%&'( J$ ##$G' , %,A" $(


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>$ -&]$ $(K"(%$Je hC+&L$+,L$(K$ -$A" AIJ%,+ $# %"("%&L&$(K" -$ #,JG$+-,-$+,J (,KI+,#$D,J -$ #,J %"J,JW C$+" C,+, $##" $J C+$%&J" AIJ%,+ #, G$+Q

-,-$+, (,KI+,#$D, -$# %"("%&L&$(K"W G$+ $( ^IB %"(J&JK$ $JK$iM

,-+&-W 9#&,(D, =-&K"+&,#W ONbNW CCM XNQ0OM

Esta labor previa de traducción e incorporación de la sabiduría de la AntigüeQdad, permitió que durante el periodo abbasí surgieran grandes iguras de la ilosoía

T #, %&$(%&, L$-&$G,#$JW %"L" ,#Qo&(-& c%M b_OQb[0dW ,#QF,+,A& c%M b[XQN\_dW 9G&%$(,c1A(


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JI((&JL" T %S&EJL" T ^I$ PI$ ,-"CK,-, C"+ #"J 9AA,JE$J -I+,(K$ I( C$+E"-" %"L"doctrina oicial, contribuyó a este debate defendiendo el carácter creado del Corán,

K$(-&$(-" , P,G"+$%$+ #, C+$$L&($(%&, -$ #, +,D'(M

Averroes (1126-1198) La transformación de la sociedad demagógicaen tiranía

r=# ,LA&%&"J" (" %$],+R $( JI %"(K&(I" $JPI$+D" S,JK, %"(G$+K&+J$ $($($L&V" -$ #, L,T"+E, -$ #"J %&I-,-,("J ^I$ #$ "-&,+R(M =(K"(%$JW " A&$(,#VI("J %"(JC&+,( %"(K+, B# T ,%,A,( C"+ L,K,+#"W " %"(G$+K&-" $( I( K&+,("#"J -"L&(, T "C+&L$ , K"-"JM

c‚d 437'4D $# K&+,("M


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"&JBJ A$( >,&L'(c>,&L'(&-$JW OO0\QOX_YdW Î$ (,%&$+"( T G&G&$+"( K"-, JI G&-, $( K&$++,J -$#&J#,LW -&$+"( I( &LCI#J" &LC"+K,(KEJ&L" , #, #&K$+,KI+, T ,# C$(J,L&$(K" ]I-E"M

H$+"W J&( -I-,W I(" -$ #"J C+"%$J"J LRJ &LC"+K,(K$J Î$ G&G&' #, %I#KI+, $JQcrita árabe durante el periodo abbasí fue la codiicación y elaboración del dereQ%S"M =( #"J C+&L$+"J ,k"J -$# %,#&P,K" ,AA,JEW %"L" S,AE, "%I++&-" %"( #"J 5L$Q

yas, todavía no existía una codiicación escrita del derecho, por lo que cada ;'.F J$ ,K$(E,W , #, S"+, -$ &LC,+K&+ ]IJK&%&,W , #,J K+,-&%&"($J -$# #IV,+ T , #,J C+$JQ%+&C%&"($J %"+R(&%,J T -$ #"J "'.$/#!M =JK"J +$#,K"J T K+,-&%&"($J +$P$+&-,J , #"J-&%S"J T S$%S"J -$# H+"P$K, J$ $(%"(K+,A,( ,J&L&JL" -$JC$+-&V,-"JW $( G$+J&"Q($J -&P$+$(K$J J$Vf( #"J #IV,+$J -"(-$ S,AE,( J&-" +$%"V&-"JM !"( $# K&$LC" K"-"$JK" "+&V&(' %&$+K, -$J&VI,#-,- $(K+$ #,J -&JK&(K,J D"(,J -$# &LC$+&" $( #" Î$ J$refería a la aplicación del derecho. Por ello surgió la necesidad de codiicarlo, loÎ$ (" &LC&-&' ̂ I$ #,J K+,-&%&"($J #"%,#$J J$ L,(KIG&$+"( $( %&$+K, P"+L,W -,(-""+&V$( , #,J %I,K+" $J%I$#,J ]I+E-&%,J -$# &J#,LM

