Investigacion de Forrajes en Dietas para Vacas Lecheras - Salvador.pdf

8/19/2019 Investigacion de Forrajes en Dietas para Vacas Lecheras - Salvador.pdf

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UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRONÓMICAS

DEPARTAMENTO DE ZOOTECNIA

“ALIMENTACIÓN DE VACAS LECHERAS CON DIETAS BASADAS EN ENSILADO

ELABORADO CON MEZCLA DE CANAVALIA (Canavalia ensiformis) Y SORGO

(Sor!"m #i$olor% Y SU EFECTO EN LA PRODUCCIÓN, EFICIENCIA EN EL USO DENUTRIENTES Y RENTABILIDAD”

POR:

GARCÍA FLORES, RAFAEL ANTONIO

RAMOS SOSA, RUDY ANTHONY

REQUISITO PARA OPTAR AL TITULO DE:LICENCIADO EN MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y ZOOTECNIA

CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA, NOVIEMBRE DE !"##


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UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR.

RECTOR:

Ing. MARIO ROBERTO NIETO LOVO

SECRETARIA GENERAL:

Dra. ANA LETICIA DE AMAYA

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRONÓMICAS.

DECANO:

Ing. Agr. Msc.JUAN ROSA QUINTANILLA QUINTANILLA

SECRETARIO:

Ing. Agr. Msc. LUIS FERNANDO CASTANEDA ROMERO.

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JEFE DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE OOTECNIA

F: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ing. Msc. NAPOLEÓN EDGARDO PA QUEVEDO.

DOCENTES DIRECTORES

F: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ing. Msc. ELMER EDGARDO COREA GUILL"N

F: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ing. Agr. JUAN MILTON FLORES TENSOS.

F: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ing. Agr. ENRIQUE ALONSO ALAS GARC#A

.

COORDINADOR DE PROCESOS DE GRADUACIÓN

F: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ing. Agr. CARLOS ENRIQUE RUANO IRA$ETA

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RESUMEN

Es%a &n'(s%&gac&)n s( *(sarr+,,) (n ,a ,(c-(ra *( ,a As+c&ac&)n C++/(ra%&'a As%+r&a 01&ca*a

(n (, 20n&c&/&+ *( San P(*r+ Masa-0a%3 *(/ar%a2(n%+ *( La Pa45 6 (n (, ,a1+ra%+r&+ *(

Q02&ca Agrc+,a3 *( ,a Fac0,%a* *( C&(nc&as Agr+n)2&cas3 *( ,a Un&'(rs&*a* *( E,

Sa,'a*+r5 *0ran%( ,+s 2(s(s *( +c%01r( a *&c&(21r( *( 7898. C+ns&s%&) (n *+s (s%0*&+s /ara,+s 0( s( 0%&,&4ar+n 'acas $+,s%(&n (n +r*(;+ c+n n8 'acas $+,s%(&n ?=8@ g *( /(s+ c+r/+ra, ? 7@. g , 79.> g *( ,(c-(*a

0(r+n *&'&*&*as (n %r(s gr0/+s /ara r(c&1&r *&(%as c+n %r(s 0(n%(s +rra(ras3 D&(%a 9 ?nH98

(ns&,a*+ s+rg+cana'a,&a3 D&(%a 7 ?nH98 a 1as( *( (ns&,a*+ *( s+rg+ 6 D&(%a > ?nH98 a

1as( *( (n,&sa*+ *( s+rg+'&gna. Las *&(%as 0(r+n 1a,anc(a*as (n (, /r+gra2a CPM Da&r6

/ara s(r &s+ca,)r&cas ?7.7 Mca, EMKg ( &s+/r+%&cas ?9@. PC 6 s+s%(n(r 0na /r+*0cc&)n

*( 7@ g*a.

En (, Es%0*&+ 73 s( c+2/arar+n %r(s *&(r(n%(s /r+/+rc&+n(s ? *( (ns&,a*+ *( s+rg+cana'a,&a 6 c+nc(n%ra*+ ?+rra(:c+nc(n%ra*+ (n ,a *&(%a3 0%&,&4an*+ >8 'acas ?=8 g *(

/(s+ c+r/+ra, ? 7. g3 9@ g *( ,(c-(*a 0( 0(r+n *&'&*&*as /ara r(c&1&r D&(%a 9?nH98

=8:=83 D&(%a 7?nH98 @8:8 6 D&(%a > ?nH98 8:>8. Las *&(%as s( +r(c&(r+n c+2+ Rac&)n

T+%a, M(4c,a*a ?RTM 6 0(r+n +r20,a*as c+n CPM Da&r6 /ara s(r &s+ca,)r&ca ?737@ EM

Mca, Kg ( &s+/r+%&cas ?9@3@ PC /ara 0na /r+*0cc&)n *( 78 g*a

Las 'acas 0(r+n a,&2(n%a*as c0a%r+ '(c(s 6 +r*(;a*as 2(cn&ca2(n%( *+s '(c(s a, *a.

L+s (/(r&2(n%+s *0rar+n 79 *as3 c+n 9 *( a*a/%ac&)n 6 *( r(c+,(cc&)n *( *a%+s. S(

/(s) (, a,&2(n%+ +r(c&*+ 6 r(c-a4a*+3 ,a /r+*0cc&)n &n*&'&*0a,3 6 ,as -(c(s *&ar&a2(n%(. S(%+2ar+n 20(s%ras *( ,(c-('aca3 *( a,&2(n%+ 6 *( -(c(s (n %r(s *as. S( *(%(r2&nar+n

N&%r)g(n+ Ur(&c+ ?NUL3 grasa 6 /r+%(na *( ,a ,(c-(. En a,&2(n%+ 6 -(c(s s( *(%(r2&n)

$02(*a*3 Pr+%(na 6 F&1ra N(0%r+ D(%(rg(n%( ?FND. S( ('a,0ar+n ,as 'ar&a1,(s: c+ns02+3

/r+*0cc&)n ( &ngr(s+3 c+2/+s&c&)n *( ,a ,(c-(3 c+2/+s&c&)n *( ,as -(c(s 6 (&c&(nc&a 6

(cr(c&)n *( n&%r)g(n+. L+s *a%+s 0(r+n ana,&4a*+s 0%&,&4an*+ 0n 2+*(,+ c+2/,(%+ a, a4ar

c+n %r(s %ra%a2&(n%+s ?D&(%as 0%&,&4an*+ PROC MIED *( SAS. Las *&(r(nc&as s(

c+ns&*(rar+n s&gn&&ca%&'as a /8.8=.

En (, Es%0*&+ 93 ,as *&(%as c+n%(n&(n*+ ,(g02&n+sas ?D9H Cana'a,&a3 D>H V&gna3 %0'&(r+n0na %(n*(nc&a a 2a6+r c+ns02+ *( Ma%(r&a S(ca D9H 9.8 g3 D>H 9.> g (n

c+2/arac&)n c+n ,a *&(%a c+n s+rg+ D7H 9. g3 ?/H8.8. E, c+ns02+ *( PC 0( 2a6+r

%a21&n (n (s%as *&(%as D9H >77> gr3 D>H >88 gr3 D7H 7@= gr3 ?/8.89. E, c+s%+ *( ,as

*&(%as c+n ,(g02&n+sas 0( 2(n+r D9H .73 D>H .73 D7H .>3 ?/8.893 ,a /r+*0cc&)n

%(n*&) a s(r 2a6+r D9H 78.= g3 D>H 77.8> g3 D7H 9.> g ?/H8.99 6 (, &ngr(s+ s+1r( (,

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c+s%+ *( a,&2(n%ac&)n %a21&n 0( 2a6+r D9H .@3 D>H =.=3 D7H >.> ?/8.8= c+n (,

0s+ *( ,(g02&n+sas. Las *&(%as n+ /r+*0(r+n *&(r(nc&as (n (, c+n%(n&*+ *( NUL3 grasa3 n&

/r+%(na *( ,a ,(c-(. N+ s( (nc+n%r) *&(r(nc&as (n ,+s c+2/+n(n%(s *( ,as -(c(s

?$02(*a*3 PC3FND3 (n ,as can%&*a*(s *( -(c(s s(cas + -8 H .@. A0n0( n+ s( (nc+n%rar+n *&(r(nc&as s&gn&&ca%&'as (n ,a /r+*0cc&)n

?/H8.93 (, ISCA ?/H8.79 6 (, c+s%+ (n a,&2(n%ac&)n /+r g *( ,(c-( /r+*0c&*a ?/H8.9@3 ,+s

'a,+r(s /r+2(*&+ *( (s%as 'ar&a1,(s 0(r+n 2(+r(s c+n ,as /r+/+rc&)n *( @8:8. E, NUL 6 ,aPC *( ,a ,(c-( 0(r+n s&2&,ar(s3 /(r+ ,a grasa (n ,a ,(c-( D9 H >.3 D7 H >.@@ 6 D> H

>.3 %(n*&(r+n a &ncr(2(n%ar c+n (, a02(n%+ (n ( +rra( ?/H8.8. A0n0( (, c+n%(n&*+

*( MS *( ,as -(c(s *&s2&n06) c+n (, a02(n%+ (n (, 0s+ *( +rra(s D9 H [email protected]@3 D7 H

9=3 6 D> H 9=3> ?/8.8=3 n+ s( (nc+n%r) *&(r(nc&as (n ,+s c+2/+n(n%(s *( ,as -(c(s

PC 6 FND3 (n ,as can%&*a*(s *( -(c(s r(scas 6 -


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AGRADECIMIENTOS

A$%&'&'* C%%+-.'/ A$.%-' /+r s0 a/+6+ *0ran%( ,a as( *( ca2/+ 6 /(r2&%&rn+s

r(a,&4ar (s%a &n'(s%&gac&)n 0( s&n s0 a60*a n+ -01&(ra s&*+ /+s&1,(.

D+-.0*.% 1 Q230'& A4-3&%5 /+r /(r2&%&rn+s -ac(r ,+s an,&s&s *( ,a1+ra%+r&+

n(c(sar&+s /ara ,a &n'(s%&gac&)n.

A N2$.-%$ A$$%-$ E,2(r E*gar*+ C+r(a3 Enr&0( A,+ns+ A,as Garca3 6 M&,%+n F,+r(s

T(ns+s /+r a60*arn+s (n (s%a %ar(a *( &n'(s%&gac&)n c&(n%&ca. Ta21&n a Marc(,a Sa,&nas

0( %ra1a) 0n%+ a n+s+%r+s (n (, ,a1+ra%+r&+.

A N2$.-$ 60'5'$ /+r a/+6arn+s &nc+n*&c&+na,2(n%(.

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DEDICATORIA

A L(%&c&a S+sa6 S(g0n*+ Ra2+s3

de su camino heredo la memoria que me guíay mi amor nace de su entrega en mi sangre.

A W&,s+n3 Kr&ss&a3 Kar,a 6 J+smis espejos

R0*6 An%-+n6 Ra2+s S+sa

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DEDICATORIA

A *2$.-$ 60'5'$ /+r (, a/+6+ +r(c&*+ *0ran%( %+*+s (s%+s a;+s3 a Mara Margar&%a

F,+r(s C+rn(+ 2& 2a*r( 6 a 2&s -(r2anas E'(,&n3 Mar,&n 6 San*ra Garca.

A$%&'&'* C%%+-.'/ A$.%-' /+r *arn+s ,a +/+r%0n&*a* 6 ,a c+n&an4a *( r(a,&4ar

n0(s%r+ (s%0*&+ (n s0 -a%+ ,(c-(r+ 6 0%&,&4an*+ s0s &ns%a,ac&+n(s /ara ,as ac%&'&*a*(s *(

ca2/+.

D+-.0*.% 1 Q230'& A4-3&%5 /+r /(r2&%&rn+s r(a,&4ar ,+s an,&s&s *( ,a1+ra%+r&+ 6

%rans2&%&rn+s %+*+s ,+s c+n+c&2&(n%+s /rc%&c+s 6 %()r&c+s *( ,as %cn&cas 0%&,&4a*as 6 /+r s(r

/ar%( (n (s%( /r+c(s+ *( s0/(rac&)n /(rs+na, 6 /r+(s&+na,3 a ,a (a *(, *(/ar%a2(n%+ L&c.

L&nar(43 a Fr(*63 a ,a L&c. L+r(3 a, &ng. Carr&,,+3 a ,a n&;a M(rc(*&%a3 A N(r&+3 La Ing. L0/&%a 6 a

N+r'&s.

A N2$.-%$ A$$%-$ E,2(r E*gar*+ C+r(a3 Enr&0( A,+ns+ A,as Garca3 6 M&,%+n F,+r(s

T(ns+s /+r *arn+s (s%a +/+r%0n&*a* *( r(a,&4ar (s%( %ra1a+ &na, c+n ,as 2(+r(s

-(rra2&(n%as /ara -ac(r 0n (s%0*&+ *( ca,&*a*3 s0 c+n%r&10c&)n 6 *&r(cc&)n c&(n%&ca 6 a

Marc(,a Sa,&nas /+r s0 a60*a (n (, *(sarr+,,+ *( ,a /ar%( *( an,&s&s *( ,a1+ra%+r&+.

A 0'$ 0'4%$ 0( -an /(r2&%&*+ 0( ,a (s/(ran4a *( 0n *a 2(+r /r('a,(4ca an%( ,a

*(s&,0s&)n3 a Car+,&na R(ga,a*+ /+r *ar2( (, n&2+ 0( n(c(s&%( 6 a1r&r2( ,as /0(r%as *( s0

'&*a (n 0n 2+2(n%+ *&c&, *( 2& '&*a3 a 2&s %a21&n c+2/a;(r+s E*X&n Garca (, C+,+c-+3

G0a*a,0/( Bara-+na ,a L0/63 A*a, ?Q.E.P.D /+r ,a c+2/a;a (n (s%( ca2&n+.

Raa(, An%+n&+ Garca F,+r(s

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ÍNDICE GENERAL

RESUMEN77777777777777777777777777777777777'/

AGRADECIMIENTOS777777777777777777777777777777/'

DEDICATORIA777777777777777777777777777777777/''

INDICE DE CUADROS777777777777777777777777777778'/

INDICE DE FIGURAS777777777777777777777777777778/'

INDICE DE ANE9OS777777777777777777777777777778/''

INDICE DE CUADROS DE ANE9OS77777777777777777777778/''

INDICE DE FIGURAS DE ANE9OS77777777777777777777778/'''

# INTRODUCCIÓN#

! REVISION DE LITERATURA!

!# A*.&1*.$!

!#" I0+&.% 1 5$ 4*1-3$ * 5 0'*.!#

!## A$+&.%$ &%*0'&%$ * 5 4*1-3 5&;-!#

!#! C5'11 1 5 5&;!!

!#!# C%0+%$'&'* 63$'&%


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! F-'%5 0%*% (V'4* 2*42'&25.)

!# M%-6%5%43

!! R* 5 &%*$20% 1 5'0*.%#!

!# F&.%-$ 5'41%$ 5 *'05#!

!! F&.%-$ 5'41%$ 5 1'.#!

!= F&.%-$ 0'*.5$#=

! E6'&'*&' * 5 2$% 1 5%$ *2.-'*.$ * 5 4*1% 5&;-%#=

!# P-%.3*$#=

!## D4-1&'* -20'*5 1 5 +-%.3*$#=

!#! M.%5'$0% 15 *'.-4*% * -20'*.$#?

!#= E5 &'&5% 1 5 U-#

!#? N'.-4*% 2-'&% * 5&; (NUL#

!! L3+'1%$#

!= C-%;'1-.%$#

!=# F'-#

!=## C525%$#

!=#! H0'&525%$#

!=#= P&.'*$#

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!=#? L 5'4*'*#

!=! C5$'6'&&'* 1 5 6'-#

!=!# F'- N2.-% D.-4*.!"

!=!! F'- A&'1% D.-4*.!"

!== D4-1&'* 1 5%$ &-%;'1-.%$ $.-2&.2-5$!"

= MATERIALES Y METODOS!=

=# U'&&'* > &-&.-3$.'&$ &5'0@.'&$!=

=! A*'05$!=

== D$&-'+&'* 1 *$>%$!=

==# E*$>% # C%0+-&'* *.- 6%--$!?

