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8/13/2019 INTRODUCCIN GRAMATICA INGLESA
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She speaks pretty well, doesn't she?
We are German, aren't we?
lean has a new car, hasn't she?
They brought a good piano, didn.'t they?
SENTENCE (negative) Question-tag (affirmative)
Mary doesn't like such pears, does she?
You haven't got your new car, have you?We can't come so soon, can we?
They won't come again, will they?
Recurdese que al realizar la construccin gramatical con las coletil1aso question-tags se produce una inversin respecto a la frase afirmativao negativa.
17. I 1 WISH + PAST TENSE I : OJALA!J wish you were here : jala estuvieras aqu![ wish [ spoke [talian : jala hablara italiano!
FRASE
Sujeto + verbo auxiliarShe is
COLETILLA INTERROGATIVA
Verbo auxiliar + sujetoisn't she?
I N T R O D U C C I O N
A L A
G R A M A T IC A IN G L E S A
18. I SUBJECT + HAS/HAVE + JUST + PAST PARTICIPLE I
ACABAR DE + INFINITIVO
She has just bought a new house :acaba de comprarse una casa nuevaWe have just gone round the comer
They have just arrived from London
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R A F A E L B L A N C O S O L E R
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Publicado por
Editorial EGIR.S.A.
RAFAEL BLANGO SOLER
Depsito Legel V-179-1986
1. S. B. N 84-7065-116-1
How boring!
How nicely! (she speaks)
8. From time to time: De vez en cuando
1 used to go lo the cinema /rm lime to time
9. Get ready ; Preparar
l'm going lO gel my things ready
10. Instead of : En lugar de
l've eaten oranges inslead o/ pears
1J. Like: Como IParecido a
We have a house like yours
12. To be able to : Ser capaz de
He will be able lO reach the top o/ this mounlain
13. Dare: Atreverse I
Osar (anmalo)He dare nol open his moulh
14. ~ AUX + SUBJECT + I TAMBIEN
Peter speaks English and so does MaryA S
We will go to London and so will IheyA S
15. I NEITHER/NOR + AUX + SUBJECT I TAMPOCO
She can't do it again and nor can MollyA S
We didn't go to the disco and neilher did my jriendA S
QUESTION-TAGS: VERDAD?, NO ES VERDAD?Impreso en hueco-offset
por INDUSTRIASGRFICAS ECIR.S.A.
His to r iado r D iago . 13 . Va lenc ia .
16.
SENTENCE (affirmative) Question-tag (negative)
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5. I SHALL + SUBJECT + INFINITIVE (-TO)? II l ' I
Shall we go. to the park?
Queris que vaYamos al parque?
Shall w e play football?
Con estas estructuris se SUGIERE algo, pero'el speaker no est seguro
de que el listenen) est de acuerdo. IN DICE
6. LET US (LET'S)' + INFINITIVE (- TO) II El articulo determinado (Definite arrie/e) .
Pg.
7
Let's play football'
Let's do it now
El speaker est casi convencido de que el listener va a estar de
acuerdo con l.
7. EXCLAMACIONII~S CON HOW, WHAT A Y WHAT (QUE?)
a) What a + singular noun
What a pity!
b) What + pluq'l nounWhal days!
c) W hat + uncountable noun
What nonsense!
d) What a + ad}ective + sjngular nounWhat a lovely,day!
What a light bpx!
e) What + adjeotive + plural noun
What lovely girls!What beauti[ul days!
f) What + adjeclive + uncountable noun
What nice weather!
What horrible wind!
g) How + adjective I How + adverbHow silly!
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a) Pronunciacin. .b) Palabras que normalmente van precedidas del artculo determinado.c) Palabras que normalmente no llevan el artculo determinado.
Articulo indeterminado .
Usos del artculo indeterminado.Omisin del artCulo indeterminado.Tabla de pronombres personales, adjetivos posesivos, pronombres posesivos,
pronombres complemento y reflexivos.Funcionamiento de la tabla anterior a nivel estructural.
Demostrativos (Demonstratives) .
Ejemplos.
Adjetivos: La comparacin. Grados del adjetivo .
Grado pasivo.Grado comparativo de superioridad.Comparativo de inferioridad.Comparativo de igualdad.El superlativo.
Pronombres interrogativos (Interrogative pronouns)
Ejemplos.
Pronombres relativos (Relative pronouns) .
Expresiones de cantidad .
Otras expresiones de cantidad.
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12
13
14
15
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Estilo indirecto... 39
/ oi /
/au/
/ i /
/E . 'O /
/ua/
/ j /
/ p /
/ t /
/ d /
/w/
/ f /
/ g /
/ n //1/
/( ) /
/ ~/
/m/
/ k /
/ s /
/ z /
/ J // t /
/ t J //dtl
/ r /
/ b /
/ v /
/TI/
/ h /
Noise - bo y - boil - toy
Brown - now - how - coun!