=( C+&(%&C&"W $# -$+$%S" &J#RL&%" J$ J$+GE, -$ %I,K+" PI$(K$J -&JK&(K,Je -"J C+&QL,+&,JW $# !"+R( T #, !366' " K+,-&%&'( -$# H+"P$K, l%"LCI$JK, C"+ #"J "'.$/#!lWT -"J C+"-I%K" -$ &(K$+C+$K,%&'( -$ #,J ,(K$+&"+$JW $# $(&'+ " %"(J$(J" $(K+$ #"J $JQKI-&"J"J -$ #, :$TW T $# ;$('! " -$-I%%&'( C"+ ,(,#"VE, lJ$ ##$V,A, , I( -&%K,L$(,%$+%, -$ I(, J&KI,%&'( (" %"(K$LC#,-, $( $# !"+R( " #, !366' %"LC,+R(-"#, %"(J&KI,%&"($J ,(R#"V,J ̂ I$ JE $JK,A,( %"(K$LC#,-,J $( $JK,J PI$(K$JlM 9 $JK,J %I,K+"PI$(K$J J$ I(E,( ,#VI("J C+&(%&C&"J -$ &(K$+C+$K,%&'(W C+&(%&C,#L$(K$ -"Je $# $(7$"'. " $JPI$+D" &(K$#$%KI,# C,+, $ZK+,$+W , C,+K&+ -$ #,J %I,K+" PI$(K$JW %"(%#IJ&"($J ]I+EQ-&%,J C,+, +$VI#,+ ,JC$%K"J (" -&+$%K,L$(K$ K+,K,-"J C"+ $# !"+R( T #"J "'.$/#!m T$# $!7$"!D6 " -$-I%%&'( $( &(K$+BJ -$# A&$( %"Lf(M :,J -&P$+$(K$J $J%I$#,J ]I+E-&%,J%"LA&(,+R( -$ L,($+, -&P$+$(K$ $JK,J PI$(K$J T C+&(%&C&"J -$ &(K$+C+$K,%&'(M


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!I,K+" G,( , J$+ #,J LRJ &LC"+K,(K$J $J%I$#,J c&'."',W &'.D"$, $( C#I+,#d-$ C$(J,L&$(K" ]I+E-&%"M 3"-,J $##,J J$ PI$+"( P"+L,(-" V+,-I,#L$(K$W $(K+$ #"JJ&V#"J a111 T `W , C,+K&+ -$ #,J $(J$k,(D,J -$ %I,K+" J,A&"J -$# -$+$%S" &J#RL&%"M

IS,LL,- A$( 1-+&Jal-Shaií (767-820), considerado como el verdadero fundador de la ciencia juQ+E-&%"QLIJI#L,(,W CI$J J&JK$L,K&D' $# IJ" -$ #,J PI$(K$J T J$k,#' JIJ #EL&K$JW$#&V&$(-" I(, GE, &(K$+L$-&, $(K+$ #, K+,-&%&'( T $# 4'+( I "C&(&'(M 4$%S,D,A, $#$!7$"!D6 %"L" -$L,J&,-" JIA]$K&G"W C$+" &(K+"-I%E, $# +$%I+J" ,# $!7$"!', ')-"D) W#, C+$JI(%&'( ]I+E-&%,W J$Vf( #, %I,# J& %"(JK, #, $Z&JK$(%&, -$ I( $JK,-" -$ S$%S"$( I(, %&+%I(JK,(%&,W J$ #$ C+$JIC"($ GR#&-" S,JK, ̂ I$ S,T, C+I$A, $( %"(K+,+&"M:&L&K' $# %"(%$CK" -$ !366' a la del Profeta y deinió el $(&'+ %"L" $ZC+$J&'( -$#J$(K&+ -$ #, V$($+,#&-,- -$ #"J LIJI#L,($J T %"L" PI$(K$ ,IZ&,+ -$# -$+$%S"C,+, +$J"#G$+ #" (" $JK&CI#,-" $( $# !"+R( T #, !366'M


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El conocimiento de lo bueno y de lo malo

r2" S,T -$J,%I$+-" $(K+$ #"J J,A&"J -$ #"J LIJI#L,($J ,%$+%, -$ Î$#, PI$(K$ -$ #,J ("+L,J #$V,#$J J"A+$ K"-"J #"J ,%K"J -$ ,Î$##"J Î$ J"(L"+,#L$(K$ +$JC"(J,A#$J $J 6&"J $# >RJ *#"+&"J"M

:, %I$JK&'( Î$ J$ C#,(K$,W v$J C"J&A#$ Î$ #, L$(K$ J"#,W J&( ,TI-, -$#"J L$(J,]$+"J -$ 6&"J T #,J =J%+&KI+,J +$G$#,-,JW %"("D%, #,J ("+L,JW -$L,($+, Î$ ,#VI&$( , Î&$( (" ##$V, #, &(G&K,%&'( -$ I( C+"P$K, CI$-, , K+,Qvés de su propia razón conocer la norma de Dios sobre sus acciones? ¿O esesto imposible?