==! E*$>% !

Comparación proporciones de ensilaje de sorgo-canavalia y concentrado.....................................25

=? M*%!

= T%0 1 M2$.-$!

=# A5'0*.%!

=! L&;!

== H&$!

= T%0 1 D.%$!

=# P-%12&&'* L@&.!

=! C%*$20%!

== C%$.%$!

=# A5'0*.% > H&$!

=## H2011 P-&'5!

=#! D.-0'*&'* 1 N'.-4*% > +-%.3* &-21 (0.%1% 1 J51;5!

=#= F'- N2.-% D.-4*. +%- 5 M.%1% 1 V* SKEST!

=! L&;!

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=!# D.-0'*&'* 1 G-$ * 5&; (M.%1% 1 B&%&J!

=!! D.-0'*&'* 1 *'.-4*% 2-'&% * 5&; (NUL)="

=!= D.-0'*&'* 1 N'.-4*% > +-%.3* &-21 (0.%1% 1 J51;5="

= M.%1%5%43 E$.13$.'&="

=# D'$% $.13$.'&%="

=! M%15% 0.0@.'&%=#

== V-'5$ '*1+*1'*.$=#

=? V-'5$ 1+*1'*.$=#

=?! R*1'0'*.%=!

=?= C%0+%$'&'* 1 5 5&;=!

=?? C%0+%$'&'* 1 5$ ;&$ > 6'&'*&'=!

=? E8&-&'* 1 N'.-4*%=!

= C%0+-&'* &%*0'&==

? RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN==

?# E$.21'% #==

?## C%0+%$'&'* 15 5'0*.% > &%*$20%==

?#! R*1'0'*.% > 2.'5'11=?

?#= C%0+%$'&'* 1 5 5&;=

?#? C%0+%$'&'* 1 5$ ;&$ > 6'&'*&'=

?# C%*$20% > 8&-&'* 1 *'.-4*%=

?! E$.21'% !=

?!# C%0+%$'&'* 15 5'0*.% > &%*$20%=

?!! R*1'0'*.% > 2.'5'11=

?!= C%0+%$'&'* 1 5 5&;?"

?!? C%0+%$'&'* 1 5$ ;&$ > 6'&'*&'?#

?! C%*$20% > 8&-&'* 1 N'.-4*%?!

CONCLUSIONES??

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RECOMENDACIONES?

BIBLIOGRAFIA?

ANE9OS?

INGREDIENTES!?

ANE9OS7777777777777777777777777777777777?

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ÍNDICE DE CUADROS

Cuadro 1. Características agronómicas del sorgo CEN! "-2............................................................. .....#

Cuadro 2. !n$lisis %romatológico del sorgo CEN! "-2...........................................................................#

Cuadro & .Ecuaciones para predecir los re'uerimientos de vitaminas en ganado lec(ero...................12

Cuadro ) *escripción de las dietas tal como o+recidas ateria /meda0 en estudio 1......................2)

Cuadro 5 Composición nutricional de las dietas en estudio 1 ..............................................................2)

Cuadro Composición del alimento o+recido................................................................................. ......25

Cuadro . *escripción de las dietas tal como o+recidas ateria /meda0 en estudio 2......................25

Cuadro # Composición nutricional de las dietas en estudio 2 "eg/n programa C3 244 0 ............ ..2

Cuadro Composición del alimento o+recido................................................................................. ......2

Cuadro 14 *escripción comparativa de los tratamientos dietas0 en los dos estudio................... ........&4

Cuadro 11 !n$lisis de varian6a !N7!0............................................................................................. ....&1

Cuadro 12. 7aria%les independientes en los estudios 1 y 2...................................................................&1

Cuadro 1&. !limento o+recido y consumo diario en vacas lec(eras alimentadas con dietas con tres

di+erentes +uentes +orrajeras.................................................................................................................&)

Cuadro 1). 8endimiento y utilidad en vacas lec(eras 'ue consumen dietas con tres di+erentes +uentes

+orrajeras...............................................................................................................................................&5

Cuadro 15. Composición de la lec(e en vacas lec(eras 'ue consumen dietas con tres di+erentes

+uentes +orrajeras..................................................................................................................................&

Cuadro 1. Composición de las (eces y e+iciencia en vacas lec(eras 'ue consumen dietas con tres

di+erentes +uentes +orrajeras.................................................................................................................&

Cuadro 1. Consumo y excreción de Nitrógeno en vacas lec(eras 'ue consumen dietas con tres

di+erentes +uentes +orrajeras.................................................................................................................

Cuadro 1# Composición del alimento y consumo diario en vacas lec(eras alimentadas con dietas con

di+erentes relaciones de +orraje9concentrado.................................................................................... ...&

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Cuadro 1 8endimiento y utilidad en vacas lec(eras alimentadas con dietas con di+erentes relaciones

de +orraje9 concentrado.........................................................................................................................)4

Cuadro 24 Composición de la lec(e en vacas lec(eras alimentadas con dietas con di+erentes

relaciones de +orraje9concentrado........................................................................................................)4

Cuadro 21. Composición de las (eces y e+iciencia en vacas lec(eras alimentadas con dietas con

di+erentes relaciones de +orraje9concentrado.................................................................................... ...)2

Cuadro 22. Consumo y excreción de Nitrógeno en vacas lec(eras alimentadas con dietas con

di+erentes relaciones de +orraje9concentrado.................................................................................... ...)2

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ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS

INDICE DE ANE9OS

INDICE DE CUADROS DE ANE9OS

INDICE DE FIGURAS DE ANE9OS

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# INTRODUCCIÓN

En ,a a,&2(n%ac&)n *( 1+'&n+s ,as 0(n%(s /r+%(&cas s+n &2/+r%an%(s /ara c01r&r ,+s

r(0(r&2&(n%+s *( 2an%(n&2&(n%+ 6 /r+*0cc&)n3 ,+s a,%+s c+s%+s *( &2/+r%ac&)n -an

&2/0,sa*+ ,a (/,+rac&)n *( 0(n%(s a,%(rnas *( /r+%(nas *&s/+n&1,(s ,+ca,2(n%( 6 a 1a+

c+s%+3 %a, (s (, cas+ *( ,as ,(g02&n+sas ?Ar%(%a 6 a2+ra 788=3 0( s+n /,an%as(s/(c&a,2(n%( r&cas (n /r+%(na 6 a2&n+c&*+s (s(nc&a,(s c+n n&'(,(s 0( +sc&,an (n%r( 9= 6

8. En%r( (,,as *(s%aca (, r&+, (s/a*a ?Canavalia ensiformis)3 *( +r&g(n %r+/&ca,3 0( /+r

s0 r(n*&2&(n%+ agr+n)2&c+ 6 s0 (,('a*+ c+n%(n&*+ *( /r+%(nas /+s(( 0n gran /+%(nc&a,

/ara ,a a,&2(n%ac&)n an&2a, ?a2+ra 788>.

Es%0*&+s r(a,&4a*+s3 (n ,a r(g&)n C(n%r+a2(r&cana3 s+1r( ,a ca,&*a* 6 /r+*0cc&)n *( (ns&,a(

*( as+c&ac&+n(s (n%r( gra2n(as 6 ,(g02&n+sas3 -an *(2+s%ra*+ 0na 2(+ra s0s%anc&a, *(,

c+n%(n&*+ /r+%(&c+ 6 'a,+r(s ac(/%a1,(s *( &1ra (n 2a%(r&a '(r*( 6 (ns&,a*+s c+n

r(n*&2&(n%+s /r+2&s+r&+s *( 2a%(r&a s(ca ?Ar%(%a 6 a2+ra 788=3 J&2n(4 et al 7883Sa,&nas 6 Cr(s/n 7898. S&n (21arg+3 n+ s( -a (s%0*&a*+ ,a r(s/0(s%a 1&+,)g&ca *(, gana*+

c+n r(s/(c%+ a ,a a,&2(n%ac&)n c+n (ns&,a*+s -(c-+s a 1as( *( 2(4c,as *( gra2n(as 6

,(g02&n+sas 6 s0 &2/ac%+ (n ,a c+2/+s&c&)n *( ,a ,(c-( 6 ,a r(n%a1&,&*a*3 0( (s ,+ 2s

&2/+r%an%( (n (, *(sarr+,,+ *( 0na (s%ra%(g&a *( a,&2(n%ac&)n.

P+r +%r+ ,a*+3 ,+s c+s%+s *( a,&2(n%ac&)n (n ,a /r+*0cc&)n ,(c-(ra r(/r(s(n%a (, r(ng,)n 2s

a,%+ *(n%r+ *( ,a &n'(rs&)n %+%a, ?R(a'(s 6 P(gra2 9>3 &nc&*&(n*+ (n /+r ,+ 2(n+s 0n =8

*(, c+s%+ %+%a, *(, ,&%r+ *( ,(c-( ?$a4ar* 7883 ,a *&s2&n0c&)n *( c+s%+s c+n%r&106( a

(nr(n%ar ,a c+2/(%&%&'&*a* 0( r(/r(s(n%a ,a a/(r%0ra c+2(rc&a, 6 ,a g,+1a,&4ac&)n ?Mar%n(47888.

Es%( (s%0*&+ c+ns&s%&) (n ,a ('a,0ac&)n *(, 0s+ *( (ns&,a*+ *( S+rg+ ?sorghum bicolor

'ar&(*a* CENTA S7 2(4c,a*+ c+n Canavalia ensiformis (n ,as 'ar&a1,(s /r+*0c%&'as3

(c+n)2&cas 6 ,a (&c&(nc&a n0%r&c&+na, *( 'acas ,(c-(ras *( ,a C++/(ra%&'a As%+r&a3 01&ca*a

(n (, 20n&c&/&+ *( San P(*r+ Masa-0a% (n (, *(/ar%a2(n%+ *( La Pa43 *0ran%( (, /(r&+*+

c+2/r(n*&*+ *( s(/%&(21r( a (1r(r+ *( 7899.

La &n+r2ac&)n /r+*0c&*a (n (s%( (s%0*&+3 s(r *( 1(n(&c&+ /ara ,+s gana*(r+s *( -a%+s

,(c-(r+s *( n0(s%r+ /as3 6a 0( c+n%r&10&r (n ,a %+2a *( *(c&s&+n(s a'+ra1,(s /ara s0(c+n+2a *( /r+*0cc&)n. Ta21&n /0(*( s(r'&r c+2+ 0n*a2(n%+ a 0%0ras &n'(s%&gac&+n(s

(n (%a/as c+2+ ,as *( cr(c&2&(n%+3 g(s%ac&)n (n gana*+ ,(c-(r+ + (n gana*+ *( *+1,(

/r+/)s&%+.

1


18/100

! REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA

!# A*.&1*.$

Las as+c&ac&+n(s (n%r( gra2n(as 6 ,(g02&n+sas -an s&*+ (s%0*&a*as (n n0(s%ra r(g&)n. Un

(s%0*&+ s+1r( ,a ca,&*a* 6 /r+*0cc&)n *( (ns&,a( *( as+c&ac&+n(s *( 2a4 c+n c0a%r+

,(g02&n+sas3 *(2+s%r) 0( s& 1&(n (, 2a4 /r(s(n%) 2a6+r /r+*0cc&)n *( 2a%(r&a s(ca3 ,a&n%r+*0cc&)n *( 0n 7= *( ,(g02&n+sa a, (ns&,a( 2(+ra s0s%anc&a,2(n%( (, 'a,+r n0%r&%&'+

*(, (ns&,a*+ &ncr(2(n%an*+ ,+s /+rc(n%a(s *( /r+%(na cr0*a 6 *&s2&n06(n*+ ,a F&1ra

N(0%r+ D(%(rg(n%( ?Ar%(%a 6 a2+ra 788=.

R+*rg0(4 et al . 788= r(a,&4ar+n 0n (s%0*&+ s+1r( (, as+c&+ *(, 2a4 c+n ,(g02&n+sas 6

c+nc,06(r+n 0( ,+s (ns&,a(s *( 2a4 ac+2/a;a*+ c+n c&(r%as ,(g02&n+sas ?s+6a3 r&+,

'ara3 r&+, %(rc&+/(,+ s+n s0/(r&+r(s (n ca,&*a* a,&2(n%&c&a 0( (, (ns&,a( (,a1+ra*+ s+,+ c+n

2a4. Sa,&nas 6 Cr(s/n ?7898 %a21&n r(/+r%ar+n 0( a, as+c&ar s+rg+s 2(+ra*+s c+n

Cana'a,&a 6 V&gna3 s( +1%&(n(n 2(+r(s r(n*&2&(n%+s 0( c+n ,as ,(g02&n+sas s+,as3 6 0n&ncr(2(n%+ (, c+n%(n&*+ /r+%(&c+ (n c+2/arac&)n c+n ,+s s+rg+s s+,+s3 6 0( ,a a*&c&)n *(

(s%as ,(g02&n+sas a, (ns&,a*+ 2(+ra /r+gr(s&'a2(n%( (, c+n%(n&*+ /r+%(&c+ r(s0,%an%(

*(s*( 0n s&n ,(g02&n+sas -as%a 0n 9> (n 0na /r+/+rc&)n + 2(4c,a c+n =8 *( (,,as.

S( -a s0g(r&*+ 0( 2(*&an%( ,as /as%0ras *( gra2n(as as+c&a*as c+n ,(g02&n+sas s(

/0(*( a02(n%ar s&gn&&ca%&'a2(n%( ,a /r+*0cc&)n *( ,(c-( *( 'acas *( 2(*&an+ /+%(nc&a, *(

/r+*0cc&)n (n r(as %r+/&ca,(s c+n s0(,+s c&*+s ?Lascan+ 6 '&,a 99. La /r+*0cc&)n *(

'acas *( *+1,( /r+/)s&%+ s( a02(n%) *( 7.@ a >.> L%*a *( ,(c-( s&n a(c%ar s0

c+2/+s&c&)n c0an*+ s( a*&c&+n) Cana'a,&a a ,a a,&2(n%ac&)n %ra*&c&+na, c+n ras%r++?B(na'&*(s et al 788.

!! L420'*%$$ * $'$.0$ 1 5'0*.&'* 1 4*1%

La cr(c&(n%( *(2an*a *( /r+%(nas /+r ,+s /as(s (n *(sarr+,,+ 6 ,+s a,%+s c+s%+s *(

&2/+r%ac&)n 0s%&&can ,a (/,+rac&)n *(, 0s+ *( 0(n%(s a,%(rnas *( /r+%(na c+2+ (s (, cas+

*( ,as ,(g02&n+sas. Las /as%0ras *( gra2n(as c+n ,(g02&n+sas r(/r(s(n%an 0na +/c&)n

(c+n)2&ca /ara 2(+rar ,a ca,&*a* 6 /r+*0c%&'&*a* *( ,a /as%0ra 6 /+r (n*( ,a /r+*0cc&)n

an&2a, ?Ar%(%a 6 a2+ra 788=.En /as(s c+n 0na gran (scas(4 *( r(c0rs+s &nanc&(r+s ( &ns02+s agrc+,as3 s( -ac(

n(c(sar&a ,a 1.

En 0n s&s%(2a s+s%(n&1,( /ara /r+*0c&r ,(c-( 6 carn(3 (n ,a 0( s( 0%&,&c( c+2+ a,&2(n%+

0n*a2(n%a, (, /as%+3 ,a /r(s(nc&a *( ,as ,(g02&n+sas /0(*( s(r &2/+r%an%(3 *(1&*+ a 0(

2


19/100

2(+ran (, 'a,+r n0%r&%&'+ *( ,a *&(%a3 a*(2s (s%a1,(c(n 0na r(,ac&)n s&21&)%&ca c+n

2&cr++rgan&s2+s 0( &an (, n&%r)g(n+ a%2+sr&c+ %rans+r2n*+,+ (n +r2as as&2&,a1,(s

/ara ,as /,an%as ?Snc-(43 et al 788.

