La Teoría Leninista de la Organización - Ernest Mandel

8/2/2019 La Teoría Leninista de la Organización - Ernest Mandel

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U @ z g ` s t M h g d ` c ]

Ch tàzíh c`glglsth

d` ch azkhglvholÿg

Dlklthclvhda ~az6 Z`yacth Kcajhc

Mès lgiazmholÿg | t`rtas d` @zg`st Mhgd`c `g {{{'z`yacthkcajhc'g`t



Ch Tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg @zg`st Mhgd`c

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Ígdlo`Ldàcakíh jpzkp`sh | oagol`golh d` ochs` ~zac`thzlh ………………………………'………'' U4]

Cpobh | oagol`golh d` ochs` ~zac`thzlhs ……………………………………………………''' U2]

Ch yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh | chs hoolag`s `s~agtèg`hs d` mhshs ……………………''' U84]

Azkhglvholÿg# jpzaozholh | hoolÿg z`yacpolaghzlh ………………………………………… U89]

Tàzíh d` ch azkhglvholÿg# ~zakzhmh z`yacpolaghzla | ~zèotloh z`yacpolaghzlh ………''… U82]

Tàzíh azkhglvhtlyh# o`gtzhclsma d`maozètloa | d`maozholh saylìtloh …………………''' U:>]_aolacakíh d`c òagamlsma# jpzaozhtlsma | `s~agthg`ísma ……………………………''' U:?]

Lgt`còtphcldhd ol`gtíiloh# ol`golh saolhc | oagol`golh ~zac`thzlh …………………………' U:;]

^`dhkakíh blstÿzloh | oampgloholÿg d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs` …………………………''' U:<]




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glohm`gt` `s ~asljc` pgh dlsopslÿg s`zlh sajz` ch lm~azthgolh blstÿzloh | chlm~azthgolh hotphc d` ch tàzíh c`glglsth sajz` azkhglvholÿg sl s` d`t`zmlgh ch~aslolÿg `rhoth d` `sth tàzíh `g ch blstazlh d`c mhzrlsma —a ~hzh s`z mès

~zòlsa# `g `c ~zao`sa blstÿzloa d` ch `r~aslolÿg | d`shzzacca d`c mhzrlsma' @st`# oamaophcxpl`z ~zao`sa# d`j` s`z z`dpolda h sps oagtzhdloolag`s lgt`zghs h tzhyìs d` ch lgt`zz`cholÿgígtlmh `gtz` `c d`shzzacca d` ch tàzíh | `c d`shzzacca d` ch cpobh d` ochs` ~zac`thzlh'

Oagsld`zhdh `g `st` s`gtlda# ch tàzíh c`glglsth sajz` azkhglvholÿg h~hzò` oama pghpgldhd dlhcìotloh d` tz`s `c`m`gtas6 pgh tàzíh d` ch lm~azthgolh ~z`s`gt` d` ch z`yacpolÿg ~hzhcas ~hís`s spjd`shzzacchdas `g ch ì~aoh lm~`zlhclsth "xp` mès thzd` ip` `rt`gdldh ~hzh h~clohzs``g tada `c mpgda dpzhgt` ch ì~aoh d` ch ozlsls k`g`zhc d`c oh~lthclsma,5 pgh tàzíh d`cd`shzzacca dlsoagtlgpa | oagtzhdlotazla d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs` d`c ~zac`thzlhda | d` sps`th~hs mès lm~azthgt`s# xp` d`j`g s`z dli`z`golhdhs pghs d` atzhs5 | pgh tàzíh d` ch `s`golhd` ch tàzíh mhzrlsth | sp z`cholÿg `s~òíiloh oag ch ol`golh ~az pgh ~hzt`# | ch cpobh d` ochs`s~zac`thzlh ~az ch atzh'

Ajs`zyhgda mès d` o`zoh# s` d`sopjz` xp` `sths tz`s tàzíhs lgt`kzhg# ~az dòlzca hsí# ch–jhs` saolhc” d`c oago`~ta c`glglsth sajz` azkhglvholÿg# slg ch ophc ìst` h~hzò`zíh oamahzjltzhzla# ga mht`zlhclsth | ga ol`gtíiloa' @c oago`~ta c`glglsth d`c ~hztlda ga `s `c ögloa~asljc`' @s# slg `mjhzka# `c ögloa oago`~ta ~asljc` d`c ~hztlda xp` hslkg` hc ~hztlda d`

yhgkphzdlh `c ~h~`c blstÿzloa d` dlzlklz ch z`yacpolÿg xp` s` oagsld`zh# h oazta a chzka ~chva#oama lg`ylthjc`' @c oago`~ta c`glglsth d`c ~hztlda ga ~p`d` s`z s`~hzhda d`c hgèclsls `s~òíiload` ch oagol`golh d` ch ochs` ~zac`thzlh# a s`h# d` oam~z`gd`z xp` ch oagol`golh ~acítloh d` ochs`

—a~p`sth h ch m`zh oagol`golh –slgdlohclsth” a –d` ailola” ga s` d`shzzacch gl `s~agtèg`h glhptamètlohm`gt` d` cas d`shzzaccas ajf`tlyas d` ch cpobh d` ochs` ~zac`thzlh'8 @c oago`~tac`glglsth d`c ~hztlda s` jhsh `g ch ~z`mlsh d` pg ol`zta kzhda d` hptagamíh d`c hgèclsls ol`gtíiloa#`s~òlhcm`gt` d` ch tàzíh mhzrlsth' @sth tàzíh# xp` s` oagolj` oagdlolaghdh hc d`s~cl`kp` d`ch cpobh d` ch ochs` ~zac`thzlh | d` cas oaml`gvas `mjzlaghzlas d` ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh# gad`j` s`z ylsth oama pg ~zadpota mòègloa lg`ylthjc` d` ch cpobh d` ochs`s# slga oama `cz`spcthda d` pgh ~zèotloh t`ÿzloh "a –~zadpoolÿg t`ÿzloh”, xp` cc`kh h s`z oh~hv d` `schjaghzs`| pglzs` oag ch cpobh d` ochs`s öglohm`gt` h tzhyìs d` pgh cpobh ~zacagkhdh' Ch blstazlh d` chz`yacpolÿg saolhclsth mpgdlhc `g `c slkca RR `s ch blstazlh d` `st` chzka ~zao`sa'

@sths tz`s ~za~aslolag`s z`~z`s`gthg d` bòba pgh ~zaipgdlvholÿg d`c mhzrlsma5 hshj`z# |h s`h d` cas t`mhs xp` ip`zag öglohm`gt` `sjavhdas# mhs ga d`shzzacchdas ~az Mhzr | @gk`cs# a d` cas `c`m`gtas d` ch tàzíh mhzrlsth xp` `zhg `sohshm`gt` oagaoldas d`jlda hcz`tzhsa ` lgt`zzp~olÿg `g ch ~pjcloholÿg d` cas `sozltas d` Mhzr `g cas høas 822> h 8<>0': âzca thgta lm~clohg pgh ~zaipgdlvholÿg `g ch tàzíh mhzrlsth# tzhídh h oacholÿg ~az chs jzòbhs "| `g ~hzt` chs oagtzhdloolag`s, `g `c mlsma hgèclsls d` Mhzr# a hc m`gas `g ch lgt`z~z`tholÿg d`Mhzr k`g`zhcm`gt` ho`~thdh `g `c ~zlm`z ophzta d` slkca d`s~pìs d` sp mp`zt`'

Ca ~òpclhz d` `sth ~zaipgdlvholÿg `g chs `gs`øhgvhs d` Mhzr `stzljh `g xp` ~hztl`gdad` dli`z`gt`s ègkpcas tl`gd` bholh `c mlsma ~pgta o`gtzhc# a s`h# ch d`t`zmlgholÿg d`c ohzèot`z

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`s~òíiloa d` ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh a saolhclsth'

@g oagtzhst` oag tadhs chs z`yacpolag`s hgt`zlaz`s —ga sÿca chs z`yacpolag`sjpzkp`shs op|hs c`|`s bhg slda `stpdlhdhs d`thcchdhm`gt` "`g ~zlm`z cpkhz ~az Mhzr | @gk`csmlsmas,# slga thmjlìg hxp`cchs z`yacpolag`s xp` bhsth hbazh ga bhjíhg slda sam`tldhs h pg

hgèclsls k`g`zhclvhda | slst`mètloa "oama chs z`yacpolag`s ohm~`slghs | chs d` cas~`xp`øajpzkp`s`s pzjhgas5 cas c`yhgthml`gtas d` `sochyas | chs z`yp`cths d` chs saol`dhd`sk`gtlclolhs oagtzh ch saol`dhd `sochylsth5 chs z`yacpolag`s ohm~`slghs xp` hohòl`zag ophgda `c

yl`fa mada d` ~zadpoolÿg hslètloa s` d`slgt`kzhjh ~`zlÿdlohm`gt`# `to', — ch z`yacpolÿg~zac`thzlh d`c slkca RR s` dlstlgkp` ~az ophtza ohzhot`zístlohs ~hztlopchz`s' @sths c` dhg spohzèot`z `s~òíiloa# | thmjlìg# oama Mhzr ~z`ylÿ#? bho`g d` `sth z`yacpolÿg pgh `m~z`shspmhm`gt` dliíolc'

8, Ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh `s ch ~zlm`zh z`yacpolÿg ylotazlash `g ch blstazlh d` chbpmhgldhd cc`yhdh h ohja ~az ch ochs` saolhc mès jhfh' @sth ochs` dls~ag` d` pgh ~at`golhcldhdòagÿmloh# xp` d` bòba `stè `rtz`mhdhm`gt` clmlthdh# | ~az `cca s` y` `rocpldh d` ophcxpl`z~azolÿg d` ch zlxp`vh saolhc "`g `st` s`gtlda a~p`sth h ch m`zh ~as`slÿg d` cas jl`g`s dòagspma xp` sag oagsthgt`m`gt` ptlclvhdas,' _p sltpholÿg `s jhsthgt` dli`z`gt` d` ch sltpholÿgd` ch jpzkp`síh | d` ch gajc`vh i`pdhc# xp` tamhzag `c ~ad`z ~acítloa ophgda |h t`gíhg `g spsmhgas `c ~ad`z òagÿmloa `rlst`gt`# hsí oama d` ch sltpholÿg d` cas `sochyas# xp` ip`zaglgoh~ho`s d` cc`yhz h ohja oag ìrlta pgh z`yacpolÿg'

:, Ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh `s ch ~zlm`zh z`yacpolÿg `g ch blstazlh d` ch bpmhgldhd xp`hs~lzh h pg d`zzaohml`gta d` ch saol`dhd `rlst`gt` ~chg`hda oagsol`gt`m`gt`# a s`h# xp` gajpsoh z`sthpzhz chs oagdlolag`s ~z`ylhs "oama ca blol`zag chs z`yacpolag`s d` `sochyas | ohm~`slgas `g `c ~hshda,# a s`golcchm`gt` c`khclvhz `c ohmjla d` ~ad`z xp` bhjíh sldahcohgvhda |h `g `c ~chga òagÿmloa# slga xp` mès jl`g hs~lzh h z`hclvhz pg ~zao`sa tathcm`gt`gp`ya# d`zzaohml`gta xp` gpgoh hgt`s s` bh dhda a xp` bh slda hgtlol~hda öglohm`gt` oama

pgh –tàzíh” a oama pg –~zakzhmh”'4

?, Hc lkphc xp` ophcxpl`z atzh z`yacpolÿg saolhc `g ch blstazlh# ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlhspzk` d` cas hgthkaglsmas lgt`zgas d` ochs` | d` ch cpobh d` ochs`s xp` lg`ylthjc`m`gt` s`~zadpo` d`gtza d` ch saol`dhd `rlst`gt`' ^`za ml`gtzhs chs z`yacpolag`s `g `c ~hshda ~adíhgs`z shtlsiòbhs hm~clhm`gt` oag ch lm~pcslÿg d` `sths cpobhs bholh hd`chgt`# bhsth xp` ip`zhhcohgvhda sp ~pgta opcmlghgt` —~azxp` ~hzh ìsths ga bhjíh `c ~zajc`mh d` lz oz`hgdaz`cholag`s saolhc`s tathcm`gt` gp`yhs | oagsol`gt`m`gt` ~chg`hdhs— ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh~p`d` cc`khz h oagy`ztlzs` `g z`hcldhd sÿca sl ch cpobh d` ch ochs` ~zac`thzlh opcmlgh `g pgklkhgt`soa ~zao`sa xp` s` `rtl`gd` dpzhgt` høas | dìohdhs' @st` ~zao`sa `s hxp`c `g `c xp` s`tzhgsiazmhg chs z`cholag`s bpmhghs slst`mètloh | oagsol`gt`m`gt`# | `c d` k`g`zhclvhz#

~zlm`za# ch hotlyldhd lgd`~`gdl`gt` d`c ~zac`thzlhda# | mès thzd` "`g `c pmjzhc d` ch saol`dhdslg ochs`s, ch d` tadas cas ml`mjzas d` ch saol`dhd' Ml`gtzhs xp` `c tzlpgia d` ch z`yacpolÿgjpzkp`sh oagyl`zt` h ch jpzkp`síh `g pgh ochs` oags`zyhdazh "xp` tadhyíh `s oh~hv d` cakzhztzhgsiazmholag`s z`yacpolaghzlhs `g cas ohm~as d` ch tìogloh | d` ch lgdpstzlh# | xp` fp`kh pg~h~`c ajf`tlyhm`gt` ~zakz`slsth `g ch blstazlh ~az pg ~`zlada mès a m`gas ~zacagkhda d`tl`m~a# ~`za xp` s` z`tzhoth d` pgh tzhgsiazmholÿg hotlyh d` ch yldh saolhc# ~p`sta xp` `g `sh`si`zh sps dli`z`golhs ohdh y`v mh|az`s oag `c ~zac`thzlhda bho`g d` `cch pgh ochsòzòl`gt`m`gt` z`hoolaghzlh,# ch oagxplsth d`c ~ad`z ~az `c ~zac`thzlhda ga `s `c ilghc slga `c oaml`gva d` ch hotlyldhd d` ch ochs` tzhjhfhdazh mad`zgh `g `c ~zao`sa d` z`yacpolaghz chsaol`dhd' @sth hotlyldhd ~adzè cc`khz h sp ilg öglohm`gt` ophgda# fpgta oag chs d`mès ochs`s#s` clxpld` h sí mlsmh oama ochs`'0

4, @g oagtzhst` oag tadhs chs z`yacpolag`s saolhc`s hgt`zlaz`s# xp` k`g`zhcm`gt` s` bhg




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dhda d`gtza d` pg mhzoa gholaghc# a lgocpsa d`gtza d` pg mhzoa hög mès z`stzlgklda# chz`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh `s ~az ghtpzhc`vh lgt`zgholaghc | sÿca ~p`d` hcohgvhz sp oagocpslÿg htzhyìs d` ch oagstzpoolÿg lgt`zgholaghc d` ch saol`dhd slg ochs`s' Hpgxp` `s ol`zta xp` `g pg~zlgol~la ch ylotazlh ~p`d` s`z hcohgvhdh d`gtza d` pg mhzoa gholaghc# `sth ylotazlh ~`clkzhzèoagsthgt`m`gt` | s`zè ~zaylslaghc ml`gtzhs xp` h `sohch lgt`zgholaghc ga c` bh|h lgiclklda pgh

d`zzath dìlgltlyh hc oh~lthc' Ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh `s# `gtago`s# pg ~zao`sa z`yacpolaghzlampgdlhc# xp` ga s` cc`yh h ohja d` mhg`zh clg`hc gl pgliazm`' Ch ohd`gh lm~`zlhclsth s` zam~`~zlm`za `g sps `schjag`s mès dìjlc`s# | `c dlsoagtlgpa icpfa | zìcpfa d` ch z`yacpolÿg aopzzòagiazm` h ch c`| d`c d`shzzacca d`slkphc | oamjlghda' "@sta z`spcth ol`zta ga sÿca ~hzh ch òagamíh#slga thmjlìg ~hzh chs z`cholag`s d` ip`zvh `gtz` chs ochs`s5 d` glgkpgh mhg`zh chs dasoalgold`g hptamètlohm`gt`',

Ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg tamh `g op`gth tadhs `sths ~òpclhzldhd`s d` chz`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh' Tamh `g op`gth chs ~òpclhzldhd`s d` `sth z`yacpolÿg# `gtz` atzhs oashs#h ch cpv d` chs ~òpclhzldhd`s | oagtzhdloolag`s `g ch iazmholÿg d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs`~zac`thzlh' _ajz` tada# `r~z`sh hjl`zthm`gt` ca xp` Mhzr öglohm`gt` lgt`gtÿ `rhmlghz# | ca

xp` sps `~íkagas dliíolcm`gt` `gt`gdl`zag# a s`h6 xp` ga ~p`d` bhj`z pg d`zzaohml`gta–hptamètloa” d`c zìklm`g oh~lthclsth gl pgh d`slgt`kzholÿg –`s~agtèg`h” p –azkègloh” d` `st`zìklm`g h tzhyìs d` ch oagstzpoolÿg d` pg zìklm`g saolhclsth' ^zòlshm`gt` d`jlda hc ohzèot`zoagsol`gt` ~òpclhz d` ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh# ga sÿca z`xpl`z` d` pgh mhdpz`v d` casihotaz`s –ajf`tlyas” "pgh ozlsls saolhc ozòl`gt` xp` `r~z`s` `c bòba d` xp` `c mada d`~zadpoolÿg oh~lthclsth bh opm~clda sp mlslÿg blstÿzloh,# slga thmjlìg d` pgh mhdpz`v d` cascchmhdas ihotaz`s spjf`tlyas "mhdpz`v d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs` d`c ~zac`thzlhda | d` spdlzòolÿg,' _l `stas ihotaz`s –spjf`tlyas” ga `stèg ~z`s`gt`s# a ca `stèg `g kzhda lgspilol`gt`# chz`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh ga s`zè pgh z`yacpolÿg ylotazlash `g `s` mam`gta# | d` sp mlsmh d`zzath

z`spcthzèg chs ~asljlcldhd`s òagÿmlohs | saolhc`s d` pgh oagsacldholÿg t`m~azhc d`coh~lthclsma'9

@gtago`s# k`g`zhclvhgda# ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg z`~z`s`gth pgh~zaipgdlvholÿg d`c mhzrlsma h~clohdh h cas ~zajc`mhs jèsloas d` ch sp~`z`stzpotpzh saolhc "`c@sthda# ch oagol`golh d` ochs`# ch ldàcakíh# `c ~hztlda,' Hpghdh h chs oagtzljpolag`s ~hzhc`chsd` Zash Cpr`mjpzka | Tzatse| "|# `g pg s`gtlda mès z`stzlgklda# d` Cpoeèos | d` Kzhmol,#oagstltp|` ch ol`golh mhzrlsth d`c ihotaz spjf`tlya'

Ldàcakíh jpzkp`sh | oagol`golh d` ochs` ~zac`thzlh

c ~astpchda mhzrlsth6 –Ch ldàcakíh ~z`damlghgt` d` tadh saol`dhd `s ch

ldàcakíh d` ch ochs` damlghgt`” h ~zlm`zh ylsth ~hzò` `goagtzhzs` `g oagiclotaoag `c ohzèot`z d` ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh# xp` `s pg ohmjla oagsol`gt` d` ch saol`dhd ~az `c~zac`thzlhda# oama pg ~zadpota d` ch hotlyldhd oagsol`gt`# ` lgd`~`gdl`gt`# d` chs mhshshshchzlhdhs' Pgh lgt`z~z`tholÿg sp~`zilolhc d` `st` ~astpchda ~p`d` cc`yhzgas h ch oagocpslÿg d`xp` `s ptÿ~loa `s~`zhz xp` chs mhshs# xp` `stèg `r~p`sths# jhfa `c oh~lthclsma# h chshzz`m`tldhs oagsthgt`s d` chs ld`hs jpzkp`shs | ~`xp`øajpzkp`shs# s`hg oh~ho`s d` cc`yhz hohja pgh cpobh d` ochs`s z`yacpolaghzlh `g oagtzh d` `sth saol`dhd# |h ga dlkhmas pghz`yacpolÿg saolhc' B`zj`zt Mhzops`# xpl`g cc`kh h `sth oagocpslÿg# `s slm~c`m`gt` "~az ca~zagta, `c mès zòl`gt` d` pgh chzkh s`zl` d` t`ÿzloas xp`# tamhgda oama ~pgta d` ~hztldh chdìlglolÿg mhzrlsth d` ch ochs` `g `c ~ad`z# t`zmlghg ~agl`gda `g dpdh `c ~at`golhcz`yacpolaghzla d` ch ochs` tzhjhfhdazh'

@c ~zajc`mh ~p`d` s`z z`sp`cta z``m~chvhgda `st` ~pgta d` ylsth `stètloa | iazmhc ~az

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pga dlhcìotloa' _` gò`slth slm~c`m`gt` bho`z mès –dlgèmloa” `st` ~astpchda mhzrlsth' Chldàcakíh ~z`damlghgt` `g tadh saol`dhd `s ch ldàcakíh d` ch ochs` damlghgt` `g `c s`gtlda d`xp` `sth öctlmh tl`g` `c oagtzac d` cas m`dlas d` ~zadpoolÿg ldàcÿkloas d` xp` dls~ag` chsaol`dhd "ch lkc`slh# chs `sop`chs# cas m`dlas d` dlipslÿg mhslyas# `to',# | ptlclvh `stas m`dlas~hzh sps lgt`z`s`s d` ochs`' Ml`gtzhs ~z`damlgh `c damlgla d` ochs` `sthjc`# | ~az `gd`

dliíolcm`gt` ~p`sta `g dpdh# ch ldàcakíh d` ch ochs` `g `c ~ad`z damlghzè thmjlìg h choagol`golh d` ch ochs` a~zlmldh' \ mès hög# cas `r~cathdas# oama z`kch# t`gd`zèg h `r~z`shz ch ~zlm`zh ihs` d` ch cpobh d` ochs`s h ch mhg`zh d` iÿzmpchs# ld`hc`s ` ldàcakíhs d` cas`r~cathdaz`s';

