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¹ î ] Z Z ) q ĩ g â ~ . } Z s ò Z z g Z ] 4 l ç G I ) W ~ Y ^ , { ( / e Z Ë c * u ² à ] Abstract: Ijma(Consensus)is the third fundamental source of Islamic law.like all other fundamentals of Islamic law this source is also has been discussed in the writings of Orientalists.Orientalists have identified and defined the above mentioned source differently. They traced its roots and foundations in Roman law,stoicism and Judaism.In this article their findings and viewpoints has been critically analyzed in the light of Muslim's standpoint. Key words: Ijma,Fiqh,Orientalists,Roman law,Talmud / g Y Æ 4 , Š q - Œ Û M y z < L Æ ˆ Z s ò â y » Š Z â ~ . Z ) q ì Z ) » » Ñ g ) µ m Z Š ! ~ ƒ @ * ì X Ñ ¦ Š Ñ b » â ~ . Z ¨ K ã Z ¿ Š Z z g Z ¨ K ã ` à ì Z y ~ Z ) q ƒ Ð ¸ ~ ì X à : ä Š v â ~ . ; ñ } S s ò Å § b Z k Š } â ~ . Ã Ì Z K î ] » ñ ç q ¯ c * Z y Å M g Z Y z } ò » W ~ Y ^ , { Z k £ ! ~ 7 H Y ñ Ç p M ¸ i ~ Z k â ~ . } Z s ò » ¿ ¬ g s f H Y @ * ì X (Linguistic Application) Z ) q Å ½ ~ ° p ¹ ~ Z ) q Æ Š z p ń Z z g Z y Š z ~ Ð Ë Z q - 6 , Z k » Z : t ƒ @ * ì X Z ) q : » Z q - p ³ x * * Ô Z g Z Š { * * ì e Z Ë z 0 î E Z ² 8 5 Ð öG ˜ ń Ú ] p Z Z ] Ÿ q Û ^ Å Ê o ] Ö × Ç è ( ] Ö Ã ˆ Ý Â × o ] Ö ł o æ ] Ö j n Ü Â × n ä m Ï ^ Ù ] q Û Ä Ê ¡ á Â × o ] Ÿ æ Ú ß ä Î ç Ö ä Â × n ä V  ˆ Ý Â × n ä æ Ú ß ä Î ç Ö ä i à ^ Ö F o Ê ^ q Û Ã ç ] ] Ú Ò Ü æ Ł Ò ^ Ò Ü ] p ]  ˆ ] Ú ç ] ) 1 ( ] Ö ¡ é æ ] Ö Š ¡ Ý Ú à Ö Ü m r Û Ä ] Ö n ^ Ý Î f Ø ] Ö Ë r Ê ¡ n ^ Ý Ö ä ( ] p m à ˆ Ý X X Z ) q » p ³ x z Z g Z Š { * * ì 6 Ř ¹ Y @ * ì Ř # V ä ª ³ x H Z Ï § b 6 Z k 6 , z W Ô % E Ä Z s ð z ² ! Ô Í g ¯ » Ò - E g ; Ô ß M ! * Š / Ô Ñ g { 2 1 Ô % E Ä Z s ð z ² ! Ô Í g ¯ » Ò - E g ; Ô ß W ! * Š M ñ ï 4 8

¹çl4IG ] Z Z î ZgzZ òsZ ~.âg q - IRI · ] Z Zî¹çl4] ZgzZ òsZ}~.âg q) IG ({ ^,Y~W) ////] òuc*ËZe Abstract: Ijma(Consensus)is the third fundamental source of Islamic law.like

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Page 1: ¹çl4IG ] Z Z î ZgzZ òsZ ~.âg q - IRI · ] Z Zî¹çl4] ZgzZ òsZ}~.âg q) IG ({ ^,Y~W) ////] òuc*ËZe Abstract: Ijma(Consensus)is the third fundamental source of Islamic law.like

¹î] Z Z)q�gâ~.}ZsòZzgZ]4lçGI

)W~Y,{(////

eZËc*u²Ã]Abstract:

Ijma(Consensus)is the third fundamental source of Islamic

law.like all other fundamentals of Islamic law this source is also

has been discussed in the writings of Orientalists.Orientalists

have identified and defined the above mentioned source

differently. They traced its roots and foundations in Roman

law,stoicism and Judaism.In this article their findings and

viewpoints has been critically analyzed in the light of Muslim's

standpoint.

