Investigación y ciencia 346 - Julio 2005

7/23/2019 Investigacin y ciencia 346 - Julio 2005

1/99

GL@C_NL[@C [BURDM KB_BO_DM DJRAB_C[ FBJ_C[ KRDFWLKC[

ARMLC ?992

>-99 BR_C[

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D_WLNLKLDMB[Y_CMLNB_DKLCF GB MD[ KMD@LGLD[1

RF Y_COMB@D GB [DMRG YROMLKD

KC@YRB[WC[ EDMCJBFDGC[

BF MD FDWR_DMBQD

KCML[LCFB[ GB D[WB_CLGB[

BF BM [L[WB@D [CMD_

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2/99

Gl`crffl{`c {budmkbrbordmMdrr| Kdelmm

Bm kbrborc gbm ~drf glfflbrb gbm kbrborc gb md `abr bf crjdflqdklf | dkwl~lgdg&Md lf~b{wljdklf gb md{ ~drldklcfb{ co{br~dgd{ ycgrd mmb~dr d f wrdwd`lbfwcgb ydwcmcjd{ `bfwdmb{ b{ybkfflkc ydrd kdgd {buc&

Amlc gb ?992

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;5GBKB_KDBm mdjc Wdfjdflkd&

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Djabrc{ fbjrc{ kfwlkc{Obrfdrg A& Kdrr | [wb~bf O& Jlgglfj{

Tlq {b krbbf yrcfwc djabrc{ fbjrc{bf bm mdocrdwcrlc&

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_bwlfd{ drwlfflkldmb{Hzdobfd Ocdebf

@bgldfwb `lkrcklrklwc{ kc`ydkwc{ tbrb`bgdf md b{wrkwrd fbrcfdm gbm kbrborcycgrdf ndorlkdr{b rbwlfd{ gb {lmlklc tbrb{wlw|df md ~l{lf- cac{ rcocwlqdgc{ | cwrc{{bf{crb{ lfwbmljbfwb{&

?7

Klwctlfb{l{ bf kmmd{ bkdrlcwd{@brkbgb{ Ydrgc

Bf md klwctlfb{l{- bwdyd fflfdm gbm klkmc kbmmdr- {b ncr`d fd odrrbrd tb {bydrdrbm `dwbrldm jbfwlkc rbklf gl~lglgc bf gc{ kmmd{ elad{&

79

29

Bm rd|cAc{bye _& Gz|br

Fb~d{ lf~b{wljdklcfb{ {ord|df md {cryrbfgbfwbkc`ymbalgdg gb md{ wcr`bfwd{ bmkwrlkd{& Bm rd|c

{ljb ymdfwbdfgc yrcomb`d{ gb{kcfkbrwdfwb{&


3/99

Edmcjbfrc{ crjflkc{Jcrgcf Z& Jrloomb

Dftb {bmbf d{ckldr{b d md lfg{wrldt`lkd- mc{ kc`yb{wc{ edmcjbfdgc{

dofgdf- wd`olf- bf fb{wrc bfwcrfc fdwrdm&

52WDMMB_\MDOC_DWC_LCYfgmc jrd~l`wrlkc-ycr @drk Ocdgd

55ARBJC[@DWB@WLKC[D`ljc{ ydrd {lb`yrb3-ycr Adf @&_& Ydrrcfgc


4/99

GL_BKWC_ JBFB_DM Ac{ @&d dmgbrd{ JdmmdrgcGL_BKWC_D NLFDFKLB_D Ylmdr Orcfkedm JdrnbmmdBGLKLCFB[ Adf Ybgrc Kd`yc{ J`bq

Mdld Wcrrb{ Kd{d{Y_CGRKKLF @&d Krq Ljmb{ld{ Kdyf

Dmobrw @drf Jdrd[BK_BWD_D Yrlfflkdklf @d|crdm @drwfbqDG@LFL[W_DKLF ^lkwcrld Dfgr{ Mdljmb{ld[R[K_LYKLCFB[ Kcfkbyklf Crbfb{ Gbmjdgc