Hear - here - near - tear
Pear - there - their . fair
Poor - sure - tour
TRIPTONGO
/aua/
Our - hour - power - llower
CONSONANTES (CONSONANTS)
Yes - you '. new - few
Puma - ptt . pupil - plane
Tea - toy - take - turn
Does - doye - due - day
Window - wood - one - where
Fox - photo - fame - phone
Goat - girl - gun - garden
Nine - nose - nest - nameLamb - milk - lamp - Molly
Thing - think - thank . Arthur
That - them - those - though
Mother - t'num - music - may
Key - ache - can - lichen
Nice - voice - stamp - stop
Is - season - match es - zoo
Shoe - shop - sugar - sure -
Pleasure - measure - leisure
Chin - ch~ose - chair'- cheese
Judge - Gl;orge - jet - Jim
Mary - carry - road - !"Un
Boy - big l' box - bedVery - give - five - visit
Coming - think - going - thing
House - her - him - height
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)(La voz pasiva .
T~hla transformacinal de verbos activos a su correspondiente forma ver-
bal pasiva.
La pasiva indirecta (lndirect passive).Indirect passive.
Cambios de tiempo. ejemplos.Cambios de sujeto.Cambios en los determinantes posesivos.Cambios en los adverbios y locuciones adverbiales.El verbo reportado est en
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2.' IIF + PAST TENSE + SIMPLE CONDITlONAL II II
lfhe came soon we'd go lO Ihe cinema(si viniera pronto)
Recurdese que el P AST TENSE en las oraciones condicionales se
traduce como IMPERFECTO de SUBJUNTIVO en castellano.
3.' IIF + PAST PERFECT/PLUPERFECT + PAST CONDITlONALI i
lf il hadn'l rained we'd have gone lo your house,
A L F A B ET O F O N E T IC O IN T E R N A C IO N A L
(S mbolos font icos)
VOLCALES (VOWELS)
1 c R. I That - man - fat - cat
Ie I Head - men - bread - pen
I i I Still - this - it - hit
I i: I Steal - these - eat - heat
l a: I Part - park - class - glass
I u I Look - put - good - would
Iu: I Pool - school - fool - shoe
Io I Dog - what - was - on
lo: I Floor - draw - pour - nor
1"0: I Shirt - girl - first - bird
I C j I The - mother - father - lessonI 1\I Cut - but - some - one
DIPTONGOS ( DIPHTHONGS)
I ai I Line - fine - five - nine
I ei I Play - wait - rain - make
Iou I 00 - close - no - those
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Recurdese que al pasar a estilo indirecto la oracin es AFTRMATIV A y
debemos respetar la estructura gramatical: SUJETO, VERBO, COMPLE-
MENTOS
(D): They asked us: are you British?
(1): They asked us if we were British
(D): Molly asked him: Do you live in London?>;
(1): Molly asked him if he ved in London
S v e
B) CUESTIONES CON PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS
E.g.: What?, Where?, How?, How many?, How long? ...
Las oraciones que empiezan con una partcula interrogativa pasan a estilo'
indirecto con otra oracin encabezada por dicha partcula interrogativa
en cuestin.
(D): He asked me: what are they doing?
(1): He asked me what they were doing
(D): They asked us: How long have you been there?
(1) They asked us how long we had been there
O R A C IO N E S C O N D IC IO N A L E S
(conditional c1auses)
1. a I IF + PRES~NT TENSE + FUTURE I I
If you don'l do your exercises your leacher will be angry
~ PRESENT TENSE + PRESENT TENSE II I
I
If you gel a shower you gel wet
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E L A R TIC U L O D E T E R M IN A D O
(Definite artic le)
El artculo determinado en ingls es THE (el, la, los, las). THE es una
forma dbil del demostrativo THAT.
A) PRONUNCIACION
l. I~o /The book2. I 'f3 / The apple3. / :/ Let's go lo Ihe Iheatre!
Esta ltima utilizacin del artculo le da a la frase un valor
ENFATTCO.
USO Y OMISION DEL ARTICULO
DETERMINADO
B ) P AL AB RAS Q UE N OR MA LME NT E V AN P REC EDI DA S D EL
ARTICULO DETERMINADO
I . Los peridicos
THE New York Times
THE Daily Mirror
THE Daily Telegraph
THE Guardian
2. L os nom bres de ros, m ares y canales
THE Thames
THE Allanlic
THE Panama Canals
3. Los nombres de nstituciones (hoteles, teatros, restaurantes, cines ... )
THE Savoy
THE Royal Shakespeare Thealre
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CAMBIOS EN LOS DETERMINANTES POSESIVOS4. Cuando es usado como fenmeno UNICO
THE Bible
THE city
THE king
DIRECT SPEECH
My
Our '
REPORTED SPEECH
his/her
their
5. Cuando se utiliza como algo representativo de toda una CLASE o
ESPECIE
THE ral is larger Ihan Ihe mouse
THE machine has replaced Ihe horse
Ejemplos: (D):
(1):
She said: 1 don'l wanl my keys
She said Ihal she didn'l wanl her keys
Verbo introductorio asked o sus sinnimos
FRASES DIRECTAS INTERROGA TIVAS
CAMBIOS EN LOS ADVERBIOS Y LOCUCIONES ADVERBIALES
EL VERBO REPORTADO ESTA EN IMPERA TIVE
there
then
before
that day
that night
the next day
the. day before
REPORTED SPEECHDIRECT SPEECH
A) CUESTIONES DIRECTAS SIN PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS
Es necesario el uso de la partcula IF en reported speech.
Peler asked: have Ihey arrived?
Peler asked ij Ihey had arrived
here
now
ago
wday ,
tonight
tomorrow
yesterday
Si el verbo reportado est en imperativo (afirmativo) utilizamos TO, y si
est en imperativo negativo NOT TO.