Key words: Ijma,Fiqh,Orientalists,Roman law,Talmud

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ÔÑg{21Ô%EÄZsðz²!ÔÍg»Ò-Eg;ÔßW!*Š Mñï98

Page 7: ¹çl4IG ] Z Z î ZgzZ òsZ ~.âg q - IRI · ] Z Zî¹çl4] ZgzZ òsZ}~.âg q) IG ({ ^,Y~W) ////] òuc*ËZe Abstract: Ijma(Consensus)is the third fundamental source of Islamic law.like

Z)qÅzzÐZkgzZe$~]aZƒìZkaZÐug$g{ÐU*"$”{¬»ŠgzŠc*YñÇXà:cz†I~ÅOñ)bÃZLf‚Æ_.eJ%ÅÃÒ™D�Z)qƈ$+¬]Ì<LU*XÅwqÝ™g�}Zsò6,oÎäÆáZŠsìË$+®)ÆaZ)q»ÎZw„aZ7ƒ@*eì$+®)6,X(,~ZÒe$„¬ïYV:ƒX

ÓƦgÃK~ÌÃåàtÐæƒðìÔÓÐt%ZŠ7�úZxZÜkÐæY»Zky7É%ZŠtì�Z)qË#³ùZ%c*ËÇzeZ{çn6,!h4š5å G

EìZzge7ìZϧbZmCYÅÓ»çnìÑÆtÐ0*u»Èì�ZvÆŠ+ÅV~ÑæY»Zg‚[7™YXZ#ÑZ¿Š™@* ƒä

æYÅßg]~ZÐÒ™Š~YCZzgæY7æ{:gSZzg:ZЊg„ŒY@* Z¿Š~ZÅ}Õä>zZ?x»Z¿ŠŠg„:åÂŒÛMyˆäZkÅzŸs#™Š~ZzgZkÅ Z¤/M\m

Šg4ŧsZ�ág{™Šc*�9HìX6,zWis�á|#Z)qÆ!*g}~qìZ)qŒÛWyˆÅ‚ÅŠg4Zzg

ÆŠg„ZÙwÅÌJ-$Šêì: ~V ¡ÅJ-$ŠêìZϧbug$ègÎw"The consensus guarantees the authenticity and correct

Interpretation of the Quran, the faithful transmission of the

Sunna of the Prophet" (12)

6,zW�á|#Zk§sZ�ág{™@*Š3ðŠêì�ŒÛMyˆÆ9pŔŢzg]ìZϧbug$Æ9Zzg®ƒäÅ̱¢zg~ìZzgZ)qÅZÌZÏzzÐì�z{t�Û9uZ+xŠêìXqÑèZ)qÆ!*g}~t¦gŠg„7ìM[

»t»x7ì�z{ŒÛMyˆÅ¥@*zsc*‚6,Z·tzZ.Š™,ÃåàtÆ +$4,Šq-ùŒÛMy»Üsz{p9ìT6,Z)qƒZzgÜsz{ug$9ìTÅ¡6,Z·tìqÑè!*]Zk§b7ì9Üsz„7ìT6,Z)qìÉ9Z)qÆ´z{ÌìZ)q¹Á)b~ìZÝtì�TZ6,Z)qƒz{ß7ƒYX

Z)qÆ!*g}~qì�t (H. A. R. GIBB czsàt6,zW±ïY

E)~ñŠ¶Ã7gZ Zq-Z(fg=ì�TÆfg)fYz�YäZLÂx)ÂxÑ<(

™ä»»x1z{qì:"Ijma was thus brought into the armoury of the theologians and

jurists to fill up all gaps in their system." (13)