Ga ajsthgt`# ml`gtzhs mès s`h ~p`sth `g dpdh ch `sthjlcldhd d` ch saol`dhd `rlst`gt`#ml`gtzhs mès s` lgt`gslilxp` ch cpobh d` ochs`s# | ml`gtzhs mès s` oaml`go` h d`jlclthz `g ch~zèotloh `c damlgla d` cas `r~cathdaz`s# `g mh|az kzhda sòtaz`s d` ch ochs` a~zlmldhoam`gvhzèg h clj`zhzs` d`c oagtzac d` chs ld`hs d` hxp`ccas xp` tl`g`g `c ~ad`z' Hgt`s d`# | fpgta oag ch cpobh ~az ch z`yacpolÿg saolhc# s` cc`yh h ohja pgh cpobh `gtz` ch ldàcakíh d` chochs` `g `c ~ad`z | chs gp`yhs ld`hs d` ch ochs` z`yacpolaghzlh' H sp y`v `sth cpobh lgt`gsliloh |

ho`c`zh ch cpobh d` ochs`s oagoz`th d` ch ophc spzklÿ hc `c`yhz h ch ochs` z`yacpolaghzlh bholh pghoagol`golh d` chs thz`hs blstÿzlohs | d` chs m`ths d` sp cpobh' Ch oagol`golh ochslsth d` ch ochs`z`yacpolaghzlh ~p`d` `gtago`s d`shzzacchzs` d`sd` ch cpobh d` ochs`s h ~`shz d`# | a~p`sth h# chldàcakíh d` ch ochs` `g `c ~ad`z'2

^`za sÿca dpzhgt` ch z`yacpolÿg mlsmh ch mh|azíh d` cas a~zlmldas ~p`d`g clj`zhzs` d`ch ldàcakíh d` ch ochs` a~z`sazh'< D`jlda h xp` `st` oagtzac ga `s `f`zolda gl ögloh gl~zlmazdlhcm`gt` h tzhyìs d` pgh mhgl~pcholÿg ~pzhm`gt` ldàcÿkloh | ch hslmlcholÿg mhslyh d`ch ldàcakíh d` ch ochs` `g `c ~ad`z# slga sajz` tada oama `c z`spcthda d`c mòhglsma dlhzla d`ch òagamíh | ch saol`dhd `rlst`gt`s | sp ìòta sajz` ch oagol`golh d` cas a~zlmldas' "@staz`spcth ol`zta `s~òlhcm`gt` ~hzh ch saol`dhd jpzkp`sh# hpgxp` s` bhg ajs`zyhda ol`ztasi`gÿm`gas ~hzhc`cas `g atzhs saol`dhd`s d` ochs`s',

@g ch saol`dhd oh~lthclsth `st` oagtzac `s `f`zolda h tzhyìs d` ch lgt`zgholaghclvholÿg d`chs z`cholag`s m`zohgtlc`s# xp` `stè pgldh h ch oasliloholÿg d` chs z`cholag`s bpmhghs z`spcthgt`d` ch `rt`gslÿg k`g`zhclvhdh d` ch ~zadpoolÿg d` m`zohgoíhs | ch tzhgsiazmholÿg d` ch ip`zvhd` tzhjhfa bpmhgh `g pgh m`zohgoíh# | d` ch `rt`gslÿg k`g`zhclvhdh d` ch dlylslÿg d`c tzhjhfajhfa chs oagdlolag`s d` ch ~zadpoolÿg d` m`zohgoíhs' Thmjlìg s` cakzh h tzhyìs d` ch ihtlkh | d`c `mjzptòlml`gta d` cas ~zadpotaz`s# z`spcthdas d` ch `r~catholÿg | d`c ohzèot`z `ghf`ghdad`c tzhjhfa# hsí oama thmjlìg h tzhyìs d` ch ihcth d` tl`m~a cljz`# ga sÿca `g s`gtldaophgtlthtlya# slga hd`mès `g s`gtlda ophclthtlya# `to' Öglohm`gt` ophgda cas mòhglsmas d``sth ~zlslÿg `sthcc`g `g pgh z`yacpolÿg# a s`h# ophgda spzfh pg lgoz`m`gta söjlta ` lgt`gsa `gch hotlyldhd d` chs mhshs ip`zh d` cas oagilg`s d`c tzhjhfa `ghf`ghda# sÿca `gtago`s ch hotlyldhd

mlstlilohdazh d` `st` mlsma h~zlslaghml`gta d` ch oagol`golh d` chs mhshs ~p`d` `m~`vhz hd`sh~hzò`z zè~ldhm`gt`'

Ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg lgt`gth# `gtago`s# cc`khz h ch dlhcìotloh lgt`zgh# d``sth iazmholÿg d` ch oagol`golh ~acítloh# d` ochs`# xp` ~p`d` cc`khz h s`z tathcm`gt`d`shzzacchdh öglohm`gt` dpzhgt` ch z`yacpolÿg mlsmh# ~`za jhfa ch oagdlolÿg d` xp` s` bh|hoam`gvhda h d`shzzacchz hgt`s d` ch z`yacpolÿg'8> Ch tàzíh z`hclvh ca hgt`zlaz m`dlhgt` tz`soht`kazíhs ipgolaghc`s6 ch oht`kazíh d` ch ochs` tzhjhfhdazh `g sí "ch mhsh d` ajz`zas,5 choht`kazíh d` hxp`cch ~hzt` d` ch ochs` tzhjhfhdazh xp` s` `gop`gtzh lgyacpozhdh |h `g pg kzhdamès hcta xp` chs cpobhs `s~azèdlohs | xp` bh hcohgvhda |h `c ~zlm`z gly`c d` azkhglvholÿg "ch

yhgkphzdlh ~zac`thzlh `g `c s`gtlda mès hm~cla d` ch ~hchjzh,588 | ch oht`kazíh d` ch azkhglvholÿg

z`yacpolaghzlh# iazmhdh ~az ajz`zas ` lgt`còtphc`s xp` z`hclvhg pgh hotlyldhd z`yacpolaghzlh# | xp` `stèg `dpohdas# hc m`gas ~hzolhcm`gt`# `g `c mhzrlsma'




9

Ch oht`kazíh d` ch –ochs` `g sí” `stè ylgopchdh hc oago`~ta ajf`tlya d` ch ochs` `g chsaolacakíh d` Mhzr# `g dagd` pg `stzhta saolhc `stè d`t`zmlghda ~az sp ~aslolÿg ajf`tlyh `g `c~zao`sa d` ~zadpoolÿg# lgd`~`gdl`gt`m`gt` d` sp `sthda d` oagol`golh' "@s jl`g shjlda xp` `cfay`g Mhzr —`g `c Mhglil`sta Oampglsth | `g cas `sozltas ~acítloas d` 820>-0:# ~az `f`m~ca— bhjíh `r~p`sta pg oago`~ta spjf`tlya d` chs ochs`s# d` hop`zda oag `c ophc ch ochs` tzhjhfhdazh

cc`kh h s`z ochs` öglohm`gt` h tzhyìs d` sp cpobh# a s`h# hc hcohgvhz pg kzhda míglma `g choagol`golh d` ochs`' Jpfhzlg# zìlzlìgdas` h pg ~astpchda d` ch Mls`zlh d` ch ilcasaiíh c` cchmh h`st` oago`~ta –ch ochs` ~hzh sí”# `g a~aslolÿg hc oago`~ta –ch ochs` `g sí”',8: @st` oago`~taajf`tlya d` ochs` slkp` sl`gda ipgdhm`gthc ~hzh chs ld`hs sajz` azkhglvholÿg d` C`glg# oamaca ip` ~hzh @gk`cs | ch saolhcd`maozholh hc`mhgh jhfa ch lgicp`golh d` @gk`cs# J`j`c | Ehptse|'8?

_ÿca h tzhyìs d` ch `rlst`golh d` pgh ochs` ajf`tlyhm`gt` z`yacpolaghzlh ~p`d` `c~hztlda# | `stè ajclkhda ~`zlÿdlohm`gt` h `cca# dlzlklz pgh cpobh d` ochs`s z`yacpolaghzlh# | sÿca`g z`cholÿg oag thc cpobh d` ochs`s z`hc `c oago`~ta d`c ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla d` yhgkphzdlh"lgocp|`gda hc d` z`yacpolaghzlas ~zai`slaghc`s, tl`g` pg slkglilohda ol`gtíiloa# oama ca

ajs`zyÿ `r~z`shm`gt` `c mlsma C`glg'

84

Tadh hotlyldhd z`yacpolaghzlh ga z`cholaghdh oag chcpobh d` ochs`s oagdpo`# `g `c m`faz d` cas ohsas# bholh ch iazmholÿg d` pg göocàz`yacpolaghzla# mès ga h pg ~hztlda' @st` oazz` `c ~`clkza d` d`k`g`zhz `g pg dlc`thgtlsmasòthzla | spjf`tlya' D` hop`zda oag `c oago`~ta c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg# ga `rlst` pgh

yhgkphzdlh hpta~zaochmhdh' Mès jl`g# ch yhgkphzdlh d`j` khghz sp zòagaolml`gta oama yhgkphzdlh "a s`h# `c d`zòba blstÿzloa d` hotphz oama yhgkphzdlh, h tzhyìs d` sps lgt`gtas d``sthjcò`z oagthotas oag ch ~hzt` hyhgvhdh d` ch ochs` | sp y`zdhd`zh cpobh'

Ch oht`kazíh d` –ajz`za hyhgvhda” ~hzt` d` ch `stzhtliloholÿg ajf`tlyhm`gt` lg`ylthjc`d` ch ochs`' @s pg z`spcthda d` sp azlk`g blstÿzloa dlstlgta# hsí oama d` ch dli`z`gt` ~aslolÿg `g`c ~zao`sa saolhc d` ~zadpoolÿg | sp dli`z`gt` oagol`golh d` ochs`'

Ch iazmholÿg d` ch ochs` ajz`zh oama pgh oht`kazíh ajf`tlyh `g sl mlsmh `s pg~zao`sa blstÿzloa' Hckpgas sòtaz`s d` ch ochs` ajz`zh `stèg oagstltpldas ~az cas blfas# casgl`tas | cas jlvgl`tas d` hshchzlhdas pzjhgas5 atzas sag blfas | gl`tas d` tzhjhfhdaz`s hkzíoachs| ohm~`slgas d`s~afhdas d` tl`zzh' \ hckpgas atzas sag# lgocpsa# d`so`gdl`gt`s d` pgh ~zlm`zha s`kpgdh k`g`zholÿg d` ~`xp`øa-jpzkp`s`s xp` ~as`íhg ol`ztas m`dlas d` ~zadpoolÿg"ohm~`slgas# hzt`shgas# `to',' Pgh ~hzt` d` ch ochs` ajz`zh tzhjhfh `g kzhgd`s ièjzlohs# `gdagd` thgta chs z`cholag`s òagÿmlohs oama saolhc`s oagdpo`g bholh pgh oagol`golh d` ochs``c`m`gthc "ch oagol`golh d` xp` cas –~zajc`mhs saolhc`s” ~p`d`g s`z z`sp`ctas sÿca h tzhyìs d`ch azkhglvholÿg | d` hoolag`s oacòtlyhs,' Atzh ~hzt` tzhjhfh `g ièjzlohs ~`xp`øhs a m`dlhghs a`g cas cchmhdas sòtaz`s d` s`zylolas# `g dagd` thgta ch hptaoagilhgvh òagÿmloh oama `c`gt`gdlml`gta d` ch gò`sldhd d` hoolag`s hm~clhs d` mhshs d`~`gd`g `g m`gaz kzhda d` chs

oagdlolag`s ajf`tlyhs xp` `g chs kzhgd`s ~chgths lgdpstzlhc`s' Hckpgas sòtaz`s d` ch ochsàjz`zh bhg zhdlohda `g chs kzhgd`s olpdhd`s ~az mpoba tl`m~a# s` bhg hcihj`tlvhda |h tl`m~ahtzès | tl`g`g pgh kzhg tzhdlolÿg d` azkhglvholÿg | pgh `dpoholÿg ~acítloh | opctpzhc xp` casz`s~hcdh "h tzhyìs d` azkhglvholag`s fpy`glc`s# ch ~z`gsh ajz`zh# `dpoholÿg ajz`zh# `to',' Atzasmès yly`g `g ~`xp`øas ~ajchdas | hpg `g ch ~zaylgolh' "@sta ip` ol`zta `g ch öctlmh ~hzt` d` chdìohdh d` cas tz`lgth# ~az `f`m~ca# ~hzh pg slkglilohtlya göm`za d` mlg`zas `pza~às', @stasöctlmas tl`g`g pgh yldh oacòtlyh `sohsh a gpch# pgh ~ajz` `r~`zl`golh slgdlohc# | ga bhgzòljlda `dpoholÿg ~acítloh a opctpzhc `g `c maylml`gta ajz`za' Hckpgas sòtaz`s d` ch ochsàjz`zh gho`g `g ~hís`s xp` bhg slda lgd`~`gdl`gt`s dpzhgt` mlc høas | op|h ochs` `g `c ~ad`za~zlmlÿ dpzhgt` ~`zladas ~zacagkhdas h atzhs gholag`s' Atzas bhg gholda `g ~hís`s xp` bhgcpobhda ~az dìohdhs | hpg slkcas ~az sp clj`zholÿg gholaghc a xp` ylyl`zag `g ch s`zyldpmjz` a

`c `sochylsma ga bhzè mès d` ol`g høas'




;

_l s` c` spmhg h tadhs `sths dli`z`golhs blstÿzlohs chs bhjlcldhd`s ~`zsaghc`s d` ohdhajz`za hshchzlhda —ga sÿca dli`z`golhs `g ophgta h lgt`clk`golh | bhjlcldhd ~hzh k`g`zhclvhzsajz` chs `r~`zl`golhs lgm`dlhths# slga thmjlìg chs dli`z`golhs `g ch ohgtldhd d` `g`zkíh# ip`zvhd` ohzèot`z# oamjhtlyldhd | oagilhgvh `g `ccas mlsmas—# `gtago`s s` `gtl`gd` xp` ch`stzhtliloholÿg d` ch ochs` ajz`zh `g yhzlhs oh~hs# xp` d`~`gd` d`c kzhda d` oagol`golh d` ochs`#

`s pg i`gÿm`ga lg`ylthjc` `g ch blstazlh d` ch ochs` ajz`zh mlsmh' @s `st` ~zao`sa blstÿzloa d` cc`khz h s`z ochs` `c xp`# `g pg mam`gta dhda# s` zìc`fh `g dly`zsas kzhdas d` oagol`golh d`gtza d` ch mlsmh ochs`'

Ch oht`kazíh d` ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla spzk` d`c bòba d` xp` `c saolhclsma mhzrlsth `spgh ol`golh xp`# `g öctlma hgèclsls# ~p`d` s`z hslmlchdh oam~c`thm`gt` sÿca `g iazmhlgdlyldphc# | ga d` mhg`zh oacòtlyh' @c mhzrlsma oagstltp|` ch opcmlgholÿg "| `g ~hzt`thmjlìg ch dlsacpolÿg, d` ~az ca m`gas tz`s ol`golhs saolhc`s6 ch ilcasaiíh ocèsloh hc`mhgh# chòagamíh ~acítloh ocèsloh# | ch ol`golh ~acítloh izhgo`sh ocèsloh "`c saolhclsma | ch blstazlakzhiíhizhgo`s`s,' _p hslmlcholÿg ~z`sp~ag`# ~az ca m`gas# pg `gt`gdlml`gta d` ch dlhcìotlohmht`zlhclsth# d`c mht`zlhclsma blstÿzloa# d` ch tàzíh òagÿmloh mhzrlsth | ch blstazlh ozítloh d`chs z`yacpolag`s | d`c maylml`gta ajz`za mad`zgas' Thc hslmlcholÿg `s gò`shzlh sl# `g sp

tathcldhd# `s ihotljc` sp ipgolaghml`gta oama pg lgstzpm`gta ~hzh hghclvhz ch z`hcldhd saolhc | oama oam~lcholÿg d` chs `r~`zl`golhs d` pg slkca d` cpobhs ~zac`thzlhs' @s hjspzdh ch gaolÿgd` xp` `sth oacashc spmh d` oagaolml`gtas ` lgiazmholÿg ~p`dh d` hckpgh mhg`zh icplz–`s~agtèg`hm`gt`” hc tzhjhfhz `g pg tazga a `g pgh mèxplgh spmhdazh'80

@c bòba d` xp` `c mhzrlsma oama ol`golh `s pgh `r~z`slÿg d`c mès hcta kzhda d`

d`shzzacca d` ch oagol`golh d` ch ochs` ~zac`thzlh# slm~c`m`gt` xpl`z` dòlz xp` `s saca h tzhyìs d`pg ~zao`sa lgdlyldphc d` s`còolÿg xp` cas m`faz`s ml`mjzas d`c ~zac`thzlhda# cas mès`r~`zlm`gthdas# mès lgt`clk`gt`s | mès oamjhtlyas sag oh~ho`s d`# dlzòth algd`~`gdl`gt`m`gt`# hdxplzlz pgh oagol`golh d` ochs` `g sp iazmh mès ~at`gt`' @g `c kzhda `gxp` `sth hdxplslolÿg `s lgdlyldphc# cc`kh h s`z hoo`sljc` thmjlìg ~hzh atzas `stzhtas | ochs`ssaolhc`s "sajz` tada ~hzh ch lgt`còtphcldhd z`yacpolaghzlh | cas `stpdlhgt`s,'89 Ophcxpl`z atza`giaxp` sÿca gas ~p`d` cc`yhz bholh ch ld`hclvholÿg d` ch ochs` ajz`zh | ~az `gd` d`coh~lthclsma'

âz sp~p`sta# sl`m~z` d`j`mas zòazdhz xp` `c mhzrlsma ga ~pda spzklzlgd`~`gdl`gt`m`gt` d`c d`shzzacca z`hc d` ch saol`dhd jpzkp`sh | d` ch cpobh d` ochs`s xp` s`d`shzzacchjh lg`ylthjc`m`gt` d`gtza d` `cch' @rlst` pgh pglÿg lgs`~hzhjc` `gtz` ch `r~`zl`golhoacòtlyh# blstÿzloh# d` ch ochs` ajz`zh `g cpobh# | d` sp ipgolÿg# oag `c mhzrlsma oama pghoagol`golh d` ochs` oacòtlyh# blstÿzloh `g sp iazmh mès ~at`gt`' ^`za hilzmhz xp` `csaolhclsma ol`gtíiloa `s `c ~zadpota blstÿzloa d` ch cpobh ~zac`thzlh ga xpl`z` dòlz xp` tadas# ahpg ch mh|azíh d` cas ml`mjzas d` `sth ochs`# oag mh|az a m`gaz kzhda d` iholcldhd# ~p`dhgz`~zadpolz `stas oagaolml`gtas' @c mhzrlsma ga `s `c ~zadpota hptamètloa d` ch cpobh d`

ochs`s | ch `r~`zl`golh d` ch ochs`# slga `c z`spcthda d` pgh ~zadpoolÿg ol`gtíiloh | t`ÿzloh' Thchslmlcholÿg `s ~asljc` öglohm`gt` h tzhyìs d` ch ~hztlol~holÿg `g `c ~zao`sa d` ~zadpoolÿg5 | `st` `s# ~az dìlglolÿg# pg ~zao`sa lgdlyldphc# hpgxp` öglohm`gt` `s ihotljc` h tzhyìs d`cd`shzzacca d` chs ip`zvhs saolhc`s d` ~zadpoolÿg | d` chs oagtzhdloolag`s d` ochs` jhfa `coh~lthclsma'




2

Cpobh | oagol`golh d` ochs` ~zac`thzlhs

c ~zao`sa `g `c ophc s` cc`khg h pglz chs mhshs ~zac`thzlhs# ch yhgkphzdlh ajz`zh | `c ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla# d`~`gd` d` ch tzhgsiazmholÿg d` ch cpobh `c`m`gthc d`

ch ochs` ~zac`thzlh# `g cpobh d` ochs`s z`yacpolaghzlh —ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh— | d` cas ìòtas

xp` `cca t`gkh sajz` chs mhshs hshchzlhdhs' Ch cpobh d` ochs`s s` bh cc`yhda h ohja ~az mlc`s d`høas slg xp` hxp`ccas xp` cpobhjhg `stpyl`s`g oagsol`gt`s d` ca xp` bhoíhg' Ch cpobh~zac`thzlh `rlstlÿ mpoba hgt`s d` xp` h~hzòl`zh pg maylml`gta saolhclsth# ga dlkhmas pgmaylml`gta saolhclsth ol`gtíiloa' Ch cpobh d` ochs`s `c`m`gthc —bp`ckhs# ~hzas ~az hpm`gtasshchzlhc`s# a ~az ch z`dpoolÿg d` fazghdhs | m`fazhs `g chs oagdlolag`s d` tzhjhfa— oagdpo`bholh iazmhs `c`m`gthc`s d` azkhglvholÿg d` ochs` "iagdas d` h|pdh mptph# slgdlohtas`mjzlaghzlas,# hpgxp` ch yldh d` ìsths s`h oazth' "Thmjlìg iam`gtÿ pg ld`hc saolhclsth k`g`zhc`gtz` mpobas ajz`zas', Ch cpobh# ch azkhglvholÿg | ch oagol`golh d` ochs` `c`m`gthc`s bhggholda# ~az `gd`# dlzòthm`gt` d` ch hoolÿg# | öglohm`gt` ch `r~`zl`golh spzkldh d` `sth hoolÿg `soh~hv d` d`shzzacchz | d` ho`c`zhz ch oagol`golh' _` `sthjcò` oama pgh c`| k`g`zhc d` ch blstazlhxp` ~az m`dla d` ch hoolÿg chs kzhgd`s mhshs sag oh~ho`s d` `c`yhz sp oagol`golh'