L+s (ns&,a*+s *( gra2n(as s+n *(&c&%ar&+s (n s0 a/+r%( /r+%(&c+ /ara c01r&r ,+s

r(0(r&2&(n%+s *( 1+'&n+s3 (s/(c&a,2(n%( (n an&2a,(s )'(n(s 6 'acas /r+*0c%+ras *(,(c-(3 *(1&*+ a s0s (,('a*as n(c(s&*a*(s *( /r+%(na. Es%+ s( *(1( a 0( s0 c+n%(n&*+ *(

/r+%(na n+r2a,2(n%( ,0c% S0s c+n%(n&*+s *( /r+%(na %&(n*(n a *&s2&n0&r 2s gra*0a,2(n%( 0( (n ,as gra2n(as3

(n ,+ r((r(n%( c+n ,a (*a* *( ,a /,an%a.

S+n /,an%as r&cas (n ca,c&+ 6 /r(s(n%an 1a+s n&'(,(s *( &1ras3 (n c+2/arac&)n c+n ,as

gra2n(as %r+/&ca,(s ?Snc-(4 7889.O%ra 1+n*a* *( (s%as (s/(c&(s (s ,a *( 2(+rar ,+s s0(,+s *(s*( (, /0n%+ *( '&s%a *(

(r%&,&*a*3 /0(s %&(n(n ,a /r+/&(*a* *( &ar (, n&%r)g(n+ gas(+s+ *( ,a a%2)s(ra3 a %ra's *(

0na s&21&+s&s c+n 2&cr++rgan&s2+s 1ac%(r&an+s *(, gn(r+ R&4+1&02. La &ac&)n *(

n&%r)g(n+ 0( s( r(a,&4a (n ,+s n)*0,+s3 (s a/+r%a*+ a, s0(,+ 0na '(4 (n'((c&*as + 20(r%as

,as rac(s3 s&(n*+ c&,2(n%( a/r+'(c-a*+ /+r +%ras /,an%as ?Snc-(4 7889.

&


20/100

A /(sar 0( ,as ,(g02&n+sas 2(+ran ,a ca,&*a* *( ,a *&(%a3 s( r(0&(r( *&s/+n(r *( 0n

s0/,(2(n%+ 0( /r+/+rc&+n( /ar%( *( ,a /r+%(na 6 (n(rga n(c(sar&a /ara a,can4ar n&'(,(s

)/%&2+s *( /r+*0cc&)n3 2(*&an%( 0na can%&*a* a*(c0a*a *( a,&2(n%+ c+n r(,ac&)n a ,+s ,&%r+s

*( ,(c-( /r+*0c&*+s3 (s%+ ,( /(r2&%&r a, /r+*0c%+r *&s(;ar 0n /,an *( a,&2(n%ac&)n (&c&(n%(

*( ac0(r*+ a, %&/+ *( an&2a,3 /as%0ra 6 ca,&*a* *( c+nc(n%ra*+ ?Ur1an+3 et al 788@.

!= D$&-'+&'* 1 G-03*$ > L420'*%$$

Las gra2n(as s+n (, c+2/+n(n%( 2s 'a,&+s+ *( cas& %+*as ,as /ra*(ras. E&s%(n 7 %r&10s

*( gra2n(as *( (s%as ,as Agrasteae c+ns%&%06(n (, .7 *(, %+%a, *( ,as gra2n(as *(,

20n*+3 ,+s Andropogoneae (, 99.3 ,as Aveneae (, @.> ,as Erasgrostenae (, .93 ,as

Festuceae 9@.=3 6 ,as Pariceae 7. 6 ,as %r&10s r(s%an%(s r(/r(s(n%an (, .> ?Es%ra*a

7889.

Las ,(g02&n+sas s+n ang&+s/(r2as 0( /(r%(n(c(n a, +r*(n *( ,+s r+sa,(s. $a6 c(rca *(@=8 gn(r+s *( ,+s c0a,(s 88 s+n na%&'+s (n ,as A2r&cas 6 93888 (s/(c&(s (n%r( (,,as

n02(r+s+s r1+,(s3 ar10s%+s3 /,an%as -(r1c(as 6 /,an%as c0,%&'a*as 0( s02&n&s%ran /ar%(

*( ,a *&(%a -02ana ?B&n*(r 9.

!=# C-&.-3$.'&$ %.@*'&$ 1 5$ 4-03*$

La a2&,&a ramineae + poaceae s( *&s%&ng0( /+r s0s %a,,+s c&,n*r&c+s a '(c(s a/,ana*+s3

g(n(ra,2(n%( -0(c+s3 c+n n0*+s 2ac&4+s. T&(n( 0na *+1,( -&,(ra *( -+as a,%(rnas c+n

n(r'a*0ras /ara,(,as. Ca*a -+a (s% c+ns%&%0&*a /+r 0na 'a&na *( -+a %010,ar (n g(n(ra,a1&(r%a /+r 0n ,a*+ /ara r+*(ar (, %a,,+ 6 ,a ,2&na +,&ar 0 -+a /r+/&a2(n%( *&c-a 0( s(

(%&(n*( -ac&a arr&1a 6 0(ra *( ,a ,g0,a. La &n,+r(sc(nc&a *( ,as gra2n(as (s% +r2a*a

/+r (s/&g0&,,as 0( /0(*(n *(scr&1&rs( c+2+ 0n c+n0n%+ *( ,+r(s (sca,+na*as (n

ra2&&cac&+n(s. M0c-as *( (,,as %&(n(n %a,,+s s01%(rrn(+s + r&4+2as. En ,a c+r+na *( (s%a


21/100

%(r2&na,(s3 (n rac&2+s3 /anc0,as3 (s/&gas + g,+2r0,+s + s+,&%ar&as. F,+r(s -(r2ar+*&%as3

4&g+2+ras3 rara2(n%( ac%&n+2+ras. E, r0%+ (s 0na ,(g021r( ?'a&na *(-&sc(n%( /+r 0na +

,as *+s s0%0ras +cas&+na,2(n%( &n*(-&sc(n%(s ?B&n*(r 9.

P+r s0 gran *&'(rs&*a* ,as ,(g02&n+sas s( /0(*(n (nc+n%rar (n c+n*&c&+n(s na%0ra,(s +

c0,%&'a*as. Es%as s+n /,an%as3 (n s0 2a6+ra3 *( +r&g(n %r+/&ca,3 0( s( *(s(n'0(,'(ng(n(ra,2(n%( (n r(g&+n(s *( c+n*&c&+n(s a*'(rsas: a,%as %(2/(ra%0ras3 /r(c&/&%ac&)n

(%r(2a ?(c(s&'a + (scasa 6 s0(,+s *( 1aa (r%&,&*a* ?Snc-(4 et al 788.

Las ,(g02&n+sas3 s+n /,an%as (s/(c&a,2(n%( r&cas (n /r+%(na 6 a2&n+c&*+s (s(nc&a,(s3

%an%+ (n ,a /,an%a '(r*( c+2+ (n gran+ ?9=8 *( /r+%(na3 + s(a3 s0 c+n%(n&*+ /r+%(&c+

(s 7> '(c(s 2a6+r 0( (, *( ,+s c(r(a,(s 6 206 /r)&2a a ,a carn(. E, 'a,+r 1&+,)g&c+ *( ,a

/r+%(na *( ,as ,(g02&n+sas s( *(%(r2&na /+r (, c+n%(n&*+ *( a2&n+c&*+s (s(nc&a,(s. L+s

gran+s *( s+6a c+n%&(n(n /r+%(na *( 'a,+r 1&+,)g&c+ 2s c+2/,(%+ ?= 6 s0 *&g(s%&1&,&*a*

(s s0/(r&+r a, 8 ?B&n*(r 9.

!? C*/5' (Canavalia ensiformis)

E, gn(r+ Canavalia c+2/r(n*( 0n /(0(;+ gr0/+ *( 0nas (s/(c&(s 0( s( *&s%r&106(n

(n %+*+ (, %r)/&c+. En%r( (,,as s( (nc0(n%ra Cana'a,&a ensiformis3 c+n+c&*+ %a21&n c+2+:

ac1(an3 r&+, (s/a*a + -a1a *( ca1a,,+ ?&g0ra 9. O%r+s &nc,06(n C& #ra'iliensis( C&

la)ia*a( C& virosa( C& m"l*iflor ?Car,&n& 6 U*(*&1&( 9. En (, gn(r+ Canavalia *(s%acan

*+s (s/(c&(s a2/,&a2(n%( c0,%&'a*as: C& ensiformis3 *( ,+s %r)/&c+s a2(r&can+s 6 C&

la)ia*a3 *(, '&(+ 20n*+3 0( s( *&s%&ng0(n /+r (, /+r%(3 c+,+r *( ,as s(2&,,as 6 ,+ng&%0* *(,-&,+s ?D( L()n 788.

D&'(rs+s a0%+r(s c+&nc&*(n (n 0( ,a C& ensiformis /+*ra s(r 0n c0,%&'+ *(, 0%0r+ c+2+

a,%(rna%&'a (n ,a a,&2(n%ac&)n an&2a,5 (s%a /,an%a s( *(s%aca /+r s0 a*a/%ac&)n a 0n a2/,&+

rang+ *( c+n*&c&+n(s c,&2%&cas 6 agr+n)2&cas3 c+n ca/ac&*a* *( /r+*0c&r (n s0(,+s c+n

1a+s c+n%(n&*+s *( n0%r&(n%(s 6 r(g&+n(s c+n /+cas /r(c&/&%ac&+n(s ?B(6ra3 et al 788.

Las s(2&,,as *( cana'a,&a %&(n(n 0n >8 *( c+n%(n&*+ *( /r+%(nas 6 0n @8 *(

car1+-&*ra%+s 0( ,a c+,+ca c+2+ 0na &2/+r%an%( 0(n%( *( gran 'a,+r (n(rg%&c+ 6 /r+%(&c+

?Car,&n& 6 U*(*&1&( 9.Es c+ns&*(ra*a c+2+ 0na /,an%a r


22/100

a2&,asas3 ,(c&%&nas 6 a2&n+c&*+s n+ /r+%(&c+s c+2+ ,a Lcana'an&na3 0( r(*0c(n s0

ca,&*a* n0%r&c&+na, ?a2+ra 788>.

F'42- # Canavalia ensiformis (B'*1- #)

!?# C*/5' * 5'0*.&'* 1 *'05$

La cana'a,&a (s 0na ,(g02&n+sa *( a,%a /r+*0cc&)n *( +rra( ? -as%a 97. %-a 6 (,('a*+

c+n%(n&*+ *( /r+%(na 1r0%a (n s0s -+as3 2s *( 9. P+r %an%+3 (s%a (s/(c&( %&(n( a,%a

ca/ac&*a* *( 0s+3 /0(s /0(*( 0%&,&4ars( c+2+ s0/,(2(n%+ n0%r&%&'+ (n ,a a,&2(n%ac&)n *(

c(r*+s3 a'(s 6 r02&an%(s3 as c+2+ (n ,a a,&2(n%ac&)n -02ana (n 4+nas r&*as3 (n *+n*(

r((2/,a4a ,a *(&c&(nc&a *( c(r(a,(s ?Es%0/&;n3 et al 788.

L+s r(s0,%a*+s *(, 0s+ *( ,a Cana'a,&a (n ,a a,&2(n%ac&)n *( 'acas (n /r+*0cc&)n3 1(c(rr+s

(n cr(c&2&(n%+3 /r(*(s%(%( 6 /+s%*(s%(%( a /as%+r(+3 20(s%ran 0( (s 0n r(c0rs+ a,&2(n%&c&+

0( /0(*( s0s%&%0&r 0(n%(s /r+%(&cas '(g(%a,(s (scasas (n (, %r)/&c+. La Cana'a,&a /0(*(

&n%r+*0c&rs( (n ,a n0%r&c&)n 'ac0na -as%a (n 0n =8 *( ,a rac&)n *(, s0/,(2(n%+ c+nc(n%ra*+

6 -as%a 0n 78 *( ,a *&(%a *&ar&a %+%a,3 &nc,06(n*+ /as%0ra. En /as(s s0*a2(r&can+s s( -a

,+gra*+ (/(r&2(n%a,2(n%( a02(n%ar (n 8 ,a /r+*0cc&)n *( 0n r(1a;+ 2(s%&4+ *($+,s%(&n a /as%+r(+3 s0/,(2(n%an*+ c+n 0n c+nc(n%ra*+ a 1as( *( Cana'a,&a. En 1(c(rr+s

s( -an +1%(n&*+ gananc&as *&ar&as s0/(r&+r(s a ,+s =88 g ?Esc+1ar 9.


23/100

! S%-4% (Sor!"m #i$olor )

E, s+rg+ a02(n%a s0 &2/+r%anc&a (n ,+s %r)/&c+s3 (s/(c&a,2(n%( (n ,as r(g&+n(s 2s s(cas3

/+r ,a &n%r+*0cc&)n *( c0,%&'ar(s a'an4a*+s. S( 0%&,&4a %an%+ (n a,&2(n%ac&)n -02ana c+2+

an&2a, 6 %&(n( a*(2s n02(ra1,(s 0s+s (n ,a &n*0s%r&a. Sor!"m #i$olor (s 0na (n%&*a*

206 c+2/,(a *(n%r+ *( ,a c0a, -an s&*+ *(scr&%as n02(r+sas (s/(c&(s (n 0na c,as&&cac&)nr(c&(n%( s( ac(/%a 0na (s/(c&( 0( s( *&'&*( (n = ra4as: 1&c+,+r3 g0&n(a3 ca0*a%023 a&r 6

*0rra ?L()n 9.

!# B%.@*'& 15 $%-4%

La 2a6+ra *( ,+s c0,%&'ar(s *( s+rg+ (s *( /,an%as *( 2ac+,,a3 +r2a*+s /+r 0n %a,,+ c(n%ra,

0( 1r+%a *( ,a s(2&,,a3 6 *( 1r+%(s 0( sa,(n *( ,+s (n%r(n0*+s 1asa,(s. E, %a,,+ c(n%ra,

c+2+ (, *( +%ras gra2n(as s( +r2a *( (n%r(n0*+s 6 n0*+s. Es%+s s+n 2s c+r%+s (n ,a

/ar%( &n(r&+r 6 2s ,arg+s -ac&a (, c(n%r+. E, s&s%(2a ra*&c0,ar (s 206 *(sarr+,,a*+3 ,,(ga a0n+s 9.= 2 *( /r+0n*&*a* -as%a a,can4ar ,as ca/as -02a*as *(, s0(,+. En ,+s s+rg+s *(

gran+ -a6 *( = a 7= -+as3 (n ,+s %&/+s 0%&,&4a*+s /ara +rra( g(n(ra,2(n%( -a6 2s *( 98

-+as /+r /,an%a. Las (s/&g0&,,as (s%n c+,+ca*as s+1r( ra2&%as 0( sa,(n *( ,as ra2as

/r&2ar&as + s(c0n*ar&as *( ,a /an+a ?L()n 9.

!! R


24/100

,a /+ca *( s&(21ra ,+r(c(n c0an*+ ,+s *as s+n c+r%+s3 (n ,+s 2(s(s *( n+'&(21r(

*&c&(21r( ?(,(*)n et al 788.

!= +%&$ > $'$.0 1 $'0- * 0%*%&25.'/%

Pr&2(ra: ,a s&(21ra *(1( r(a,&4ars( a, (s%a1,(c(rs( ,as ,,0'&as ?(n%r( ,a s(g0n*a 0&nc(na *(2a6+ 6 /r&2(ra *( 0n&+ c+n 2a%(r&a,(s +%+&ns(ns&%&'+s3 ,+ 0( /(r2&%&r +1%(n(r *+s

c+s(c-as (n (, a;+3 6a s(a /+r 2an(+ *(, r(1r+%( + /+r n0('a s&(21ra *( s(2&,,a. La

c+s(c-a *( ,a /r&2(ra s&(21ra *(1( s(cars( c+n 2a0&nar&a /ara ('&%ar /r*&*as /+r

/0*r&c&)n + g(r2&nac&)n. P+s%r(ra + s(g0n*a: (s ,a /+ca 2s r(c+2(n*a*a 6 g(n(ra,&4a*a3

*(1( r(a,&4ars( (n ,a /r&2(ra 0&nc(na *( ag+s%+3 /ara c+s(c-ar,+ (n /+ca s(ca s&n

n(c(s&*a* *( s(ca*+ ar%&&c&a,. Las carac%(rs%&cas agr+n)2&cas *( ,a 'ar&(*a* CENTA S7 s(

*(%a,,a (n (, c0a*r+ 9 ?(,(*)n et al 788.