Z)qÆ!*g}~±ïY

EÅèÃg{gZñZkx]gÅZÌÃÁ™äÅZq-

ÔÑg{21Ô%EÄZsðz²!ÔÍg»Ò-Eg;ÔßW!*Š Mñï09

Page 8: ¹çl4IG ] Z Z î ZgzZ òsZ ~.âg q - IRI · ] Z Zî¹çl4] ZgzZ òsZ}~.âg q) IG ({ ^,Y~W) ////] òuc*ËZe Abstract: Ijma(Consensus)is the third fundamental source of Islamic law.like

ÃÒìÍc*ÃåàtÆ4,Šq-Z)qÅwZq-ÒÅì|tì�Z)qäZsò‡ây~{àÇ6,™ä»7ÉÂx‡ây~Z.ŠzZ·t»x�Û9uZ+xŠc*Zzg}Zsò~Zk»™ŠZg(,~zÝ»qïìZϧbŠgxãZŠzZg~–qZñg~Z·t

: aZ™**Z)q»ãCŠ~�Û9g;eZËZ£ŒZ)qÅZÌ6,gzÝeZsƒñBZi�"The doctrine of ijma, of course played a fundamental and

significant role in conserving the past heritage and formation of

institutions in Islam. It served as a unifying force, like some

parallel institution in other religions, in muslim community. It

engendered unity and solidarity in the whole system of law,

dogma and rituals. Creating unity in diversity was the principle

function of ijma in the medieval times." (14)

±ïY

EZ)qÆ!*g}~'×h+qì�t˺mùÆð”{pz|xZzgZkÅZ÷7Š~zZ:¹wÃ:1eZwYìZzgZϧbËZ+gzZe$Ög}Zzg¸]Ðhg™Yì&‡uZÆůY6,%ŠzŠIZc*Y[ìXz{qì:

"It may even set aside or supersede the strict logical

conclusions regarding the authenticity, meaning and application

of a given text, it may give support to a tradition which strict

criticism rejects as of doubtful genuiness," (15)

Ñ< ÃåàtÆ®!Z½kÐt@*W,Mì�z{Ì¿z&Óå EHŧbZ)qÂi~»Zq-fg=&ì�TÆfg)ð”{Zzg³Ñ¦�Z+ZzgZßwzçZ*Ã$+ÑYYìÍc*±ï

YEÆ4,Šq-Z)qÅÃðuzŠz¶ŠZzgçZ*ñŠ7�XZϧbz{tÌ

!*zg™ZäÅÃÒ™@*ì�)R)ªð”{)R(gzZc*]ZzgZñgZ)qÆfg)Z÷7ŠÆqïƒYD�X ¡z

ZºZqìT»|ÐÃðm7ìX 6 Z)q»t¦g6,zW±ïY

EÅfZ)q6�If™HY[ì(,}¢ZßßVZzgÑZ_z¶ŠzZÑ]g}ìZzgZk»ZZŠ

»)RgzZc*]Ð'.hëG

Zzg + 0ѦZßßVÆÜs7ƒYZϧbM[$Ñ<ÅzZãx]ÐZ/Zs»ÌÃðZky7ìX

Z)qZzg¬6,zWis�á|#äŠú~H�Z)qZkŠg~fg=ì�Â[z<LÆ

Z©â]Ùc™äŤ‰Üg‚rì�á|#Hì:))))66661111(((( ZZeØ]ÞãÜqÃ×ç]Ö¡qÛ^Å(�ì†]ŸÚ†ÎçéÞŠî]uÓ^Ý]ÖÓj^hæ]ÖŠßèXX

ÔÑg{21Ô%EÄZsðz²!ÔÍg»Ò-Eg;ÔßW!*Š Mñï19

Page 9: ¹çl4IG ] Z Z î ZgzZ òsZ ~.âg q - IRI · ] Z Zî¹çl4] ZgzZ òsZ}~.âg q) IG ({ ^,Y~W) ////] òuc*ËZe Abstract: Ijma(Consensus)is the third fundamental source of Islamic law.like