:, C"J&%&'( -$ #"J ,JS,+E$JW #"J J$VI&-"+$J -$ 9AI# ;,J,( 9JS{,+&W $J ̂ I$

#, L$(K$ (" CI$-$ %"("%$+ #, ("+L, -$ 6&"J J"A+$ #"J ,%K"J -$ ,Î$##"J ̂ I$J"( L"+,#L$(K$ +$JC"(J,A#$JW $Z%$CK" C"+ L$-&" -$ JIJ L$(J,]$+"J T JIJ#&A+"J &(JC&+,-"JM

H"+Î$ "AG&,L$(K$ #,J L$(K$J $JKR( $( -$J,%I$+-" J"A+$ #"J ,%K"JM 9#QVI(,J L$(K$J $(%I$(K+,( Î$ %&$+K"J ,%K"J J"( AI$("JW "K+,J #"J $(%I$(QK+,( L,#"JM >RJ ,f(W I(, C$+J"(, CI$-$ K$($+ -"J "C&(&"($J J"A+$ I(, L&JQL, ,%%&'(M =# %,C+&%S" , L$(I-" V,(, ,# &(K$#$%K"W T %"(J&-$+,+ ,#V" AI$(" "L,#" J$ A,J, $( $# L$+" %,C+&%S"M H"+ #" K,(K"W (" J$ CI$-$ -$%&+ ̂ I$ I( ,%K"Î$ #, L$(K$ ]IDV, AI$(" J$, C"+ K,(K" AI$(" , #"J "]"J -$ 6&"JW JI $]$%IQ%&'( C$-&-, T JI $]$%IK"+ +$%"LC$(J,-" C"+ 6&"Jm " Î$ %I,#Î&$+ %"J, Î$

#, L$(K$ J&$(K, %"L" L,#, J$, L,#, , #"J "]"J -$ 6&"JW JI &(%ILC#&L&$(K"C$-&-" T JI $]$%IK"+ %,JK&V,-" C"+ 6&"JM

:, C+$L&J, ARJ&%, -$ $JK, $J%I$#, -$ C$(J,L&$(K" $J Î$ $# A&$( -$ #"J,%K"J -$ ,Î$##"J Î$ J"( L"+,#L$(K$ +$JC"(J,A#$J $J #" Î$ $# :$V&J#,-"+c6&"J " $(J,]$+" c9#R #$ A$(-&V, T #$ -$ C,Ddd S, &(-&%,-" Î$ $J AI$(",# C$+L&K&+#" " C$-&+ Î$ J$, S$%S"M j #" L,#" $J #" Î$ $# :$V&J#,-"+ S, J$Qk,#,-" ̂ I$ $J L,#" ,# C$-&+ ̂ I$ (" J$ S,V,M =# A&$( (" $J #" ̂ I$ #, +,D'( %"(QJ&-$+, AI$("W (& #" L,#" #" Î$ #, +,D'( %"(J&-$+, L,#"M :, L$-&-, -$# A&$(T -$# L,#W J$Vf( $JK, $J%I$#, -$ C$(J,L&$(K"W $J #, :$T


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j ,Î$##"J Î$ G&GE,( $( I(" -$ #"J &(K$+G,#"J -$ K&$LC" -$JCIBJ -$ #,LI$+K$ -$ I( C+"P$K, T ,(K$J -$ ̂ I$ I(" (I$G" SIA&$+, J&-" $(G&,-" (" J"(

+$JC"(J,A#$J -$ (,-, T (" L$+$%$( (& +$%"LC$(J, (& %,JK&V"MEsta opinión es conirmada por la palabra de Allah Altísimo:

h2I(%, S$L"J %,JK&V,-" J&( S,A$+ L,(-,-" ,(K$J , I( $(G&,-"i c!"+R(O[eO\dMs

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9L,(, HIAMW X__bW CCM XQ0M

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• La revuelta de Bábak (816-837) surgió en el norte de Irán, cerca del mar!,JC&" T J$ $ZK$(-&' C"+ 9D$+A,&TR(W C"+ 9+L$(&, T $# JI+"$JK$ -$ H$+QJ&,M @RA,gW $# %,A$%#,W +$%#IK' , JIJ J$VI&-"+$J $(K+$ #, C"A#,%&'( L,QD-$, %,LC$J&(,W , #"J Î$ #,(D' %"(K+, #"J V+,(-$J C+"C&$K,+&"J R+,A$JM:,J K&$++,J Î$ ,JE "AKIG&$+"( PI$+"( +$C,+K&-,J $(K+$ #"J J$VI&-"+$J-$ #, +$GI$#K,M @RA,g %"(J&VI&' %"(P"+L,+ I( V+,( $]B+%&K" T -$++"K,+a varios generales del califa al-Mamún, pero inalmente la revuelta fueJ"P"%,-, C"+ $# JI%$J"+ -$ BJK$W ,#Q>IK,J&LM

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Los imanes alíes y la dinastía fatimí

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