C21-% # C-&.-3$.'&$ 4-%*0'&$ 15 $%-4% CENTA S!

A,%0ra *( ,a /,an%aDas a ,+r Das a c+s(c-aR(n*&2&(n%+ *( gran+R(n*&2&(n%+ *( +rra(T&/+ *( /an+aLarg+ *( /an+aC+,+r *( gran+C+,+r *( ,a /,an%aEn(r2(*a*(s

P,agasV&g+r *( %a,,+

7@8 2%@=988=8 M4@ T2M4S(2& a1&(r%a7 c2sB,anc+Can(,aT+,(ran%( ?r(s&s%(n%( a, 2&,*&0

T+,(ran%(B0(n+

F0(n%(: La1+ra%+r&+ Q02&c+ Agrc+,a3 CENTA 788.

C21-% ! A*@5'$'$ -%0.%54'&% 15 $%-4% CENTA S!

Pr+%(naGrasaCar1+-&*ra%+sF)s+r+Par(*Pr+%(na (n /ar(* c(,0,ar

. [email protected] //27.8=.@

F0(n%(: La1+ra%+r&+ Q02&c+ Agrc+,a3 CENTA 788.

#


25/100

! F-'%5 0%*% +Vina s,%

Vina s, (s 0na -&(r1a an0a, *( g(r2&nac&)n (/&g(a. E, s&s%(2a ra*&ca, s( c+2/+n( *( 0na

ra4 /r&nc&/a,3 0(r%( 6 /r+0n*a3 6 *( n02(r+sas ra&c&,,as ,a%(ra,(s 0( /+r%an 20c-+s

n)*0,+s. Las &n,+r(sc(nc&as s+n rac&2+s c+2/0(s%+s *( cr(c&2&(n%+ &n*(%(r2&na*+3

(c(/%+3 (n gr0/+ *( c0,%&'ar(s C6,&n*r&ca3 0( %&(n(n 0na ,+r %(r2&na,. L+s /(*88 22 an0a,(s. S& s( s&(21ra (n %&(2/+ r&+ ,a g(r2&nac&)n s( r(%rasa3 (, *(sarr+,,+ *( ,a

/,an%a (s (scas+ 6 ,as -+as s( arr0gan 6 %+2an 0na c+,+rac&)n /0r/0r(a3 ,as %(2/(ra%0ras

(,('a*as n+ s0(,(n /(r0*&car (, c0,%&'+ s+,a2(n%( (n (, cas+ *( ca,+r(s 206 0(r%(s (n ,a

/+ca *( ,+rac&)n 6 r0c%&&cac&)n /0(*(n /r+*0c&rs( *a;+s (n (, r(n*&2&(n%+ 6 (n ,a ca,&*a*

?C0('as et al. 97.

! A5'0*.&'* 1 5$ /&$ 5&;-$

E, c+s%+ *( ,+s a,&2(n%+s (n ,a /r+*0cc&)n ,(c-(ra r(/r(s(n%a (, r(ng,)n 2s a,%+ *(n%r+ *(

,a &n'(rs&)n %+%a, ?R(a'(s 6 P(gra2 9>. Es%+ s( -ac( 2s &2/+r%an%( s& s( c+ns&*(ra 0(


26/100

(, c+s%+ a,&2(n%&c&+ &nc&*( /+r ,+ 2(n+s (n 0n =8 *(, c+s%+ %+%a, *(, ,&%r+ *( ,(c-( ?$a4ar*

788.

E, -(c-+ 0( /ara (,a1+rar ,+s c+nc(n%ra*+s s( *(/(n*a *( 2a%(r&as /r&2as &2/+r%a*as *(

a,%+ c+s%+ 6 c+ns&*(ran*+ 0( (s /rc%&ca g(n(ra,&4a*a (n ,as (/,+%ac&+n(s ,(c-(ras3 (,

s02&n&s%rar can%&*a*(s *( c+nc(n%ra*+s 2a6+r(s a ,as r(0(r&*as /+r ,+s an&2a,(s3 -a+cas&+na*+ 0( ,+s c+s%+s *( /r+*0cc&)n a02(n%(n c+ns&*(ra1,(2(n%( ?B+,a;+s 6 Snc-(4

9.

La /r+*0cc&)n (c+n)2&ca *( ,(c-( *(1( 1asars( (n /ar%( (n (, 0s+ (&c&(n%( *( ,+s an&2a,(s

?R(a'(s 6 P(gra2 9> 6 ,a 2(%a 0( /(rs&g0( 0n /r+gra2a *( a,&2(n%ac&)n (s

/r+/+rc&+nar a ca*a an&2a, 0na rac&)n 0( (s%&20,( ,a /r+*0cc&)n (c+n)2&ca 2&2a5 (s

*(c&r3 /r+/+rc&+na a ca*a an&2a, 0na rac&)n 0( sa%&saga ,+s r(0(r&2&(n%+s *( n0%r&(n%(s

*(, an&2a,3 0( s(a a/(%&%+sa3 (c+n)2&ca 6 0( c+n*04ca a ,a sa,0* *(, an&2a, 6 a ,a

/r+*0cc&)n *( ,(c-( *( c+2/+s&c&)n n+r2a, ?E%g(n 6 R(a'(s 98.

!# F&.%-$ &%*$'1-1%$ * 5 6%-025&'* 1 -&'%*$

!## R


27/100

(21arg+3 ,+s a,&2(n%+s '+,02&n+s+s s+n (s(nc&a,(s /ara (s%&20,ar ,a r02&a 6 2an%(n(r ,a

sa,0* *( ,a 'aca. En g(n(ra,3 c0an%+ 2s a,%+ (s (, c+n%(n&*+ *( &1ra3 2s 1a+ (s (,

c+n%(n&*+ *( (n(rga *(, +rra(. S(g

*( /r+%(na cr0*a3 ,as gra2n(as c+n%&(n(n a 9 /r+%(na cr0*a ?s(g.

!#!! C%*&*.-1%$

Us0a,2(n%( \c+nc(n%ra*+\ s( r(&(r( a a,&2(n%+s 1a+s (n &1ra 6 a,%+s (n (n(rga. L+s

c+nc(n%ra*+s /0(*(n s(r a,%+s + 1a+s (n /r+%(na3 %&(n(n a,%a /a,a%a1&,&*a* 6 0s0a,2(n%(

s+n c+2&*+s r/&*a2(n%(. T&(n(n 1a+ '+,02(n /+r 0n&*a* *( /(s+ ?a,%a gra'(*a*

(s/(c&ca. N+ (s%&20,an ,a r02&a 6 0s0a,2(n%( (r2(n%an 2s r/&*a2(n%( 0( ,+s +rra(s

(n (, r02(n. Las 'acas ,(c-(ras *( a,%+ /+%(nc&a, /ara ,a /r+*0cc&)n ,(c-(ra %a21&n %&(n(na,%+s r(0(r&2&(n%+s *( (n(rga 6 /r+%(na. C+ns&*(ran*+ 0( ,as 'acas /0(*(n c+2(r s+,+

c&(r%a can%&*a* ca*a *a3 ,+s +rra(s s+,+s n+ /0(*(n s02&n&s%rar ,a can%&*a* r(0(r&*a *(

(n(rga 6 /r+%(na. E, /r+/)s&%+ *( agr(gar c+nc(n%ra*+s a ,a rac&)n *( ,a 'aca ,(c-(ra (s (,

*( /r+'((r 0na 0(n%( *( (n(rga 6 /r+%(na /ara s0/,(2(n%ar ,+s +rra(s 6 c02/,&r c+n ,+s

r(0&s&%+s *(, an&2a,. S( a,&2(n%a a ,a 'aca c+n c+nc(n%ra*+s /ara 0( /0(*a 0sar 2s

n0%r&(n%(s 63 (n c+ns(c0(nc&a3 s( a/r+&2( 2s a s0 ca/ac&*a* 2&2a *( /r+*0cc&)n *(

,(c-( ?E%g(n 6 R(a'(s 98.

S( c+ns&*(ra 0(n%(s /r+%(&cas a ,as 0( c+n%&(n(n 2s *( 78 *( /r+%(na cr0*a3 /+r((2/,+: $ar&na *( s+6a3 s),&*+s *( *(s%&,(ra5 6 0(n%(s *( (n(rga a ,as 0( %&(n(n 2(n+s

*( 9 *( &1ra /+r ((2/,+: c(r(a,(s c+2+ 2a4 6 s+rg+3 s01/r+*0c%+s c+2+ ar(c-+ 6

/0,&2(n%+3 grasas c+2+ ac(&%(s 6 c(1+s ?Ca2/a1a*a, 6 Na'arr+ 9@.

11


28/100

!#!= M'*-5$

E, gana*+ ,(c-(r+ n(c(s&%a 0na 0(n%( *( ca,c&+3 )s+r+3 2agn(s&+3 a40r(3 /+%as&+3 s+*&+3

c,+r+3 -&(rr+3 6+*+3 2angan(s+3 c+1r(3 c+1a,%+3 4&nc 6 s(,(n&+ (n ,a *&(%a ?$ar+,* et al 7888.

S(g* 5 &%*$20% 1 5'0*.%

E&s%(n %r(s %&/+s *( ac%+r(s 0( c+n*&c&+nan ,a ca/ac&*a* *( &ng(s%a3 0n+s ,&ga*+s a,

an&2a,3 +%r+s a ,a rac&)n a,&2(n%&c&a 6 ,+s r(,ac&+na*+s c+n (, 2(*&+ a21&(n%(.

!# F&.%-$ 5'41%$ 5 *'05: E, /(s+ '&'+3 ,a (*a*3 (, 2+2(n%+ /r+*0c%&'+ 6 (,

n&'(, *( /r+*0cc&)n ?NRC 7889.

!! F&.%-$ 5'41%$ 5 1'.: ,a /a,a%a1&,&*a*3 ,a &1r+s&*a*3 ,a /r(s(n%ac&)n s&ca

6 ,a -02(*a* *( ,a rac&)n ?B0a* 788@.

12


29/100

!= F&.%-$ 0'*.5$: L+s (n)2(n+s 2(%(+r+,)g&c+s 0( &n,06(n (n (,

c+ns02+ s+n: %(2/(ra%0ra3 -02(*a*3 ra*&ac&)n3 '&(n%+3 ,,0'&a 6 a,%&%0* ?B+,a;+s 6 Snc-(4

9. Un+ *( ,+s ac%+r(s 2s (s%0*&a*+s (s (, ((c%+ *( ,a %(2/(ra%0ra. S( sa1( c+n

c(r%(4a 0( %&(n( ((c%+ s+1r( (, c+ns02+ *( a,&2(n%+3 c+ns02+ *( ag0a3 /r+*0cc&)n 6

c+2/+s&c&)n *( ,a ,(c-( ?$a4ar* 788.

! E6'&'*&' * 5 2$% 1 5%$ *2.-'*.$ * 5 4*1% 5&;-%

!# P-%.3*$

Las /r+%(nas s+n c+ns%&%06(n%(s (s(nc&a,(s (n ,+s +rgan&s2+s '&'+s. T+*as ,as c,0,as

s&n%(%&4an /r+%(nas *0ran%( 0na /ar%( + a ,+ ,arg+ *( %+*a s0 (&s%(nc&a3 s&n (sa 0nc&)n ,a

'&*a n+ r(s0,%a /+s&1,(. ?,'ar(4 788.

L+s r02&an%(s s( *&s%&ng0(n *(, r(s%+ *( ,+s an&2a,(s /+r ,a a*a/%ac&)n 2+r+&s&+,)g&ca *( ,a

/ar%( an%(r&+r *( s0 (s%+2ag+3 (s%a /(c0,&ar&*a* /(r2&%( c+n'(r%&r a,&2(n%+s &1r+s+s 6/r+%(nas *( 206 1aa ca,&*a*3 &nc,0s+ (, n&%r)g(n+ n+ /r+%(&c+ ?NNP (n n0%r&(n%(s *(

ca,&*a* c+2+ ,a /r+%(na 2&cr+1&ana 6 ,+s c&*+s gras+s '+,%&,(s ?R+*rg0(4 et al 788.

La /r+%(na 2&cr+1&ana (s *( 2(+r ca,&*a*3 1a,anc(a*a /ara c01r&r ,as n(c(s&*a*(s *( ,a

'aca ,(c-(ra 6 a*(2s (s ,a 0(n%( 2s (c+n)2&ca *( a2&n+c&*+s. Pr(*(c&r (, r(n*&2&(n%+

(n /r+%(na 2&cr+1&ana (s *&c&,3 6a 0( ,a &ng(s%&)n *(, a,&2(n%+3 (, a21&(n%( (n (, r02(n 6

(, /$3 ,a +r2a s&ca *( ,+s a,&2(n%+s3 (, /r+c(sa*+ 6 ,as 0(n%(s *(, a,&2(n%+ %(n*rn

&2/ac%+ s+1r( (, cr(c&2&(n%+ 2&cr+1&an+ r02&na, ?$0%(ns 788>.

!## D4-1&'* -20'*5 1 5 +-%.3*$

E, (c+s&s%(2a 2&cr+1&an+ r02&na, (s% c+n+r2a*+ /+r (s/(c&(s *( 1ac%(r&as3 -+ng+s 6

/r+%+4++s (s%r&c%a2(n%( ana(r)1&c+s. La c+2/+s&c&)n *( (s/(c&(s 6 ,as /r+/+rc&+n(s

r(,a%&'as *(n%r+ *( ,a c+20n&*a* 2&cr+1&ana *(/(n*( /r&nc&/a,2(n%( *( ,a *&(%a 0(

c+ns02an ,+s an&2a,(s ?R+*rg0(4 et al 788.

La *(gra*ac&)n *( ,as /r+%(nas (n (, r02(n *(/(n*( *( ,a c+n0gac&)n *( %r(s /r+c(s+s

ca%a1),&c+s: ,a /r+%(),&s&s3 ,a //%&*+,&s&s 6 ,a *(sa2&nac&)n. Las /r+%(asas 1ac%(r&anas s+n

(n4&2as (n*+ 6 (+/(/%&*asas3 0n&*as a ,as c,0,as3 /(r+ ,+ca,&4a*as (n ,a s0/(r&c&( c(,0,ar/ara %(n(r 2a6+r(s /+s&1&,&*a*(s *( &n%(racc&)n c+n ,+s s0s%ra%+s ?R+*rg0(4 et al 788.

Una '(4 &nc+r/+ra*+s a, 2&cr++rgan&s2+ ,+s //%&*+s s+n -&*r+,&4a*+s -as%a a2&n+c&*+s3

,+s c0a,(s /0(*(n s(r (2/,(a*+s /ara s&n%(%&4ar /r+%(na 2&cr+1&ana + 1&(n c+2+ +c0rr( c+n

,a 2a6+r /ar%( *( (,,+s3 s+n 0%&,&4a*+s c+2+ 0(n%( *( (n(rga. En (s%( cas+ ,+s

2&cr++rgan&s2+s s(/aran (, gr0/+ a2&n+ *(, a2&n+c&*+ 6 ,+ ,&1(ran a, 2(*&+ r02&na, c+2+

1&


30/100

0n /r+*0c%+ *( *(s(c-+ 6 (2/,(an ,a ca*(na car1+na*a /ara +1%(n(r (n(rga c+2+ s& s(

%ra%ara *( 0n -&*ra%+ *( car1+n+. P+r +%r+ ,a*+ ,+s gr0/+s a2&n+s ,&1r(s ?N$ 7 s( c+n'&(r%(n3

/+r a*&c&+n(s *( $^ (n (, a21&(n%( r(*0c%+r *(, r02(n (n a2+n&ac+ ?N$> 6 ,0(g+ (n a2+n&+

?N$3 /+r ,+ c0a, ,a c+nc(n%rac&)n *( (s%( 0,%&2+ s&r'( c+2+ 0n &n*&ca*+r *( ,a ac%&'&*a*

/r+%(+,%&ca (n (, r02(n ?R(,,&ng 6 Ma%%&+,& 788>.