6,zW�á|#ÆZkŠú~äºûůY6,zŠ0*c*qÑè¬Æ!*g}~Zsx»tZßwì�**t™cÐ~F,ƒ**ecc*ÁZiÁ',Z',Šgz»X fñ

Z)q»{<tì�t**tZzg™c7ƒ@*t**tZka7ƒ@*�Zk»ZZŠƒ@*ìgÎwZ™x-ZvmzÅÆŠzgÆZzgM\-ZvmzÅÆÇƬ7ì)ª¬zZÑçnÑ™*-ZvmzÅÆiâäJ-å(ZzgZϧbZ)q™cÌ7ƒ@*YèËùÅzzЃ@*ì²Z)qËùÆ#³Â7ƒ@*tZ)qÅ{¤ì�z{LËt6,7ƒÇZkÆ!*g}~9xùZÄBŒé E�Ûâc*ŠHìZzgùÆÜsƒäÅßg]~9xùZÄBŒé EY»Ñ¯]ƒY@*ìZkaZ)q:**tƒ@*ìZzg:™cÔeZËzSZ²85ÐöGZK"ZßwZÅ©ªî EGZÑsò~¸f™™DƒñgBZi�:

ZZ]á]ŸqÛ^ÅŸmߊîæŸmߊîeäXo(ÒÛ^Ά…Â×Û^ð]Ÿ‘çÙ({ƒ]á]ÖߊîŸeÂå( mÓçá{ŸÊoÂ’†i߈Ù]Öçuo(æâçÂ’†]Ößfo‘×o]Ö×äÂ×näæ‰×Ü(Ê¡ÞŠîÚÛà ujoijç]ʆڈmè]‰jφ]…]ŸuÓ^Ý]ÖB†Ânèæ$f^iã^æì×ç^â^(æÒçá]Öß^‰î

mj’ç…Úßäæ•Ä]ÖvÓÜ]ÖB†ÂoÊoe^^pð]ŸÚ†(æÂ×oâ„]Ê¡mߊî]Öß“))))77771111(((( eí¡ÊäXX ]Öφ�Þo]æ]ÖßfçmoeŸqÛ^Å(Ÿá]Öß“]áÒ^áÎ_Ãn^Ê¡mßÃÏ‚]ŸqÛ^Å

Z)qZzggzò‡âyZsxÆ!*g}~à:Åù¦î]Æ_·Ðt!*]‚tMCì�

z{ZsxÂgZ»‚gZŠzu}èZ<ØZzg�'VÐâpfz»gB�Zkaz{ZkŠ+Åb×]ÃÌâpfU*"$™äÅÃÒ™D�ÔËÌè<Øc*�d$~ZsòZßßVÅn»0*c*Y**ZyÆ;VZk!*]ÅŠ?Æa»°ì�Zsx»z{ZßwZkè<Øc*�d$ÐOW,ìX

Z)qÆ!*g}~6,zWis�á|#»ñGì�tgzò‡âyÐâpfì(»¦gì�á{gzx±k,k Opinion prudentum ZzgZkÅn‡âygzâ~ÛYÅgZñ)

(äÛYÅ)®)ÃZ)qÆZ(gZ]Š�ƒñ¸X6,zW�á|#Í®i� Severus)88881111(((( )))) ÆjZ!Ðqì�tZk!*]ÅÞŠ]ì�‡âyZsògzò‡âyÐOW,ìX

isÆ�á|#»èÃg{Êg„7ìZsx~0*c*ánÅÃðqñŠ7ìZϧbZsx~:ÂË¥x!*Z(g,äZzg:Q#Öè0äfYÅ)®)Ã

z{Z(gZ]4ŠK�gzxÆ�á{äZLoÆÛYz�YÅ)®)Ê�¸XŠzu~z�YÅ + !*]tì�›yZ¿Šzgz„Å&¢A»qïìz{CÙZ,çA~$

ÔÑg{21Ô%EÄZsðz²!ÔÍg»Ò-Eg;ÔßW!*Š Mñï29

Page 10: ¹çl4IG ] Z Z î ZgzZ òsZ ~.âg q - IRI · ] Z Zî¹çl4] ZgzZ òsZ}~.âg q) IG ({ ^,Y~W) ////] òuc*ËZe Abstract: Ijma(Consensus)is the third fundamental source of Islamic law.like