^`za hpg `g sp iazmh mès `c`m`gthc# ch cpobh d` ochs`s `s~agtèg`h d` cas hshchzlhdas#jhfa `c oh~lthclsma# yh d`fhgda htzès pg z`sldpa `g iazmh d` oagol`golh ozlsthclvhdh `g pg ~zao`sa d` azkhglvholÿg oagtlgph' Ch mh|az ~hzt` d` ch mhsh `s hotlyh öglohm`gt` dpzhgt` ch cpobh5 d`s~pìsd` ìsth# thzd` a t`m~zhga# s` z`tlzh h ch yldh ~zlyhdh "a –h ch cpobh ~az ch sp~`zyly`golh”,' Caxp` dlstlgkp` h ch yhgkphzdlh ajz`zh d` chs mhshs `s `c bòba d` xp` gl hpg dpzhgt` `c ~`zladad` ohcmh hjhgdagh `c iz`gt` d` ch cpobh d` ochs`s# slga xp` oagtlgöh `c oamjht`# ~az dòlzcahsí# –oag atzas m`dlas”' Lgt`gth sacldlilohz cas iagdas d` z`slst`golh iazmhdas dpzhgt` ch cpobh`g iagdas d` z`slst`golh ~`zmhg`gt` a s`h# `g slgdlohtas'8; ^pjclohgda ~`zlÿdloas ajz`zas | azkhglvhgda kzp~as d` `dpoholÿg ~hzh ìstas# tl`gd` h ozlsthclvhz | h `c`yhz ch oagol`golh dòchs` oz`hdh dpzhgt` ch cpobh' âz ca thgta# h|pdh h dhzc` iazmh hc ihotaz oagtlgpldhd

a~aglìgdas` h ch gò`shzlh dlsoagtlgpldhd `g ch hoolÿg d` chs mhshs#82

| hc ihotaz oagol`golh#a~aglìgdas` hc `s~agthg`ísma xp` cc`yh oagslka `c maylml`gta d` mhshs'

_lg `mjhzka# cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas sag oagdpoldas bholh pgh azkhglvholÿg oagtlgph | h pg d`shzzacca d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs` `g m`gaz m`dldh ~az ch tàzíh# ch ol`golh a pg`gt`gdlml`gta d` ch tathcldhd saolhc# | `g mh|az kzhda# ~az `c oagaolml`gta ~zèotloa hdxplzlda`g ch cpobh' D`sd` `c mam`gta `g xp` ch cpobh d`mp`stzh8< xp` ch dlsacpolÿg d` cas iagdas d`z`slst`golh d`s~pìs d` ohdh bp`ckh dhøh ch ìòtlyldhd d` ìsths | d` cas tzhjhfhdaz`sdls~agljc`s# s` bho`g lgt`gtas d` oz`hz pg iagda ~`zmhg`gt`' Oama ca d`mp`stzh ch`r~`zl`golh# pg yachgt` aohslaghc tl`g` m`gaz ìòta xp` pg ~`zlÿdloa z`kpchz' Hsí gho` ch~z`gsh ajz`zh' Pgh oagol`golh d`shzzacchdh dlzòthm`gt` d` ch `r~`zl`golh ~zèotloh `g ch cpobh

`s pgh oagol`golh ̀ m~ízloh | ~zhkmètloh# xp` ~p`d` `gzlxpò`z ch hoolÿg bhsth ol`zta kzhda# hpgxp``s mp| lgi`zlaz h ch ìloholh d` ch oagol`golh ol`gtíiloh kcajhc# a s`h# ch d` ch oam~z`gslÿg t`ÿzloh'

Jhsègdas` `g sp oam~z`gslÿg t`ÿzloh k`g`zhc# ch azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh d` yhgkphzdlh ~p`d` oagsacldhz | `gzlxpò`z `sth oagol`golh mès `c`yhdh# sl`m~z` | ophgda s`hoh~hv d` `sthjcò`z yígopcas oag ch cpobh d` ochs`s# sl`m~z` | ophgda ga s` xp`d` oazth `g ch~zp`jh ozpolhc d` y`zlilohz ch tàzíh `g ch ~zèotloh# d` ipslaghz `sths öctlmhs' D`sd` `c ~pgta d`

ylsth d`c mhzrlsma mhdpza —thgta `c d`c mlsma Mhzr oama `c d` C`glg— pgh –y`zdhd`zh”tàzíh dlyazolhdh d` ch ~zèotloh `s thg hjspzdh oama pgh –~zèotloh z`yacpolaghzlh” xp` ohzò`d` pgh jhs` t`ÿzloh ol`gtíiloh' @sta öctlma d` glgkpgh mhg`zh a~hoh ch dòlslyh lm~azthgolh | ch hjsacpth gò`sldhd d` ch ~zadpoolÿg t`ÿzloh5 slm~c`m`gt` `gihtlvh `c bòba d` xp` chs mhshshshchzlhdhs | cas z`yacpolaghzlas oama lgdlyldpas# ~zao`dl`gda d` ~pgtas d` ~hztldh dli`z`gt`s| cc`yhgda pgh dlgèmloh dli`z`gt`# ~p`d`g cc`khz h ch pgldhd `gtz` ch tàzíh | ch ~zèotloh'

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@st` ~zao`sa ~p`d` s`z z`spmlda `g `c slkpl`gt` dlhkzhmh6

_l zàzkhglvhmas `st` dlhkzhmh ~hzh ~ad`z `rtzh`z ol`zths oagocpslag`s# ajt`g`mas caslkpl`gt`6

@st` dlhkzhmh iazmhc gas z`y`ch pgh s`zl` d` oagocpslag`s ho`zoh d` ch dlgèmloh d` choagol`golh d` ochs`# xp` |h bhjíhmas ~z`ylsta `g `c hgèclsls# ~`za xp` sÿca hbazh hdxpl`z`g sp

yhcaz tathc' Ch hoolÿg oacòtlyh d` cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas "cas –cíd`z`s ghtpzhc`s” d` ch ochs`tzhjhfhdazh `g sps ~chgths,# `s# z`chtlyhm`gt`# mès dliíolc d` hcohgvhz ~azxp` ga ~p`d` s`zmatlyhdh gl ~az pgh oagyloolÿg ~pzh "oama ch d`c göocà z`yacpolaghzla,# gl ~az pgh`r~caslyldhd ~pzhm`gt` `s~agtèg`h "oama ch d` chs kzhgd`s mhshs,' @s ~zòlshm`gt` ch`r~`zl`golh `g ch cpobh `c `c`m`gta mataz `g ch hoolÿg d` cas tzhjhfhdaz`s hyhgvhdas ca xp` cas

yp`cy` mpoba mès opldhdasas | ohptas hgt`s d` tamhz pgh hoolÿg `g kzhg `sohch' \h bhghslmlchda chs `gs`øhgvhs d` hoolag`s ~hshdhs | shj`g xp` pgh `r~caslÿg ga `s d`c tadaspilol`gt` ~hzh hcohgvhz ch m`th' _` bho`g m`gas lcpslag`s ho`zoh d` ch ip`zvh d`c `g`mlka "slgm`golaghz sp –k`g`zasldhd”, | ho`zoh d` ch dpzhjlcldhd d`c maylml`gta d` mhshs' Ch mh|az–t`gtholÿg” d`c òagamlsma ~p`d` s`z olzopgsozlth h `st` mlsma ~pgta'

@g spmh# ch oagstzpoolÿg d`c ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla d` ch ochs` tzhjhfhdazh `s chlgt`kzholÿg d` ch oagol`golh d`c göocà z`yacpolaghzla oag ch oagol`golh d` cas ajz`zashyhgvhdas' Ch mhdpzholÿg d` pgh sltpholÿg ~z`zz`yacpolaghzlh "`r~caslÿg ~at`golhcm`gt`z`yacpolaghzlh, `s ch lgt`kzholÿg d` ch hoolÿg d` chs kzhgd`s mhshs oag ch hoolÿg d` cas ajz`zashyhgvhdas' Pgh sltpholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh —a s`h ch ~asljlcldhd d` ch oagxplsth z`yacpolaghzlhd`c ~ad`z— h~hzò` ophgda bh slda hcohgvhdh ch lgt`kzholÿg d` chs hoolag`s d` ch yhgkphzdlh | chs mhshs oag ch oagol`golh d` ch yhgkphzdlh | d` cas `stzhtas z`yacpolaghzlas':> ^hzh chs kzhgd`smhshs# ch cpobh d` ochs`s `c`m`gthc xp` spzk` d` chs oagtzhdloolag`s d`c mada d` ~zadpoolÿgoh~lthclsth sl`m~z` `s hclm`gthdh ~az ihotaz`s d` gò`sldhd lgm`dlhth' Ca ophc `s thmjlìg

yhc`d`za ~hzh tadhs chs hoolag`s d` mhshs# hpg hxp`cchs xp` sag ~acítlohs' @s hsí oama `c~zajc`mh d` chs cpobhs d` chs kzhgd`s mhshs xp` s` oagyl`zt`g `g cpobhs z`yacpolaghzlhsd`~`gd` ga sÿca d` pg ihotaz ophgtlthtlya# slga thmjlìg d` pg ihotaz ophclthtlya' @sta~z`sp~ag` ch `rlst`golh `gtz` chs mhshs a `gtz` `c maylml`gta d` ajz`zas spilol`gt`m`gt`hyhgvhdas xp`# sajz` chs jhs`s d` ch `th~h d` oagol`golh xp` bhg hcohgvhda# sag oh~ho`s d`hzzhstzhz h mhshs mès hm~clhs bholh ch hoolÿg `g tazga d` ajf`tlyas xp` d`shiíhg ch oagtlgpldhdd` ch `rlst`golh d` ch saol`dhd jpzkp`sh | d`c mada d` ~zadpoolÿg oh~lthclsth'

Hd`mès# ca hgt`zlaz oacaoh `g ~zlm`z ~chga ch lm~azthgolh o`gtzhc d` chs d`mhgdhs d`tzhgslolÿg#:8 ch ~aslolÿg `stzhtìkloh d` cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas xp` |h tl`g`g `r~`zl`golh `g




8>

~za~hkhz `sths d`mhgdhs d` tzhgslolÿg# | ch lm~azthgolh blstÿzloh d` ch azkhglvholÿgz`yacpolaghzlh# |h xp` öglohm`gt` ìsth `s oh~hv d` oz`hz pg ~zakzhmh d` tzhgslolÿg xpòazz`s~agdh h chs oagdlolag`s blstÿzlohs ajf`tlyhs# hsí oama thmjlìg h chs gò`sldhd`sspjf`tlyhs d` cas hm~clas sòtaz`s d` mhshs' Pgh z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh `s ~asljc` öglohm`gt` sl tadas `stas ihotaz`s sag oamjlghdas oag ìrlta'

\h b`mas `sthjcòlda xp` ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg `s# sajz` tada# `gìòta# pgh tàzíh d` ch z`yacpolÿg' Bhj`z mhc`gt`gdlda ca hgt`zlaz `s ch kzhg d`jlcldhd d` ch~acìmloh d` Zash Cpr`mjpzka `g oagtzh d` C`glg# `gtz` 8<>? | 8<>4' Z`spcth ohzhot`zístloaxp` `c oago`~ta d` azkhglvholÿg hthohda `g `c `gsh|a –^zajc`mhs azkhglvhtlyas d` chsaolhcd`maozholh” `s —| `sta `s ochza sl `s c`ída oag opldhda— ~pzhm`gt` azkhglvhtlya' "Hcmlsma tl`m~a xp` `s hthohda `s thmjlìg oagilzmhda' ¨@g `st` ~pgta cas –cpr`mjpzkplsths”mad`zgas d`j`g c``z oag mès ht`golÿg h sp –Zash”(, C`glg `s hopshda d` hjakhz ~az pghcíg`h –pctzho`gtzhclsth”# d` dlothz ch oam~aslolÿg d` cas oamltìs caohc`s d`c ~hztlda | d` d`fhzoahzthz ophcxpl`z lglolhtlyh d` cas azkhglsmas lgi`zlaz`s d`c ~hztlda'::

_lg `mjhzka# ophgda yacy`mas h ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg s`kög ip`~`ziòolaghdh ~az `c mlsma C`glg# ajs`zyhmas xp` d` glgkpgh mhg`zh s` `gihtlvh `c hs~òtaiazmhc# azkhglvhtlya# d` ch o`gtzhclvholÿg slga ch ipgolÿg ~acítloh | saolhc d` ìsth' @g `c màcca d`c

±Xpì bho`z1 `stè `c oago`~ta d` ch tzhgsiazmholÿg d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs` ~zac`thzlh bholh pghoagol`golh ~acítloh d` ochs` ~az m`dla d` pgh hotlyldhd ~acítloh oam~z`gslyh xp` tzhvh | —d`sd` pg~pgta d` ylsth mhzrlsth— z`s~agd` h tadas cas ~zajc`mhs d` z`cholÿg d` ochs` lgt`zgas | `rt`zgas6

@g z`hcldhd# s` ~p`d` –`c`yhz ch hotlyldhd d` ch mhsh ajz`zh” öglohm`gt` h oagdlolÿg d` xp`ga gas olzopgsozljhmas h ch –hkltholÿg ~acítloh sajz` `c t`zz`ga òagÿmloa”' \ pgh d` chsoagdlolag`s `s`golhc`s ~hzh `sh `rt`gslÿg lgdls~`gshjc` d` ch hkltholÿg ~acítloh `s azkhglvhz d`gpgolhs ~acítlohs xp` hjhzxp`g tadas cas t`zz`gas' Ch oagol`golh ~acítloh | ch hotlyldhd z`yacpolaghzlh d` chs mhshs ga ~p`d`g ̀ dpohzs` slga h jhs` d` ̀ sths d`gpgolhs'

\ mès hd`chgt`6

Ch oagol`golh d` ch ochs` ajz`zh ga ~p`d` s`z pgh y`zdhd`zh oagol`golh ~acítloh# sl cas ajz`zasga `stèg hoastpmjzhdas h bho`zs` òa d` tadas cas ohsas d` hzjltzhzl`dhd | a~z`slÿg# d`

ylac`golhs | hjpsas d` tadh `s~òl`# ophc`sxpl`zh xp` s`hg chs ochs`s hiòthdhs' ' ' Choagol`golh d` chs mhshs ajz`zhs ga ~p`d` s`z pgh y`zdhd`zh oagol`golh d` ochs`# sl cas ajz`zasga h~z`gd`g# h jhs` d` bòbas oagoz`tas |# hd`mès# d` hotphcldhd# h ajs`zyhz h ohdh pgh d`chs atzhs ochs`s saolhc`s# `g tadhs chs mhgli`stholag`s d` ch yldh lgt`còtphc# mazhc | ~acítloh d``shs ochs`s5 sl ga h~z`gd`g h h~clohz `g ch ~zèotloh `c hgèclsls mht`zlhclsth | ch h~zòlholÿgmht`zlhclsth d` tadas cas hs~òtas d` ch hotlyldhd | d` ch yldh d` tadhs chs ochs`s# oh~hs |kzp~as d` ch ~ajcholÿg' Xpl`g azl`gt` ch ht`golÿg# ch oh~holdhd d` ajs`zyholÿg | ch oagol`golhd` ch ochs` ajz`zh `rocpslyhm`gt`# a hpgxp` sÿca s`h oag ~zì`z`golh# bholh `cch mlsmh# ga `s

pg saolhcd`mÿozhth# ~p`s `c oagaolml`gta d` sí mlsmh# ~az ~hzt` d` ch ochs` ajz`zh# `stèlgs`~hzhjc`m`gt` clkhda h ch oam~c`th gltld`v ga sÿca d` cas oago`~tas t`ÿzloas… a m`faz dloba6 ga thgta d` cas oago`~tas t`ÿzloas# oama d` chs ld`hs `chjazhdhs sajz` ch jhs` d` ch`r~`zl`golh d` ch yldh ~acítloh# ho`zoh d` chs z`cholag`s `gtz` tadhs chs ochs`s d` ch saol`dhd hotphc' :?

\ ~az ch mlsmh zhvÿg C`glg `gihtlvÿ thg ylkazashm`gt` ch gò`sldhd hjsacpth ~hzh `c~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla d` bho`z sp|hs tadhs chs d`mhgdhs ~zakz`slsths | cas maylml`gtas d`tadhs chs oh~hs saolhc`s | ochs`s a~zlmldhs —hpg chs –~pzhm`gt` d`maozètlohs”' @c ~chg`stzhtìkloa o`gtzhc ~za~p`sta ~az C`glg `g `c ±Xpì bho`z1 :4 `s# ~p`s# `c d` ch hkltholÿg ~hztldhzlhxp` pg` h tadhs chs ~zat`sths# z`yp`cths | maylml`gtas d` z`slst`golh `c`m`gthc`s# `s~agtègàs#dls~`zsas | hpg cas –slm~c`m`gt` caohc`s”' @c ìgihsls `g ch o`gtzhclvholÿg ochzhm`gt` s` hsl`gth

`g ch `si`zh ~acítloh | ga `g ch iazmhc p azkhglvhtlyh' @c ~za~ÿslta d` ch o`gtzhclvholÿgazkhglvhtlyh iazmhc `s sÿca ~hzh bho`z ~asljc` ch z`hclvholÿg d` `st` ~chg `stzhtìkloa'




88

Hpgxp` ga zòagao` `sth `s`golh d`c –o`gtzhclsma c`glglsth”# Cpr`mjpzka s` yàjclkhdh `g `c d`jht` h oagtzh~ag`zch lgdlzòthm`gt` h atzh oago`~olÿg d` ch iazmholÿg d` choagol`golh ~acítloh d` ochs` | ch ~z`~hzholÿg d` chs sltpholag`s z`yacpolaghzlhs' Hc bho`z `sta`gihtlvh mès hkpdhm`gt` ophg dìlgltlyhm`gt` `xplyaohdh `sthjh `g `sth ~acìmloh' @coago`~ta d` Cpr`mjpzka d` xp` –`c `fìzolta ~zac`thzla `s zòcpthda | cc`kh h `sthz oagsol`gt`

d` sps ajf`tlyas `g `c tzhgsopzsa d` ch cpobh mlsmh”:0

bh slda zìpthda dìlgltlyhm`gt` ~az chblstazlh' Hpg `g ch cpobhs ajz`zhs mès hm~clhs# chzkhs | ylkazashs# chs mhshs tzhjhfhdazhs ga bhg

hdxplzlda pgh oam~z`gslÿg ochzh d` chs thz`hs d` ch cpobh# a ca bhg bòba sÿca `g pg kzhdalgspilol`gt`' "Jhsth zòazdhz chs bp`ckhs k`g`zhc`s `g Izhgolh dpzhgt` 8<?9 | 8<92# chs cpobhsd` cas ajz`zas hc`mhg`s d` 8<82 h 8<:?# chs kzhgd`s cpobhs d` cas ajz`zas lthclhgas `g 8<:>#8<42 | 8<9<# hsí oama chs ~azt`gtashs cpobhs d` ochs`s `g @s~høh d` 8<?8 h 8<?;# ~hzhm`golaghz sÿca ̀ stas ophtza ~hís`s ̀ pza~às',

Ch `r~`zl`golh `g ch cpobh ga `s d` glgkpgh mhg`zh spilol`gt` ~hzh ajt`g`z pghochzldhd `g chs thz`hs d` pg hm~cla maylml`gta d` mhshs ~z`zz`yacpolaghzla# a hpgz`yacpolaghzla# xp` s` ~z`s`gt`' âz sp~p`sta xp` ga sÿca `sths thz`hs `stèg ylgopchdhs oag cas

matlyas lgm`dlhtas xp` bho`g `sthcchz ch cpobh# slga xp` thc`s matlyas ~p`d`g s`z oh~thdasöglohm`gt` ~az m`dla d` pg hgèclsls oam~z`gslya d`c d`shzzacca saolhc `g sp oagfpgta# d` ch~aslolÿg blstÿzloh hdxplzldh ~az `c mada d` ~zadpoolÿg oh~lthclsth | sps oagtzhdloolag`slgt`zghs# | d` ch z`cholÿg d` ip`zvhs gholaghc ` lgt`zgholaghc `gtz` chs ochs`s' _lg pgh~z`~hzholÿg ~zaclfh | oagslst`gt`# slg ch `dpoholÿg d` ol`gtas | mlc`s d` tzhjhfhdaz`s hyhgvhdasjhfa `c `s~ízltp d` pg ~zakzhmh z`yacpolaghzla# | slg ch `r~`zl`golh ~zèotloh hopmpchdh dpzhgt`høas ~az `stas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas hc lgt`gthz bho`z cc`khz `st` ~zakzhmh h chs kzhgd`s mhshs#s`zíh hjsacpthm`gt` lcpsazla hspmlz xp` söjlthm`gt`# d` ch gaob` h ch mhøhgh# oag ch m`zhh|pdh d` chs hoolag`s d` chs mhshs# ~pdl`zh oz`hzs` pgh oagol`golh lkphc h ch xp` `rlk` chsltpholÿg blstÿzloh `gtz` chs mhshs'

Z`hcm`gt`# ~ad`mas lgy`ztlz ch ~za~aslolÿg d` Cpr`mjpzka | hilzmhz xp` `c `fìzolta~zac`thzla gpgoh cc`khzè h sps ajf`tlyas blstÿzloas sl ch yhgkphzdlh ajz`zh ga bh cc`yhda h ohja#hgt`s d`c `sthcclda d` chs cpobhs mès hm~clhs# ch `dpoholÿg gò`shzlh# ch `gs`øhgvh | ~zp`jh `g `cd`shzzacca | h~cloholÿg d`c ~zakzhmh z`yacpolaghzla ~hzh ch cpobh# ihotaz`s xp` ~az sí mlsmasoz`hg sÿca ch ~asljlcldhd d` xp` chs kzhgd`s mhshs hdxpl`zhg pgh oagol`golh z`yacpolaghzlh' @sh`s ch tzèkloh còolÿg d` ch z`yacpolÿg hc`mhgh d`s~pìs d` ch ~zlm`zh Kp`zzh Mpgdlhc#z`yacpolÿg xp` ip` h~chsthdh ~zòlshm`gt` ~az ch ihcth d` `sh yhgkphzdlh hdl`stzhdh'