!#! M.%5'$0% 15 *'.-4*% * -20'*.$

E, r02(n c+ns%&%06( 0na '(n%aa ('+,0%&'a &2/+r%an%( /+r0( /(r2&%( a, an&2a, (, c+ns02+

*( a,&2(n%+s &1r+s+s 6 *( n&%r)g(n+ n+ /r+%(&c+ ?NNP. S&n (21arg+3 *(s*( (, /0n%+ *( '&s%a

*( ,a 0%&,&4ac&)n *( ,a /r+%(na '(r*a*(ra *( ,a *&(%a3 (, s&s%(2a (s &n(&c&(n%(. En 'acas

,(c-(ras 0( c+ns02(n c+nc(n%ra*+s r&c+s (n /r+%(nas ,a (&c&(nc&a *( c+n'(rs&)n *(,

n&%r)g(n+ *(, a,&2(n%+ (n n&%r)g(n+ (n ,a ,(c-( +sc&,a (n%r( 9 6 >7 ?R+*rg0(4 et al 788.

L+s c+2/0(s%+s n&%r+g(na*+s *( ,a *&(%a &nc,06(n /r+%(nas *( *&'(rs+s /(s+s 2+,(c0,ar(s 6(s%r0c%0ra %(rc&ar&a3 //%&*+s3 a2&n+c&*+s3 a2&*as3 sa,(s *( a2+n&+3 n&%ra%+s3 n&%r&%+s3

a2+n&ac+ 6 0r(a ?R+*rg0(4 et al 788.

E, n&%r)g(n+ c+n%(n&*+ (n ,+s a,&2(n%+s s( /0(*( *&'&*&r (n *+s c+2/+n(n%(s: N&%r)g(n+

/r+%(&c+ ?NP 6 n&%r)g(n+ n+ /r+%(&c+ ?NNP. Una racc&)n *(, n&%r)g(n+ /r+%(&c+ (s

*(gra*a*a (n (, r02(n ?PDR /+r ,+s 2&cr++rgan&s2+s r02&na,(s. D&c-+s 2&cr++rgan&s2+s

0%&,&4an (s%+s c+2/0(s%+s n&%r+g(na*+s /ara s&n%(%&4ar s0s /r+/&as /r+%(nas ?/r+%(na

2&cr+1&a,. La +%ra racc&)n c+rr(s/+n*( a, _N` + /r+%(na n+ *(gra*a1,( (n (, r02(n ?PNR 6

(s a0(,,a 0( s&2/,(2(n%( /asa a, r02(n3 -ac&a (, r(s%+ *(, %rac%+ *&g(s%&'+. L+s2&cr++rgan&s2+s *(, r02(n 0%&,&4an (, N$>3 (s0(,(%+s car1+na*+s *( ,+s a2&n+c&*+s ?aa 6

(n(rga /ara r(/r+*0c&rs(. Es%+s 2&cr++rgan&s2+s /asan ,0(g+ a, %rac%+ *&g(s%&'+ 0n%+ c+n

,a /r+%(na n+ *(gra*a*a (n (, r02(n /ara s0 /+s%(r&+r *&g(s%&)n 6 a1s+rc&)n. Par%( *(,

a2+n&ac+ n+ 0%&,&4a*+ /+r ,as 1ac%(r&as (s a1s+r1&*+ a %ra's *( ,as /ar(*(s *(, r02(n3

/asan*+ a, %+rr(n%( sang0n(+ 6 ,0(g+ a, -ga*+ *+n*( (s c+n'(r%&*+ (n 0r(a3 ,a c0a, s(

/0(*( r(c&c,ar (n ,a sa,&'a 6 sangr(3 + /0(*( (,&2&nars( a %ra's *( ,a +r&na. Una racc&)n *(

,+s aa a1s+r1&*+s (n (, &n%(s%&n+ *(,ga*+ s(r 0%&,&4a*a /ara ,a sn%(s&s *(, 2


31/100

F'42- # E$


32/100

E, a2+n&ac+ /r(s(n%( (n (, r02(n (s c+2/,(%a2(n%( a1s+r1&*+ a %ra's *( s0 /ar(*3 s&(n*+

&ns&gn&&can%( ,a can%&*a* 0( c+ns&g0( ,,(gar a, a1+2as+ ?R(,,&ng 6 Ma%%&+,& 788>. E, n&'(, *(,

a2+n&ac+ (n (, r02(n (s &2/+r%an%( /ara 0na (&c&(n%( (r2(n%ac&)n 2&cr+1&ana ?O1&s/+

788=.

E, -ga*+ c02/,( 0n /a/(, c,a'( (n (, 2(%a1+,&s2+ *(, N&%r)g(n+ ?N: (, c&c,+ *( ,a 0r(a. N++1s%an%( r(/r(s(n%a c(rca *(, = *( ,a 2asa c+r/+ra,3 c+ns02( (n%r( (, 79 6 7= *(, gas%+

(n(rg%&c+ *(, c0(r/+. S&n (21arg+ -a s&*+ (s%a1,(c&*+ 0( ,a %asa *( 0s+ *( (n(rga /+r (,

-ga*+ s( &ncr(2(n%a c+n (, a02(n%+ (n ,a /r+*0cc&)n *( ,(c-(3 as+c&a*+ (s%+ c+n ,a

2+*&&cac&)n *( n0%r&(n%(s *&s/+n&1,(s /ara +r2ar a0(,,+s 0( n+ s( (nc0(n%ran

*&s/+n&1,(s /ara ,a sn%(s&s *( ,a ,(c-(. S( -a s(;a,a*+ 0( (, &ncr(2(n%+ (n (, c+ns02+ *(

+&g(n+ -(/%&c+ a 2(*&*a 0( s( &ncr(2(n%a ,a /r+*0cc&)n *( ,(c-(3 (s%+ *(1&*+

/r+1a1,(2(n%( a, &ncr(2(n%+ *( ,a g,0c+n(+gn(s&s 6 ,a 0r(agn(s&s ?C+rr(a 788.

E, -ga*+ r(20('( 6 *(s%+&&ca (, a2+n&+ a1s+r1&*+ *(s*( (, %rac%+ *&g(s%&'+3%rans+r2n*+,+ /r&nc&/a,2(n%( (n 0r(a3 ,a c0a, (s /+s%(r&+r2(n%( r(c&c,a*a /+r sa,&'a +

/ar(* r02&na,3 + (,&2&na*a /+r +r&na 6 ,(c-( ?C+rr(a 788.

E, (c(s+ *( /r+%(na *(gra*a1,( (n ,a *&(%a &ncr(2(n%a ,as c+nc(n%rac&+n(s /,as2%&cas *(

0r(a 6 *( a2+n&+ (n (, /,as2a 6


33/100

!! L3+'1%$

N+r2a,2(n%( ,a *&(%a c+ns02&*a /+r ,as 'acas c+n%&(n( s+,+ a @ *( ,/&*+s. S&n (21arg+3

,+s ,/&*+s s+n /ar%( &2/+r%an%( *( ,a rac&)n *( 0na 'aca ,(c-(ra /+r0( c+n%r&106(n

*&r(c%a2(n%( a cas& (, =8 *( ,a grasa (n ,a ,(c-( 6 s+n ,a 0(n%( 2s c+nc(n%ra*a *(

(n(rga (n ,+s a,&2(n%+s ?Wa%%&a0 6 $+Xa*r 9.En (, r02(n3 ,a 2a6+ra *( ,+s ,/&*+s s+n -&*r+,&4a*+s. L+s (n,ac(s (n%r( (, g,&c(r+, 6 ,+s

c&*+s gras+s s+n s(/ara*+s *an*+ +r&g(n a g,&c(r+, 6 %r(s c&*+s gras+s. E, g,&c(r+, s(

(r2(n%a r/&*a2(n%( /ara +r2ar c&*+s gras+s '+,%&,(s ?AGV3 (s%+s s( a1s+r1(n (n ,a

/ar(* r02&na,. A,g0n+s c&*+s gras+s s+n 0%&,&4a*+s /+r ,as 1ac%(r&as /ara s&n%(%&4ar ,+s

+s+,/&*+s n(c(sar&+s /ara c+ns%r0&r ,as 2(21ranas *( ,as c,0,as ?Wa%%&a0 6 $+Xar*

93 R(,,&ng 6 Ma%%&+,& 788>.

L+s c&*+s gras+s ,&1r(s (n (, r02(n %&(n*(n a ,&gars( a /ar%c0,as *( a,&2(n%+s 6

2&cr++rgan&s2+s 6 a ('&%ar 2s (r2(n%ac&)n3 (s/(c&a,2(n%( *( ,+s car1+-&*ra%+s &1r+s+s.L+s (c(s+s *( ,/&*+s (n ,a *&(%a ?2s *(, /0(*(n %(n(r 0n ((c%+ n(ga%&'+ (n ,a

/r+*0cc&)n *( ,(c-( 6 (, /+rc(n%a( *( grasa (n ,a ,(c-(. L+s ,/&*+s n+ sa%0ra*+s %&(n(n 0n

((c%+ 2s n(ga%&'+ 0( ,+s ,/&*+s sa%0ra*+s ?Wa%%&a0 6 -+XXa* 9.

F'42- = M.%5'$0% 1 5%$ 5'+'1%$ * 5 -20'*. (..'28 > H%-1 #?)

1


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!= C-%;'1-.%$

L+s car1+-&*ra%+s s+n (, /r&nc&/a, c+ns%&%06(n%( *( ,a *&(%a *(, gana*+ ,(c-(r+ 6 c+n%r&106(n

*( 0n @8 a 0n 8 *( ,a (n(rga n(%a 0%&,&4a*a /ara ,a /r+*0cc&)n *( ,(c-( ?Cas%r+ 7887.

La c,as&&cac&)n *( ,+s car1+-&*ra%+s (n (s%r0c%0ra,(s 6 n+ (s%r0c%0ra,(s s( r(&(r( a s0

0nc&)n *(n%r+ *( ,a /,an%a 0( /0(*( s(r *( (s%r0c%0ra + *( r(s(r'a *( n0%r&(n%(s. L+scar1+-&*ra%+s (s%r0c%0ra,(s ?racc&)n &1r+sa (s% (n ,a /ar(* c(,0,ar s+n ,a -(2&c(,0,+sa3

c(,0,+sa 6 /(c%&na3 (n %an%+ ,+s car1+-&*ra%+s n+ (s%r0c%0ra,(s ?racc&)n n+ &1r+sa (s%n (n

s(2&,,as3 6 /(0(;as can%&*a*(s (n ,as -+as 6 %a,,+s *( ,+s +rra(s3 s&(n*+ (s%+s (, a,2&*)n

6 ,+s a40car(s ?Cas%r+ 78873 R(,,&ng 6 Ma%%&+,& 788>.

E, a,2&*)n %a21&n s( (nc0(n%ra *(n%r+ *( ,a c,0,a *( ,a /,an%a 6 (s a,%a2(n%( *&g(s%&1,(

?= a =. Es ,a 2a6+r r(s(r'a *( (n(rga *( ,+s '(g(%a,(s 6 s( (nc0(n%ra (n ,a /+rc&)n *(

,a s(2&,,a *( ,a /,an%a. S( (r2(n%a r/&*a2(n%( (n (, r02(n s& (, gran+ (s% /r+c(sa*+

?2+,&*+ &n+ 0 -+0(,(a*+ a, 'a/+r3 (, a,2&*)n *( ,a c(1a*a 6 (, %r&g+ %&(n*( a (r2(n%ars(r/&*a2(n%(3 2&(n%ras 0( (, 2a43 s+rg+3 6 gran+s /r+c(sa*+s %+sc+s s( (r2(n%an 2s

,(n%a2(n%(. E, a,2&*)n /0(*( r(/r(s(n%ar -as%a 78 a >8 *( ,a 2a%(r&a s(ca *( ,a rac&)n

?$0%(ns 788>.

!=# F'-

La &1ra &nc,06( c+2/0(s%+s 0( +r2an /ar%( *( ,a /ar(* c(,0,ar *( ,+s '(g(%a,(s ?&g0ra =.

L+s /r&nc&/a,(s c+2/0(s%+s *( ,a &1ra s+n:

!=## C525%$

Es (, /r&nc&/a, car1+-&*ra%+ (s%r0c%0ra, 6 ,( *a r&g&*(4 a ,a /ar(* c(,0,ar. L+s +rra(s

2a*0r+s s+n 2s r&c+s (n c(,0,+sa 6 /0(*( r(/r(s(n%ar *( 9= a 78 *( ,a 2a%(r&a s(ca *(

,a rac&)n ?$0%(ns 788>3 Bac- 6 Casa2&g,&a 788@.

!=#! H0'&525%$

Ta21&n s( (nc0(n%ra (n ,a /ar(* c(,0,ar Las 1ac%(r&as c+n'&(r%(n (s%as ,&ga*0ras

c+2/,(as *( g,0c+sa3 (n c&*+s gras+s '+,%&,(s. La -(2&c(,0,+sa /0(*( r(/r(s(n%ar -as%a98 a 9= *( ,a 2a%(r&a s(ca *( ,a rac&)n ?$0%(ns 788>.

1#


35/100

!=#= P&.'*$

S( (nc0(n%ran (n can%&*a*(s (,('a*as (n ,(g02&n+sas. S( *&g&(r(n 2s r/&*a2(n%( 0( ,a

c(,0,+sa + ,a -(2&c(,0,+sa3 /(r+ a *&(r(nc&a *( ,+ 0( +c0rr( c+n ,a r/&*a (r2(n%ac&)n *(,

a,2&*)n3 ,a (r2(n%ac&)n *( (s%as n+ *&s2&n06( (, /$ r02&na,. ?Bac- 6 Casa2&g,&a 788@.

F'42- ? U* &525 /4.5 0%$.-*1% $2 $.-2&.2- 1 5 +-1 &525- (H2.*$ !""=)

!=#? L 5'4*'*

Es %+%a,2(n%( &n*&g(s%&1,( (n (, %01+ *&g(s%&'+ *( ,+s r02&an%(s 6 ((rc( 0n ((c%+ n(ga%&'+

*&r(c%+ s+1r( ,a *&g(s%&)n %+%a, 6 0n ((c%+ &n*&r(c%+ a c+ns(c0(nc&a *( &2/(*&2(n%+s s&c+s

0( ,&2&%an (, acc(s+ *( ,as 1ac%(r&as a ,as 4+nas *(gra*a1,(s *( ,a &1ra3 ((c%+ 2s

('&*(n%( (n ,as gra2n(as3 ,a c+nc(n%rac&)n *( ,&gn&na *(/(n*( *( ,a (s/(c&( *( +rra(3

s&(n*+ 2a6+r (n ,(g02&n+sas 0( (n gra2n(as3 6 *(, (s%a*+ '(g(%a%&'+3 a 2a6+r 2a*0r(4

2as ,&gn&na ?Bac- 6 Casa2&g,&a 788@.

!=! C5$'6'&&'* 1 5 6'-

D(s*( (, /0n%+ *( '&s%a 02&c+3 ,a &1ra s( c+2/+n( *( 0n (n%ra2a*+ *( c(,0,+sa3

-(2&c(,0,+sa 6 ,&gn&na. Para &n(s /rc%&c+s s( -a *(&n&*+ (n %r2&n+s *( F&1ra Br0%a ?FB3

c06+ 0s+ (n ,+s s&s%(2as ac%0a,(s (s% ,&2&%a*+3 F&1ra N(0%r+ D(%(rg(n%(3 6 F&1ra Ac&*+

D(%(rg(n%(3 6 s( 0%&,&4a /ara ,a /r(*&cc&)n *( ,a ca,&*a* *( ,+s +rra(s3 ,a &ng(s%&)n *( ,a

2a%(r&a s(ca3 ,a *&g(s%&1&,&*a* 6 (, 'a,+r (n(rg%&c+ *( ,+s a,&2(n%+s. D(s*( (, /0n%+ *( '&s%a

*( ,a n0%r&c&)n *( ,+s r02&an%(s3 ,a &1ra /0(*( *(&n&rs( c+2+ (, c+n0n%+ *( c+2/+n(n%(s *(

1


36/100

,+s '(g(%a,(s 0( %&(n(n 1aa *&g(s%&1&,&*a* 6 /r+20('(n ,a r02&a 6 (, (0&,&1r&+ r02&na,

?Ca,sa2&g,&a 9.