(D): He lold me: wait a minule
(1): He lold me lo wait a minule
(D): The leacher lold us don'l smoke
(1): The leacher lold us nol lo smoke
6. Con instrumentos musicales
Play THE vio/in
Play THE piano
Play THE guilar
7. Con algunas profesiones
THE pub/isher Peler Green
THE journa/isl Mary Brown
8. Tambin en algunas expresiones idomticas
Al THE beginning
Al THE end
In THE middle
Al THE cenlre
l. Algunos trminos relacionados con la escuelll
Break, hall, prayers
2. Las comidas tomadas como un hecho cotidia.no
Lunch, supper, dinner, breakjasl
3. Algunas palabras no toman el artculo determinado cuando funcio-
nan como nombres propios, tal es el caso de:
Heaven, hell, paradise
4. Las revistas
Time, Lije, Language
C) PALABRAS QUE NORMALMENTE NO LLEVAN EL ARTICULO
DETERMINADO
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CAMBIOS DE TIEMPO. EJEMPLOS
pasl tense ~~--- -
present perfect
future -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .
( D) V er bo I NTR ODU CT OR IO ( 1)
en PAST T ENSE (said), por
lo tanto hay cambio de tiempo
en el verbo REPORTADO.
1. (D):
(1):
Peter said: 1 /ike fish
Peter said thal he liked fish
past tense o past perfect
past perfect
conditional
Verbo reportado en present
tense (like), por lo tanto pasa a
estilo INDIRECTO segn la
tabla anterior a PAST TENSE:
LIKED.
5. L os nombres de lagos y montaas
Mount Everest, Si/ver Lake
6. Las ciudades y los pueblos
Rome, Madrid, Cardiff, Cambridge
7. Los nombres de pases, estados, condados ...
Spain, France, Eng/and, Great Britain, Wa/es, /re/and ...
Excepciones: The Sahara, The Sudan
8. Los nombres geogrficos de continentes
Europe, Africa, Asia, America
Excepciones: The Antartic
2. (D): He said: Mary arrived on Monday
(1): He said thal Mary arrived on Monday
(1): He said Ihal Mary had arrived on Monday
3. (D): He said: / have forgotten my umbrella(1): He said Ihal he had forgotten his umbrella
4. (D): He said: George will be in Paris on Monday
(I): He said Ihal George wou/d be in Paris on Monday
A R T I C U L O I N D E T E R M I N A D O
~ 1?Ro1 Idl, a pear, a house, a cow
IAN
I li!I/.nI I;nl delante de sonido voclico
an apple, an orange, an odd number
Atencin! A UNIVERSITY Iju:1 A !lSEFUL TH/NG
sonido consonll/;co
USOS DEL ARTICULO INDETERMINADO
CAMBIOS DE SUJETQ
Hay que considerar tambin los cambios de SUJETO de estilo directo a indi-
recto. Son fundamentales los siguientes:
DlRECT SPEECH
I
We
Eg.: (D):
(I):
(D):
(I):
REPORTED SPEECH
he/she
they
He said: 1 have an Eng/ish book
He said that ~e had an English book
They said: we are good sludents
They said that they were good students
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l. Se utiliza con sustantivos de PROFES10N a diferencia del castellano.
She is a good surgeon
George is a gardener
Mary is a doctor
Bob is a student
2. Delante de los COUNTABLE NOUNS (nombres contables):
A chair, a book, a bull
3. Delante de nombres propios de PERSONA, cuando sta se desconoce,
significando: un tal.
A Mr. Brown has just come: Un tal seor Brown acaba de llegar
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introductorio reportado
E S T I L O I N D I R E C T O
(reported speech)
2. Si el verbo introductorio est en simple present al pasar a estilo indio
recto no se pro~uce CAMBIO de TIEMPO en el verbo reportado.
E.g.: He says: the train will be latefUlure
Una frase de estilo directo en castellano sera:
El me dijo: ests muy guapa
Esta misma frase en estilo INDIRECTO se transformara as:
El me dijo que estaba' muy guapa
En ingls vamos a distinguir los siguientes puntos:
l. E n una frase de DIRE CT SPE ECH existen dos verbos:
A) El verbo INTRODUCTORIO
B) El verbo REPORTADO
llike jish
I
E.g.: Peter said:
I
l. Se omite delante de los sustantivos PLURALES.
Houses, chairs, drinks, bananas
2. Se omite delante de los nombres ABSTRACTOS (Iove/death ... ).
Nobody likes death
Love is not only a word
3. Se omite detrs del verbo TURN.
When 1 went to that country 1 turned Conservative
OMISION DEL ARTICULO INDETERMINADO
4. Con las construcciones siguientes:
Such a... , What a... , A thousand ..., Quite a..., A hundred ... , A million ...
5. En algunos IDIOMS:
Have a rest
Have a talk
Be in a hurry
Have a good time ...
TABLA DE PRONOMBRES PERSONALES, ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS,
PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS, PRONOMBRES COMPLEMENTO
Y REFLEXIVOS
He says that the truin will be lateI future
Como se puede observar el verbo introductorio es SA Y, por lo tanto
el verbo reportado se mantiene en FUTURE.
I
3. Cuando el verbo introductorio es SAID la conjuncin castellana QUE
ser THA T en ingls.