@c ajf`tlya d`c ~chg `stzhtìkloa d` C`glg `s ch oz`holÿg d` pgh yhgkphzdlh `gtz`ghdh htzhyìs d` pgh ylgopcholÿg azkègloh d`c göocà d` z`yacpolaghzlas lgdlyldphc`s oag ch

yhgkphzdlh d`c ~zac`thzlhda' Thc ipslÿg `s lm~asljc` slg pgh hotlyldhd ~acítloh lgt`kzhc xp` cc`yh hcas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas mès hccè d` cas oagilg`s d` pg bazlvagt` clmlthda hc slgdlohta | h ch

ièjzloh' Cas dhtas `m~ízloas dls~agljc`s `g ch hotphcldhd oagilzmhg xp` `c ~hztlda d` C`glg#hgt`s | dpzhgt` ch z`yacpolÿg d` 8<>0 | d`s~pìs d` xp` `c maylml`gta d` mhshs `m~`vÿ hhso`gd`z d` gp`ya `g 8<8:# ip` d` bòba `s` ~hztlda':9

^hzh `gt`gd`z ~zaipgdhm`gt` ch ghtpzhc`vh z`yacpolaghzlh d`c ~chg `stzhtìkloa d`C`glg# ìst` d`j` s`z `giaohda tadhyíh d`sd` atza ~pgta d` ylsth' Ophcxpl`z oago`~ta jhshda`g ch ~zajhjlcldhd# sl ga `s xp` `g ch lg`ylthjlcldhd# d` pgh z`yacpolÿg xp` aopzzh `g pg iptpzaga mp| dlsthgt`# d`j` lg`ylthjc`m`gt` s`z oagizagthda oag `c ~zajc`mh d`c obaxp` dlzòtaoag `c ~ad`z d`c @sthda# a s`h# `c ~zajc`mh d` ch oagxplsth d`c ~ad`z ~acítloa5 ga ajsthgt`# thg~zagta oama `sth dlilopcthd `gtzh `g `c oago`~ta# `c z`spcthda `s pg hzkpm`gta mès h ihyaz d`ch o`gtzhclvholÿg' C`glg | Cpr`mjpzka `sthjhg d` hop`zda xp` `c oh~lthclsma | `c @sthda

jpzkpìs `f`zo`g pgh ~ad`zash lgicp`golh o`gtzhclvhdazh `g ch saol`dhd mad`zgh#:; | xp` h sp y`v `s hjsacpthm`gt` lcpsazla ~`gshz xp` `st` ~ad`z `sththc o`gtzhclvhda ~p`d` s`z




8:

kzhdphcm`gt` d`smhgt`chda# oama pgh ~hz`d ~pdl`zh s`z d`sjhzhthdh chdzlcca ~az chdzlcca'

@g öctlma hgèclsls# ch `s`golh ldàcÿkloh d`c zìazmlsma | d`c z`ylslaglsma zìpthdasoag lkphc h~hslaghml`gta ~az Cpr`mjpzka | C`glg:2 hzzhlkhjh `g ch lcpslÿg d` xp` `sta `zh~asljc`' _lg `mjhzka# pgh y`v xp` `c ~zajc`mh d` ch oagxplsth d`c ~ad`z d`c @sthda |h ga `s

oagsld`zhda c`fhga# slga zòagaolda oama pg ajf`tlya ~hzh pg iptpza o`zohga a ga mp| dlsthgt`# cas z`yacpolaghzlas lgm`dlhthm`gt` s` oagizagthg oag `c ~zajc`mh d` cas m`dlas~hzh hcohgvhz ch oagxplsth z`yacpolaghzlh d`c ~ad`z' Hxpí Cpr`mjpzka atzh y`v mhclgt`z~z`tÿ`c slkglilohda d` ch ptlclvholÿg ~pzhm`gt` ~acìmloh xp` C`glg dhjh h ch gaolÿg d` –cas fhoajlgaslgs`~hzhjc`m`gt` ylgopchdas h ch azkhglvholÿg d`c ~zac`thzlhda oagsol`gt`”' Ca xp` C`glgxplsa dòlz oag `sth izhs` ga s` z`cholaghjh oag pg kzp~a d` oags~lzhdaz`s jchgxplsths slga oag pg kzp~a azl`gthda# oama cas fhoajlgas# bholh pg lgt`gta dòldlda d` cc`yhz h ohja chs thz`hs z`yacpolaghzlhs# pgkzp~a xp` ga s` ~`zmlt` s`z dlstzhída d` sp oago`gtzholÿg `g `sths thz`hs ~az `c lg`ylthjc` icpfa| zìcpfa d`c maylml`gta d` mhshs'

_lg `mjhzka# ~hzh bho`zc` fpstlolh h Cpr`mjpzka d`j` thmjlìg m`golaghzs` xp`# `g~zlm`z cpkhz# `cch tamÿ `g z`hcldhd — tpya xp` tamhz— `st` ~zajc`mh d`sd` pg ~pgta d` ylsthblstÿzloa dli`z`gt` ~p`sta xp`# ~az `c høa d` 8<>4# |h `sthjh mès lgicpldh ~az ch z`hcldhdhc`mhgh xp` ~az ch z`hcldhd ~achoh a zpsh5 | `g s`kpgda cpkhz# xp` `rtzhfa oam~c`thm`gt` chsoagocpslag`s gò`shzlhs `g pg s`gtlda c`glglsth thg ~zagta oama ip` `yld`gt` xp` thmjlìg `g

Hc`mhglh ch ~zarlmldhd d` pgh z`yacpolÿg `zh pgh ~asljlcldhd lgm`dlhth':<

H sp y`v# `c fay`g Tzatse| oam`tlÿ pg s`zla `zzaz `g sp ~acìmloh `g oagtzh d` C`glgophgda c` z`~zaobhjh sp –spstltpolaglsma”# a s`h# `c z``m~chvhz ch lglolhtlyh d` ch ochsàjz`zh'?> _l s`~hzhmas `c màcca d` `st` z`~zaob` d` sp oèsohzh ~acìmloh# `goagtzhmas hxpípgh oago`~olÿg ld`hclsth# lghdòphdh# d` ch `yacpolÿg d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs` d`c~zac`thzlhda6 –@c mhzrlsma gas `gs`øh xp` cas lgt`z`s`s d`c ~zac`thzlhda `stèg d`t`zmlghdas~az sps oagdlolag`s ajf`tlyhs d` yldh' @stas lgt`z`s`s sag thg ip`zt`s | thg lg`ylthjc`s xp`

`y`gtphcm`gt` U(] ajclkhg hc ~zac`thzlhda h `giaohzcas h tzhyìs d` sp oagol`golh# a s`h# cc`yhz hohja ch z`hclvholÿg d` sps lgt`z`s`s ajf`tlyas h tzhyìs d` sps lgt`z`s`s spjf`tlyas'”?8 Ba| `s ièolcajs`zyhz xp` pg a~tlmlsma ihthcístlohm`gt` lgk`gpa `sthjh `soagdlda `g `st` hgèclslslghdòphda' Cas lgt`z`s`s lgm`dlhtas sag ~p`stas hxpí h ch hctpzh d` cas lgt`z`s`s blstÿzloas# as`h# fpgta h ch ochzliloholÿg d` cas ~zajc`mhs mès oam~c`fas d` ch tèotloh | d` ch `stzht`klh' Ch`s~`zhgvh d` xp` `c ~zac`thzlhda –`y`gtphcm`gt`” zòagao`zè sps lgt`z`s`s blstÿzloas gas~hzò` hcka sp~`zilolhc# ophgda ca oam~hzhmas oag chs ohtèstzai`s blstÿzlohs spzkldhs ~azxp`#`g hps`golh d` pgh dlzòolÿg z`yacpolaghzlh hdòphdh# `c ~zac`thzlhda ga `zh oh~hv d` cc`yhz hohja chs thz`hs z`yacpolaghzlhs mès ipgdhm`gthc`s'

@c mlsma a~tlmlsma lgk`gpa `s mhgli`sthda hög mès saz~z`gd`gt`m`gt` `g `c

slkpl`gt` ~hshf` d` ch mlsmh ~acìmloh6 @c saolhcd`mÿozhth z`yacpolaghzla `stè oagy`golda# ga sÿca d`c ozòlml`gta lg`ylthjc` U(] d`c

~hztlda ~acítloa d`c ~zac`thzlhda# slga thmjlìg d` ch ylotazlh lg`ylthjc` U(] d` chs ld`hs d`csaolhclsma z`yacpolaghzla d`gtza d` `st` ~hztlda' Ch ~zlm`zh ~zp`jh d`sohgsh `g `c bòba d`xp` `c d`shzzacca d` ch saol`dhd jpzkp`sh `s~agtèg`hm`gt` cc`yh hc ~zac`thzlhda h d`mhzohzs` ~acítlohm`gt` h sí mlsma5 ch s`kpgdh# `g `c bòba d` xp` chs t`gd`golhs ajf`tlyhs | cas ~zajc`mhs tèotloas d` `sh d`mhzoholÿg `gop`gtzhg sp m`faz | mès ~zaipgdh `r~z`slÿg `g `csaolhclsma z`yacpolaghzla# a s`h# ̀ c mhzrlsma' ?:

@sth olth ochzliloh xp` ca xp` `c fay`g Tzatse| h~a|hjh `g sp ~acìmloh `g oagtzh d`C`glg `zh ch –yl`fh | ~zajhdh tèotloh” | ch lgk`gph –oz``golh `g ch lg`ylthjlcldhd d`c ~zakz`sa” h ch J`j`c | Ehptse| xp` ~z`yhcòl`zag `g ch saolhcd`maozholh lgt`zgholaghc d`sd` ch mp`zt` d`Mhzr bhsth ch ~zlm`zh Kp`zzh Mpgdlhc' @c oago`~ta c`glglsth d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs` `zhlgoam~hzhjc`m`gt` mès zloa# s` jhshjh `g mh|az kzhda `g chs oagtzhdloolag`s | z`spcthjh mès




8?

dlhcìotloa ~zòlshm`gt` ~azxp` `sthjh jhshda `g pgh ~zaipgdh h~zòlholÿg d` ch hotphcldhd d`ch z`yacpolÿg "ga `g `c s`gtlda d` xp` –~az iíg cc`khzíh hckög díh” slga `g `c d` xp`s`kpzhm`gt` `g cas høas y`gld`zas `sthcchzíh pg maylml`gta z`yacpolaghzla,'

^hzh `gkcajhz `c d`shzzacca blstÿzloa d`j`mas hkz`khz xp` d`s~pìs d`c spzklml`gta d`

ch Z`yacpolÿg Zpsh `g 8<8;# Tzatse| hda~tÿ tathcm`gt` `c hgèclsls c`glglsth d` ch iazmholÿg d`ch oagol`golh d` ochs` ~zac`thzlh | ~az oagslkpl`gt` ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg# | bhsthsp mp`zt` chs dì`gdlÿ t`zohm`gt` `g oagtzh d` cas `soì~tloas | hzobl~`slmlsths "xp` oz`íhgd`tòthz `g ìsths `c –`mjzlÿg” d`c sthclglsma,' \ hsí `sozljlÿ `g sp öctlma mhgpsozlta# xp`xp`dÿ lgoam~c`ta6

Pg oacashc ihotaz `g ch mhdpz`v d`c ~zac`thzlhda zpsa `g i`jz`za a mhzva d` 8<8; ip` C`glg'

Ga oh|ÿ d` cas ol`cas' Hc oam`gvhz ch z`yacpolÿg# sÿca C`glg mhgt`gíh pgh oago`~olÿgz`yacpolaghzlh# ochzh | ~zaipgdh' Cas ophdzas zpsas d`c ~hztlda `sthjhg dls~`zsas | oag pgoagsld`zhjc` kzhda d` oagipslÿg' ^`za `c ~hztlda kavhjh d` hptazldhd `gtz` cas ajz`zas d`yhgkphzdlh' C`glg kavhjh d` kzhg hptazldhd `gtz` cas ophdzas d`c ~hztlda'

Ch oago`~olÿg ~acítloh d` C`glg oazz`s~agdíh hc d`shzzacca z`hc d` ch z`yacpolÿg# | `zh

zìazvhdh ~az ohdh gp`ya hoagtòlml`gta' @stas `c`m`gtas d`c –hotlya” ajzhg mhzhylcchs `gpgh sltpholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh# `s dòlz# `g olzopgsthgolhs d` hkpdlvholÿg d` ch cpobh d` ochs`s' @c~hztlda hclg`ÿ sp ~acítloh d` hop`zda h ch oago`~olÿg d` C`glg# xp` `sthjh `g hzmagíh oag `c

y`zdhd`za opzsa d` ch z`yacpolÿg' Kzholhs h `cca `goagtzÿ ilzm` h~a|a `g dò`ghs d` mlc`s dàjz`zas d` yhgkphzdlh' @g ~aoas m`s`s# jhsègdas` `g `c d`shzzacca d` ch z`yacpolÿg# `c ~hztldaip` oh~hv d` oagy`go`z h ch mh|azíh d` cas ajz`zas d` ch fpst`vh d` sps ~chgt`hml`gtas~acítloas' @sh mh|azíh# azkhglvhdh `g _ayl`ts# ip` ch c`yhdpzh z`yacpolaghzlh d` ch ochs` ajz`zh'^hzh xp` cas ~astpchdas d` C`glg ~pdl`zhg hjzlzs` ohmlga `g chs mhshs# t`gíhg xp` `rlstlzophdzas# hpgxp` hc ~zlgol~la ip`zhg gpmìzlohm`gt` clmlthdas5 t`gíh xp` `rlstlz ch oagilhgvh d`cas ophdzas `g sp dlzòolÿg# pgh oagilhgvh jhshdh `g tadh ch `r~`zl`golh ~hshdh' @rocplz `stas`c`m`gtas d` cas ~za~las oècopcas# `s slm~c`m`gt` lkgazhz ch z`yacpolÿg ylyh' Hsí oamaspstltplzcas ~az pgh hjstzhoolÿg —ch –z`cholÿg d` ip`zvhs”'

âzxp` `c d`shzzacca d` ch z`yacpolÿg oagslst` ~zòlshm`gt` `g xp` chs z`cholag`s dìp`zvhs `r~`zlm`gthg zè~ldas ` lgo`shgt`s ohmjlas jhfa `c obaxp` d` chs tzhgsiazmholag`s `gch oagol`golh d`c ~zac`thzlhda xp` ~zadpo` ch htzhoolÿg d` chs oh~hs htzhshdhs bholh chshyhgvhdhs | ch ozòl`gt` oagilhgvh d` ch ochs` `g sp ~za~lh ip`zvh' @c z`sazt` ylthc d` `st`~zao`sa `s `c ~hztlda# hsí oama `c z`sazt` ylthc d`c ~hztlda `s sp dlzòolÿg' @c zac | chz`s~agshjlcldhd d` ch dlzòolÿg `g pgh ì~aoh z`yacpolaghzlh sag `gazm`s' Ch cc`khdh d` C`glgh ^`tzakzhda `c 8? d` hjzlc d` 8<8; blva ylzhz h tl`m~a hc ~hztlda jacob`ylxp` | ca oh~holtÿ~hzh cc`yhz ch z`yacpolÿg h ch ylotazlh | gp`stzas shjlas ~adzíhg dòlz xp` sl C`glg bpjl`zhmp`zta `g `c `rtzhgf`za h ~zlgol~las d` 8<8;# ch –Z`yacpolÿg d` Aotpjz` bhjzíh t`glda cpkhz

`rhothm`gt` ca mlsma”' ^`za ga `s hsí' C`glg z`~z`s`gthjh pga d` cas `c`m`gtas ylyas d`c ~zao`sa blstÿzloa'^`zsaglilohjh ch `r~`zl`golh | ch ~`zs~loholh d`c sòtaz mès hotlya d`c ~zac`thzlhda' _p a~aztpgh h~hzlolÿg`g ch hz`gh d` ch z`yacpolÿg ip` gò`shzlh ~hzh maylclvhz h ch yhgkphzdlh | dhzc` a~aztpgldhd d`pglz h ch ochs` ajz`zh | chs mhshs ohm~`slghs' Ch dlzòolÿg ~acítloh `g cas mam`gtas ozpolhc`sd` ylzhf`s blstÿzloas# ~p`d` cc`khz h s`z pg ihotaz thg dòlslya oama `c ~h~`c d`c oamhgdasp~z`ma dpzhgt` cas mam`gtas ozítloas d` pgh kp`zzh' Ch blstazlh ga `s pg ~zao`sa hptamètloa' _l caip`zh# ±~az xpì cas ~zakzhmhs# ~az xpì cas dlzlk`gt`s# ~az xpì cas ~hztldas# ~az xpì chs cpobhst`ÿzlohs1??




84

Ch yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh | chs hoolag`s

`s~agtèg`hs d` mhshs

` bhzíhmas pgh kzhg lgfpstlolh h C`glg sl ohzhot`zlvès`mas ch ajzh d` tadh sp yldhoama pgh –spj`stlmholÿg” slst`mètloh d` ch lm~azthgolh d` chs hoolag`s

`s~agtèg`hs d` mhshs oagtzh~p`sth h ch –h~zòlholÿg” d` Cpr`mjpzka a Tzatse|' H~hzt` d`cas ~hshf`s ~acìmloas# xp` ~ad`mas oam~z`gd`z öglohm`gt` d`gtza d` sp oagt`rta# C`glghoakíh oag hkzhda ch `zp~olÿg `s~agtèg`h d` mhgli`stholag`s | bp`ckhs d` mhshs thg`gtpslhsthm`gt` | ohsl thg `r~cíolthm`gt` oama Zash Cpr`mjpzka | Tzatse|'?4 _ÿca chjpzaozholh sthclglsth ihcsliloÿ `c c`glglsma oag sp d`soagilhgvh ozòl`gt` bholh cas maylml`gtas`s~agtègàs xp` d`s~pìs d` tada `s pgh ohzhot`zístloh d` tadh jpzaozholh'

Cpr`mjpzka `sthjh tathcm`gt` `g ca ol`zta ophgda `r~z`sÿ xp` `c `sthcclda d` pghz`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh ga ~p`d` s`z hpkpzhda ~az m`dla d`c ohc`gdhzla# | gpgoh `goagtzhmas`g C`glg hcka xp` ca oagtzhdlkh' C`glg# oama Cpr`mjpzka# `sthjh oagy`golda d` xp` `sths`r~caslag`s `c`m`gthc`s d` mhshs# slg chs ophc`s ga ~ad`mas oago`jlz pgh z`yacpolÿg# ga~p`d`g s`z –azkhglvhdhs” d` hop`zda h z`kchs# gl –dlzlkldhs” ~az shzk`gtas dlsol~clghdas'C`glg# oama Cpr`mjpzka# `sthjh oagy`golda d`c ~ad`zasa hzs`ghc d` `g`zkíh oz`hdazh#zòpzsas ` lglolhtlyh xp` cas y`zdhd`zas maylml`gtas hm~clas d` mhshs d`s~cl`khg | sl`m~z`d`s~c`khzèg'

Ch dli`z`golh `gtz` ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` azkhglvholÿg | ch cchmhdh tàzíh `s~agthg`ísth —xp` ~p`d` s`z htzljpldh h Cpr`mjpzka oag shcy`dhd`s lm~azthgt`s— ch `goagtzhmas#`gtago`s# ga `g pgh spj`stlmholÿg d` ch lglolhtlyh d` chs mhshs slga `g ch oam~z`gslÿg d` sps clmltholag`s'Ch lglolhtlyh d` chs mhshs `s oh~hv d` hcohgvhz mpobas ìrltas ~azt`gtasas' _lg `mjhzka# ~az`cch mlsmh ga `s oh~hv d` tzhvhz# h tzhyìs d` ch cpobh# pg ~zakzhmh oam~c`ta | oam~z`gslya~hzh ch z`yacpolÿg saolhclsth xp` hjhzxp` tadas cas ~zajc`mhs saolhc`s "|h ga dlkhmas ch

zòagstzpoolÿg saolhclsth,5 gl `s oh~hv# ~az `cch mlsmh# d` cc`yhz h ohja pgh o`gtzhclvholÿgspilol`gt` d` chs ip`zvhs ~hzh bho`z ~asljc` ch ohídh d` pg @sthda o`gtzhclvhda# oag sp h~hzhtaz`~z`slya xp` `stè h~a|hda `g ch ptlclvholÿg tathc d` chs y`gthfhs d` sps –cíg`hs lgt`zghs” dòampgloholÿg' @g atzhs ~hchjzhs# chs clmltholag`s d` ch `s~agthg`ldhd d` chs mhshs oaml`gvhgoag ch oam~z`gslÿg d` xp` pgh z`yacpolÿg saolhclsth ga ~p`d` s`z lm~zaylshdh' Ch `s~agthg`ldhd–~pzh” d` chs mhshs sl`m~z` tl`gd` bholh ch lm~zaylsholÿg'