!=!# F'- N2.-% D.-4*. (FND)

Es (, 2a%(r&a, &ns+,01,( (n 0na s+,0c&)n *(%(rg(n%( n(0%ra3 6 s( c+2/+n( *( c(,0,+sa3-(2&c(,0,+sa 6 ,&gn&na. A*(2s (&s%(n +%r+s c+2/+n(n%(s 2&n+r&%ar&+s3 c+2+ r(s&*0+s *(

a,2&*)n3 c(n&4as 6 n&%r)g(n+ ?Ca,sa2&g,&a 9.

!=!! F'- A&'1% D.-4*. (FAD)

Es (, 2a%(r&a, &ns+,01,( (n 0na s+,0c&)n *(%(rg(n%( ac&*a3 6 (s% c+ns%&%0&*a

0n*a2(n%a,2(n%( /+r c(,0,+sa 6 ,&gn&na3 a0n0( s0(,(n (&s%&r +%r+s c+2/+n(n%(s

2&n+r&%ar&+s c+2+ n&%r)g(n+ 6 2&n(ra,(s. La *&(r(nc&a (n%r( FND 6 FAD c+ns&s%(

0n*a2(n%a,2(n%( (n -(2&c(,0,+sa ?Ca,sa2&g,&a 9.C0an*+ ,a /+rc&)n *( FND 6 a,2&*)n *(gra*a1,( (n (, r02(n (s 2(n+s *( 9:9 + c0an*+ ,as

/r+/+rc&+n(s *(, c+nc(n%ra*+ s+n 2s a,%as *(, =8 *(, c+ns02+ *( 2a%(r&a s(ca3 s(

/r+*0c( 0na (r2(n%ac&)n c&*a 6 2s /r+/&+na%+ (s +r2a*+5 r(s0,%an*+ (n 0n 2a6+r

/+%(nc&a, /ara *&s2&n0&r (, c+n%(n&*+ *( grasa (n ,a ,(c-( ?B0n%&ng 788.

!== D4-1&'* 1 5%$ &-%;'1-.%$ $.-2&.2-5$

La *(gra*ac&)n *( ,+s car1+-&*ra%+s (s%r0c%0ra,(s s&g0( ,+s s&g0&(n%(s /as+s: a ,+s

2&cr++rgan&s2+s c(,0,+,%&c+s s( a*-&(r(n a ,+s %r+4+s *( &1ra '(g(%a,3 c+r%a*a /+r ((c%+ *(,a 2as%&cac&)n3 2(4c,a*+ 6 r02&a c+n (, &n *( (/+n(r ,a /ar(* c(,0,ar5 1 ,+s

2&cr++rgan&s2+s ,&1(ran c(,0,asas 0( r(a,&4an ,a *&g(s%&)n (%rac(,0,ar *( ,a c(,0,+sa

/r+*0c&(n*+ r(s&*0+s /(0(;+s3 (s/(c&a,2(n%( c(,+1&+sa ?*&sacr&*+5 c ,a c(,+1&+sa (s

&nc+r/+ra*a a ,a 1ac%(r&a 6 a%aca*a /+r ,a c(,+1&asa 0( ,a *(s*+1,ara (n *+s g,0c+sas5 * ,a

g,0c+sa (s 0%&,&4a*a /+r (, +rgan&s2+ /ara +1%(n(r (n(rga 'a g,0c+,%&ca 6 /r+*0c&r AGV

c+2+ /r+*0c%+ &na,3 /r&nc&/a,2(n%( ac(%a%+ ?R(,,&ng 6 Ma%%&+,& 788>.

D0ran%( (, /r+c(s+ (r2(n%a%&'+ *( ,a &1ra s( /&(r*( 0n car1+n+ (n +r2a *( 2(%an+3 /+r ,+

0( (, /r+c(s+ (s (n(rg%&ca2(n%( 2(n+s (&ca4 0( ,a (r2(n%ac&)n *( +%r+s n0%r&(n%(s. S&n(21arg+ (, ac(%a%+ 0(ga 0n /a/(, 206 &2/+r%an%( (n (, a/+r%( *( /r(c0rs+r(s /ara ,a

sn%(s&s *( grasa (n ,a g,n*0,a 2a2ar&a 6 /+r ,+ %an%+ ,a /r+*0cc&)n *( ac(%a%+ ?6 (n

c+ns(c0(nc&a (, a/+r%( *( &1ra 6 ,a s0/(r'&'(nc&a *( ,as 1ac%(r&as &1r+,%&cas (s

&2/r(sc&n*&1,( ?Ca,sa2&g,&a 9.

24


37/100

!#" I0+&.% 1 5$ 4*1-3$ * 5 0'*.

E, (s%&rc+, (s 0n s01/r+*0c%+ &n('&%a1,( *( ,a /r+*0cc&)n *( carn( 6 ,(c-(. La (cr(c&)n

(c(s&'a *( (s%&rc+, 6 ,+s n0%r&(n%(s (n (, (s%&rc+, r(/r(s(n%an &n(&c&(nc&as 0( a02(n%an

,+s c+s%+s *( a,&2(n%ac&)n 6 a02(n%an (, &2/ac%+ a21&(n%a, ?W(&ss 6 S% P&(rr( [email protected] 0na grana %/&ca *( -+6 (n *a3 gran*(s can%&*a*(s *( N s( &2/+r%an c+2+ s0/,(2(n%+s

a,&2(n%&c&+s 6 (r%&,&4an%(s. S& n+ s( r(c&c,a N a %ra's *(, cr(c&2&(n%+ *( ,+s c0,%&'+s3 s(

/0(*( ,,('ar a gran*(s /r*&*as a ,a a%2)s(ra 6 ,as ag0as s01%(rrn(as. Un 0s+ 2s

(&c&(n%( *( ,+s s0/,(2(n%+s a,&2(n%&c&+s *( /r+%(nas /+%(nc&a,2(n%( /0(*( r(*0c&r ,a

&2/+r%ac&)n *( N (n ,a a,&2(n%ac&)n3 ,a (cr(c&)n *( N (n (, (s%&rc+,3 6 ,as /r*&*as /ara (,

2(*&+ a21&(n%( ?R+%4 et al 9

La can%&*a* 6 c+2/+s&c&)n *(, (s%&rc+, /0(*( 'ar&ar c+ns&*(ra1,(2(n%( 6 (s s+1r( %+*+

&n,0(nc&a*+ /+r ,a c+2/+s&c&)n *( ,a *&(%a. Las /rc%&cas *( a,&2(n%ac&)n &n,06(n (n ,a(&c&(nc&a *( ,a 0%&,&4ac&)n *( n0%r&(n%(s. C+2/0(s%+s gas(+s+s s( (2&%(n *(s/0s *( ,a

(cr(c&)n *(1&*+ a, 2(%a1+,&s2+ 2&cr+1&an+ (n (, %rac%+ *&g(s%&'+ *(, an&2a,. La

2an&/0,ac&)n *( ,a *&(%a (s 0na +r2a (c+n)2&ca *( c+n%r+,ar (, (c(s+ *( (cr(c&+n(s *(

n0%r&(n%(s 6 (2&s&+n(s *( +,+r(s /ara r(*0c&r a, 2n&2+ ,a c+n%a2&nac&)n *(, ag0a3 s0(,+ 6

a&r( ?S0%%+n et al 788@.

La (r2(n%ac&)n *(, (s%&rc+, ?*&g(s%&)n3 %an%+ s),&*+s c+2+ ,0&*+s3 (s 0n /r+c(s+

ana(r)1&c+. Es%a /r+*0cc&)n *( 2(%an+ *(, (s%&rc+, an&2a, ?1&+gs a02(n%a c+n ,a

%(2/(ra%0ra3 6 c+n (, a02(n%+ *( ,a 1&+*(gra*a1&,&*a* *(, (s%&rc+, ?W(&s( 6 P(%(rs(n788@.

!## A$+&.%$ &%*0'&%$ * 5 4*1-3 5&;-

E, a,&2(n%+ r(/r(s(n%a (, ac%+r 2s c+s%+s+ (n ,a /r+*0cc&)n *( ,(c-( c0an*+ (, r(1a;+ ,+

+r2an 'acas *( a,%a /r+*0cc&)n. C+n r(c0(nc&a3 c0an*+ n+ s( c0(n%a c+n 0n /r+gra2a *(

r(g&s%r+s ,(c-(r+s 6 ,as 'acas *( a,%a /r+*0cc&)n s+n a,&2(n%a*as /+r *(1a+ *( s0s

r(0(r&2&(n%+s n0%r&c&+na,(s 6 ,as *( ca/ac&*a* g(n%&ca *(&c&(n%(3 s+n s+1r(a,&2(n%a*as.

E,,+ +cas&+na3 (n a21+s cas+s3 /(r*&*as a, /r+*0c%+r. E, +1(%&'+ *(, gana*(r+ (s ,+grar (,2a6+r &ngr(s+ n(%+ 0( s(a /+s&1,( 6 n+ ,a 2&2a /r+*0cc&)n *( ,(c-( ?Cas%r+ 7887.

21


38/100

!#! C5'11 1 5 5&;

La ca,&*a* *( ,a ,(c-(3 c+n+r2a %r(s as/(c%+s 1&(n *(&n&*+s: c+2/+s&c&)n s&c+02&ca

?c0a*r+ A93 c0a,&*a*(s +rgan+,/%&cas ?s(ns+r&a,(s3 6 c0a,&*a*(s 2&cr+1&+,)g&cas %+*as

(,,as (s%a1,(c&*as /+r n+r2as +r2a,(s '&g(n%(s ?Vargas 7888.

!#!# C%0+%$'&'* 63$'&% 5 /r+%(na3 *+n*( s( /0(*(n *&s%&ng0&r

cas(na (n%(ra3 /r+%(nas *(, ,ac%+s0(r+ 6 /r+%(asas /(/%+nasas ?A,&as 788>5 ,ac%+sa3 (,

c+2/+n(n%( 2s ,1&, r(n%( a ,a acc&)n 2&cr+1&ana3 0( ,a %rans+r2a (n c&*+ ,c%&c+ 6 (n

+%r+s c&*+s a,&%&c+s ?C,+sa 6 D( Lan*(%a 788>5 2&n(ra,(s3 ,a 0(n%( 2s &2/+r%an%( *(ca,c&+ 1&+*&s/+n&1,( *( ,a *&(%a -02ana ?C,+sa 6 *( Lan*(%a 788>5 6 '&%a2&nas3 /r(s(n%(s3

a*(2s *( ,as ,&/+s+,01,(s A3 D3 E 6 K3 ,as '&%a2&nas *(, c+2/,(+ B 6 ,a '&%a2&na C

?Magar&;+s 7888.

La can%&*a* (ac%a *( ca*a c+ns%&%06(rn%(s 'ara c+n ,as *&(r(n%(s ra4as3 ,n(as

g(n(a,)g&cas *( gana*+ ,(c-(r+3 as c+2+ ,a a,&2(n%ac&)n *( (s%( ?$(rnn*(4 7887.

Las r(g,as *( /ag+ *(&n&*as /+r ,a &n*0s%r&a (s%a1,(c(n 0n /r(c&+ 1as( s+1r( (, c0a, s(

a/,&can *&'(rsas 1+n&&cac&+n(s 6 cas%&g+s *( ac0(r*+ a carac%(rs%&cas (s/(c&cas *( ,a

,(c-( (n%r(ga*a. L+s a%r&10%+s 0( 2s *(s%acan *(n%r+ *( (s%as r(g,as s+n ,a ca,&*a*-&g&n&ca 6 san&%ar&a3 (, c+n%(n&*+ *( grasa 6 /r+%(na (, '+,02(n (n%r(ga*+ 6 ,a

(s%ac&+na,&*a* *( ,a (n%r(ga ?Eng,(r 7887.

22


39/100

= MATERIALES Y MTODOS

=# U'&&'* > &-&.-3$.'&$ &5'0@.'&$

La &n'(s%&gac&)n s( r(a,&4) (n ,a As+c&ac&)n C++/(ra%&'a As%+r&a 01&ca*a (n (, 20n&c&/&+ *(

San P(*r+ Masa-0a% (n (, *(/ar%a2(n%+ *( La Pa43 (n ,as c++r*(na*as N 9>7=b=.bb5 WO

87b.>bb a 79 2(%r+s s+1r( (, n&'(, *(, 2ar3 *0ran%( ,+s 2(s(s *( Oc%01r( a D&c&(21r(3c06as %(2/(ra%0ras *&ar&as3 2n&2as 6 2&2as3 (n (s%( /(r&+*+ s+n *( 77.7 6 >7. C

r(s/(c%&'a2(n%(.

=! A*'05$

C+2+ 0n&*a*(s (/(r&2(n%a,(s3 /ara (, (s%0*&+ 93 s( 0%&,&4ar+n >8 'acas c+n g(n%&ca

/r(*+2&nan%( $+,s%(&n ?83*&s%r&10&*as (n > gr0/+s *( 98 'acas3 c+n *+s a c&nc+ /ar%+s3

/(s+ c+r/+ra, /r+2(*&+ *( =8@ g ? 7@. g 6 /r+*0cc&)n /r+2(*&+ *( 79.> g ,(c-(*a. Y

/ara (, (s%0*&+ 7 s( 0%&,&4ar+n >8 'acas c+n g(n%&ca /r(*+2&nan%( $+,s%(&n ?83*&s%r&10&*as (n > gr0/+s *( 98 'acas3 c+n *+s a c&nc+ /ar%+s3 /(s+ c+r/+ra, /r+2(*&+ *(

=8 g g ? 7. g 6 /r+*0cc&)n /r+2(*&+ *( 9@ g ,(c-(*a. A21+s gr0/+s c+n -&s%+r&as

*( sa,0* n+r2a,(s. Las c+n*&c&+n(s *( 2an(+ 0(r+n s&2&,ar(s (n a21+s (s%0*&+s.

== D$&-'+&'* 1 5%$ $.21'%$

L+s (s%0*&+s c+ns&s%&(r+n (n ,a ('a,0ac&)n *( ,a r(s/0(s%a /r+*0c%&'a3 (c+n)2&ca3

*&g(s%&1&,&*a*3 0s+ *( N&%r)g(n+ 6 /r+*0cc&)n *( (cr(%as *( 'acas ,(c-(ras a,&2(n%a*as c+n

*&(%as c+n%(n&(n*+ *&(r(n%(s 0(n%(s *( +rra( ( &nc,0s&+n(s *( (ns&,a*+ *( 2(4c,a s+rg+cana'a,&a. L+s an&2a,(s 0(r+n *&'&*&*+s (n %r(s gr0/+s *( 98 'acas3 s&(n*+ ca*a 'aca 0na

0n&*a* (/(r&2(n%a,3 /ara r(c&1&r ,+s %ra%a2&(n%+s ?*&(%as (n (s%0*&+3 (s%+s gr0/+s %(nan

0na /r+*0cc&)n ,c%(a s&2&,ar.

S( r(a,&4ar+n *+s (s%0*&+s *( a,&2(n%ac&)n 0( c+ns&s%&(r+n (n ,a ('a,0ac&)n *( %r(s 0(n%(s

+rra(ras (n (, /r&2(r+3 6 %r(s *&(r(n%(s /r+/+rc&+n(s *( +rra( *( 0na 2&s2a 0(n%( (n (,

s(g0n*+. Ca*a (s%0*&+ *0r) 79 *as3 (n a21+s cas+s s( %0'+ 0n /(r&+*+ *( a*a/%ac&)n *(

9 *as 6 ,0(g+ 0n /(r&+*+ *( 20(s%r(+ *( *as *0ran%( ,+s c0a,(s s( -&4+ ,a %+2a *(

*a%+s 6 20(s%ras.L+s 2a%(r&a,(s a ('a,0ar 0(r+n 0(n%(s +rra(ras a 1as( *( (ns&,a*+ *( S+rg+ ?'ar CENTA

S7Cana'a,&a3 (, c0a, 0( /r(/ara*+ a /ar%&r *( 0na /arc(,a c+n =8 *( S+rg+ 6 =8 *(

Cana'a,&a ?(n r(a3 *+n*( s( +1%0'+ 0na /r+/+rc&)n *( 8 *( S+rg+ 6 >8 *( Cana'a,&a

(n 2a%(r&a s(ca a, c+s(c-ar,a a ,+s 8 *as.