E.g.: Peter said TRA T he liked jish
4. Pero si el verbo 'INTRODUCTORIO est en PAST TENSE o SIMPLE
PAST se dan los'siguintes cambios de tiempo en el verbo REPORTADO:
P . P E R S O N A LE S
1 _
Y O U _
HE _
S H E _
IT _
W E _
Y O U _
T H EY _ _
A . P O S E S IV O S
M Y _
Y O UR _ _
H IS _
H E R _
IT S _
O U R _
Y O UR _ _
T H EI R _ _
P . P O S E S IV O S
M IN E _
Y O UR S _ _
H IS _
H E R S _
ITS _
O U R S _
Y O UR S _ _
T H EI RS _ _
P . C O M P L E M E N T O
ME _
Y O U _
H IM _
H E R _
IT _
US _
Y O U _
T H E M _
REFLEXIVOS
M Y S E L F
Y O U R S E L F
H I M S E L F
H E R S E L F
I T S E L F
O U R S E L V E S
Y O U R S E L V E S
T H E M S E L V E S
ESTILO DIRECTO
(direct speech) I
present tense
ESTILO INDIRECTO
(reported speech)
past tense
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Mary he/ps HIM
P. c.
INDIRECT PASSIVE
MOLL y HAS SHOWN CHARLES A PHOTOS v IC DC
I
fCHARLES HAS BEEN SHOWN A PHOTO
S P. V.
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FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA TABLA ANTERIORA NIVEL ESTRUCTURAL
Pronombres personales.-En ingls los pronombres personales'van DELANTEdel verbo al igual que en otras lenguas.
I PLAY FOOTBALL EVERYDAY-----
P.P. V.
SHE LO VES MUSICP.P. V.
Adjetivos o determinantes posesivos.-Determinan o modifican a un sustantivo,se colocan por lo tante DELANTE delos SUSTANTIVOS.
OUR HOUSE IS VER Y BIOA. POS. SUS.
THEIR CAR IS VER y NEWA. POS. SUS.
Pronombres posesivos.-En la estructura superficial no van ,delante del sus-
tantivo. En ingls NUNCA se utilizan con el ar-tculo a diferencia del castellano, que puede hacerambas cosas.
THA T BOOK IS MINEP. POS.
THESE PENCILS ARE OURSP. POS.
Pronombres complemento.-Se sitan DETRS del verbo y.~siemprese uti-lizan estos pronombres DETRAS de PREPO-SICION.
Come with USP. C.
They to/d HERP. C.
LisIen lo THEM---
P. C.
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Pronombres reflexivos.-Se colocan DETRAS del verbo; tambin pueden irdetrs de una preposicin.
SHE CUT HERSELF YESTERDA yREFLEX
CONVERSA TIONS WITH MYSELFREFLEX.
D E M O S T R A T I V O S(Demonstratives)
e) Futurewill keep will be keptwill do will be donewill give ~ will be given
f) Conditiona/
would keep would be keptwould speak would be spokenwould make would be made
g) Dejective verbscan do can be donemust make must be madeought to give ought to be givenmight speak might be spoken
Los demostrativos preceden en muchas ocasiones a los pronqmbresONE/ONES.
Plural
THESE / ~L;.z. / :ESTOS/AS/OSTHOSE / ~ ouz. / : ESOS/AS/OS - AQUELLOS/AS
Singular
THIS / ~i -S /: ESTE/ A/OTHAT / ~ '7 et / :ESE/ A/O
EJEMPLOS
This is my jriend; these are my jriends I
That is my umbrella; those are your umbre'las
What is this? This is my pen
What is that? That is a dogWhat are those? They are our teachers
Don 't take those pears; take these ones
This dog is very quick, that one is quicker
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AQUEL/LA/LO
LA PASIVA INDIRECTA (INDIRECT PASSIVE)
El SUBJECT de la oracin pasiva es el DIRECT OBJECT de la oracin acti-
va; pero algunas frases activas pueden tener dos complementos: uno de cosay otro de persona (INDIRECT OBJECT). Cuando tomamos el objeto indirec-to como sujeto pasivo, pasiva refleja en castellano (se), estaremos haciendoun nuevo tipo de pasiva llamada PASIVA INDIRECTA.
E.g.: (A) Peter gave him a watch
(P) He was given a watch
(A) They will give Mary a present
(P) Mary will be given a present
Se le dar un regalo a Mara
Podemos resumir lo que hemos dicho sobre la voz pasiva en el siguiente esque-
ma o diagrama:
. - - -MARY KISSED PETER
(active subjeot) (aclive verb) (direct objecl)
f f IPETER WAS KISSED BY MAR y-.'
(passive subjCl) (passive verb) (ag~nt)
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EL COMPLEMENTO AGENTE se expresa en ingls con la preposicinBY, y no es necesario expresallQ.C.lland.Q.el.s.ujelOct'i-es un determinanteind'eflmdo: someone, somebody. Pero si el sujeto activo es un nombre
propio y en el momento del discurso es importante para el speaker, enese caso s se suele poner.
(A) Mary broke the chair yesterday
(P) The chair was broken BY Mary
(A) Someone built 'that nice sandcastle yesterday
(P) That nice sandcastle was built yesterday
A D J E T I V O S : L A C O M P A R A C I O N .
G R A D O S D F : L A D J E T I V O
GRADO POSITIVO
Blue, green, big, high...