Ca xp` `s mès# ch `s~agthg`ldhd –~pzh” `rlst` sÿca `g cas cljzas d` op`gtas d` bhdhsho`zoh d`c maylml`gta ajz`za# mhs ga `g sp y`zdhd`zh blstazlh' Ca xp` s` `gtl`gd` ~az–`s~agthg`ldhd d` chs mhshs” sag cas maylml`gtas xp` ga bhg slda ~z`ylhm`gt` ~chg`hdas `gd`thcc` ~az hckpgh dlzòolÿg o`gtzhc' Ca xp` ga d`j`mas `gt`gd`z ~az –`s~agthg`ldhd d` chs

mhshs” sag cas maylml`gtas xp` s` cc`yhg h ohja slg pgh –lgicp`golh ~acítloh `rt`zgh”' _ÿca `sgò`shzla zhsohz ch oastzh d` pg –maylml`gta `s~agtègà” | `goagtzhz`mas cas zhskaslgoagipgdljc`s d` pg blca zafa ylya xp` ca ozpvh' Hxpí pg ml`mjza d` pg kzp~a d`–yhgkphzdlh” xp` ~zayaoÿ pgh bp`ckh –`s~agtèg`h”5 hccè pg `r ml`mjza d` atzh ilclholÿg–d`sylholaglsth” d` lvxpl`zdh# xp` bh d`fhda h `st` kzp~a# ~`za xp` bh zòljlda ch spilol`gt`~z`~hzholÿg ~hzh s`z oh~hv# `g pgh sltpholÿg `r~caslyh# d` z`hoolaghz oag kzhg o`c`zldhdml`gtzhs ch mhsh hgÿglmh hög `stè lgdòlsh'

@g hckpgas ohsas# ~ad`mas `goagtzhz xp` ch hoolÿg –`s~agtèg`h” `s ch izpotliloholÿgd` mpobas høas d` hotlyldhd –ochgd`stlgh” z`hclvhdh ~az pg kzp~a d` a~aslolÿg slgdlohc# a ~azpg kzp~a d` ajz`zas d` jhs`5 `g atzas ohsas bh slda `c z`spcthda d` oagthotas xp`# ~az pg

~`zlada mès a m`gas chzka d` tl`m~a# bhg tzhjhfhda ~hol`gt`m`gt` —| h~hz`gt`m`gt` slgìrlta hckpga— oag oac`khs d` atzh olpdhd "a d` pgh ièjzloh yòlgh, `g dagd` cas

C




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–lvxpl`zdlsths” sag mès ip`zt`s' @g ch cpobh d` ochs`s thm~aoa `goagtzhmas xp` `c ~hya# |hoaolghda# bh|h ohída d`c ol`ca –`s~agtèg`hm`gt`”'

@gtago`s# ca xp` dli`z`golh chs hoolag`s –`s~agtèg`hs” d` hxp`cchs `g chs xp`–lgt`zylga ch yhgkphzdlh” ga `s xp` `g ch ~zlm`zh tadas t`gkhg pg gly`c d` oagol`golh lkphc

hdxplzlda `g ch cpobh | xp` `g ch s`kpgdh `goagtz`mas h ch –yhgkphzdlh” dli`z`golhdh d` –chsmhshs”' Ca xp` dlstlgkp` h `sths das iazmhs d` hoolÿg ga `s thm~aoa xp`# `g chs hoolag`s`s~agtèg`hs# chs sacpolag`s bh|hg slda y`ztldhs bholh `c ~zac`thzlhda d`sd` –`c `rt`zlaz”#ml`gtzhs xp` ch yhgkphzdlh azkhglvhdh s` ylgopch oag chs d`mhgdhs `c`m`gthc`s d` chs mhshsd` mhg`zh –`cltlsth”# –lm~aglìgdac`” pg ~zakzhmh' Ga s` bhg ~zadpolda hoolag`s–`s~agtèg`hs” slg ch `rlst`golh d` hckög tl~a d` lgicp`golh y`ztldh ~az `c`m`gtas d`

yhgkphzdlh' Ch dli`z`golh `gtz` chs hoolag`s –`s~agtèg`hs” d` hxp`cchs `g chs ophc`s –lgt`zyl`g`ch yhgkphzdlh” `s# `s`golhcm`gt`# xp` `g chs hoolag`s –`s~agtèg`hs” ch lgt`zy`golÿg d` ch yhgkphzdlh `s d` ígdac` lm~zaylshdh# d`sazkhglvhdh# lgt`zmlt`gt` | slg ~chg`holÿg hckpgh "hoold`gthcm`gt`hohòldh `g `sth a hxp`cch ièjzloh# olpdhd a dlstzlta,# ml`gtzhs xp` ch `rlst`golh d` chazkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh bho` ~asljc` ch oaazdlgholÿg# ch ~chg`holÿg# ch slgozaglvholÿg

oagsol`gt` | `c ~`ziòolaghml`gta oagtlgpa d` `sth lgt`zy`golÿg d` cas `c`m`gtas d` yhgkphzdlh `g ch cpobh d` mhshs –`s~agtèg`h”' Ohsl tadas cas z`xplsltas d`c–sp~`zo`gtzhclsma” c`glglsth `stèg jhshdas `rocpslyhm`gt` `g `sta'

_ÿca pg ihthclsth lgoazz`kljc` "a s`h# pg d`t`zmlglsth mòègloa, ~p`d` `sthz oagy`goldad` xp` tadhs chs `r~caslag`s d` mhshs t`gíhg xp` spo`d`z `g pg díh dhda ~azxp` `sthcchzag `g`s` mlsma díh# | xp`# h sp y`v# `g tadas cas ohsas `g xp` chs `r~caslag`s d` mhshs gaaopzzl`zag# ip` d`jlda h xp` ga `zhg ~asljc`s' Thc hotltpd ihthclsth "oamög `g ch `sop`ch dÈhptse| | Jhp`z, `s `g z`hcldhd pgh ohzlohtpzh d` ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg' D`tadas madas# `s ohzhot`zístloa d` pg kzhg göm`za d` a~ag`gt`s d`c c`glglsma# xpl`g`s hca~ag`zs` h C`glg tl`g`g mpoba xp` dòlz ho`zoh d` ch –`s~agthg`ldhd d` chs mhshs”# hc mlsmatl`m~a xp` oh`g d`gtza d` `st` d`t`zmlglsma mòhglolsth | ypckhz slg dhzs` op`gth d`c kzhda`g xp` oagtzhdlo`g sp –kzhg h~zòla” bholh ch –`s~agthg`ldhd d` chs mhshs”'

_l# ~az atzh ~hzt`# ~zao`d`mas d` ch lg`ylthjlcldhd d` chs `r~caslag`s mhslyhs`s~azèdlohs "xp` aopzz`g ophgda chs oagtzhdloolag`s saolaòagÿmlohs bhg mhdpzhda h pgkzhda thc xp` `c mada d` ~zadpoolÿg oh~lthclsth# d` bòba# tl`g` xp` ~zadpolz ~`zlÿdlohm`gt``sths ozlsls ~z`zz`yacpolaghzlhs,# `gtago`s d`j`mas `gt`gd`z xp` `s lm~asljc` d`t`zmlghz `cmam`gta `rhota `g xp` yh|h h spo`d`z# d`jlda h xp` mlc`s d` ~`xp`øas lgold`gt`s# oagiclotas~hzolhc`s | spo`sas hoold`gthc`s ~adzíhg cc`khz h fpkhz pg ~h~`c lm~azthgt` `g d`t`zmlghzca'âz `sth zhvÿg pgh yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh xp`# `g mam`gtas dòlslyas `s oh~hv dòago`gtzhz sps ip`zvhs `g `c –`schjÿg mès dìjlc”# `s lgoam~hzhjc`m`gt` mès ìòtlyh xp` chhotpholÿg dls~`zsh d` pg kzhg göm`za d` ajz`zas hyhgvhdas xp` ohzò`g d` `sth ihopcthd d`

oago`gtzhz sps ip`zvhs'?0

Chs das cpobhs ajz`zhs mès kzhgdlashs xp` s` bh|hg cc`yhda h ohja `g aoold`gt` —`cmh|a izhgoìs d` 8<92 | `c ataøa lthclhga d` 8<9<— oagilzmhzag tathcm`gt` `stas ~pgtas d`

ylsth' Hmjhs oam`gvhzag oag cpobhs –`s~agtèg`hs” xp` ga ip`zag ~z`~hzhdhs gl ~az casslgdlohtas# gl ~az cas kzhgd`s ~hztldas saolhcd`mÿozhths a –oampglsths”' @g hmjas ohsasajz`zas zhdlohc`s | `stpdlhgt`s lgdlyldphc`s a göocàs z`yacpolaghzlas fpkhzag pg ~h~`cdòlslya ~zòl~lthgda hoè | hccè pgh ~zlm`zh `r~caslÿg | ~za~azolaghgda h chs mhshstzhjhfhdazhs ch a~aztpgldhd d` h~z`gd`z d` pgh –`r~`zl`golh `f`m~chz”' @g hmjas ohsasmlccag`s | mlccag`s s` chgvhzag h ch cpobh —cc`khzag h s`z dl`v mlccag`s d` hshchzlhdas `gIzhgolh# | xplgo` mlccag`s `g Lthclh' @sta `s mès d` ca xp` gpgoh s` bhjíh ylsta —hpg dpzhgt`

chs kzhgdlashs cpobhs d` ochs` d`s~pìs d` ch ~zlm`zh Kp`zzh Mpgdlhc'




89

@g hmjas ohsas ch t`gd`golh `s~agtèg`h d`mastzhdh ~az cas ajz`zas tzhso`gdlÿ hc–òagamlsma” d` pgh bp`ckh ~pzhm`gt` òagÿmloh' @g Izhgolh ca ht`stlkphg chs aop~holag`sd` ièjzloh | gpm`zashs lglolhtlyhs ~hzolhc`s5 `g Lthclh# ga sÿca chs lgm`gshs mhgli`stholag`sohcc`f`zhs | ch ~zamaolÿg d` d`mhgdhs ~acítlohs# slga thmjlìg ch mhgli`stholÿg `mjzlaghzlh d`pgh t`gd`golh bholh ch hptaazkhglvholÿg `g `c cpkhz d` ch ~zadpoolÿg# `s dòlz oag `c ~za~ÿslta

d` tamhz `c ~zlm`z ~hsa bholh `c `sthjcòlml`gta d`c ~ad`z dphc6 ch `còolÿg d` d`c`khtl dl z`~hzta'"D` `sth mhg`zh# ch yhgkphzdlh d` ch ochs` ajz`zh lthclhgh `stpya mès hyhgvhdh xp` ch izhgo`sh#| tzhvÿ chs ~zlm`zhs còolag`s blstÿzlohs lm~azthgt`s d`c mh|a izhgoìs',?9 @m~`za# `g glgkögohsa `sths ~azt`gtashs hoolag`s `s~agtèg`hs d` mhshs cakzhzag d`zzaohz hc h~hzhta `sththcjpzkpìs | hc mada d` ~zadpoolÿg oh~lthclsth# gl thg slxpl`zh cc`khzag h ~zamay`z pghoam~z`gslÿg mhslyh d` cas ajf`tlyas xp` bpjl`zhg bòba ihotljc` thc d`zzaohml`gta d`gtza d`pg oazta ~`zlada d` tl`m~a'

Zòazdhgda ch m`tèiazh d` Tzatse| `g ch Blstazlh d` ch Z`yacpolÿg Zpsh6 `c ~at`gt` yh~az~`zdlda ~az ch ihcth d` pg ~lstÿg xp` ca bpjl`zh oam~zlmlda `g `c mam`gta dòlslya'?; \# ~azsp~p`sta# `g öctlma hgèclsls ch ip`zvh matzlv `s `c yh~az# a s`h# ch `g`zkíh d` ch maylclvholÿg d`

chs mhshs | sp cpobh# | ga `c mlsma ~lstÿg' _lg `st` yh~az `c ~lstÿg ~`zmhgò` oama pghohsohzh yhoíh' _lg `mjhzka# slg `st` ~lstÿg lgocpsa `c yh~az mès ~at`gt` `s d`s~`zdlolhda slgcc`yhz h ohja ghdh' @sth `s ch xplgth`s`golh d` ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg'

Azkhglvholÿg# jpzaozholh | hoolÿg z`yacpolaghzlh

lg `mjhzka# `rlst` pg ajstèopca `g `sth lgt`zz`cholÿg xp` C`glg# dpzhgt` cas høasd` chs mès hohcazhdhs dls~pths oag cas m`gob`ylxp`s# ga zòagaolÿ# xplvè# d`c

tada "8<>?-8<>0, a sachm`gt` `g kzhda lgspilol`gt` "8<>2-84,' \ `s hxpí `g dagd` `c yhcaztathc d`c tzhjhfa blstÿzloa d` Tzatse| | Zash Cpr`mjpzka hochzh | iholclth pg `gt`gdlml`gta d`ch iÿzmpch dlhcìotloh –ochs` ajz`zh-ajz`zas hyhgvhdas-~hztlda ajz`za”'

Pg ~hztlda d` yhgkphzdlh | pgh ol`zth s`~hzholÿg `gtz` `c ~hztlda | chs mhshs saggò`shzlas ~az `c gly`c lg`ylthjc`m`gt` lghdòphda d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs` `g chs kzhgd`smhshs ajz`zhs' Oama C`glg z`~`tldhm`gt` s`øhcÿ# s` tzhth d` pgh z`cholÿg dlhcìotloh oam~c`fh

—pgh pgldhd d` s`~hzholÿg | d` lgt`kzholÿg— xp` s` oagiazmh tathcm`gt` h chs~òpclhzldhd`s blstÿzlohs d` ch cpobh z`yacpolaghzlh ~az ch z`yacpolÿg saolhclsth'

_lg `mjhzka# `st` ~hztlda s`~hzhda# s` azlklgh d`gtza d` ch saol`dhd jpzkp`sh xp`# oagsps ohzhot`zístlohs lgb`z`gt`s d` pgh dlylslÿg pgly`zshc d`c tzhjhfa | d` ch ~zadpoolÿg d`m`zohgoíhs# tl`gd` h tzh`z oagslka ch oasliloholÿg d` tadhs chs z`cholag`s bpmhghs'?2 @sta

slkgliloh xp` ch oagstzpoolÿg d` pg h~hzhta ~hztldhzla s`~hzhda d` chs mhshs tzhjhfhdazhs oazz``c ~`clkza d` oagy`ztlzs` `g pg h~hzhta hptÿgama' Ophgda `st` ~`clkza s` d`shzzacch mès hccèd` pgh `th~h `mjzlaghzlh# spzk` ch t`gd`golh d` pgh hpta~z`s`zyholÿg d`c h~hzhta oama pg ilg`g sí# `g y`v d` pg m`dla ~hzh hcohgvhz pg ilg "pgh `rltash cpobh d` ochs`s ~zac`thzlh,'

@sth `s ch zhív d` ch d`k`g`zholÿg thgta d` ch LL oama d` ch LLL Lgt`zgholaghc`s# `s dòlz#ch spjazdlgholÿg d` cas ~hztldas d` mhshs saolhcd`mÿozhths | oampglsths d` @pza~haoold`gthc h pgh jpzaozholh oags`zyhdazh | zìazmlsth# xp` `g ch ~zèotloh dlhzlh s` bhgoagy`ztlda `g ~hzt` d`c sthtps xpa'?<

Ch jpzaozholh `g chs azkhglvholag`s ajz`zhs `s pg ~zadpota d` pgh dlylslÿg saolhc d`c

tzhjhfa# `s dòlz d` ch lgoh~holdhd d` chs mhshs ajz`zhs# xp` `g kzhg m`dldh `stèg `rocpldhs d`c~zao`sa opctpzhc | t`ÿzloa d` ch ~zadpoolÿg jhfa `c oh~lthclsma# d` bho`zs` ohzka z`kpchzm`gt`

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8;

d` tadhs chs thz`hs xp` s` cc`yhg h ohja d`gtza d`c èmjlta d` sp azkhglvholÿg' Cas lgt`gtas~hzh z`hclvhz ca hgt`zlaz h ~`shz d` tada# oama s` bh bòba `g yhzlhs aohslag`s d`sd` `c lglolad`c maylml`gta ajz`za# ga bhg dhda glgkpgh sacpolÿg# ~azxp` ch dlylslÿg d`c tzhjhfaoazz`s~agd` tathcm`gt` h chs oagdlolag`s mht`zlhc`s | d` glgkpgh mhg`zh `s `c lgy`gta dòam~`tldaz`s lm~ías' _l `sths oagdlolag`s sag lkgazhdhs# `c ~zlmltlylsma# ch lkgazhgolh | chs

jzhyhths xp` s` ~zadpo`g oacaohg hc maylml`gta d`gtza d` chs mlsmhs clmltholag`s xp` dàtzh mhg`zh aohslaghzíh ch jpzaozholh' Bhjl`gda tamhda pg ~pgta d` ~hztldh dli`z`gt` hxpí —`c d` ch tìogloh d` azkhglvholÿg `g y`v d`c gly`c d` oagol`golh— b`mas `goagtzhda `c mlsma~zajc`mh xp` bhjíhmas z`sp`cta6 ~zlgol~hcm`gt`# xp` s` c` dhzíh d`mhslhda ozìdlta hc madad` ~zadpoolÿg oh~lthclsth# hspml`gda xp` `s pgh `sop`ch ~`ziòth ~hzh ~z`~hzhz hc ~zac`thzlhda~hzh pgh hotlyldhd lgd`~`gdl`gt`# a xp` hptamètlohm`gt` oz`h ch oh~holdhd d` chs mhshstzhjhfhdazhs d` zòagao`z | hdxplzlz `s~agtèg`hm`gt` tadas cas ajf`tlyas | iazmhsazkhglvhtlyhs ~hzh sp ~za~lh clj`zholÿg'

C`glg# `g sp ~zlm`z d`jht` oag cas m`gob`ylxp`s# spj`stlmÿ d`mhslhda `c ~`clkza d`xp` `c h~hzhta cc`khzh h s`z hptÿgama hsí oama thmjlìg ch jpzaozhtlvholÿg d` cas ~hztldas

ajz`zas' ^hztlÿ d` ch sp~aslolÿg d` xp` `c ~`clkza d`c a~aztpglsma `g `c maylml`gta ajz`zamad`zga `zh pgh hm`ghvh xp` y`gíh ~zlgol~hcm`gt` d` cas hohd`mlolsths ~`xp`øajpzkp`s`s | d` cas ~`xp`øajpzkp`s`s –slgdlohclsths ~pzas”' _` jpzcÿ d` ch cpobh d` mpobas d` spsohmhzhdhs `g oagtzh d`c ~`clkza d`c –jpzaozhtlsma”' D` bòba# ch blstazlh bh d`mastzhda xp`ch ip`gt` mès kzhgd` d`c a~aztpglsma `g chs saolhcd`maozholhs hgt`s d` ch ~zlm`zh Kp`zzhMpgdlhc ga spzklÿ gl d` cas hohd`mlolsths gl d` cas –slgdlohclsths ~pzas”# slga d` ch mlsmh jpzaozholh d`c ~hztlda saolhcd`mÿozhth' @s dòlz# d` pgh ~zèotloh d` –c`khclsma” clmlthdh ~az pgh~hzt` h hotlyldhd`s `còtazhc`s | ~hzchm`gthzlhs# | ~az atzh# h pgh cpobh ~az zìazmhslgm`dlhths d` ghtpzhc`vh òagÿmloh | slgdlohclsth' "¨_achm`gt` d`sozljl`gda `sth ~zèotloh s`~p`d` oagilzmhz xpì thg ~hzòldh `s h chs xp` hotphcm`gt` ohzhot`zlvhg h cas oampglsths d`@pza~h aoold`gthc(,

Tzatse| | Cpr`mjpzka zòagaol`zag `st` ~`clkza d` ch jpzaozholh mès ochzhm`gt` | hgt`s xp` C`glg' \h d`sd` 8<>4 Cpr`mjpzka `r~z`sÿ ch ld`h d` xp` `zh ~asljc` pgh –jzòbh`gtz` pg hgslasa hthxp` d` chs mhshs | ch U`ro`slyhm`gt`] olzopgs~òth ~aslolÿg d` chsaolhcd`maozholh”'4> Ch ld`h `s h~`ghs `r~z`shdh hgt`s d` s`z d`sohzthdh# ch ögloh ~asljc`

yhcld`v xp` ~p`d` t`g`z s`zíh `g `c ohsa lmhklghzla d` pgh –sajzò`gtzhclvholÿg” d`c ~hztldad`gtza d` chs cíg`hs c`glglsths' Das høas d`s~pìs Tzatse| |h `r~z`shjh `sta oag mès ~zòlslÿg6

Cas ~hztldas saolhclsths `pza~às# ~hztlopchzm`gt` `c mès kzhgd` d` `ccas# `c ^hztlda

_aolhcd`mÿozhth Hc`mèg# bhg d`shzzacchda sp oags`zyhdpzlsma `g ch mlsmh ~za~azolÿg `g xp`chs mhshs bhg ho`~thda `c saolhclsma | s` bhg yp`cta mès azkhglvhdhs | dlsol~clghdhs' Oamaoagsòp`golh d` `sta# ch saolhcd`maozholh oama pgh azkhglvholÿg xp` `gohzgh ch `r~`zl`golh ~acítloh d`c ~zac`thzlhda ~p`d` `g pg d`t`zmlghda mam`gta oagy`ztlzs` `g pg ajstèopca dlzòta

h pg oagiclota hjl`zta `gtz` cas tzhjhfhdaz`s | ch z`hoolÿg jpzkp`sh' @g atzhs ~hchjzhs# `coags`zyhdpzlsma saolhclsth-~za~hkhgdlsth d` cas ~hztldas ~zac`thzlas ~p`d` ̀ g pg d`t`zmlghdamam`gta d`t`g`z ch cpobh dlzòth d`c ~zac`thzlhda ~hzh tamhz ̀ c ~ad`z' 48

@st` ~zagÿstloa bh slda tzèklohm`gt` oagilzmhda ~az ch blstazlh' C`glg ga bhjíh ylsta`sta bhsth ch yís~`zh d` ch ~zlm`zh Kp`zzh Mpgdlhc# ml`gtzhs xp` ch lvxpl`zdh hc`mhgh |h bhjíhd`sòbhda sps lcpslag`s sajz` ch hdmlglstzholÿg ~hztldhzlh d` ch saolhcd`maozholh'4:




82

Tàzíh d` ch azkhglvholÿg# ~zakzhmh z`yacpolaghzla |

~zèotloh z`yacpolaghzlh

lg `mjhzka# d`s~pìs d`c obaxp` tzhpmhtlvhgt` spizlda ~az C`glg `c 4 d` hkasta d`8<84# thmjlìg ìc tamÿ pg ~hsa dòlslya `g `st` ~zajc`mh' D`sd` `gtago`s# `c

~zajc`mh d` ch azkhglvholÿg s` oagylztlÿ ga sÿca `g pg ~zajc`mh d` ipgolÿg# slga thmjlìg d` oagt`glda' \h ga`s sÿca pg slm~c` ~zajc`mh d` oagtzh~ag`z –ch azkhglvholÿg” `g k`g`zhc hc –`s~agthg`ísma”`g k`g`zhc# oama C`glg ca bho` izòp`gt`m`gt` `g `c ±Xpì bho`z1 | `g Pg ~hsa hd`chgt`# das ~hsas

htzès' Hbazh `s |h pg ~zajc`mh d` dlstlgkplz opldhdashm`gt` `gtz` pgh azkhglvholÿgajf`tlyhm`gt` oags`zyhdazh | pgh azkhglvholÿg ajf`tlyhm`gt` z`yacpolaghzlh' @sth dlstlgolÿgs` bho` d` hop`zda h pg ozlt`zla ajf`tlya "~zakzhmh z`yacpolaghzla# cc`yhz `s` ~zakzhmh h chsmhshs# ~zèotloh z`yacpolaghzlh# `to',# | ch oamjhtlyldhd `s~agtèg`h d` chs mhshs `soagsol`gt`m`gt` ~zì`zldh h chs hoolag`s a hpg h ch `rlst`golh d` azkhglvholag`s d` mhshszìazmlsths oags`zyhdazhs' I`tloblsths azkhglvhtlyas –lgk`gpas” ~adzíhg ~z`t`gd`z xp`d`s~pìs d` 8<84 s` ~hsÿ hc jhgda d`c `giaxp` cpr`zgjpzkplsth d`c –`s~agthg`ísma” ophgda#`g cas oagiclotas `gtz` –mhshs d`sazkhglvhdhs” | ch azkhglvholÿg saolhcd`mÿozhth#slst`mètlohm`gt` dì`gdlÿ h chs ~zlm`zhs `g oagtzh d` ch s`kpgdh# a hopsh h ìsth d` tzhlolaghz hchs ~zlm`zhs'4? C`glg oagsld`zh hbazh ch d`stzpoolÿg d` azkhglvholag`s oags`zyhdazhs oama~z`zz`xplslta lg`ylthjc` ~hzh ch `mhgol~holÿg d`c ~zac`thzlhda'44

Ga ajsthgt` ch oazzòolÿg# a m`faz dloba# ch oam~c`m`gtholÿg d` sp tàzíh d` chazkhglvholÿg# xp` C`glg cc`yÿ h ohja d`s~pìs d` 8<84# ga ip` pg ~hsa htzès# bholh ch hdazholÿgd`c `s~agthg`ísma –~pza”# mès jl`g pg ~hsa bholh hd`chgt` bholh ch dlstlgolÿg `gtz̀ `c ~hztldaz`yacpolaghzla | ch azkhglvholÿg `g k`g`zhc' Hbazh# `g y`v d` dòlz xp` `c ~za~ÿslta d`c ~hztlda`s `c d` ~`ziòolaghz ch oagol`golh ~acítloh d` ochs` d` cas ajz`zas# ch iÿzmpch s` yp`cy` mès~zòlsh6 ch ipgolÿg d` ch yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh oagslst̀ `g d`shzzacchz oagol`golh z`yacpolaghzlh

`g ch yhgkphzdlh d` ch ochs` tzhjhfhdazh' Ch oagstzpoolÿg d`c ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla d` ochs` `s`c ~zao`sa ~az `c ophc `c ~zakzhmh d` ch z`yacpolÿg saolhclsth `s ipgdlda oag ch `r~`zl`golh xp`bh hdxplzlda `g ch cpobh ch mh|azíh d` cas tzhjhfhdaz`s hyhgvhdas'40

@sth `chjazholÿg | `r~hgslÿg d` ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` azkhglvholÿg xp` slkplÿ hc`sthcclda d` ch ~zlm`zh Kp`zzh Mpgdlhc yh d` ch mhga oag ch `r~hgslÿg d`c oago`~ta c`glglsthd` ch z`c`yhgolh d` ch z`yacpolÿg yècldh bhsth hbazh' Hpgxp` hgt`s d` 8<84 ip` h~clohdh ~azC`glg clmltègdas` h Zpslh# d`s~pìs d` 8<84 s` `rt`gdlÿ h tadh @pza~h' "D`s~pìs d` chz`yacpolÿg zpsh d` 8<>0 C`glg bhjíh zòagaolda `c lgm`dlhta ~at`golhc z`yacpolaghzla `g chsoacaglhs | s`mloacaglhs',

Oagsòp`gt`m`gt`# ch yhcld`v d`c –~chg `stzhtìkloa” c`glglsth ~hzh cas ~hís`s

lm~`zlhclsths d` @pza~h aoold`gthc `stè ba| dlzòthm`gt` ylgopchda hc ~zajc`mh d` chghtpzhc`vh d` ch ì~aoh blstÿzloh `g xp` ylylmas' D`sd` `c ~pgta d` ylsth d`c mht`zlhclsmablstÿzloa `stè fpstlilohda d`zlyhz pgh oago`~olÿg d`c ~hztlda d`sd` `c –~at`golhc z`yacpolaghzlahotphc” sachm`gt` sl pga ~zao`d` d` ch sp~aslolÿg —oazzòth | ~zajhjc` d`sd` gp`stza ~pgtad` ylsth— d` xp` `m~`vhgda oag ch ~zlm`zh Kp`zzh Mpgdlhc | ga mès hccè d` ch Z`yacpolÿgZpsh d` aotpjz`# `c slst`mh oh~lthclsth mpgdlhc `gtzÿ `g pgh ì~aoh d` ozlsls `stzpotpzhcblstÿzloh49 xp` lm~z`solgdljc`m`gt` cc`yh ~`zlÿdlohm`gt` h sltpholag`s z`yacpolaghzlhs' _l# d` atzhmhg`zh# s` hspm` xp` tadhyíh `sthmas `g pgh `th~h hso`gd`gt` d`c oh~lthclsma oama slst`mhmpgdlhc# `gtago`s# thc oago`~olÿg t`gdzíh xp` s`z zòbhvhdh oama tathcm`gt` –yacpgthzlsth”'Ca xp` `s dòlslya `g `c ~chg `stzhtìkloa c`glglsth ga `s ch ~za~hkhgdh z`yacpolaghzlh —xp`# ~azsp~p`sta# cas z`yacpolaghzlas tl`g`g xp` cc`yhz h ohja hpg `g ~`zladas ga z`yacpolaghzlas—#

slga sp `giaxp` sajz` hoolag`s z`yacpolaghzlhs xp` lzzpm~hg `g pg iptpza o`zohga a ga mp| dlsthgt`' Hpg `g ch ì~aoh hso`gd`gt` d`c oh~lthclsma thc`s hoolag`s ip`zag ~asljc`s "oama ~az

_




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`f`m~ca# ch Oampgh d` ^hzís,# ~`za `rlst`g sÿca oama `ro`~olag`s slg ìrlta' Jhfa thc`soagdlolag`s# oagstzplz pg ~hztlda oago`gtzhgda cas `sip`zvas `g ~z`~hzhz ch ~hztlol~holÿgìòtlyh `g thc`s hoolag`s# dliíolcm`gt` t`gdzíh s`gtlda'

Ch dli`z`golh `gtz` pg –~hztlda ajz`za” `g k`g`zhc "zìlzlìgdas` h sp m`mjzòíh a hpg

h sps ~hztldhzlas `còtazhc`s, | pg ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla ajz`za "a `c göocà d` thc ~hztlda, sìpgdh ga sÿca `g pg ~zakzhmh a `g sps ipgolag`s saolhc`s ajf`tlyhs "xp` `s ~zamay`z# ga~holilohz tadhs chs hoolag`s d` mhshs ajf`tlyhm`gt` z`yacpolaghzlhs a tadas cas z`tas | iazmhsd` hoolÿg xp` hthxp`g | ~agkhg `g dpdh ch `s`golh d`c mada d` ~zadpoolÿg oh~lthclsth | `c@sthda jpzkpìs,# slga thmjlìg `g sp ihopcthd d` `goagtzhz `c mìtada ~`dhkÿkloa hdòphdaxp` ~`zmlth cc`yhz `st` ~zakzhmh h chs ozòl`gt`s mhshs ajz`zhs'

_lg `mjhzka# s` ~p`d` lz mès c`fas | iazmpchz `c ~zajc`mh mès hkpdhm`gt`6 `c ~`clkzad` xp` `c h~hzhta cc`kp` h s`z hptÿgama ±`stè clmlthda öglohm`gt` h chs azkhglvholag`s–ajz`zhs” a~aztpglsths | zìazmlsths# a hm`ghvh h ophcxpl`z azkhglvholÿg# lgocp|`gda hxp`cchoag pg ~zakzhmh z`yacpolaghzla | oag pgh ~zèotloh z`yacpolaghzlh1 ±Xp` ga `s pgh ozòl`gt`jpzaozhtlvholÿg ch oagsòp`golh lg`ylthjc` d` ophcxpl`z dlylslÿg d` tzhjhfa# lgocp|`gda hxp`cch`gtz` –cíd`z`s” | –m`mjzòíh”# | hpg `g pg kzp~a z`yacpolaghzla1 âz ca thgta# ±ga `stèophcxpl`z azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh pgh y`v xp` bh|h ozòlda mès hccè d` pgh ~`xp`øh~`zli`zlh# oagd`ghdh# `g ol`zta ~pgta d` sp d`shzzacca | `c d` ch cpobh d` mhshs# h oagy`ztlzs``g pg iz`ga `g ch cpobh d` chs mhshs ~zac`thzlhs ~az sp `mhgol~holÿg1

_l `st` mada d` hzkpm`gthz ip`zh ho`~thda oama oazzòta# cc`yhzíh öglohm`gt` h pghoagocpslÿg6 xp` ch `mhgol~holÿg saolhclsth d` ch ochs` ajz`zh | d` ch bpmhgldhd `s lm~asljc`

—~p`sta xp` ch sp~p`sth lg`ylthjc` –hptagamlvholÿg” | d`k`g`zholÿg d` ophcxpl`zazkhglvholÿg d`j` s`z ylsth oama ~hzt` d`c dlc`mh# | ch atzh ~hzt` `s z`~z`s`gthdh ~az ch t`gd`golhd` tadas cas tzhjhfhdaz`s d`sazkhglvhdas# tadas cas lgt`còtphc`s ~hzolhcm`gt` lgyacpozhdas `gch hoolÿg# | tadhs chs ~`zsaghs htzh~hdhs `g ch ~zadpoolÿg pgly`zshc d` m`zohgoíhs h oh`z `g

pgh –ihcsh oagol`golh” ~`xp`øajpzkp`sh' _achm`gt` pgh ~zèotloh z`yacpolaghzlh oam~z`gslyh#op|h m`th s`h pgh oagol`golh tathc# | pg `gzlxpòlml`gta t`ÿzloa# bhzè ~asljc` `ylthz ch~`g`tzholÿg d` ch –ldàcakíh d` ch ochs` damlghgt`” d`gtza d` chs ilchs d` lgdlyldpasz`yacpolaghzlas' @sta sÿca ~p`d` s`z pgh ~zèotloh oacòtlyh | azkhglvhdh' _l `c hzkpm`gta hgt`sm`golaghda ip`zh oazzòta# s` t`gdzíh xp` oagocplz xp`# oag a slg azkhglvholÿg# cas ajz`zashyhgvhdas `sthzíhg oagd`ghdas# |h s`h h ga hcohgvhz pgh oagol`golh ~acítloh d` ochs` a h~`zd`zch zè~ldhm`gt`'

@g z`hcldhd# `sth mhg`zh d` hzkpm`gthz `s ihcsh ~azxp` `xpl~hzh `c oaml`gva d` pg~zao`sa oag sp z`spcthda ilghc' \ hsí# d` ch `rlst`golh d`c ~`clkza d` xp` hpg pgh azkhglvholÿgz`yacpolaghzlh cc`kp` h s`z hptÿgamh s` d`dpo`# d` pgh mhg`zh `stètloh | ihthclsth# xp` `sth

hptagamíh `s lg`ylthjc`' @sta ga `s d`mastzhjc` gl `m~ízloh gl t`ÿzlohm`gt`' @c kzhda `g `c~`clkza d` pgh d`k`g`zholÿg jpzaozètloh d` pgh azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh d` yhgkphzdlh —| hög mès# d` pg ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla— d`~`gd` ga saca d` ch t`gd`golh bholh ch hptagamíh#xp` `g z`hcldhd# hiclk` h tadhs chs lgstltpolag`s `g ch saol`dhd jpzkp`sh# slga thmjlìg d` chsoagtzht`gd`golhs `rlst`gt`s' @gtz` ìsths s` bhcch ch lgt`kzholÿg d` ch azkhglvholÿgz`yacpolaghzlh h pg maylml`gta lgt`zgholaghc xp` `s lgd`~`gdl`gt` d` chs azkhglvholag`s–gholaghc`s” | xp` oagsthgt`m`gt` mhgtl`g`g sp mlzhdh t`ÿzloh `g `cchs "ga ~az m`dla d` pgh~hzhta slga ~az m`dla d` ch ozítloh ~acítloh,5 | thmjlìg `stè `c lgyacpozhzs` ígtlmhm`gt` `g chscpobhs z`yacpolaghzlhs | d` ochs` xp` bho`g ~asljc` pgh oagtlgph s`còolÿg d` ophdzas `g ch~zèotloh# pg `sip`zva slst`mètloa d` d`sbho`zs` d` ch dlylslÿg d`c tzhjhfa hs`kpzhgda pghoagtlgph zatholÿg d`c ~`zsaghc `gtz` ch ièjzloh# ch pgly`zsldhd | cas ipgolaghzlas d` tl`m~a

oam~c`ta d`c ~hztlda5 | thmjlìg chs khzhgtíhs lgstltpolaghc`s "clmltholag`s sajz` `c lgkz`sa d`cas ~zai`slaghc`s# dì`gsh d` chs gazmhs lgt`zghs d` ch d`maozholh lgt`zgh | ch clj`zthd d`




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iazmhz t`gd`golhs | ihoolag`s# `to','

@c z`spcthda d` `sths t`gd`golhs oagtzhdlotazlhs d`~`gd` d` ch cpobh `gtz` `cchs# xp` h ch y`v `stè d`t`zmlghdh# `g öctlmh lgsthgolh# ~az das ihotaz`s saolhc`s6 4; ~az pgh ~hzt`# `c kzhda d` cas lgt`z`s`s saolhc`s `s~òíiloas xp` s` d`s~z`gd`g d` ch –azkhglvholÿg hptÿgamh” | ~az atzh ~hzt`# `c

kzhda d` hotlyldhd ~acítloh d` ch yhgkphzdlh d` ch ochs` ajz`zh' Öglohm`gt` ophgda `sth öctlmhdlsmlgp|` dòlslyhm`gt` ~p`d` ch ~zlm`zh shclz hc d`sopjl`zta' \ hsí# tada `c hzkpm`gta`xplyhc` h pgh t`dlash thptacakíh6 dpzhgt` pg ~`zlada d` lgoz`m`gta `g ch ~hslyldhd ch ochs` ajz`zhga ~p`d` `sthz cpobhgda ~az sp clj`zholÿg' @sta ga ~zp`jh d`c tada xp` dpzhgt` pg ~`zladad` lgoz`m`gta `g ch hotlyldhd ~az ~hzt` d` cas tzhjhfhdaz`s hyhgvhdas# ga s`hg chs azkhglvholag`sz`yacpolaghzlhs pg lgstzpm`gta ìòtlya ~hzh ajt`g`z ch clj`zholÿg# ~azxp` sp –hzjltzhzl`dhd”~p`d` | d`j` s`z olzopgsozlth ~az ch hotlyldhd lgd`~`gdl`gt` d` ch ochs` "a d` sps sòtaz`shyhgvhdas,'

Ch azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh `s pg lgstzpm`gta ~hzh bho`z z`yacpolag`s' _lg `clgoz`m`gta d` ch hotlyldhd ~acítloh d` chs kzhgd`s mhshs ajz`zhs# chs z`yacpolag`s ~zac`thzlhs#slm~c`m`gt`# ga sag ~asljc`s'

Tàzíh azkhglvhtlyh# o`gtzhclsma d`maozètloa |

d`maozholh saylìtloh

h ajfòlÿg xp` s` c` blva h ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg ip` xp` ~azm`dla d` sp `rhk`zhda o`gtzhclsma `ylthzíh `c d`shzzacca d` ch d`maozholh lgt`zgh

d`c ~hztlda' ^`za `sth ajfòlÿg `s oagipsh# ~p`sta xp` cas ~zlgol~las c`glglsths d` azkhglvholÿgz`stzlgk`g h ch azkhglvholÿg h ml`mjzas hotlyas xp` a~`zhg jhfa pg oagtzac oacòtlya# `g z`hcldhd

ìstas lgoz`m`gthg mès xp` z`dpo`g `c èmjlta d` ch d`maozholh ~hztldhzlh'Pgh y`v xp` ch azkhglvholÿg sp~`zh ol`zta thmhøa gpmìzloa `rlst`g jèslohm`gt` das

mad`cas azkhglvhtlyas ~asljc`s6 `c d`c ocpj `còtazhc `g xp` s` ~hkhg opaths "p azkhglvholÿgt`zzltazlhc,# xp` oazz`s~agd` ba| h chs iazmhs d` azkhglvholÿg d`c ^hztlda _aolhd`mÿozhth

Hc`mèg | d`c ^hztlda Oampglsth Izhgoìs5 a hxp`c d` ch pgldhd d` oamjht` jhshdh `g chs`còolÿg öglohm`gt` d` ml`mjzas hotlyas | oagsol`gt`s' Zòhcohgda xp` `c ~zlm`z mad`ca#`g tàzíh# ~`zmlt` ol`zth hm~cltpd ~hzh `c fp`ka d` bho`z `c zldíopca ~az ~hzt` d` xp`fpmjzasas| a~ag`gt`s# mhs sÿca ophgda sag op`stlag`s d` lm~azthgolh sòpgdhzlh' D` `sth mhg`zh ch kzhg mhsh d` m`mjzòíh h~acítloh | ~hslyh ~zay`` hc h~hzhta oag pgh jhs` d` yatas xp` sl`m~z` ~p`d` s`z maylclvhdh # | xp` ghdh tl`g` xp` y`z oag ch oagol`golh d` ochs`' "Pg göm`za ghdh lgslkglilohgt`

d` `stas ml`mjzas `s lgocpsa mht`zlhcm`gt` d`~`gdl`gt` d`c h~hzhta —`c kzp`sa d` cas`m~c`hdas | tzhjhfhdaz`s mpglol~hc`s | hdmlglstzhtlyas# cas `m~c`hdas d` ch mlsmhazkhglvholÿg ajz`zh',

_lg `mjhzka# `g ch azkhglvholÿg d` oamjht` xp` `stè oam~p`sth d` ml`mjzas xp`d`j`g d`mastzhz pg míglma d` oagol`golh sachm`gt` ~hzh cc`khz h s`z ml`mjzas# `g z`hcldhd`s mpoba mès kzhgd` ch ~asljlcldhd d` `goagtzhz ~`gshml`gta lgd`~`gdl`gt`' Gl cash~~hzhtobles | ohzz`zlsths ~pzas ~p`d`g thg ièolcm`gt` tamhz `c ~ad`z oama `g `c ocpj `còtazhcazdlghzla' D` `sth mhg`zh# chs dli`z`golhs d` a~lglÿg ga s`zèg z`sp`cths `g tìzmlgas d`d`~`gd`golh mht`zlhc a d` –c`hcthd” hjstzhoth# slga d` hop`zda h sp y`zdhd`zh `s`golh' @c m`zabòba d` xp` ch azkhglvholÿg `stì oam~p`sth `g `sth iazmh ga `s pgh khzhgtíh hptamètloh `goagtzh d` ch jpzaozhtlvholÿg d` ch azkhglvholÿg' ^`za hc m`gas ~za~azolagh chs oagdlolag`s`s`golhc`s ~hzh ~z`y`glzch'42

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Ch z`cholÿg `gtz` ch azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh "pg göocà d` ~hztlda a pg ~hztlda, | chs mhshs d` tzhjhfhdaz`s ohmjlh hjzp~thm`gt` thg ~zagta oama aopzzh pgh y`zdhd`zh`r~caslÿg z`yacpolaghzlh' ^hzh `gtago`s chs s`mlcchs s`mjzhdhs dpzhgt` høas ~az `c`m`gtasz`yacpolaghzlas | oagsol`gt`m`gt` saolhclsths `m~`vhzíhg h dhz izptas' Chs kzhgd`s mhshs sagoh~ho`s d` cakzhz slg d`mazh pgh oagol`golh d` ochs` z`yacpolaghzlh' Ch lglolhtlyh

z`yacpolaghzlh d` chs kzhgd`s mhshs ~p`d` z`jhshz ~az mpoba h ch lglolhtlyh d` mpobhshkzp~holag`s z`yacpolaghzlhs'