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40/100

==# E$.21'% #: C%0+-&'* *.- 6%--$

S( ('a,0ar+n %r(s *&(r(n%(s 0(n%(s +rra(ras: (ns&,a*+ *( 2(4c,a *( s+rg+cana'a,&a ?D&(%a

93 (ns&,a*+ *( s+rg+ ?D&(%a 7 6 (ns&,a*+ *( s+rg+ 2s '&gna ?D&(%a >. Las *&(%as 0(r+n

1a,anc(a*as (n (, /r+gra2a CPM Da&r6 788@ /ara s(r Is+ca,)r&cas ( Is+/r+%&cas 6 /(r2&%&r

0na /r+*0cc&)n 2n&2a *( [email protected]= g *( ,(c-(. L+s &ngr(*&(n%(s *( ,as *&(%as 6 s0s/r+/+rc&+n(s s( /r(s(n%an (n (, c0a*r+ 3 ,as c+2/+s&c&+n(s s( /r(s(n%an (n ,+s c0a*r+s =

6 @ ?c0a*r+ A>d.

C21-% ? D$&-'+&'* 1 5$ 1'.$ .5 &%0% %6-&'1$ (M.-' H01) * $.21'% #

INGREDIENTES D'. # (4)$%-4%&*/5'

D'. ! (4)$%-4%

D'. = (4)$%-4%/'4*

S%> 7.= .9 >.8DDGS 9. 7.8 7.8

M3 9.@ 8. 9.9A6-&;% 9. 8. 9.=

M5 9.= 9. 9.

S%> 7.= .9 >.8

N2.-%J5]] 8.9 8.9 8.9

S5 8.9 8.9 8.9

TOTAL CONCENTRADO .9 98.8 .@

E*$'51% $%-4%&*/5' @.E*$'51% $%-4% =. >9.

F-'%5 V'4* [email protected]

TOTAL FORRAWE @. =. .

DIETA TOTAL ==. ==. =.=] Pr( 2(4c,a *( 2&cr+ 6 2acr+ 2&n(ra,(s]]Gran+s s(c+s *( *(s%&,(ra c+n s+,01,(s

F0(n%(: Pr+gra2a CMP Da&r6 788@

C21-% C%0+%$'&'* *2.-'&'%*5 1 5$ 1'.$ * $.21'% #

D'. #$%-4%&*/5'

D'. !$%-4%

D'. =$%-4%/'4*

M.-' S& (X) >>.9 >>. >=.M.-' S& (4) 9.@ 78.9 78.

P-%.3* C-21 (X) 9@.@ 9@. [email protected]%1 5&*5 +%- EM 4 7.@ >8.> 7.

P-%1 5&*5 +%- PC 4 7@.= 7@. [email protected]

FND X .8 .> =.

EM M&5G 7.7 7.7 7.7


2)


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C21-% C%0+%$'&'* 15 5'0*.% %6-&'1%

ESTUDIO # D'. #$%-4%&*/5'

D'. !$%-4%

D'. =$%-4%/'4*

M.-' S& X >>.98 >>.> >=.8P-%.3* C-21 X 9. 9.88 93=FND X . =8. .9@F0(n%(: D(/ar%a2(n%+ *( Q02&ca Agrc+,a3 Fac0,%a* *( C&(nc&as Agr+n)2&cas3 UES.

==! E$.21'% !: C%0+-&'* 1 +-%+%-&'%*$ 1 *$'51% 1 $%-4%&*/5' >

&%*&*.-1%

S( ('a,0) ,a /r+/+rc&)n *( +rra(:c+nc(n%ra*+ (n 2a%(r&a s(ca3 0%&,&4an*+ c+2+ 0(n%( *(

+rra( (ns&,a*+ *( s+rg+cana'a,&a. Las *&(%as +r(c&*as 0(r+n: D&(%a 9H =8 +rra( 6 =8

c+nc(n%ra*+5 D&(%a 7H @8 +rra( 6 8 c+nc(n%ra*+ 65 D&(%a >H 8 +rra( 6 >8

c+nc(n%ra*+. Las *&(%as 0(r+n 1a,anc(a*as (n (, /r+gra2a CPM Da&r6 788@ /ara s(r

Is+ca,)r&cas ( Is+/r+%&cas 6 /(r2&%&r 0na /r+*0cc&)n 2n&2a *( 93@ g *( ,(c-(. L+s&ngr(*&(n%(s *( ,as *&(%as 6 s0s /r+/+rc&+n(s s( /r(s(n%an (n (, c0a*r+s 3 ,as

c+2/+s&c&+n(s s( /r(s(n%an (n ,+s c0a*r+s 6 ?c0a*r+ A.

C21-% D$&-'+&'* 1 5$ 1'.$ .5 &%0% %6-&'1$ (M.-' H01) * $.21'% !

INGREDIENTES D'. # (4)F%--: &%*&*.-1%

":"

D'. ! (4)F%--: &%*&*.-1%

":?"

D'. = (4)F%--: &%*&*.-1%

":="S%> 7.> 7.@ >.9DDGS 7.7 7.8 9.

M3 9. 9.@ 9.

A6-&;% 7.> 8. 8.8

M5 7.> 9.@ 8.=

G-$ 8.8 8.8 8.7

N2.-%J5 8.9 8.9 8.9

S5 8.9 8.9 8.9

TOTAL CONCENTRADO 98.= .8 .9

E*$'51% S%-4%C*/5'

>.> =. =.>

DIETA TOTAL . =. @.


25


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C21-% C%0+%$'&'* *2.-'&'%*5 1 5$ 1'.$ * $.21'% ! ( S4* +-%4-0 CPM !"" )

D'. #F%--: &%*&*.-1%

":"

D'. !F%--: &%*&*.-1%

":?"

D'. =F%--: &%*&*.-1%

":="

M.-' S& (X) 9@.@ 9@.@ 9@.=

M.-' S& (4) >. >9.> 7.@P-%.3* C-21 (X) 9. 9.> 78.7

P-%1 5&*5 +%- EM 4 78. 78. 78.

P-%1 5&*5 +%- PC 4 9. 9. 9.@

FND X 9.= >. @.

EM M&5G 7.> 7.> 7.7


C21-% C%0+%$'&'* 15 5'0*.% %6-&'1%

ESTUDIO ! D'. #F%--: &%*&*.-1%

":"

D'. !F%--: &%*&*.-1%

":?"

D'. =F%--: &%*&*.-1%

":="M.-' S& X >.9 >9.>8 7.@@P-%.3* C-21 X 9@.= 9@. [email protected] X =8.== =7.7= =7.F0(n%(: D(/ar%a2(n%+ *( Q02&ca Agrc+,a3 Fac0,%a* *( c&(nc&as Agr+n)2&cas3 UES

=? M*%

Las 'acas r(c&1&(r+n 2an(+ (s%a10,a*+3 s&(n*+ a,+a*as (n 0n c+rra, *( *(scans+ c+n

%(c-+ *( ,2&na *( -&(rr+3 acana,a*a3 *( 0n ag0a3 a 2 *( a,%0ra3 a1&(r%+ *( ,+s ,a*+s c+n

c+2(*(r+s ,&n(a,(s *( c(2(n%+ *( 98 2 *( ,arg+3 >8 c2 *( /r+0n*&*a* 6 8 c2 *( anc-+3 60n r(a *( *(scans+ 1a+ %(c-+ *( 27 /+r 'aca. T+*+s ,+s an&2a,(s r(c&1&(r+n 2an(+

s&2&,ar3 r(c&1&(n*+ %ra%a2&(n%+ c+n%ra (s%rs ca,)r&c+ c+n '(n%&,a*+r(s *( 9.87 2 ?8` /+r >8

2&n0%+s /r('&+s a, +r*(;+ *(, 2(*&+ *a. T0'&(r+n ag0a a ,&1r( acc(s+3 0(r+n a,&2(n%a*as

c0a%r+ '(c(s a, *a c+n rac&)n %+%a, 2(4c,a*a ?RTM3 s(g


43/100

A B C

F'42- I*$.5&'%*$ > 6&'5'11$ +- 5 0*%: A A-/1-% B C%01-% C O-11%-

= T%0 1 M2$.-$

=# A5'0*.%

S( %+2ar+n *+s 20(s%ras *0ran%( ,a s(2ana *( 20(s%r(+3 *( ca*a 0na *( ,as *&(%as3 *( 9

g /+r %r&/,&ca*+. S( &*(n%&&car+n 6 s( %ras,a*ar+n a, ,a1+ra%+r&+3 ,0(g+ s( s(car+n a @8 [==C7 -+ras (n (s%0a *( a&r( c&rc0,an%( /ara ,0(g+ s(r 2+,&*as 6 r(a,&4ar ,+s r(s/(c%&'+s

an,&s&s.

=! L&;

S( %+2ar+n *+s 20(s%ras s(2ana,(s *0ran%( ,a s(2ana *( 20(s%r(+3 *( 978 2, ca*a 0na3

/+r ca*a 'aca3 (n r(c&/&(n%(s /,s%&c+s c+n %a/a*(ra /ara s0 an,&s&s (n ,a1+ra%+r&+. Las

20(s%ras *( ,(c-( 0(r+n 2an%(n&*as a C 6 %rans/+r%a*as (n -&(,(ras a, ,a1+ra%+r&+ /ara

s0 an,&s&s.

== H&$

S( r(a,&4) ,a r(c+,(cc&)n *&ar&a %+%a, *( -(c(s *0ran%( ,a s(2ana *( 20(s%r(+. S( /(s) (,

2a%(r&a, (ca, (n 1sc0,a /ara %+2ar (, *a%+ r(s/(c%&'+ 6 s( %+2) 0na 20(s%ra /+r %r&/,&ca*+

*( 9 g *( ca*a 0n+ *( ,+s gr0/+s. S( s(car+n @8 ==C7 -+ras (n (s%0a *( a&r(

c&rc0,an%( /ara ,0(g+ s(r 2+,&*as 6 +1%(n(r 0na 20(s%ra -+2+gn(a /ara (, an,&s&s *(

,a1+ra%+r&+ ?&g0ra .

2


44/100

A B CF'42- T%0 1 M2$.-$ A 5'0*.%, B 5&;, C ;&$

= T%0 1 D.%$

=# P-%12&&'* L@&.

S( %+2) r(g&s%r+ *( ,a /r+*0cc&)n ,c%(a *&ar&a &n*&'&*0a, *0ran%( *as c+n%&n0+s3 *( ca*a

0na *( ,as 'acas (n ca*a 0n+ *( ,+s gr0/+s. Es%( 0( 2(*&*+ /+r 2(*&+ *( ,a 20&na

+r*(;a*+ra ?&g0ra .

=! C%*$20%

S( *(%(r2&nar+n ,+s c+ns02+s *( a,&2(n%+ ?rac&)n %+%a, 2(4c,a*a3 RTM /r+2(*&+ (n ca*a

gr0/+ *( 'acas3 /(san*+ ,as can%&*a*(s *( a,&2(n%+ r(sc+ +r(c&*+ 6 r(c-a4a*+3 (n ca*a

*a 0( *0r) (, (s%0*&+ ?&g0ra .

== C%$.%$

S( r(g&s%rar+n ,+s /r(c&+s *( ,as 2a%(r&as /r&2as 6 +rra(s 0%&,&4a*+s 6 ,as can%&*a*(s

+r(c&*as /ara (s%&2ar ,+s c+s%+s *( a,&2(n%ac&)n.

F'42- M1'&'* 1 +-%12&&'* 5@&. > 1 &%*$20% 1 5'0*.%.

2#


45/100

= T&*'&$ 1 *@5'$'$ H&$

=## H2011 P-&'5

S( 1as) (n ,a *(%(r2&nac&)n *( ,a /r*&*a *( /(s+ 0( s0r( 0na 20(s%ra c0an*+ s(

ca,&(n%a a 0na %(2/(ra%0ra (n%r( @8 [ 8C /+r 0n /(r+*+ *( '(&n%&c0a%r+ -+ras3 (n 0n(0&/+ c+n+c&*+ c+2+ (s%0a *( a&r( r(+r4a*+ + '(n%&,ac&)n +r4a*a. L0(g+ s( c+,+car+n (n

0n *(s(ca*+r /ara ,,('ar ,a 20(s%ra a (0&,&1r&+ c+n ,a -02(*a* a21&(n%( 6 s( /(sar+n

c0an*+ s( (nr&ar+n ?B+n&,,a *( T+rr(s et al 7898.

=#! D.-0'*&'* 1 N'.-4*% > +-%.3* &-21 (0.%1% 1 51;5)

A ,as 20(s%ras s(cas 6 2+,&*as s( ,(s *(%(r2&n) (, c+n%(n&*+ *( n&%r)g(n+ /+r 2(*&+ *(,

2%+*+ *( K(,*a-,3 0%&,&4an*+ 0n a/ara%+ *( *&g(s%&)n3 *(s%&,ac&)n 6 %&%0,a*+ *( ,a s+,0c&)n

+1%(n&*a. S( 0n*a2(n%a (n ,a *(s%r0cc&)n *( ,a 2a%(r&a +rgn&ca /+r acc&)n *(, c&*+s0,


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(n (, c0(,,+ *( ,a 1+%(,,a5 (s/(c&a,2(n%( /+r acc&)n *( ,a %(2/(ra%0ra 6 ,a *&(r(n%( *(ns&*a*

(n%r( ,a grasa 6 (, r(s%+ *( ,a ,(c-( ?Cas%r+ et al 788.

=!! D.-0'*&'* 1 *'.-4*% 2-'&% * 5&; (NUL)

Las 20(s%ras s( c,ar&&car+n a %ra's *(, c&*+ %r&c,+r+ac%&c+3 6 ,a c0, /+r 2(*&+ *( 0nar(acc&)n *( ca,+r c+n (, D&ac(%6, M+n+&2(3 r(acc&+nar+n r+2/&(n*+ ,a 2+,c0,a *( 0r(a 6

as s( ,&1(r) a2+nac+ 6 s%( s( %&;) *( 0n c+,+r r+sa*+3 ,a &n%(ns&*a* *(, r+sa s(

c+rr(,ac&+n) c+n ,a c+nc(n%rac&)n *( 0r(a (n (, ,0&*+ (, c0a, 0( ,(*+ (n 0n

(s/(c%r++%)2(%r+ n+'a ?Cas%r+ et al 788.

La (cr(c&)n *( n&%r)g(n+ (n +r&na s( (s%&2) /+r ,a (c0ac&)n *(sarr+,,a*a /+r J+n(r et al

?9 *+n*( N (cr(%a*+ gr* H 97.= NUL (n 2g*L ?&g0ra A7.

=!= D.-0'*&'* 1 N'.-4*% > +-%.3* &-21 * L&; A ,as 20(s%ras s( ,(s *(%(r2&n) n&%r)g(n+ /+r 2(*&+ *(, 2%+*+ *( K(,*a-,3 0%&,&4an*+ 0n

a/ara%+ *( *&g(s%&)n 6 *(s%&,ac&)n. En (s%( 2%+*+ s( 2&*&) ,a can%&*a* *( n&%r)g(n+ 0(

c+n%(na ,a 20(s%ra 6 s( c+n'&r%&) (, n&%r)g(n+ (n /r+%(na 20,%&/,&cn*+,+ /+r (, ac%+r @.>

?F,+r(s et al 788.