GRADO COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD
TAULA TRANSFORMACIONAL DE VERBOS ACTIVOSIA SU CORRESPONDIENTE FORMA VERBAL PASIVA~ + than (que)
a) Simple present
keeps is keptbreak are brokencloses is closed
close are closedb) Simple past
kept was/were keptbroke was/were brokendestroyed was/were destroyedadmired was/were admired
+ than
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
PASIVE
PASIVE
l. Adjetivos de una sola slaba. To~an el morfema -ER
high higher
big bigger
nice nicer
short shorter ...
2. Adjetivos de tres o ms slabas. Se construyen con la partcula MOREdelante de dichos adjetivos.
inte//igent more inte//igent
fascinating more fascinating
i mpo rta nt m ore im por ta nt interesting more interesting ...
3. Adjetivos de dos slabas. Si terminan en FUL o RE siguen la normanmero 2.
beautiful more beautiful h+ t an
obscure more obscure
Si terminan en ER o Y siguen la norma nmero l.
had been kepthad been spokenhad been donehad been made
COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD
Se forma con LESS + adjective+ THAN, sea cual sea el nmero de slabas delos adjetivos.
She is less quick than my brother
We are less inte//igent than our cousins
c) Present perfecthas/have kept has/have been keplhas/have given has/have been givenhas/have closed has/have been closedhas/have broken has/have been broken
d) Past perfecthad kept _ had spoken _ had done _ had made _
happy _
easy _
c1ever _
happier
easier + than
c1everer
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I the + adjective +EST I
It may rain this afternoon :puede que llueva esta tarde
He may not eome tomorrow : puede que no venga maana
COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD
Se forma con AS+ adjective +As. sea cual sea el nmero de slabas del adje-tivo. Si la frase es negativa se suele utilizar SO adj~ctive AS.
She is as c1ever as her mother
This horse isn't so stubborn as that one
EL SUPERLATIVO
l. Adjetivos de una sola slaba
high the highest
big the biggest
2. Adjetivos de tres o ms slabas = The MOST adjective
i mpo rt an t th e mo st i mp ort an t
intelligent the most intelligent
3. Adjetivos de dos slabas
FUL1 - - the most beautiful ~ ~ (de)=cuando son o pertenecenaRE -- the most obscure OF la misma categora.
ER -- the cleverest IN (de)=en los dems casos,y -- the silliest
Peter is the eldest of the soldiers
Molly is the best in maths
This is the highest mountain in the world
b) Deber con sentido positivo en frases negativas.
Mary mustn't do that again!
You mustn't get it; it's not yours,
e) NECESIDAD.
She must hurry or he'lI be late
We must study if we want to get this bike
I MAY I
l. Poder cuando se pide PERMISO (ingls formal),
May we smoke in the c1assroom?
May 1 go out with my friends, Dad?
2. POSIBILIDAD (
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2. Se construyen en interrogativa por inversin.
May we?
Must they?
Can we?
3. Nunca llevan el morfema to de infinitivo.
Can / may / must
4. Cuando en una construccin va detrs de ellos otro INFINITIVO, stetampoco toma el morfema to.
Peter can speak English
They can swim very well
You must study much more
He may come soon
I CAN I
a) Poden> en el sentido de tener capacidad o habilidad para hacer algo.
He can lift that table :l puede levantar esa mesa.They can do it very well :lo pueden hacer muy bien
b) Saber en el sentido de tener habilidad para hacer algo.
Jane can swin :Jane sabe nadar
My friend cannot type :mi amigo no sabe escribir a mquina
c) PETICIONES.
Can you do me a favour? : puedes hacerme un favor?
Can you lend me your bicyc/e?
I MUST I
a) Deber como algo ineludible.
You must go to work at seven o'c/ock
They must obey their parents
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WHA T - Se utiliza en frases que dan una ide.
What are your hobbies?
What kind of sports do you Iike?
WHICH -. Es mucho ms restrictivo que what
Which horse is the quickest?
Which of these films is your favoUlEJEMPLOS
Who are you?
Who are those men?
Whose are these keys?
Whose caris this?
P R O N O M B R E S R E L A l(R elat ive pronouns)
- t i '
I WHO I que
~ Se utiliza cuando el ant'1 '\'.~ ,/ .es una PERSONA.
The man who is speakiJ
,) ~ I WHICH I que ~ Se utiliza cuando el antThe book which is on t
~
, 2 I THAT I q" ' I"P""" ,mp1w imcasos, es decir en lugar I
Es un relativo que indiccuyo r -WHOSE I cuando el antecedente e:aloslas .
una o vanas cosas.
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The boy whose bicyc/e is red is my brolherposeedor cosa poseda
The woman whose hal is blue is Mrs. Brown
CO N D ICIO N A L SIMPL E(Simple conditional) .
E X PRE SIO N ES D E CA N TID A DAUXILIARES (forma negativa) SHOULD NOT = SHOULDN'T
WOULD NOT =WOULDN'TFRASESUNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
(nombres no contables)
AUXILIARES WOULD
(He - you . they)
SHOULD(I . we)
(1) Estas expresiones en ingls oral se utilizan indistintamente e incluso en algunas ocasiones en
ingls escrito.