@g sp Blstazlh d` ch Z`yacpolÿg Zpsh# Tzatse| `gihtlvh `g yhzlhs aohslag`s xp` `g ol`zthsoa|pgtpzhs d` ch Z`yacpolÿg Zpsh chs mhshs ajz`zhs sajz`~hshjhg hc ~hztlda jacob`ylxp`'4< Ga ajsthgt`# ga s` d`j`zíh k`g`zhclvhz sajz` `st` ohsa | sajz` tada# ga d`j` s`~hzhzs` d`cbòba d` xp`# hgt`s d` chs T`sls d` hjzlc d` C`glg# ch oago`~olÿg d` ch ghtpzhc`vh | m`th d` chZ`yacpolÿg Zpsh | d`c ~hztlda jacob`ylxp` ga bhjíh slda spilol`gt`m`gt` `chjazhdh'0> Oazzlÿ`c ~`clkza d` ~hkhz ohza ~az `sta bhsth xp` ch hoolÿg dòlslyh ga ip` tamhdh ~az C`glg `g chsT`sls d` hjzlc' Ip` oh~hv d` bho`z `sta oag iholcldhd ~azxp` chs mhshs d` tzhjhfhdaz`sjacob`ylxp`s `dpohdas ca `m~pfhzag `g `sh dlzòolÿg# `ccas `zhg pg zìc`fa d` ch ~ad`zash

zhdlohclvholÿg d` ch ochs` ajz`zh zpsh'Pgh ajf`tlyh | oam~z`gslyh h~zòlholÿg d`c ~h~`c fpkhda ~az ch azkhglvholÿg d`c

~hztlda jacob`ylxp` `g ch Z`yacpolÿg Zpsh# slg dpdh hckpgh tl`g` xp` s`z iazmpchdhdli`z`gt`m`gt`' Ml`gtzhs xp` cas ophdzas dlzlk`gt`s d`c ~hztlda d`mastzhzag yhzlhs yò`s s`zpg jcaxp` oags`zyhdaz xp` lm~`díh hc ~hztlda hoak`z ch ~aslolÿg d` Tzatse| sajz` ch cpobh ~azch dlothdpzh d`c ~zac`thzlhda "`c ~ad`z saylìtloa,# hc mlsma tl`m~a ip` `yld`gt` xp` chozlsthclvholÿg d` pgh yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh ajz`zh `dpohdh `g das dìohdhs d` azkhglvholÿgz`yacpolaghzlh | hotlyldhd z`yacpolaghzlh ip` lgstzpm`gthc ~hzh bho`z d` `st` klza `stzhtìkloadòlslya pg ìrlta' _l s` xplsl`zh `sthjcò`z pgh oazz`cholÿg `gtz` ch jpzaozholh sthclglsth | –`coago`~ta c`glglsth d`c ~hztlda”# s` t`gdzíh xp` bho`z hc m`gas pgh oago`slÿg h `st` `c`m`gtad` lgt`zy`golÿg dòlslya' Ch ylotazlh d` _thclg ga ip` `c z`spcthda d` ch –tàzíh d` ch azkhglvholÿg” c`glglsth slga `c z`spcthda d` ch d`sh~hzlolÿg d` pg oam~ag`gt` dòlslya d` `st` oago`~ta6 ch ~z`s`golh d` pgh oh~h hm~clh d` ophdzas ajz`zas# `dpohdas `g ch z`yacpolÿg | `g mhgt`g`z pg hcta kzhda d` hotlyldhd# ylgopchdh ígtlmhm`gt` oag chs mhshs' Hpg mès# C`glg mlsma ga bhjíh g`khda d` glgkpgh mhg`zh xp` chhps`golh d` `st` ihotaz# `c oago`~ta c`glglsth d`c ~hztlda# ~adzíh oagy`ztlzs` `g sp oagtzhzla'08

@c slst`mh saylìtloa `s ch ögloh z`s~p`sth pgly`zshc d`sopjl`zth bhsth hbazh ~az ch ochsàjz`zh d` oÿma azkhglvhz sp hotlyldhd lgd`~`gdl`gt` dpzhgt` | d`s~pìs d` ch z`yacpolÿg'0: ^`zmlt` h tadhs chs ip`zvhs d`gtza d` ch ochs` ajz`zh —| h tadhs chs oh~hs tzhjhfhdazhs | ~zakz`slsths d` ch saol`dhd `g k`g`zhc— ylgopchzs` `g pgh oagizagtholÿg hjl`zth | slmpctèg`h`gtz` chs dli`z`gt`s t`gd`golhs xp` `rlst`g d`gtza d` ch ochs` mlsmh' Ophcxpl`z y`zdhd`zaslst`mh saylìtloa —`s dòlz# `c xp` `g z`hcldhd `s `c`klda ~az chs mhshs tzhjhfhdazhs | xp` ga

bh slda lm~p`sta sajz` `cchs ~az `st` a hxp`c h~hzhta oag ~ad`z s`còtlya— ~adzè# ~az cathgta# s`z oh~hv d` zìc`fhz ch dly`zsldhd ldàcÿkloh | saolhc d` chs oh~hs ~zac`thzlhs xp`hgt`zlazm`gt` bhg slda `gihtlvhdhs' Pg oags`fa ajz`za `s `g z`hcldhd pg iz`gt` pglda d` chst`gd`golhs ~acítlohs mès dly`zshs xp` `stèg d` hop`zda `g pg ~pgta o`gtzhc6 ch dì`gsh oamögd` ch z`yacpolÿg `g oagtzh d`c `g`mlka d` ochs`' "D` ch mlsmh mhg`zh# pg oamltì d` bp`ckhzìc`fh ch mès hm~clh yhzl`dhd d` dly`zshs t`gd`golhs `gtz` cas ajz`zas öglohm`gt` oag pgh`ro`~olÿg6 lgocp|` sÿca chs t`gd`golhs xp` `stèg ~hztlol~hgda `g ch bp`ckh' Cas `sxplzac`s gatl`g`g pg cpkhz `g `c oamltì d` bp`ckh',

Ga bh| glgkpgh oagtzhdloolÿg `gtz` ch `rlst`golh d` pgh azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlhd` tl~a c`glglsth | pgh k`gplgh d`maozholh saylìtloh a pg ~ad`z saylìtloa' Hc oagtzhzla# slg `c

tzhjhfa slst`mètloa azkhglvhtlya d` pgh yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh# pg slst`mh saylìtloa s`zíhzè~ldhm`gt` `stzhgkpchda ~az jpzaozholhs zìazmlsths a s`mlzìazmlsths "~az `f`m~ca# `c




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slst`mh saylìtloa hc`mèg d` 8<82 h 8<8<,# a ~`zd`zè sp ìlol`golh ~acítloh d`jlda h splgoh~holdhd d` z`sacy`z chs ~zlgol~hc`s thz`hs ~acítlohs "~az `f`m~ca# cas oamltìsz`yacpolaghzlas `s~høac`s `gtz` fpcla d` 8<?9 | ch ~zlmhy`zh d` 8<?;,'

Ch bl~ÿt`sls d` xp` `c slst`mh saylìtloa bho` hc ~hztlda sp~`zicpa yl`g` d` pgh d` `sths

das ip`gt`s6 jl`g ~zao`dh d` ch lgk`gph sp~aslolÿg d` xp` ch ~hztlol~holÿg d` cas sayl`ts bho`bamakìg`h h ch ochs` ajz`zh d` ch gaob` h ch mhøhgh# dlsp`cy` tadhs chs dli`z`golhs ldàcÿklohs| d` lgt`zìs# | spkl`z` hptamètloh | `s~agtèg`hm`gt` h tadh ch ochs` ajz̀ zh –ch sacpolÿgz`yacpolaghzlh” h tadas cas ~zajc`mhs `stzhtìkloas | tèotloas d` ch z`yacpolÿg5 a jl`g `s sÿca `c~z`t`rta ~hzh dhzc` h pg ~`xp`øa kzp~a –d` cíd`z̀ s” hptagamlghdas ch a~aztpgldhd d`mhgl~pchz h pgh hm~clh mhsh d`shztlopchdh# ch ophc `stè ~zlyhdh d` ophcxpl`z ~asljlcldhd d``giz`gthzs` slst`mètlohm`gt` oag cas ~zajc`mhs `stzhtìkloas | tèotloas d` ch z`yacpolÿg# a s`h#dlsoptlz cljz`m`gt` | dli`z`golhzs` ~acítlohm`gt` h sí mlsmh' "@st` `s ajylhm`gt` `c ohsa# ~az `f`m~ca#d`c slst`mh |pkaschya d` ch cchmhdh hptak`stlÿg',

âz ca thgta ch azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh ~p`d` khzhgtlvhz h chs mhshs tzhjhfhdazhs `gpg slst`mh saylìtloa pg kzhda mh|az d` hotlyldhd lgd`~`gdl`gt` | d` hptaoagol`golh# | ~azoagslkpl`gt` oagol`golh z`yacpolaghzlh d` ochs`# xp` ophcxpl`z atza slst`mh lgdli`z`golhda d`z`~z`s`gtholÿg' ^`za# ~az sp~p`sta# ~hzh `st` ilg s` d`j` `stlmpchz | ga d`t`g`z ch hoolÿglgd`~`gdl`gt̀ d` chs mhshs ajz`zhs' @s ~zòlshm`gt` `sth lglolhtlyh lgd`~`gdl`gt̀ d` chs mhshsch xp` hcohgvh sp d`shzzacca tathc `g `c slst`mh saylìtloa' D` gp`ya cc`khmas h pgh oagocpslÿg slmlchz6 `c oago`~ta c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg# oagstzplda `g jhs` h pgh `stzht`klhz`yacpolaghzlh oazzòth "`s dòlz# `g pgh `yhcpholÿg ajf`tlyh | oazzòth d`c ~zao`sa blstÿzloa,#`s sÿca `c oaazdlghdaz oacòtlya sajz` ch hotlyldhd d` chs mhshs# ch m`mazlh oacòtlyh | ch`r~`zl`golh dlk`zldh d` chs mhshs# `g y`v d` pghs oagsthgt`s z`~`tlolÿg | d`soagtlgpldhd xp`s` `r~hgd`g `g `c tl`m~a# `c `s~hola | ch oagol`golh'

Ch blstazlh thmjlìg gas bh mastzhda `g `sth ylgopcholÿg xp` `rlst` pgh dli`z`golh

spjsthgolhc `gtz` pg ~hztlda xp` s` cchm` h sí mlsma z`yacpolaghzla | `c xp` `g z`hcldhd s`h z`yacpolaghzla' Ophgda pg kzp~a d` ipgolaghzlas ga sÿca s` a~ag` h ch lglolhtlyh | h chhotlyldhd d` chs mhshs# slga xp` thmjlìg jpsoh izpstzhzchs d` ophcxpl`z mhg`zh# lgocp|`gda chip`zvh mlclthz "Bpgkzíh `g aotpjz` | gayl`mjz` d` 8<09 a Obòascayhxplh d`sd` hkasta d`8<92,# ophgda `st` kzp~a ga sachm`gt` ga `gop`gtzh pg c`gkphf` oamög oag `c slst`mhsaylìtloa xp` spzk` `s~agtèg`hm`gt` d` ch cpobh d` chs mhshs# slga xp` `stzhgkpch | d`stzp|` h`st` slst`mh jhfa ~z`t`rta d` dì`gd`z –`c ~h~`c d` dlzòolÿg d`c ~hztlda”#0? `gtago`s ga`sthmas bhjchgda d` pg ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla d`c ~zac`thzlhda slga d` pg h~hzhta xp`z`~z`s`gth cas lgt`z`s`s `s~òlhc`s d` pgh oh~h ~zlylc`klhdh | ~zaipgdhm`gt` bastlc h chhotlyldhd lgd`~`gdl`gt` d` chs mhshs6 ch jpzaozholh' @c bòba d` xp` pg ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla~p`dh oagy`ztlzs` `g pg ~hztlda jpzaozètloa ga `s# slg `mjhzka# pg hzkpm`gta `g oagtzh d`c

oago`~ta c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg# oama `c bòba d` xp` hckpgas daotaz`s bh|hg mhthda`g y`v d` opzhz h mpobas ~hol`gt`s ga z`~z`s`gth pg hzkpm`gta `g oagtzh d` ch ol`golhmìdloh' Ch dlzòolÿg oagtzhzlh d`sd` `st` oago`~ta bholh pg `s~agthg`ísma –~pza”# `soam~hzhjc` h z`tzao`d`z d` ch ol`golh mìdloh h cas opzhgd`zas'




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_aolacakíh d`c òagamlsma# jpzaozhtlsma |

`s~agthg`ísma

phgda `gihtlvhmas `c bòba d` xp` `c oago`~ta c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿgz`~z`s`gth `g z`hcldhd pg oago`~ta d`c ~at`golhc `rlst`gt` ~hzh ch z`yacpolÿg

~zac`thzlh `s ~azxp` |h `sthmas tzhthgda `c ihotaz o`gtzhc `g ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch oagol`golhd` ochs` ~zac`thzlh6 `c ~zajc`mh d` ch dìlglolÿg d`c spf`ta z`yacpolaghzla jhfa `c oh~lthclsma'

^hzh Mhzr | C`glg "oama thmjlìg ~hzh Cpr`mjpzka | Tzatse|# hpgxp` ga `rtzhf`zagtadhs chs oagocpslag`s gò`shzlhs d` `st` bòba slga bhsth d`s~pìs d` 8<84,# `c spf`taz`yacpolaghzla `s ch ochs` ajz`zh öglohm`gt` ~at`golhc | ~`zlÿdlohm`gt` z`yacpolaghzlh thc oama tzhjhf`#~l`gs` | ylyh jhfa `c oh~lthclsma# `s dòlz# `g ch tathcldhd d` sp `rlst`golh saolhc'04 Ch tàzíhc`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg ~zao`d` dlzòthm`gt` d` `sth hs`y`zholÿg sajz` ch ~aslolÿg d`cspf`ta z`yacpolaghzla# ~azxp` `s `yld`gt` xp` pg spf`ta# hsí dìlglda# ~p`d` sachm`gt` s`zoagtzhdlotazla' âz pg chda `s `r~p`sta h ch `sochyltpd shchzlhc# hc tzhjhfa `ghf`ghda# h choasliloholÿg d` tadhs chs z`cholag`s bpmhghs | h ch lgicp`golh d` ch ldàcakíh jpzkp`sh | ~`xp`øajpzkp`sh' âz atzh ~hzt`# `g lgt`zyhcas ~`zlÿdloas# s` yp`cy` pgh cpobh d` ochs`szhdlohclvhgt` | hpg `g pgh jhthcch hjl`zth `g oagtzh d`c mada d` ~zadpoolÿg oh~lthclsth | d`ch~hzhta d`c @sthda jpzkpìs' @g `sth icpotpholÿg ~`zlÿdloh s` `r~z`sh ch cpobh d` ochs`s z`hc `gcas öctlmas ol`gta olgop`gth høas' @s hjsacpthm`gt` lm~asljc` z`spmlz ch blstazlh# dlkhmas#d`c maylml`gta ajz`za izhgoìs a hc`mèg d` cas öctlmas ol`g høas oag ophcxpl`zh d` chs dasiÿzmpchs6 –ozòl`gt` ~hslyldhd” a –hotlyldhd z`yacpolaghzlh lglgt`zzpm~ldh”' @s# ajylhm`gt`#ch pgldhd d` `stas das `c`m`gtas oag ìgihsls hct`zghgt` `g pga p atza ihotaz'

Oama t`gd`golhs ldàcÿklohs# `c a~aztpglsma | `c sòthzlsma tl`g`g sps mès~zaipgdhs zhío`s t`ÿzlohs `g pgh dìlglolÿg ga-dlhcìotloh d`c spf`ta z`yacpolaghzla' ^hzh casa~aztpglsths# `st` spf`ta z`yacpolaghzla `s `c ajz`za azdlghzla' Tl`gd`g h lmlthz ch hotltpd d` `st`

ajz`za `g tada | s` –~astzhg hgt` sp tzhs`za”# oama ^c`fègay ca d`sozljlÿ' _l h cas ajz`zas c`slgt`z`shg öglohm`gt` cas ~zajc`mhs d` chs ièjzlohs# `gtago`s sag –slgdlohclsths ~pzas”' _l casajz`zas s` d`fhg cc`yhz ~az pgh ach d` obaylglsma ~htzlÿtloa# `gtago`s s` oagyl`zt`g `gsaolhc~htzlaths a saolhclm~`zlhclsths' _l cas ajz`zas s` sam`t`g h ch ~za~hkhgdh d` ch kp`zzh izíh#s` oagyl`zt`g `g kp`zz`zas izías6 –chs mhshs gpgoh s` `xplyaohg”' Ch öctlmh | mès mhclkgh`r~z`slÿg d` thc a~aztpglsma oagslst` `g d`t`zmlghz `c ~zakzhmh —hpgxp` s`h pg ~zakzhmh`còtazhc—# |h ga ~az m`dla d` pg hgèclsls ol`gtíiloa | ajf`tlya d` ch saol`dhd# slga oag chh|pdh d` `gop`sths d` a~lglÿg'

Mhs `st` a~aztpglsma cc`yh h pgh oagtzhdloolÿg lgsacpjc`' Hiaztpghdhm`gt`# `c s`gtlzd` chs mhshs ga s` xp`dh `stètloa# slga xp` ~p`d` ohmjlhz dzhmètlohm`gt` `g pg ~`zlada

jhsthgt` oazta d` tl`m~a' Ba| h cas tzhjhfhdaz`s c`s lm~azthg sÿca cas ~zajc`mhs lgt`zgas d`ch ièjzloh# ~`za mhøhgh shcdzèg h chs ohcc`s `g mhgli`stholÿg ~acítloh' Ba| `stèg –~az” chdì`gsh d` ch ~htzlh lm~`zlhclsth `g oagtzh d`c –`g`mlka `rt`zga”# ~`za mhøhgh `sthzèg bhztasd` ch kp`zzh | zòagao`zèg d` gp`ya h sp ~za~lh ochs` damlghgt` oama `c ~zlgol~hc `g`mlka'Ba| ~hslyhm`gt` ho`~thg ch oachjazholÿg oag sps ~htzagas# ~`za mhøhgh `sthzèg `g oagtzhm`dlhgt` pgh bp`ckh caoh' Ch cÿkloh d`c a~aztpglsma oagdpo` —pgh y`v xp` ch hdh~tholÿg h chsaol`dhd jpzkp`sh s` fpstliloh ~az m`dla d` zì`z`golhs h ch hotltpd d` chs –mhshs”— h chz`slst`golh h `sths mlsmhs mhshs thg ~zagta oama# `g pgh lgy`zslÿg z`~`gtlgh# lglolhg ch hoolÿgoagtzh ch saol`dhd jpzkp`sh'

Cas sòthzlas slm~clilohg hc spf`ta z`yacpolaghzla ohsl thgta oama cas a~aztpglsths#

~`za `g `c s`gtlda a~p`sta' _l ~hzh `c a~aztpglsth ca ögloa xp` op`gth `s `c ajz`za azdlghzla — `s dòlz# `c ajz`za xp` s` `stè hslmlchgda | hdh~thgda h chs z`cholag`s jpzkp`shs— ~hzh cas

O




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sòthzlas sÿca op`gth `c ~zac`thzlhda –ld`hc”# `c xp` hotöh oama z`yacpolaghzla' _l `c ajz`za gas` oam~azth d` pgh mhg`zh z`yacpolaghzlh# bh o`shda d` s`z pg ajf`ta z`yacpolaghzla6 s` c`d`kzhdh h ch oht`kazíh d` –jpzkpìs”' @rtz`mlsths sòthzlas —thc`s oama ol`ztas–`s~agthg`ísths” pctzhlvxpl`zdlsths# hckpgas sthclglsths | hckpgas mhaísths— cc`khg lgocpsa hlkphchz h ch ochs` ajz`zh oag ch ochs` oh~lthclsth sl ìsth s` gl`kh h ho`~thz tathcm`gt` ch ldàcakíh

sòthzlh ~hztlopchz `g op`stlÿg'00

@c ajf`tlylsma `rtz`ma ~az pg chda "–tada ca xp` cas ajz`zas bho`g `s

z`yacpolaghzla”,# | `c spjf`tlylsma `rtz`ma ~az `c atza "–sÿca hxp`ccas xp` ho`~thg gp`stzhdaotzlgh sag z`yacpolaghzlas a ~zac`thzlas”,# s` pg`g `g `c hgèclsls ilghc ophgda gl`khg `cohzèot`z ajf`tlyhm`gt` z`yacpolaghzla d` kzhgd`s cpobhs mhslyhs dlzlkldhs ~az chs mhshs oagpgh oagol`golh oagtzhdlotazlh' ^hzh cas ajf`tlylsths a~aztpglsths `sths cpobhs ga sagz`yacpolaghzlhs ~azxp` –`c ~zÿrlma m`s ch mh|azíh tadhyíh lzè h yathz ~az `c _^D"saolhcd`mÿozhths d` Hc`mhglh aoold`gthc, a ~az D` Khpcc`”' Cas spjf`tlylsths sòthzlas gaxpl`z`g t`g`z ghdh xp` y`z oag ch z`yacpolÿg –~azxp` `c "`s dòlz6 gp`stza, kzp~a z`yacpolaghzlahög `s mp| dìjlc”'

_` ~p`d` hy`zlkphz slg dlilopcthd ch ghtpzhc`vh saolhc d` `sths das t`gd`golhs'Oazz`s~agd`g h ch lgt`còtphcldhd ~`xp`øajpzkp`sh6 cas a~aztpglsths `g sp mh|azíhz`~z`s`gthg h ch lgt`còtphcldhd ylgopchdh oag ch jpzaozholh ajz`zh `g azkhglvholag`s d` mhshsa `g `c h~hzhta d`c @sthda jpzkpìs# ml`gtzhs xp` cas sòthzlas z`~z`s`gthg h pghlgt`còtphcldhd xp` `stè d`sochshdh a öglohm`gt` ajs`zyh d`sd` `c `rt`zlaz# xp`dègdas` hip`zhd`c y`zdhd`za maylml`gta' @g cas das ohsas ch s`~hzholÿg iazvhdh `gtz` cas ihotaz`s ajf`tlyas| spjf`tlyas xp` a~`zhg oag `c spf`ta z`yacpolaghzla `g oagtzhdloolÿg mhs ga `g iazmhdlyldldh# oazz`s~agd`g h pg dlyazola `gtz` ~zèotloh | tàzíh xp` ~p`d` oagdpolz öglohm`gt` hpgh ~zèotloh a~aztpglsth | h pgh ld`hclvhdh –tàzíh” xp` `gohmh h pgh –ihcsh oagol`golh”'