= M.%1%5%43 E$.13$.'&

=# D'$% $.13$.'&%

Da*as ,as c+n*&c&+n(s -+2+gn(as3 s( 0%&,&4) 0n *&s(;+ c+2/,(%a2(n%( a, a4ar /ara ('a,0ar,+s %r(s %ra%a2&(n%+s ?D&(%as (n ca*a (s%0*&+. Es%+s 0(r+n:

C21-% #" D$&-'+&'* &%0+-.'/ 1 5%$ .-.0'*.%$ (1'.$) * 5%$ 1%$ $.21'%

TRATAMIENTOS ESTUDIO # ESTUDIO !D#

D!

D=

F+rra(: Ens&,a*+ *( S+rg+Cana'a,&a.

F+rra(: Ens&,a*+ *( S+rg+

F+rra(: Ens&,a*+ *( S+rg+V&gna

]F+rra(:C+nc(n%ra*+ ?=8:=8

]F+rra(:C+nc(n%ra*+ ?@8:8

]F+rra(:C+nc(n%ra*+ ?8:>8]Ens&,a*+ s+rg+cana'a,&a.

S( ('a,0) (, ((c%+ *(, ac%+r (n (s%0*&+ s+1r( ca*a 0na *( ,as 'ar&a1,(s *(/(n*&(n%(s

0%&,&4an*+ (, /r+c(*&2&(n%+ ANOVA /+r 2(*&+ *( 0n *&s(;+ c+2/,(%a2(n%( a, a4ar3 (n

c+n*&c&+n(s -+2+gn(as3 c+n %r(s %ra%a2&(n%+s ?*&(%as 6 98 r(/(%&c&+n(s ca*a 0n+3

0%&,&4an*+ ?GLM *(, /r+gra2a (s%a*s%&c+ S%a%&s%&ca, Ana,6s&s S6s%(2 ?SAS 788@3

c+ns&*(ran*+ ,as *&(r(nc&as (s%a*s%&cas c+2+ s&gn&&ca%&'as a 0na /r+1a1&,&*a* 2(n+r +

&4


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&g0a, a c&nc+. Las *&(r(nc&as (n%r( 2(*&as 0(r+n ('a,0a*as /+r 2(*&+ *( 0na /r0(1a *(

D0ncan /ara 2(*&as ?/8.8=.

=! M%15% 0.0@.'&%

Y&H e ^ T& ^ E&

D+n*(:

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_&`.

eH M(*&a (/(r&2(n%a,

T&H E(c%+ *( Tra%a2&(n%+ &

E&H Err+r E/(r&2(n%a, ?&3

&H 93 73 > H n3 3 =3 @3 3 3 398 H n &%*$20%

&1


48/100

Ma%(r&a S(ca ?.

Pr+%(na Cr0*a ?.

FND ?

C+ns02+ *( 2a%(r&a - 6'&'*&'

Ma%(r&a S(ca ?. Pr+%(na Cr0*a ?.

FND ?.

$(c(s -


49/100

= C%0+-&'* &%*0'&

S( 0%&,&4ar+n ,+s &ngr(s+s s+1r( ,+s c+s%+s *( a,&2(n%ac&)n /ara (s%&2ar (, ((c%+ (c+n)2&c+

*( ,+s ca21&+s (n ,+s n&'(,(s *( +rra( *( ,a *&(%a. L+s &ngr(s+s s+1r( ,+s c+s%+s *( ,+s

a,&2(n%+s (s 0na 2(*&*a *( r(n%a1&,&*a* 1r0%a 6 ,as c0(n%as *( ,as /r&nc&/a,(s 0(n%(s *(&ngr(s+s ?,+s c+2/+n(n%(s *( ,a ,(c-( 6 gas%+s ?(s *(c&r3 ,a a,&2(n%ac&)n. S&n (21arg+3 n+

r(,(a +%ras 0(n%(s *( &ngr(s+s %a,(s c+2+: ,as 2a%(r&as /r&2as 6 ,as '(n%as *( *(s(c-+5 6

+%ras 0(n%(s *( gas%+s3 %a,(s c+2+: 2an+ *( +1ra3 ,+s gas%+s *( '(%(r&nar&+3 6 ,a

*(/r(c&ac&)n *( c+s%+s ?Ba&,(6 et al 788=.

S( *(%(r2&n) (, c+s%+ *( ca*a 0na *( ,as *&(%as ?g 6 *( ,a rac&)n *&ar&a3 /ara ca*a 'aca 6

%+*as ,as 'acas (n ,+s %r(s gr0/+s (n (s%0*&+3 *( ac0(r*+ a ,+s c+s%+s *( ,as 2a%(r&as

/r&2as 0%&,&4a*as (n ,a (,a1+rac&)n *( s%(.E, 'a,+r *( ,a /r+*0cc&)n ,c%(a &n*&'&*0a, 6

c+,(c%&'a (n ca*a gr0/+ 6 (, c+s%+ /+r Kg *( ,(c-( /r+*0c&*a s( *(%(r2&n) 0%&,&4an*+ ,+s*a%+s +1%(n&*+s *( ,a +r*(;a*+ra 6 (, /r(c&+ *( '(n%a *( ,a ,(c-(.

Para ,+s (s%0*&+s 0( a0 s( /r(s(n%an3 (, &ngr(s+ s+1r( (, a,&2(n%+ ?ISCA r(,(a ,+s

/r&nc&/a,(s ca21&+s (n ,+s &ngr(s+s 6 gas%+s r(,ac&+na*+s c+n ,a a,&2(n%ac&)n 6 '(n%a *(

,(c-(.

? RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN

?# E$.21'% #

?## C%0+%$'&'* 15 5'0*.% > &%*$20%

&&


50/100

Las *&(%as +r(c&*as 0(r+n 1a,anc(a*as /ara s(r &s+/r+%&cas ( &s+ca,)r&cas3 s&n (21arg+3

/+r ,as c+2/+s&c&+n(s *( ,+s +rra(s3 ,as can%&*a*(s +r(c&*as ?rac&)n -H9.> Kg'aca*a. D( ac0(r*+ a ,as c+2/+s&c&+n(s*(%(r2&na*as (n ,a1+ra%+r&+ ?c0a*r+ @3 ,a *&(%a > *&+ ,0gar a 0n 2a6+r c+ns02+ /r+%&c+

?/8.889 *&ar&+ *(1&*+ a s0 2a6+r c+n%(n&*+ *( 2a%(r&a s(ca 6 /r+%(na ?c0a*r+s 9>3 A 6

A9=3 &g0ras A> 6 A.

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ESTUDIO # D'. #S%-4%C*/5'

D'. !S%-4%

D'. =S%-4%V'4*

P-%'5'11

R&'* 4 ;01 ==.@ ==.@ =.= naC%*$20% 4 ;01 =.=8 =7.>7 =7.= 8.=8C%*$20% 1 MS 413 9.8 9. 9.> 8.89P-%.3* C%*$20'1 413 >77>.> 7@=.7 >88.>>

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Las *+s *&(%as 0( c+n%(nan ,(g02&n+sas ?D9 6 D> %0'&(r+n %(n*(nc&a (s%a*s%&ca a 0n

2a6+r c+ns02+ (n Kg *( 2a%(r&a s(ca 0( ,a *&(%a a 1as( *( s+rg+3 a0n0( n+ -01+

*&(r(nc&a s&gn&&ca%&'a (n%r( (,,as. D( +r2a s&2&,ar3 D(X-0rs% et al ?788> r(/+r%ar+n 0(3 (n0n (s%0*&+ c+n 'acas ,(c-(ras3 -01+ 2(n+r(s c+ns02+s (n *&(%as c+n (ns&,a*+s a 1as( s+,+

*( gra2n(as 0( (n (ns&,a*+s 0( c+n%(nan ,(g02&n+sas.

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*&g(s%&1&,&*a*. En 0n (s%0*&+ c+n *&(r(n%(s 0(n%(s *( +rra(s (ns&,a*+s3 R0&4 et al ?9=

(nc+n%rar+n 0( (, c+ns02+ *&s2&n06( *( +r2a ,&n(a, c+n (, a02(n%+ *( ,a FND c+n%(n&*a

(n ,a *&(%a.

?#! R*1'0'*.% > 2.'5'11

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A3 (, 2(n+r 0s+ *( s+6a (n ,as /r&2(ras *&(%as /0(*( (/,&car (s%a s&%0ac&)n ?c0a*r+ .

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C21-% #? R*1'0'*.% > 2.'5'11 * /&$ 5&;-$ .7 naP-%12&&'* 413 78.= 9.> 77.8> 8.998V5%- 1 5 P-%12&&'* .> .@ .@ 8.998ISCA /&13 .@ >.> =.= 8.878C%$.% * 5'0 J4 1 L&; 8.79 8.7= 8.78 8.88naH N+ s( ana,&4) (s%a*s%&ca2(n%( /+r0( ,+s *a%+s (ran &g0a,(s %+*+s ,+s *as.

R(s/(c%+ a ,as /r+*0cc&+n(s ,c%(as s%as %(n*&(r+n a *&(r(n%(s r(s/0(s%a s(gH 77.8> 6 D9H

78.= c+n%ra D7H 9.> Kg*a. P+r +%r+ ,a*+ ,+s 2a6+r(s c+ns02+s *( (s%as *&(%as

%a21&n *&(r+n ,0gar a 0n 2a6+r c+ns02+ *( /r+%(na cr0*a ?c0a*r+ 9@ 0(3/r+1a1,(2(n%(3 s( r(,ac&+n( c+n ,as /r+*0cc&+n(s 0n /+c+ 2s a,%as c+n (s%as *&(%as. En 0n

(s%0*&+ s+1r( (, 0s+ *( ,a /r+%(na *( ,a *&(%a3 O,2+s 6 Br+*(r&c ?788@ (nc+n%rar+n 0(

&ncr(2(n%+s (n ,a /r+%(na *( ,a *&(%a *(s*( 9>.= -as%a 9@.= &ncr(2(n%an ,a /r+*0cc&)n

,c%(a3 n+ (nc+n%rn*+s( 2s &ncr(2(n%+s -as%a ,,(gar a 9..

Las *&(r(nc&as (n /r+*0cc&)n ,c%(a +1s(r'a*as /+*ran *(1(rs( %a21&n a, 2a6+r

c+n%(n&*+ *( &1ra (n ,a *&(%a a 1as( *( (ns&,a*+ *( s+rg+ ?D7 0( (n ,as +%ras *&(%as.

D&(r(n%(s (s%0*&+s ?R0&4 et al 9=5 N&c-+,s et al 9 6 Br+*(r&c 788> -an 2+s%ra*+ 0(

,a FND %&(n( 0na r(,ac&)n n(ga%&'a c+n ,a /r+*0cc&)n ,c%(a a*(2s *(, c+ns02+ 6 ,a*&g(s%&1&,&*a*3 (n (s%+s (s%0*&+s3 *&s2&n0c&+n(s (n ,a FND -an *a*+ ,0gar a &ncr(2(n%+s (n

,a /r+*0cc&)n ,c%(a3 /r+*0cc&)n *( /r+%(na3 *&g(s%&1&,&*a* a/ar(n%( 6 (&c&(nc&a *(

c+n'(rs&)n. A*(2s s( (nc+n%r) 0( (, &ngr(s+ S+1r( (, C+s%+ *( A,&2(n%ac&)n ?ISCA3 0(

*&(r(n%( (n r(s/0(s%a a ,as *&(%as ?/8.87. E, ISCA 0( 2(n+r (n *&(%a 9 ?(ns&,a*+ s+rg+

Cana'a,&a 0( (n ,a *&(%a > ?(ns&,a*+ s+rg+V&gna *(1&*+ a ,a 2a6+r /r+*0cc&)n ,c%(a *(

s%a


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En (s%( (s%0*&+ ,a 0(n%( *( +rra( n+ a(c%) (, c+n%(n&*+ *( grasa3 /r+%(na 6 n&%r)g(n+

0r&c+ (n ,(c-( ?c0a*r+s 9=3 A@ 6 A93 &g0ras AA983 s&n (21arg+3 ,a /r+*0cc&)n *(

/r+%(na ?/H 8.9= 6 grasa ?/H 8.97 *( ,a ,(c-( %(n*&(r+n a s(r 2a6+r(s (n D9 6 D>.

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/0(*( *(c&rs( 0( ,as (&c&(nc&as *( c+n'(rs&)n *( 2a%(r&a s(ca a ,(c-( %(n*&(r+n a s(r

2(+r(s c+n (, 0s+ *( ,(g02&n+sas ?c0a*r+s 9@3 A 6 A93 &g0ras A999.

C21-% # C%0+%$'&'* 1 5$ ;&$ > 6'&'*&' * /&$ 5&;-$ .=@ 9.@@ 8.=FND (X) @9.9@ @7.7> =.= 8.7H&$ H01$ (4) .88 .>@ .@ 8.@H&$ $&$ (J413) .=7 .=9 .@ 8.@D'4$.''5'11 A+-*. 1 5M.-' S& (X)

=.> =.89 =.=9 8.>=>

E6'&'*&' 4 1 L&; 4 MS 9.9= 9.99 9.78 8.9=@

Las *&g(s%&1&,&*a*(s a/ar(n%(s r(/+r%a*as /+r R0&4 et al 9=3 c+n c0a%r+ 0(n%(s +rra(ras 6%r(s n&'(,(s *( FND 'ar&ar+n (n%r( = 6 @.3 n+ +1s(r'n*+s( 0na *&s2&n0c&)n *( ,a

*&g(s%&1&,&*a* *( +r2a ,&n(a, c+n 0n a02(n%+ *( ,a FND. O,2+s 6 Br+*(r&c ?788@3

+1s(r'ar+n *&g(s%&1&,&*a*(s a/ar(n%(s *( ,a MS *( (n%r( 9.7 6 .@ (n 'acas ,(c-(ras c+n

*&(%as (n%r( 9>.= 6 9. *( PC 6 77 *( FND. M&(n%ras 0( N&c-+,s et al 9 (nc+n%rar+n

*&g(s%&1&,&*a*(s a/ar(n%(s *( ,a MS 0( 'ar&ar+n *(s*( = -as%a = 0san*+ c+2+ 0(n%(

+rra(ra (ns&,a*+ *( s+rg+ 6 (ns&,a*+ *( 2a43 (n (s%( 2&s2+ (s%0*&+ s( (nc+n%r) 0( ,+s

c+ns02+s *( MS c+2+ /+rc(n%a(s *(, /(s+ '&'+ 0(r+n >.@ /ara 2a4 6 >.7 /ara s+rg+3

2&(n%ras 0( (n /r+2(*&+3 ,as 'acas ,,(gar+n a c+ns02&r 9.@ s0 /(s+ '&'+ *( FND.R(s/(c%+ a ,as (&c&(nc&as3 Mar%n(4 et al 7883 r(/+r%ar+n 'a,+r(s *( (n%r( 9.7 a 9.>.

C+2+ (ra *( (s/(rars(3 (n c+n*&c&+n(s %r+/&ca,(s 6 c+n a,&2(n%+s 2s &1r+s+s3 ,as

*&g(s%&1&,&*a*(s 6 ,as (&c&(nc&as (nc+n%ra*as (n (s%( (s%0*&+ 0(r+n 2(n+r(s.

?# C%*$20% > 8&-&'* 1 *'.-4*%

E, c+ns02+ *( N g*a 0( 2a6+r (n ,as *&(%as c+n ,(g02&n+sas ?/8.89 ?c0a*r+s 93 A 6

A93 &g0ras A9= 6 A9@3 (, c+n%(n&*+ *( N (n -(c(s %0'+ %(n*(nc&a (s%a*s%&ca s(r 2a6+r (n

s%as *&(%as3 (n +r&na (, 2a6+r c+n%(n&*+ ,+ %0'+ ,a *&(%a >. E, N (n ,(c-( %(n*&) a s(r 2a6+r(n ,as *&(%as D9 6 D7 c+n (, 0s+ *( ,(g02&n+sas3 M&(n%ras 0( n+ s( (nc+n%r) *&(r(nc&a

s&gn&&ca%&'a (n ,a (&c&(nc&a (n (, 0s+ *( N (n%r( ,as *&(%as.

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C21-% # C%*$20% > 8&-&'* 1 N'.-4*% * /&$ 5&;-$

8/19/2019 Investigacion de Forraje

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