Subject + should/would + infinilive(-T(')
['d go
You'd go
He'd/she'd/it'd go
We'd go
You'd go
They'd go
Subj. + should/would NOT + infinitive(-TO)
VERBO MODELO: TO 00
You wouldn't come there
Forma afirmativa:
Forma negativa:
1 should go (iria)
You would go
He/she/it would go
We should go
You would go
They would go)1Jf\ \jr;
Afirmativas A LOT OF
Negativas MUCH
Interrogativas MUCH (1)
Traduccin Mucho / A
_ F
She is drinking a 101o/water
Does she eat much cheese?We don '1drink much mi/k
FRASES
COUNTABLE NOUNS
(nombres no contables)
Forma interrogativa: Should/would + subj. + infinitive?(-TO)
Afirmativas A LOT OF
Negativas MANY
Interrogativas MANY (1)
Traduccin Muchos/as
She is ealing a 101o/pearsDoes he drink many bottles o/ milk?There aren'l many books on the shel/
r v l J t\~L( 2 Of
Would he do it over and over again?
L O S A N O M A LO S C AN , M U ST Y M A Y
CARACTERISTICAS DE ESTOS VERBOS
1. Construyen la forma negativa con NOT.
1 cannol
l may nol
l musl not
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OTRAS EXPRESIONES DE CANTIDADForma interrogativaI
Shall/will + subject + in finitive?(-TO)
COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
La tendencia actual en ingls moderno es la de utilizar para todas las personas
el auxiliar WILL.
Will you come soon?How many?
Too many
So many
Few
Afew
cuntos/as?
demasiados/ as
tantos/aspocos/as
= unos/as pocos/as
How much?I
Too much
'So much
Lit/le
A lit/le
cunto/a?
demasiado/a
tanto/a
poco/a
= unja poco/a
E L F U T U R O P R O X I M O
El FUTURO PROXIMO se utiliza mucho tanto en ingls como en castellano.
Indica una accin futura, pero no muy lejana, ms bien de realizacin casi
inmediata.
L O S P L U R A L ES
D E L O S S U S T A N T I V O S
Norma general.-El plural de un NOMBRE se forma aadiendo el SUFIJO S
a la forma s ingular, del m ismo m odo qJe ocurre en cas tellano. -
SINGULAR PLURAL
ESTRUCTURA GRAMATICAL
you are
+
to play ten nis
dog ._ dogstable ---.__ tables
chair chairs
finger fingers
Am I going?
Are you going?
15he/she/it going?
CONJUGACION
Forma afirmativa
I'm going
You're going
He/she/it is going
We're going
You're goingThey're going
Forma negativa
I'm not going
You aren't going
He/she/it isn't going
We aren't going
You aren't goingThey aren't going
Forma interrogativa
Are we going
Are you going
Are they going?
EXCEPp?NES
l. Los nombres terminados enQ, SS, , s H ; , CH o ~ forman el plural tomandoel sufijo ES.
--
O potato potatoes--
SS kiss kisses._-
SH brush brushes--
CH match matchJs i, .
X fox foxes I I
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2. Pero debemos recordar que algunos sustantivos terminados en slotoman el morfema ,es decir siguen la norma general. Algunos de ellos
son de origen francs.
SINGULAR
AUXILIARES (forma negativa) SHALL NOT = SHAN'T
WILL NOT = WON'T
WILL
(he - you - they)
done it?
SHALL(1 - we)
you
FUTURO
(Future)
Had
AUXILIARES:
Forma interrogativa
PLURAL
baby babies
lady ladies\
eountry countries
fly flies
SINGULAR PLURAL
photo photos
piano pianl!s
dynamo dynamos
Los sustantivos terminados enr precedida de CONSONANTE formanel plural cambiando la Y por una I y luego toman la terminacin ES.
I CONSONANT +y > lES I
3 .
VERBO MODELO: TO GO
4. Doce nombres terminados en !: o FE pierden la!: y luego toman el sufijo
VES.
F/FE> VES I
Forma afirmativa
subject + shall/will + infinitive(-TO)
PLURAL
Subject + shall/will + not + infinitive(-TO)
SINGULAR
wife wives
life lives
knife knives
wolf wolves
self selves
ealf ealvesshelf shelves
leaf leaves
loaf loa ves
thief thieves
sheaf sheaves
half halves
I shall go (ir)
You will go
He/she/it will go
We shall go
You will go
They will goForma negativa
We shan't
Forma afirmativa contrada
1 '11 go
You'll go
He'll/she'll/it'lI go
We'll go
You'll go
They'll go
do it again
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Forma neg~tiva
She has not
+
done it
5. Los sustantivos terminados en Y precedidos de VOCAL forman el plUl
tomando el sufijo S, es decir siguen la norma ge'leral.
I VOWEL+Y> S I
SINGULAR PLURAL----
day days
donkey donkeys
boy boys
6. Algunos nombres terminados en F siguen la regla general.
SINGULAR PLUR .L---- ---
finished themnOIhave
Forma interrogativa
I Ha\haVe + subject +
Have you played with her?
Has Mary spoken to him?rooJ rooJs
handkerchieJ handkerchieJs
Otros nombres tienen ambas formaciones:
SINGULAR PLURAL
fR E T E R I T O P L U S C U A M P E R F E C T O(Pa s t per f ec t / p luper fec t ) 7.
scarJ scarJslo scarves
wharJ wharfs o wharves
Unos pocos sustantivos forman el plural por cambio voclico.