Cmjd Omdfkc _c`brcBGLWD Yrbf{d Klbfwfflkd- [&D& @fwdfbr- ;;< yrdm& 4&d959?4 Odrkbmcfd %B{ydd,Wbmncfc


5/99

LF^B[WLJDKLF\ KLBFKLD-amlc- ?992 ;

&&&klfkbfwd dc{

FRB^C BMB@BFWC&Grdfwb dmjfc{ gd{ d yrlfklylc{ gbb{wb dc eoc dmjc fb~c odac md mq gbm {cm- dftbfc bf gb`d{ldgd kdfwlgdg& T`lkc{ gb md Rfl~br{lgdggb Kdmlncrfld kcf{ljlbrcf krbdr 4: wc`c{ gbm bmb`bfwc494& Md {{wdfkld- odwlqdgd `bfgbmb~lc %{òcmc @~8decrd @g, bf ecfcr gbm ydgrb gb md wdomd ybrlglkd- {bncr` ocòdrgbdfgc bm bmb`bfwc - {b gb{lfwbjrd ycr ffl{lf b{ycfwfbdkcf f {b`lybrcgc kc`yrbfglgc bfwrb wrblfwd `lfwc{| ~drld{ ecrd{&

KD_OF& Bm dfml{l{ gbm kdrof d ydrwlr gb {{ kcf{wlw|bfwb{ bmb`bfwdmb{ fdgd fc{ glkb dkbrkd gb m kc`c

{{wdfkld& Ydrd bmmc- fbkb{lwd`c{ kcfckbr { b{wrkwrdt`lkd- b{ gbklr- gb t `cgc {b bfmdqdf {{ wc`c{ydrd ncr`dr `cmkmd{& Bm b{nbrqc ~dmb md ybfd- yb{ kdfwc `{ {b {byd {corb k`c {bkcfncr`d- kcf `{ yrbkl{lfycgr gb{kc`ycfbr{b ydrdcowbfbr {{wdfkld{ t`lkd{gb lfwbr{& \d {b ed ybrnbkklcfdgc f yrckb{c tb ybr`lwbgb{kc`ycfbrmc bf `{ gb ?99kc`yb{wc{- dmjfc{ kc`ymbwd`bfwb fb~c{ c bf kdfwlgdgb{ffkd kcf{bjlgd{& B{ b{wb ebkec bm tb mmb~ d t`lkc{ |kcf{br~dklcfl{wd{ d kcfkmlrtb mc `{ gb{ylmndrrdgcr tbybgb edkbr{b kcf bm kdrofb{ tb`drmc&

&&&klbf dc{

BM KDFDM GB YDFD@&Bm yrb{lgbfwb _cc{b~bmw ed kc`ydrdgc mc{ gb{brwcrb{ tb edf~bmwc d kd{d gb{gb Ydfd`-kcf md ockd mmbfd gb krwlkd{ |

tbad{- d mc{ yckc{ {cmgdgc{`bgrc{c{ | jrrmc{ tb {b bkedf dwr{ bf bm nrdjcrgb md odwdmmd& Fdglb {ycfb tb bm l{w`c gb Ydfd`{bd yrbkl{d`bfwb decrd f odmfbdrlc- f {dfdwcrlc flf mjdr gb ~dkdklcfb{8 dm yrcylc wlb`yc- { kc`lbfqdd ydrbkbr tb eol{b`c{ dkc`bwlgc mc{ wrdodac{ gbkcf{wrkklf {lf docrgdr mc{ yrbydrdwl~c{ b{ybkldmb{ ydrdmd rbkbyklf- dmcad`lbfwc | dml`bfwdklf gb md nbrqdmdocrdm- tb md{ `| ybfc{d{ kcfglklcfb{ bf bm l{w`cedkbf fbkb{drld{& [bd kc`c {bd- tb bm barklwc {bbfkdrjb gbm wrdodac& [brd wbfwdr dm gb{d{wrb bfkdrjdrgb mc{ klgdgc{ | md dml`bfwdklf d mc{ rb{ycf{domb{ gbmd{ kd{d{ gb e{ybgb{&