ìŠz!*g{g™YìZzgZkÃZyÐZ%s»hqÝìZkÆ',@‡ây FF gZñ6,ÅgZñ6,WÅMiZŠ~70*ðYCZ)qÆ + gzâ~CÙ!*&¢A¿Ã‡âyÅ‚Zzg$

!*g}~ic*Š{zZãZÖp~t¹YYì�Z¿ŠZzgZ)qŠzZßw�Zq-Ú¿~¿~‰Zz‡]-Vƒ@*ì�Ë è& Zq-Šzu}ÐÈñƒñ�Z¿ŠÆÚ§

F,Šh+ƒCìZzgZkÃZ#Ö~Jw¬xq݃Y@*ì è $Å—gZñ.e$ziãZzg**‡.ÞZzg¸Jw¬xZq-²áƈZ)qÅ~gzúƒ@*ìXZ¿ŠzZ)qZsx~Zq-

¿»**xìZk»mË)®)Ð7ìTÃgzxÅÛYÅ)®)ÐU è Ú§&Š~YnX

(Stoicism) Z)qZzggzZ¹ÂÄ„à:6�f™HŠHì�ZsxZzg0]ZsxÃ{µZsòt™äÅ

OñZZŠc*yZzg�'VÐâpfU*"$™äÆaÃ�áVgT�Zzg‰ñZµ6,¹(Ñ S.Van den burgh ŠzgÅÃh~ÑD�6�àteZË‚WzZye+',v)

99991111(((( )))) Z)qƦgÃgzZ¹Âx„ÐâpfŒÛZgŠï�X(ä‡ìHå Zeno gzZE,»Zq-‰è„åŠ~œ~I{~~ie)

gzZE»8ÃtâŠe$»ìZyÆ4,Šq-Çq,ƒâŠ~�Zk‰„ä-**y~(,~Jq0*ð}Zsòc*Zsò‡âyÅúzD+z+Æz‰Ü-**ãÃJ-fYz�YÅg‚ð7¶Zzg:„tÃF,Àƒ™²!ŠZy¡J-â‰ZkaZk!*]»ÃðZky7

ì��ñZsxägzZ¹Âx„ÐOW,ƒ™Z)qÃ�gZßw}Zsò”gs™zZc*XeZË‚W¹‚g}Švà:ŧbŠú~™Šï�pZkÆa

ŠÑbzØZ@»ZÈx7™DZzgt!*]DzïÆZßwzçZ*Æo°ìZzg>Æ)¤{gzbŶK0+„™CìX

Z)qZzg@*>Šà:äZsxÆŠ}â~.Z)qÆeZ&+}·Še$Ð5äÅÌZL

(qì: J.Romney wegner ÏÃÒÅìZgztz&¿.ç GYE)

"The consensus defind by the term Ijma is conceptually

equivalent to that expressed in the Talmud by the word

ha-kol"(20)

~„~Z±gÐZq-Í:7+M0*ðYCìZÏ Ha-Kol ZkÆ–wZ)qZzg

ÔÑg{21Ô%EÄZsðz²!ÔÍg»Ò-Eg;ÔßW!*Š Mñï39

Page 11: ¹çl4IG ] Z Z î ZgzZ òsZ ~.âg q - IRI · ] Z Zî¹çl4] ZgzZ òsZ}~.âg q) IG ({ ^,Y~W) ////] òuc*ËZe Abstract: Ijma(Consensus)is the third fundamental source of Islamic law.like

z�YÃÌ·Š~‡âyÐâpfU*"$™äÅÃÒ + §bgztZ)qZ#ÖZzgZ)q$™@*ìXz{qì:

"Both kinds of Islamic consensus (That of the people and that

of the scholars( Have their counterparts in Talmudic law."(21)