Forma afilrmativa
I Subject + HAD + past participle I
VERBO MODELO: PLAY
I had played (haba jugado)
You had played
He/she/it had played
We had ilayed
you had played
They had played
Forma negativa
VERBO MODELO: SPEAK
I had spoken (haba hablado)You had spoken
He/she/it had spokenWe had spoken
you had spoken
They had spoken
SINGULAR PLURAL
man men
Joot Jeet
goose geese
tooth teeth
mouse mice
woman women
8. Plurales irregulares.
SINGULAR PLURAL----
ox oxenchild children
penny pence
9. Unos pocos nombres de PECES y ANIMALES no varian su forma (plural.
We had not closed the shop
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SINGULAR PLURAL
/ish /ish,
salmon salmon
Iroul Irour
deer deer
sheep sheep
Forma afirmativa: Es totalmente irregular y se debe conocer memorsticamente.
To go: 1 wenl, you wenl, he wenl...
To break: 1 broke, you broke, he broke ...
Forma negativa: 1 Subject + DIDN'T + infinitive(-TO)
IPLURAL
lO. Los sustantivos que mantienen su forma original GRIEGA o LATINA
hacen el plural segn la normativa de las lenguas anteriormente citadas.Aqu tenemos algunos de ellos:
SINGULAR
,
She didn'l go lo Ihe Ihealre yeslerday
We didn'l break Ihal windowHe didn'1 do Ihe exam very well
crisis crises
dalum dala
phenomenon phenomena
oasis oases
Forma interrogativa: I DID + subject + infinitive?(-TO)
Did she go lo Ihe Ihealre yesrerday?
Did you break Ihal window?
Did he do a very good exam?
P R E T E R IT O P E R F E C T O(Present perfect / simple perfect)
l. Regular verbs
-d / -ed / -ied
2. Irregular verbs
-broken / -brought
-made / -felt. ..
VERBO MODELO: SPEAK
I have spoken (he hablado)
You have spoken
He/she/it has spoken
We have spoken
You have spoken
They have spoken
gone
+
Forma afirmativa
VERBO MODELO: PLAY
I have played (he jugado)
You have played
He/she/it has played
We have played
You have played
They have played
G E N I T IV O S A J O N
(Genitive Saxon)
l. La posesin, cuando el POSEEDOR es una PERSONA o ANIMAL, es
indicado normalmente con el Genitivo Sajn, y no con la preposicin
OF.
Tom's books
My /alher's car
Peler's bicycle
Mary's har
2. Cuando el poseedor es una cosa se utiliza OF;
The wa/ls oIlhe cilyThe le/!.o/ he rabIe
Otra posibilidad que nos ofrece la lengua ingles es eliminar la preposi-
cin OF y realizar una inversin de ambas palabras:
The city walls
The lable leg
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O) Relacin de verbos que NO son utilizados en la forma continua gene-
ralmente:
l. VERBOS DE SENTIDO: notice / smel/ / hear / see.
2. VERBOS DE EMOCION: want / hate / like / desire.
3. VERBOS DE PENSAMIENTO: think / feel / believe / know.
4. VERBOS DE POSESION: belong / own / possess.
P R E T E R I T O I N D E F IN I D O / I M P E R F E C T O(Past tense / simple past)
VERBOS REGULARES (REGULAR VERBS)
Forma afirmativa: I Subject + infinitive + O - EO - lEO(-TO)
FORMACION DEL GENITIVO SAJON
l. [J se utiliza con sustantivos singulares y plurales irregularesterminan en s.
The boy's room
Peter's car
Women's hats
Tom's house
2. Dse utiliza simplemente cuando el sustantivo est en plur;The girls' school
The dogs' kennels
3. A los nombres PROPIOS de autores clsicos que terminan en
les aade el '.
Keats' poetry
Hercules' club
TO WORK
I worked (trabaj)
You workedHe/she/it worked
We worked
You worked
The worked
TO LIVE
1 lives! (viv)
You IivedHe/she/it lived
We lived
You Iived
They lived
TO TRY
1 tried (intent)
You triedHe/she/it tried
We tried
You tried
They tried
4. Pero los nombres no clsicos que terminan en s tiene las dO!des: (') o ('s).
fames' father o fames's fatherCharles' mother o Charles's mother
PECULIARIDADES DEL GENITIVO SAJON
Forma negativa: I subject + OID NOT + infinitive(-TO)
She didn't live here
Forma interrogativa: I OID + subj. + infinitive?(-Ta)
Did she work so hard?
VERBOS IRREGULARES (IRREGULAR VERBS)
Corresponden a la columna central de las tablas de verbos irregulares:
WENT, CAME, BOUGHT, FOUGHT ...
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,
A) Al transformar una frase en genitivo sajn debemos rec(
ARTICULO delante de la persona o cosa poseda desapaTl
T he hor ns of th e c ow t he c ow's hor ns
The toys of the children the children's toys
B) Tambin se puede utilizar la estructura gramatical del geniti
EXPRESIONES de TIEMPO.Today's problems
A moment's rest
The year's beginning
A fortnight's course
C) Del mismo modo utilizamos el genitivo sajn con LAS J
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CUERPO Y con aigunos sustantivos relacionados con la CIENCIA y la
CULTURA.
The poem's symbolism
The mind's abilily
love loving
live living
argue arguing
hale haling
(1) El art/culo (THE) desaparece delan" de lu personu o ('Osupu,./du.