GLD@DFWB[ D_WLNLKLDMB[& \d bf yc{b{lf gbm ecrfcbmkwrlkc- bm yrcnb{cr Ebfrl @cl{{df- b`lfbfwb t`lkcnrdfk{- lfwbfw rbyrcgklr bm yrckb{c tb {b {ycfb{ljb md fdwrdmbqd ydrd ncr`dr gld`dfwb{& Md cybrdklf b{bfkldm kcf{l{wb bf gl{cm~br bm kdrocfc bf elbrrc`dfwbflgc bf n{lf d ?:>9 cK& Bm {ljlbfwb yd{c- bfnrldror{kd`bfwb md `d{d ydrd tb ncr`b fd kc{wrd {mlgd&Mbjc- kdfgc bm lfwbrlcr {b bfnrd- wrdwd gb glmdwdr{b8ybrc b{w dyrl{lcfdgc ycr md kdyd buwbrfd& Ycr bnbkwc gbmd bfcr`b yrb{lf rb{mwdfwb- bm kdrocfc {b {bydrd gbmelbrrc bf ncr`d gb fflfc{ jrdfc{ gb gld`dfwb{ fbjrc{| wrdf{ydrbfwb{&

EC@O_B \ KDODMMC& Fb{wrd ncwcjrdnd rbyrb{bfwd fjryc obmmd`bfwb kc`yb{wc ycr bm b{tbmbwc gb fkdodmmc | bm b{tbmbwc gb f ecòrb- rbklbfwb`bfwb

buyb{wc{ bf bm @{bc D`brlkdfc gb El{wcrld Fdwrdm&Md l`djbf `b{wrd tb mc{ eb{c{ gb f ecòrb |

f kdodmmc {cf rljrc{d`bfwbkc`ydrdomb{- {l olbf bm yrl`brckcf{br~d `{ gb md{ kdrdkwbr{wlkd{ yrl`lwl~d{ kc`fb{ dwcgc{ mc{ `d`nbrc{- `c{wrdfgc bm kdodmmc `d|cr b{ybkldmlqdklf bf md b{wrkwrd gb {{buwrb`lgdgb{ | { gbfwdgrdwrlwrdgcrd&

&&&klbfwc klfkbfwd dc{

DFKMD_ MD D_BFD&Yrckbgbfwb{ gb Ecmdfgd- {b edf rbklolgc bf md Cfflklfd gb Ydwbfwb{md{ {b`lmmd{ gb afkc `drlfc%Drfgc drbfdrld, | gb elbrodbrcybd gb md{ gfd{ %Bm|`{drbfdrl{,- tb edkb wlb`yc {bb`ymbdf bf dtbm yd{ ydrd gc`bdr mc{ k`mc{ gb drbfdbf md{ kc{wd{ `drlfd{& [b edfl`ycrwdgc b{d{ {b`lmmd{ ydrdbuybrl`bfwdrmd{ d mc mdrjc gbwcgd md kc{wd dwmfwlkd- gb{gb

@dlfb ed{wd Nmcrlgd& Mc{ fwrlbfwb{ tb dycrwdf b{d{ elbrod{ fc od{wdf ydrd tb~dmjd md ybfd kmwl~drmd{- ybrc md kcòlfdklf gb dòd{rb{mwd gb jrdf wlmlgdg- yb{ wrdodf md{ drbfd{ {bmwd{ gbmd kc{wd `drlfd- dmqdfgc kcf bmmc fd odrrbrd ybrgrdombnrbfwb d md lf~d{lf gbm ckdfc {corb md{ kc{wd{& Gb ebkec-Ecmdfgd gbob { yrcyld bul{wbfkld- bf `bglgd kcf{lgbrdomb- d md dkklf yrb{br~dgcrd gb md{ `l{`d{&

@DGB_D YD_D MD D_@DGD& Kfwc{ rocmb{ ncr`df fotb3 [b fbkb{lwdf ?999 rocmb{ dgmwc{- c md kc{bked`dgrd gb 45 ebkwrbd{ gb oc{tb- ydrd {`lfl{wrdr bm`dgbrdab gb f {cmc otb gb :7 kdcfb{&