@*>Š·Š~‡âyÅãCŠ~Š*zm,ìX‰UzVÆZ±gÐ@*>ŠZzg}

Zsò~tÆMU*gX�|tì�ZAòèZ<ØZzgÑZù~bz~t»0*c*Y**¢zg~ìpZknÅx¹ÐZ~.zZ.Š{»o]7MXÓxÑkVÅx]~Z·t0*c*Y@*åpò'×Z`ZzgqÑ]z»ŸÅo9LÐZyÆgZ5Zzg§hV~

Z%s0*c*Y@*åXÃ}Zsò»Zq-â~.¤/ŠZ**Y@*ìZzgèZ<ØZg‹ÆÓx„M[ X†]ñÄÚàÎf×ß^

‹ÐZkÐZ+Ñw™D�pZkŠ?ѦÅcÄ»§&ÜsŒÛMyz<LìZÏzzÐZkÃZßÁ}ÅxZÝ»£x7Šc*ŠHÉÂ[z<LÆâ1„â**ŠHìX

ÅìZyÃZ(g™1ŠHZyç5]Æ´z{Z¤/ & ŒÛMyz<LäXZñgŶK0+„z¤ŠzâVZŠc*yÆZ2~ªCÙ~˜t0*ðYñÂZÐZ~.zZ.Š{J-áY**oƒdgzt7ìX

Zsx~Z)q»ZŠZg{ZÐZŠe$»qïìºmZßwzZ°ZzgZ‚kg‚rìZzgZϧbtŠvZŠ!ZzgrŠgÐ%1oì@*>ŠÆ¦gZ)qÐZkÅSbz~tÆ

Ãðm7ìX(Zzg„~zÃ~Z±g Infallibility ŠvèZ<ØÆ‚BZ)qÅt"æð)

Єì‚|#6,ŠZ|#ZzgZŠZg{YCR6,Ãðx¹7ìeZËZ£ŒZÏ!*]»ZÖg™Dƒñ˜�:

"Ijma has resemblance to its counterparts in other religions in

respect of infallibility, but not in respect of machinery and offical

organization. The classical defintion of ijma indeed implies the

gathering of the jurists, but the conception remained purely

theocritical throughout history........Thus ijma resembles its

parallels in respect of theory and conception, but not in respect

of structure"(22)

¬xîg6,à:Z#Z)q6,W™D�ÂZkÐ%ZŠz{úZxZÜkc*çÑ}(qì: Mcdonald »Z)q%ZŠfe�}¿z&Óå EH)

ÔÑg{21Ô%EÄZsðz²!ÔÍg»Ò-Eg;ÔßW!*Š Mñï49

Page 12: ¹çl4IG ] Z Z î ZgzZ òsZ ~.âg q - IRI · ] Z Zî¹çl4] ZgzZ òsZ}~.âg q) IG ({ ^,Y~W) ////] òuc*ËZe Abstract: Ijma(Consensus)is the third fundamental source of Islamic law.like

"The principle of ijma, agreement of Muslim people."(23)

à© (ZzgçÑCgÎxz¬ŠZ]¹) Society tÆ4,Šq-çÑ{) Z fñZ]4lçGI

ZÌÅqï�É|tì�úZxZÜkÅgZñZzgZ½¦e>ØÅwZAò�xÐÌ(,|™ìZ)qÆ!*g}~Ìz{ZÏiZz›ó{ÐgZñ‡ì™DŠ3ðŠï�qÑè

ƒ@*ìX Z#Ö»Z·tƒ@*ìËѦZ%6,zZ§ + 6âIf™HŠHì�Z)q$à:ÅZ)qÆ!*g}~MgZY»Y,{heÐظì�ZrVäZk

¨]gÅ|ÃŒ„7ìz{›yfYÅÒy™Š{rŠgѦńÃÅp7gnpZϧbZyÅî]Æ_·Ðظì�z{B��›âVäZ)qÃÑ<‚i~Æa�gÒŠ?¯c*ìà:tÌ!*zg™ZäÅÃÒ™DŠ3ðŠï��}Zsò»t]gZ¹Zsò7ìÉŠvÂx;ñ‡âyÔZŠc*yc*�'VÐâpfì|