Vamos a dividir los adverbios en dos grandes grupos:
A) ADVERBIOS DE TIEMPO DEFINIDO (definite adverbs)
A D V E R B I O S
seeing
agreeing
see _
agree _
Pero esta variacin no ocurre si el verbo termina en EE ya que se pro-nuncia /i:/.
Cuando un. verbo de una sola slaba tiene una sola VOCAL y termina con
una sola CONSONANTE, esta consonante final se duplica.
hit hilling
run running
gel gelling
SIOp slopping
drop dropping
3. Cuando un verbo termina en L, si va precedido de una sola VOCAL,dicha ele (L) se duplica.
Iravel Iravelling
signal signalling
2.
.
The bvvk vI my Ialher
[--~':'y ~alher'\~OkThe boys' c/olhes (1)The c/olhes oIlhe boys
I ~------
D) Por ltimo veamos un esquema en el que podremos observar la transfor-
macin de una frase en GENITl VO SAJON:.
Los ms representativos de este grupo son los siguientes:
Este grupo de adverbios se colocan normalmente al final de la nra,in.
She wenl lO Ihe Ihealre yeslerday
Peler is speaking now
We are going lo London lomorrow
Tambin pueden ir al principio dc la oracin, con In ,ual Sla loma un
valor ENFAnco, es decir la accin es considerada de im\'llrt:lIi,ia parael hablante. Comparemos estas dos oraciones:
Yeslerday il rained (el hecho de llover es importante para el hahlante).
It rained yeslerday (slo es un comentario de algo quc su,edi6 ayer).
USOS DEL PRESENTE CONTINUO
THIS MONTHTHIS WEEK
THIS EVENING ...
NOW, TODAY
AT THIS MOMENT
THIS AFTERNOON
A) Se utiliza cuando la accin sucede en el momento.
It is raining now
l'm opening Ihe window
Why are you writing here?
What is she doing?
B) Para acciones que se van a realizar de inmediato (foturo prximo).
l'm going lo Ihe Ihealre lonighlAre you doing anylhing lomorrow?
C) Adverbios y locuciones adverbiales que acompaan al presente continuo.\
I' \
TODA YTONIGHT
NOW
AT THIS MOMENT ...
YESTERDAY
TOMORROWTHIS MORNING
THIS EVENING
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My father never watches T. V.
We se/dom smoke in the c1assroom
This pupi/ buys a book every monlh
8) ADVERBIOS DE TIEMPO INDEFINIDO
Los ms representativos son los siguientes:
1. En frases AFIRMATIVAS se sitan el)tre el SUBJECT y el VERBde la oracin .
E L P R E S E N T E C O N T I N U O
(Pre sent co nt inuo us / Pre senr pro g re ss ive )
ESTRUCTURA GRAMATICAL Y CONJUGACION
If
ALWAYS
SELDOM
NORMALLY
NEVER
OFTEN
OENERLLY
SOMETIMES
USUALLY
RARELY ...
Contraccion.es en la forma negativa
Is not = isn't IAre not = aren't
Forma interrogativa
Am/is/are + sujeto + ing? I
Am I working?Are you working?
Is he/she/it working?Are we working?
Are you working?Are they working?
Forma afirmativa
I Sujeto + is/are/am + ing I
I am working
You are working
He/she/it is working
We are working
you are working
They are working
Forma negativa
[Sujeto + am/is/are + NOT + ing 1
. I am not working
You are not working
He/she/it is not working
We are not working
you are not working
They are not working
I~
isometimes study Eng/ishS' Adv. V
You usually l!!!!J '. tennis on MondaysS Adv. V
They a/ways gQloschoo/ on fool
S Adv. V
2. Este grupo de adverbios se colocan detrs de las siguientes formas
verbales correspondientes" verbos AUXILIARES y a verbos ANO-MALOS. Las formas ms usuales son:
MA Y CAN MUST DON' T DOESN' T DIDN'T SHAL L
WILL ARE IS AM W AS WERE HA VE HAD
He doesn 't a/ways go lO Ihe disco
Aux. Adv.
We have never been in London
Aux . Adv .
1 don'1 usually do Ihe exercisesAux. Adv.
VARIACIONES ORTOGRAFICAS DEL PRESENTE CONTINUO
1. Si un verbo termina en ~ muda, es decir que no se pronuncia, esta ~desaparece delante de la INO.
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EL PRESENTE H A B I T U A L( lES.
/ carry I she carries
/ cry I he cries
/ lry I Mo//y lries/ hurry I George hurries
USOS DEL PRESENTE HABITUAL
VERBOS AUXILIARES UTILIZADOS
CON EL PRESENTE HABITUAL
Se emplea en estos casos:
A) Cuando se expresan acciones que se hacen con frecuencia, siempre, a
veces, nunca ...
/ gel up al nine o'clock every morning
Peler reads lhe newspaper everyday
B) Va por lo tanto acompaado de palabras (adverbios) de HABITO o
COSTUMBRE.USUALLY
OFTEN
IN THE AFTERNOON
NEVER
SOMETIMES
GENERALLY
IN THE MORNING
EVERY YEAR
RARELY ...
ALWAYS
NORMALLY
EVERYDAY
EVERY MONTH
SELDOM
DON'T
DOESN'T
Do I work?
Do you work?
_f)Does he I she I it work?Do we work?
Do you work?
Do they work?
Forma interrogativa DO
DOES
Forma negativa DO NOT
DO ES NOT
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