B{tbmbwc{

gb ecòrb

| kdodmmc

kc`ydrdgc{-

4


6/99

7 LF^B[WLJDKLF\ KLBFKLD-amlc- ?992

DYRFWB[

WBMBKC@RFLKDKLCFB[

Nlord bf kd{dFc b{w {lbfgc nklm korlr wd`olf kcf fflord ywlkd- bf ~bq gb kcf kcorb- b{d mwl`d `lmmdtb {bydrd mc{ ecjdrb{ gb md{ mfbd{ ywlkd{ tb ncr`df md{ rbgb{ gb wbmbkc`flkdklcfb{&Md kdydklgdg gb wrdf{`l{lf gb md fflord b{ `ke{l`c `d|cr tb md gbm kcorb1 bf bm mdocrdwcrlc |d kdfdmlqd glbq wbrdolw{ %glbq olmmcfb{ gb olw, ycr {bjfgc- | ycgrd mmbjdr ed{wd mc{ klbfwbrdolw{- `lbfwrd{ tb fd kcfbulf gb DG[M tb wlmlqd bm elmc gb kcorb wbmbnflkc {mc dmkdfqd fc{ `lmmcfb{ gb olw{ ycr {bjfgc& Bm lfkcf~bflbfwb ed{wd decrd edod {lgc bm kc{wb& [lfb`odrjc- bm yrbklc gb kdombdr kcf fflord fd kd{d bf md{ fb~d{ rodflqdklcfb{ ed gl{`lflgced{wd ljdmdr{b dm gb md lf{wdmdklf gbm elmc gb kcorb& ^brlqcf Kc``flkdwlcf{ ymdfbd cnrbkbrdkkb{c d Lfwbrfbw ycr fflord bf B{wdgc{ Rflgc{ dm `bfc{ d wrb{ `lmmcfb{ gb ecjdrb{ ydrd fflfdmb{ gb ?992& Gl~lgb md {bdm gb fd mfbd gb fflord gb >?9 `bjdolw{ ycr {bjfgc bf ;? mfbd{gb docfdgc{- kdgd fd gb 4


7/99

LF^B[WLJDKLF\ KLBFKLD-amlc- ?992 2

BWLKD KLBFWLNLKD

Lf{c{ybkedgd `djflwg gb md{ lrrbjmdrlgdgb{ klbfwfflkd{

Bf ?999- f crjdfl{`c gbm jcolbrfc b{wdgcflgbf{b kcf{lgbrdod dkwc{ gb `dmd kcfgkwd klbfwfflkd d`ddr- lf~bfwdr c ymdjldr& Md{ lf~b{wljdklcfb{- od{wdfwb ml`lwdgd{- tb {bedf rbdmlqdgc kcf md lfwbfklf gb d~brljdr bm dmkdfkb gb b{wc{nrdgb{ drrcadf fd lfklgbfkld gbm fc c gc{ ycr klbfwc& Bf?99?- lf{wdfkld{ gb md dg`lfl{wrdklf yrcy{lbrcf- wdòlf bfB{wdgc{ Rflgc{- f b{wglc `{ d`ymlc tb w~lb{b bf kbfwdcwrc{ wlyc{ gb yrkwlkd{ rbyrcodomb{- ybrc md{ lf{wlwklcfb{ kcmbjldmb{ gb md{ rbd{ olcmjlkd{ | `glkd{ {b fbjdrcf d mmb~drmcd kdoc& Decrd- bf aflc- wrb{ lf~b{wljdgcrb{ edf yomlkdgc bfFdwrb mc{ rb{mwdgc{ gb fd{ bfkb{wd{ dffl`d{ rb`lwlgd{d ;>99 klbfwfflkc{ tb rbklolbrcf ycr yrl`brd ~bq ncfgc{ ydrdf yrc|bkwc gb lf~b{wljdklf bfwrb 4 ycr klbfwc kcfnb{ tbfc edod yrb{bfwdgc gdwc{ tb kcfwrdgbkdf {{ lf~b{wljdklcfb{dfwbrlcrb{- bm 42-2 tb edod kdòldgc bm gl{bc c mc{ rb{mwdgc{ gb f buybrl`bfwc ycr yrb{lcfb{ gb f ydwrcklfdgcr | bm4?-2 tb edod ebkec md ~l{wd jcrgd dm {c ycr cwrc{ gb gdwc{gbnbkwc{c{& Bf wcwdm- md wbrkbrd ydrwb ;5 ycr klbfwc gbm yrl`brjryc- ?2 gbm {bjfgc dg`lwd edobr kc`bwlgc dm `bfc{ fdgb glbq lrrbjmdrlgdgb{ tb- gb {br gb{kolbrwd{- {bjrd`bfwb mb{ycfgrdf fd {dfklf dm rb{ycf{domb8 ybrc dgb`{ f 4;-2 ycrklbfwc glkb edobr rbkrrlgc d gl{bc{ buybrl`bfwdmb{ gbfflklbfwb{| f 42-; tb ed {yrl`lgc gdwc{ ycr fd {bf{dklf ~l{kbrdm&Mc{ dwcrb{ gbm wrdodac `dflfflb{wdf kfwc mb{ edf l`yrb{lcfdgcmc{ rb{mwdgc{ gb md bfkb{wd& Bm glrbkwcr gbm Kbfwrc gb Olcwlkdgb md Rfl~br{lgdg gb Ybff{|m~dfld- bf kdòlc- gbkmdrd d Fdwrbtb fc gbobf edkbr ybf{dr tb md klbfkld b{wd kcrrcgd& [lf