tÅZ)qÆ!*g}~®!ZMgZYÐt@*W,ÌÁ™‚tM@*ì Z tì�fñZ]4lçGI

â+Æa»g7 �z{ŠZ·îg6,Z)qÅwzZÌZzg}Zsò~ZkÆx™ŠZgÃ�XZzgZk!*g}~2]aZ™ÆrŠg}ZsòÅwÃêzb™**eT�@*�z{tU*"$™Ã�Zsò‡âyÅãCŠ,$zgŠÑb6,FF�Z)qÆ!*g}~M[}ÅMgZYZzgZsòZŠ[Æ',ZÓgZ„_·Ðà:ÅMgZYzî]»**³6Á™‚tM@*

ìZzgZ)q‰x]gÅZÌZzgzÝÐMÇ„q݃CìX

ÔÑg{21Ô%EÄZsðz²!ÔÍg»Ò-Eg;ÔßW!*Š Mñï59

Page 13: ¹çl4IG ] Z Z î ZgzZ òsZ ~.âg q - IRI · ] Z Zî¹çl4] ZgzZ òsZ}~.âg q) IG ({ ^,Y~W) ////] òuc*ËZe Abstract: Ijma(Consensus)is the third fundamental source of Islamic law.like

jZ!Y]Z²85ÐöGÔz40î XEGZßwZÅ©ªî EGZÑsòÔŠwÔŠZgZËÔ6891Ô1&984 1X

ÔZp±ZZÅ5ÒðGôÔ™Z¢Ô÷·)wX](Ô2&225 + «iZãÔÄZ− 2X

ZË.çEEŠz~ÔZ0·ÔÙZÑuZgÔ™Z¢ÔœsDiÔ)wX](Ô3&622 3X†Zß;[ÜsÔDZßwZÅ©ªî EGÔZØCÙ>Ô$»40î GEGZ−ú>ZÑs!0îGG:2491ÔmÔ54 4X

:511 ZûY4 5XZÅ.k5åGguZZ

Å|B-D4è GGEÔÂ[Zä)793(1&102Ô202 6XÔÂ[ZŨ4è

EGEÔ!*[ZšZŠZÑWÔ)0593(Ô2&3031 zâè0òZ 7X†Zß;[ÜsÔDZßwZÅ©ªî EGÔm15 8XŠZ],>ZšgsZÑs!0îGGÔ)$¨Ð<é

EGXZàZÉÒœîEGZ²"0î EGGZ',Z�iÅpgæÔZ£ZÅh45é IEGz~Ô†Z?-÷Ô„k 9XyZyZŨÓÀö

EÔwX]Ô1&834 úŠ(

jZ!!*Ñ 01XZsÔ1&934 11X

12- Schacht, Joseph, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, Oxford.

Clarendon Press, 1959, p.02

13- Gibb, H.A.R, Muhammedanism, London, Oxford, 1972, p.65

14- Ahmad Hasan, The Doctrine of Ijma in Islam.,Islamabad,Islamic Research

Institute,2002,p.260

15- Gibb, H.R.A, Muhammedanism, p.66

88 -Š�á|#ÔZßwZÅ©ªî EGÔÛz]ÔŠZgZ2[Ô1891Ôm: 61CZßwZÅ©ªî EGZÑsòÔ1&485X585 Z²85ÐöGÔzS 71C

18- Shacht, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, p. 83

19- Siman Van Den Burgh, Averroes' Tahafut Al-Tahafut, London, Oxford,

1954,Vol:II p.205, 20620- Judith Romney Wegner, "Islamic And Talmudic Jurisprudence: The Four

Roots of Islamic Law And Their Talmudic Counterparts, (Published in

American Journal of Legal History), Jan-1982, Vol26, No:I21- Ibid, p42

22- Ahmad Hasan, The Doctrine of Ijma in Islam, p.221

23- Macdonald, Duncan B., Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence And

Constitutional Theory, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1903, p. 57

ÔÑg{21Ô%EÄZsðz²!ÔÍg»Ò-Eg;ÔßW!*Š Mñï69