bòdrjc- km b{ md rco{wbq- kc`c glkbf mc{ b{wdg{wlkc{- gbmd ~dmlgbq gb f rb{mwdgc klbfwfflkc dfwb md{ kcfgkwd{ ggc{d{tb ybgdf lfwbr~bflr bf { cowbfklf3 Kfwc{ rb{mwdgc{yomlkdgc{ | dg`lwlgc{ fc {cf gb ~brgdg ffldomb{3

KLBFKLD FRKMBD_

Rfd n{lf rbdm`bfwb nrd

Fcr`dm`bfwbmd n{lf fkmbdr rbtlbrb f kdmcr gb `kec{ `lmmcfb{ gb jrdgc{&Bul{wb- {lf bòdrjc- f gl{yc{lwl~c gbm wd`dc gb f odmgb tb nfgb fkmbc{ d wb`ybrdwrd{ lfnbrlcrb{ d md gb kcfjbmdklf gbm djd& Bm bmb`bfwc kbfwrdmgb md `tlfd bf kb{wlf b{ f krl{wdm gb wdfwdmdwc gb mlwlc- tb jbfbrd f kd`ycbmkwrlkc kdfgc {b kdmlbfwd& Rfd djad gb wfj{wbfc- tb {b kcfbkwd d md {{wdfkldylrcbmkwrlkd bfnrldgd ycr `bglc gb flwrjbfc mtlgc- bfnckd b{b kd`yc gb wdm `cgc

tb kdfgc bm krl{wdm {b kdmlbfwd ed{wd fc{

; jrdgc{- mc{ lcfb{ gb gbwbrlc tbrcgbdf d md djad {dmbf l`ym{dgc{ d ~bmcklgdg {fflklbfwb ydrd tb {b n{lcfbf bff omdfkc kdrjdgc wdòlf kcf gbwbrlc& Mc{ jbfbrdgcrb{ gb bfbrjd ycr n{lfylrcbmkwrlkd {cf fd tl`brd1 f {cmc klkmc gb md `tlfd yrcgkb dmrbgbgcr gb49 fdfcacmb- bfbrjd tb dybfd{ od{wd ydrd kdmbfwdr fd{ yckd{ `lmmcf{l`d{ gbjrdgc bm djd kcfwbflgd bf f gbgdm& Df d{- bm yrckb{c ycgrd mmb~drfc{ ed{wd jbfbrdgcrb{ gb fbwrcfb{ gb wd`dc gb ocm{lmmc- `kec `{ {l`ymb{ tb mc{ dkwdmb{-tb ~dmgrdf kc`c yrcym{crb{ bf d{wrcfd~b{ gb `lfldwrd c ydrd wbrdyld{ `glkd{gb ~dfjdrgld&

Kedrmb{ T& Kecl

Mq gb n{lf& Rf omdfkc gb ym{wlkc gb ?-2

kbfw`bwrc{ gb dfkec kdrjdgc kcf gbwbrlc

orlmmd bf md c{krlgdg kdfgc {corb m lfklgbf

lcfb{ gb gbwbrlc&

NL[LKD

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A& _& @lfhbm

Md{ kdflkd{ {c`bwlgd{ d ~lordklf `b{wrdf f kc`ycrwd`lbfwc d yrl`brd ~l{wd ydrdgalkc& O_LDF

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GB

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Rfl~br{lgdggbGhb%dodac,


8/99

> LF^B[WLJDKLF\ KLBFKLD-amlc- ?992

Bf f gd jrl{- d `bgldgc{ gb bfbrc- Mdzrbfkb[``br{- rbkwcr gb md Rfl~br{lgdg gb Edr~drg-

gba kdbr tb bfwrb md{ kd{d{ gb md b{kd{bq gbàbrb{ gbglkdgd{ d md{ klbfkld{ ycgrdf kcfwdr{b

fd{ glnbrbfkld{ lffdwd{ bf md kcf{wlwklf gb mc{ kbrborc{`d{kmlfc | nb`bflfc& B{d{ gbkmdrdklcfb{ dwlqdrcf bmnbjc gb f gbodwb tb mmb~d e`bdfgc gb{gb edkb f{ljmc- gb{gb tb dmjfc{ `bglgcrb{ gbm kbrborc e`dfc{b ~dmlbrcf gb fc gb mc{ rb{mwdgc{ tb edodf cowbflgc-tb bm wd`dc `bglc gbm kbrborc gb md{ àbrb{ b{ `bfcr tb bm gb mc{ ecòrb{- ydrd rdwlnlkdr md {ybrlcrlgdglfwbmbkwdm gb {wc{&

Fdglb- ed{wd md nbked- ed gb{kolbrwc yrbod dmjfdgb tb md àbr- ycr {{ ybkmldrlgdgb{ dfdw`lkd{- {bdlfkdydq gb dmkdfqdr md bukbmbfkld bf `dwb`wlkd{- n{lkd

GL@C_NL[@C [BURDM

[ML@

NLM@[

Bm kbrborc gbm ~drf

glfflbrb gbm kbrborc gb md àbrbf crjdflqdklf | dkwl~lgdg&

Md lf~b{wljdklf gb md{

~drldklcfb{ co{br~dgd{ ycgrd

mmb~dr d f wrdwd`lbfwc

gb ydwcmcjd{ `bfwdmb{

b{ybkfflkc ydrd kdgd {buc


9/99

LF^B[WLJDKLF\ KLBFKLD-amlc- ?992 :

c lfjbflbrd %~d{b bm rbkdgrc Md ycm`lkd gbm rbkwcr gb Edr~drg,& [b ed gb`c{wrdgc tb bm kbrborc gb

f {buc {b ydrbkb `kec bf `mwlwg gb d{ybkwc{ dmgbm cwrc& Fc co{wdfwb- d mc mdrjc gb mc{ glbq mwl`c{dc{- md{ lf~b{wljdklcfb{ rbdmlqdgd{ {corb fd ~drlbgdg gb kb{wlcfb{- tb ~df gb{gb bm yrckb{d`lbfwc gbmmbfjdab- md kdydklgdg gb crlbfwdr{b bf f rbkcrrlgcc bm rbjl{wrc gb rbkbrgc{ b`cwl~c{- edf {dkdgc d mdmq f d{còrc{c dodflkc gb ~drldfwb{ b{wrkwrdmb{-t`lkd{ | nfklcfdmb{ bfwrb bm kbrborc gbm ~drf |bm gb md àbr&

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gb{drrcmmdr wrdwd`lbfwc{ glnbrbfkldgc{ {bjf bm {buc ydrdgl~br{d{ bfnbr`bgdgb{- bfwrb bmmd{ md{ gbyrb{lcfb{- md{

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KB_BO_DM MD__\ KDELMM


10/99


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11/99

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26/99

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27/99

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28/99

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29/99

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30/99

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36/99

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Investigación y ciencia 346 - Julio 2005