_lg `mjhzka `s ohzhot`zístloa d` mpobas a~aztpglsths "`gtz` atzas cas jpzÿozhths

slgdlohclsths, oama thmjlìg d` mpobas sòthzlas clt`zhzlas# hopshz ~zòlshm`gt` h cas mhzrlsthsz`yacpolaghzlas d` s`z lgt`còtphc`s ~`xp`øajpzkp`s`s xp` kpsthzíhg d` –spj|pkhz” h ch ochsàjz`zh'0> @st` ~zajc`mh thmjlìg fp`kh pg ol`zta ~h~`c `g chs dlsopslag`s d`gtza d`cmaylml`gta z`yacpolaghzla `stpdlhgtlc' âz ca thgta# `s gò`shzla hghclvhz mès d` o`zoh `c~zajc`mh d` ch saolacakíh d` ch jpzaozholh# d`c òagamlsma | d`c `s~agthg`ísma "a d` ch–tìogloh hzt`shghc” ̀ g ̀ c ~zajc`mh azkhglvhtlya,'

Ch m`dlholÿg `gtz` tzhjhfa mhgphc | tzhjhfa m`gthc# ~zadpoolÿg | hopmpcholÿg s`~z`s`gthg `g yhzlhs aohslag`s d`gtza d` ch saol`dhd jpzkp`sh hpgxp` h dli`z`gt`s gly`c`s# ~az`f`m~ca `g ch ièjzloh' Ca xp` s` xpl`z` dòlz oag `c oago`~ta k`g`zhc d` –lgt`còtphcldhd”#–~`xp`øhjpzkp`síh lgt`còtphc” a –lgt`còtphcldhd tìogloh” `g z`hcldhd oazz`s~agd` h mpobhs

hotlyldhd`s dli`z`gt`s d` thc lgt`z~aslolÿg# op|h z`cholÿg oag ch y`zdhd`zh cpobh d` ochs`s `sjhsthgt` ~òpclhz' _` ~adzíhg d`sozljlz `s`golhcm`gt` chs slkpl`gt`s oht`kazíhs "xp` d` glgkpghmhg`zh ~z`t`gd`mas oagstltp|hg pg hgèclsls oam~c`ta,6

8, Cas k`gplgas lgt`zm`dlhzlas `gtz` `c oh~lthc | `c tzhjhfa `g `c ~zao`sa d` ch~zadpoolÿg# `s dòlz# cas ipgolaghzlas sòpgdhzlas d`c oh~lthc6 oh~htho`s# tamhdaz`s d` tl`m~a| d`mès ~`zsaghc d` oagilhgvh `g ch ièjzloh# `gtz` op|hs thz`hs `stè ch d` opldhz# `g lgt`zìs d`coh~lthc# ch dlsol~clgh chjazhc d`gtza d` ch ièjzloh'

:, Cas lgt`zm`dlhzlas `gtz` ch ol`golh | ch tìogloh# `gtz` ch tìogloh | ch ~zadpoolÿg6h|pdhgt`s d` chjazhtazla# lgy`stlkhdaz`s ol`gtíiloas# lgy`gtaz`s# tògÿcakas# ~chg`hdaz`s#

lgk`gl`zas ~za|òtlsths# dljpfhgt`s# `to' @g oagtzhst` oag ch oht`kazíh göm`za pga# `stassòtaz`s ga sag oÿm~clo`s `g `c ~zao`sa d` `rtzh`z ~cpsyhcíh hc ~zadpotaz' Iazmhg ~hzt` `g `c




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~zao`sa mht`zlhc d` ch ~zadpoolÿg `g sí# | ~az `sh zhvÿg ga sag `r~cathdaz`s slga ~zadpotaz`sd` ~cpsyhcíh'

?, Cas lgt`zm`dlhzlas `gtz` ch ~zadpoolÿg | ch z`hclvholÿg d` ch ~cpsyhcíh6hdmlglstzhdaz`s | ailolglsths ~pjclolthzlas# lgstltptas d` lgy`stlkholÿg d` m`zohda# ophdzas |

ol`gtíiloas aop~hdas `g `c sòtaz d` ch dlstzljpolÿg# `s~òlhclsths `g m`zohdatòglh# `to'4, Cas lgt`zm`dlhzlas `gtz` oam~zhdaz`s | y`gd`daz`s d` ch m`zohgoíh d` ch ip`zvh d`

tzhjhfa6 sajz` tada# ìstas sag cas ipgolaghzlas slgdlohc`s |# `g pg s`gtlda mès hm~cla# tadascas ipgolaghzlas d` chs azkhglvholag`s d` mhshs `g `c maylml`gta ajz`za'

0, Cas lgt`zm`dlhzlas `gtz` `c oh~lthc | `c tzhjhfa `g ch `si`zh d` ch sp~`z`stzpotpzh# cas~zadpotaz`s ldàcÿkloas "`s dòlz# hxp`ccas xp` `stèg aop~hdas `g ~zadpolz ldàcakíhs,6 pgsòtaz d` cas ~acítloas jpzkp`s`s "cas ihjzlohgt`s d` a~lglÿg ~öjcloh,# d` cas ~zai`saz`sjpzkp`s`s d` chs cchmhdhs bpmhgldhd`s# d` cas ~`zladlsths# hckpgas hztlsths# `to'

9, Cas lgt`zm`dlhzlas `gtz` ch ol`golh | ch ochs` ajz`zh# cas ~zadpotaz`s t`ÿzloas xp` ga

bhg slda lgoaz~azhdas ~zai`slaghcm`gt` `g ch ~zadpoolÿg ldàcÿkloh d` ch ochs` damlghgt` | xp` sag z`chtlyhm`gt` oh~ho`s# `goagtzègdas` cljz`s d` ch d`~`gd`golh mht`zlhc d` `sth~zadpoolÿg# d` aop~hzs` `g ch ozítloh d` chs z`cholag`s jpzkp`shs'

_` ~adzíh hkz`khz pg sì~tlma kzp~a# xp` `stè ~hzolhcm`gt` lgocplda `g `c xplgta | ~hzolhcm`gt` `g `c s`rta' @g pgh ocèsloh saol`dhd jpzkp`sh `sthjc`# ch `gs`øhgvh oama~zai`slÿg oh` `g ch oht`kazíh göm`za 0# thgta ~az ch ~z`damlghgolh lclmlthdh d` ch ldàcakíhjpzkp`sh oama ~az ca k`g`zhcm`gt` hjstzhota ` ldàcÿklohm`gt` ohzhot`zístloa d` tadh ch`gs`øhgvh ~zai`slaghc' _lg `mjhzka# oag `c ozòlml`gta d` ch ozlsls `stzpotpzhc `g cas o`gtzasd` `gs`øhgvh sp~`zlaz | chs pgly`zsldhd`s gàoh~lthclsths# s` cc`yh h ohja pg ohmjla `g sps~htzag`s ajf`tlyas' âz pg chda# ch ozlsls k`g`zhc d`c oh~lthclsma ~zòl~lth pgh ozlsls k`g`zhc `g

ch ldàcakíh gàoh~lthclsth# xp` `s ~p`sth `g dpdh oagsthgt`m`gt`' âz atza chda# ch `gs`øhgvhslzy` `g m`gaz kzhda h pg hdaotzlghml`gta ldàcÿkloa hjstzhota | `g mh|az kzhda h pghdlzòth ~z`~hzholÿg tògaozètloh ~hzh cas tzhjhfhdaz`s lgt`còtphc`s iptpzas "d` chs oht`kazíhs :| ?,# ~hzh s`z lgoaz~azhdas `g `c ~zao`sa d` ~zadpoolÿg' @sta bho` ~asljc` xp` `c oagt`gldad` thc `gs`øhgvh `stì ozòl`gt`m`gt` ylgopchda h pgh zòajzhdh oagol`golh d` `ghf`gholÿglgdlyldphc# oama thmjlìg h pgh ozítloh saolhc `g ohm~as xp` `stèg z`cholaghdas "| hpg ~hzhpgh ozítloh saolhc k`g`zhc,'

Hbazh s` y` mès ochza xp` ~hzt` d` ch lgt`còtphcldhd `f`zo` pgh lgicp`golh g`khtlyhsajz` `c d`shzzacca d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs` d`c ~zac`thzlhda6 sajz` tada cas kzp~as ?# 4 | 0 "gas` dlo` ghdh sajz` `c kzp~a göm`za 8 ~azxp`# `g k`g`zhc# d` tadhs iazmhs mhgtl`g` sp

dlsthgolh oag chs azkhglvholag`s ajz`zhs,' Ca xp` `s mès ~`clkzasa ~hzh ch lglolhtlyh | s`kpzldhdd` ch ochs` ajz`zh `s pgh slmjlasls a ipslÿg d` cas kzp~as 4 | 0 oama bh aopzzlda `g kzhg`sohch d`sd` ch ~zlm`zh Kp`zzh Mpgdlhc `g ch saolhcd`maozholh | ba| ~hzolhcm`gt` aopzz` `gchs azkhglvholag`s oampglsths d` mhshs d` aoold`gt`# azl`gthdhs ~az Masoö'

Cas kzp~as : | 9# ~az atza chda# sÿca ~p`d`g z`hcvhz `c lm~hota d` ch ochs` ajz`zh | d`chs azkhglvholag`s z`yacpolaghzlhs ~azxp` chs ~zay``g oag `c oagaolml`gta lgdls~`gshjc` h pgh ozítloh lm~chohjc` d` ch saol`dhd jpzkp`sh ~hzh `c d`zzaohml`gta ylotazlasa d` `sth saol`dhd# | hpg mès ~hzh ch ylotazlash `r~za~lholÿg d` cas m`dlas d` ~zadpoolÿg ~az ch hsaolholÿg d` cas ajz`zas'

Hxp`ccas xp` `stèg `g oagtzh d` ch pglÿg ozòl`gt` d` chs azkhglvholag`s ajz`zhs oagcas kzp~as göm`zas : | 9 d` ch lgt`còtphcldhd# ajf`tlyhm`gt` sag hclhdas d` cas kzp~as ?# 4 | 0

`g `f`zo`z sp lgicp`golh g`khtlyh `g ch ochs` ajz`zh' âzxp` `g ch blstazlh gpgoh s` bh dhda pghcpobh d` ochs`s xp` ga bh|h slda hoam~høhdh ~az pgh cpobh ldàcÿkloh'0; _` z`dpo` h pg




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~zajc`mh d` d`t`zmlghz xpì ldàcakíh ~p`d` z`hclvhzs` `g ch ochs` ajz`zh5 ~hzh `r~z`shzcam`faz# a jl`g ch ldàcakíh jpzkp`sh | ~`xp`øa-jpzkposh a jl`g ch tàzíh mhzrlsth ol`gtíilohs`zèg chs xp` s` d`shzzacc`g `gtz` cas tzhjhfhdaz`s' Ophcxpl`zh xp` s` a~agkh h –ophcxpl`zlgicp`golh lgt`còtphc `rt`zgh” d`gtza d` ch ochs` ajz`zh `g cpobh s` acyldh a d`sohzth `c bòbad` xp` ch lgicp`golh xp` cas kzp~as 8# ?# 4 | 0 `f`zo`g sajz` ch ochs` ajz`zh `stè ~`zmhg`gt`m`gt` `

lzz`mlsljc`m`gt` lgicp|`gda `g `c ~zac`thzlhda ~az m`dla d` tada `c mòhglsma d` ch saol`dhdjpzkp`sh | d` ch òagamíh oh~lthclsth# hd`mès d` xp` cas pctzhlvxpl`zdlsths –`s~agthg`ísths” gatl`g`g h sp dls~aslolÿg glgkpgh ~hgho`h ~hzh hohjhz oag `st` ~zao`sa' Mhobhohz `g oagtzh d`ch lgicp`golh d` cas lgt`còtphc`s mhzrlsths d`gtza d` ch ochs` ajz`zh s`golcchm`gt̀ s` tzhdpo` `gd`fhz xp` ch lgicp`golh d` ch lgt`còtphcldhd jpzkp`sh s` `rtl`gdh slg a~aslolÿg'02

A hög ~àz# hc z`slstlzs` h ch iazmholÿg d` pgh azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh | h ch`dpoholÿg d` ~zac`thzlas ~zai`slaghc`s z`yacpolaghzlas# cas m`gob`ylxp`s | cas–`s~agthg`ísths” `stèg ajf`tlyhm`gt` iazvhdas h h|pdhz h ~`z~`tphz ch dlylslÿg `gtz` `c tzhjhfamhgphc | `c tzhjhfa lgt`còtphc# `s dòlz# ch spj|pkholÿg `s~lzltphc d` cas ajz`zas h caslgt`còtphc`s | h ch# `g kzhg m`dldh# zè~ldh jpzaozhtlvholÿg d` chs azkhglvholag`s ajz`zhs'

^p`sta xp` pg ajz`za xp` ~`zmhgò` oagtlgphm`gt` d`gtza d`c ~zao`sa oh~lthclsth d` ch~zadpoolÿg# ~az ca k`g`zhc ga `sthzè oh~holthda ~hzh hslmlchz kcajhcm`gt` ch tàzíh# | ~az cathgta ~`zmhgò`zè d`~`gdl`gt` d` –cas `s~òlhclsths ~`xp`øajpzkp`s`s”' âz `sth zhvÿg# s`~p`d` dhz pg ~hsa dòlslya sajz` ch azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh bholh ch `mhgol~holÿglgt`còtphc d` ~az ca m`gas cas tzhjhfhdaz`s mès hyhgvhdas | bholh pgh ylotazlh lglolhc sajz` chdlylslÿg d`c tzhjhfa d`gtza d`c maylml`gta ajz`za `g sí# ~az m`dla d` ch `rtzhoolÿglgt`zmlt`gt` d` ajz`zas ~zao`d`gt`s d` chs ièjzlohs'

@sth ga `s ch öctlmh ~hchjzh `g ch saolacakíh d`c `s~agthg`ísma' D`j`mas~z`kpgthzgas6 ±@g xpì sòtaz d` ch ochs` ajz`zh tl`g` mès lgicp`golh ch –hgtl~htíh” | ch–d`soagilhgvh” bholh cas lgt`còtphc`s1 Ajylhm`gt` `g hxp`ccas sòtaz`s op|h `rlst`golh saolhc| òagÿmloh cas `r~ag` mès hkpdhm`gt` h pg oagiclota z`hc oag `c tzhjhfa lgt`còtphc' @g sp mh|azíh sagcas ajz`zas d` chs ièjzlohs ~`xp`øhs | m`dlhghs# hm`ghvhdas ~az `c ~zakz`sa tògacÿkloa5ajz`zas hptalgstzpldas xp` ~az m`dla d` pg `sip`zva ~`zsaghc s` bhg dli`z`golhda d` chsmhshs5 ajz`zas xp` bhg spjlda h ch olmh d` chs azkhglvholag`s jpzaozètlohs5 ajz`zas xp` hohpsh d` sp jhfa gly`c opctpzhc | `dpohtlya s` `gop`gtzhg hc`fhdas d`c tzhjhfa lgt`còtphc | ~azca thgta ca mlzhg oag kzhg d`soagilhgvh | bastlcldhd' @g atzhs ~hchjzhs# ch jhs` saolhc d`còagamlsma# d`c `s~agthg`ísma# `c –`giaxp` hzt`shghc” sajz` `c ~zajc`mh d` ch azkhglvholÿg| ch bastlcldhd bholh ch ol`golh `g `c s`ga d` ch ochs` ajz`zh ca oagstltp|` `c `stzhta hzt`shghc d``sth ochs`'

âz atza chda# `gtz` cas ajz`zas d` chs kzhgd`s ièjzlohs | d` chs kzhgd`s olpdhd`s | d`chs zhmhs `rt`gslyhs d` ch lgdpstzlh h ch yhgkphzdlh d`c ~zakz`sa tògacÿkloa# ch s`d d`

oagaolml`gta# pgh ihmlclhzlvholÿg mès hm~clh oag `c ~zakz`sa tìogloa | ol`gtíiloa# | pgh jhs`mès hm~clh bholh ch ~za|òolÿg d` ch oagxplsth d`c ~ad`z# thgta `g chs ièjzlohs oama `g `c@sthda# bho` mpoba mès ièolc `c `gt`gdlml`gta d`c ~h~`c ajf`tlyhm`gt` gò`shzla d` cast`ÿzloas z`yacpolaghzlas | d` ch azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh'

âz ca k`g`zhc# sl ga `s xp` sl`m~z`# chs t`gd`golhs `s~agthg`ísths `g `c maylml`gtaajz`za oazz`s~agd`g `rhothm`gt` h `sth jhs` saolhc' @sta ip` ol`zta `s~òlhcm`gt` ~hzh cashghzoaslgdlohclsths `g cas ~hís`s chtlgas hgt`s d` ch ~zlm`zh Kp`zzh Mpgdlhc' \ thmjlìg ipòl`zta ~hzh cas m`gob`ylxp`s xp` ip`zag tathcm`gt` d`zzathdas ~az `c jacob`ylsma `g chskzhgd`s ièjzlohs m`tza~aclthghs# ~`za xp` `gop`gtzhg sp jhs` ~zac`thzlh mès lm~azthgt` `g castí~loas ~p`jcas mlg`zas ~`xp`øas | `g cas ohm~as ~`tzac`zas d`c spz d` Zpslh'0< @g `sth `zh d`

ch t`zo`zh z`yacpolÿg lgdpstzlhc `g xp` s` lgt`gth z`ylylz `sth tìogloh d` ohsth hzt`shghc jhfa `c~z`t`rta d` khzhgtlvhz –hptagamíh ajz`zh”# s` ~adzíhg t`g`z cas mlsmas z`spcthdas xp` bpja




:;

`g `c ~hshda —~zlgol~hcm`gt̀ dlsl~hz chs ip`zvhs d` ch ochs` ajz`zh hyhgvhdh | ~at`golhcm`gt̀z`yacpolaghzlh | dhz pg `m~pf` h chs sòolag`s jpzaozhtlvhdhs | s`mlhzt`shghc`s d`cmaylml`gta# xp` `stèg jhfa ch oagsthgt` lgicp`golh d` ch ldàcakíh jpzkp`sh'

Lgt`còtphcldhd ol`gtíiloh# ol`golh saolhc | oagol`golh

~zac`thzlh

h lgt`kzholÿg d`c tzhjhfa lgt`còtphc hc ~zao`sa d` ~zadpoolÿg cc`yhdh h ohja ~azch t`zo`zh z`yacpolÿg lgdpstzlhc# xp` ip` ~z`ylsth ~az Mhzr | op|as olml`gtas

`sthjhg |h ~z`s`gt`s `g ch s`kpgdh z`yacpolÿg lgdpstzlhc#9> bh oz`hda `c ~z`zz`xplslta ~hzh xp`pg `stzhta mès hm~cla d` lgt`còtphcldhd zòp~`z` sp oagol`golh d` ch `ghf`gholÿg# oagol`golhxp` bhjíh ~`zdlda h tzhyìs d` sp hc`fhml`gta d`c ~zao`sa d` ~zadpoolÿg dlzòta d` ch ~cpsyhcíh#| sp tzhgsiazmholÿg `g pg oagspmldaz dlzòta a lgdlzòta d` ch ~cpsyhcíh' ^p`sta xp` ìst`#thmjlìg# `s sajz`~p`sta ~az ch `ghf`gholÿg `g ch saol`dhd jpzkp`sh' @sth `s ch jhs` mht`zlhc#

ga sÿca ~hzh ch z`j`clÿg `stpdlhgtlc `g cas ~hís`s lm~`zlhclsths# slga thmjlìg ~hzh ch ~asljlcldhdd` ch ~hztlol~holÿg d` pg göm`za ozòl`gt` d` ol`gtíiloas | tìogloas `g `c maylml`gtaz`yacpolaghzla'

Ch ~hztlol~holÿg d` ch lgt`còtphcldhd `g `c maylml`gta saolhclsth ocèsloa# hgt`zlaz h ch~zlm`zh Kp`zzh Mpgdlhc# k`g`zhcm`gt` t`gdíh h dòh`z' Hpgxp` ip` oagsld`zhjc` hc ~zlgol~lad`c maylml`gta s` ip` z`stzlgkl`gda ohdh y`v mès oagiazm` `c maylml`gta d` ch ochs`tzhjhfhdazh s` iazthcòíh' @g pgh ~aoa oagaoldh ~acìmloh `g oagtzh d` Mhr Hdc`z# `g 8<8>#

Tzatse| d`sy`cÿ chs ohpshs d` `st` ~zao`sa oama tathcm`gt` mht`zlhclsths6 ch d`~`gd`golhsaolhc d` ch lgt`còtphcldhd `g ch kzhg jpzkp`síh | `g `c @sthda jpzkpìs5 ch ld`gtliloholÿgldàcÿkloh oag cas lgt`z`s`s d` ch ochs` h ch ophc slzy`5 | ch lgoh~holdhd d`c maylml`gta ajz`za#

azkhglvhda oama pgh –oagtzhsaol`dhd”# h oam~`tlz oag sp oagtzh~hzt`' Tzatse| ~z`dlfa xp``st` `sthda d` oashs ohmjlhzíh mp| zè~ldhm`gt`# `g pgh ì~aoh z`yacpolaghzlh# `g `c pmjzhc d`ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh'98

_lg `mjhzka# d` `sths ~z`mlshs oazzòths# `rtzhfa ca xp` `zhg oagocpslag`s tèotlohslgoazzòths# ophgda ~az `f`m~ca izhohsÿ `g ~pgtphclvhz ch kzhg lm~azthgolh xp` C`glg c`hslkghjh hc maylml`gta `stpdlhgtlc d` 8<>2-8<>< "xp` bhjíh z`spzklda `g m`dla d` choagtzhzz`yacpolÿg tzlpgihgt`,5 `st` öctlma ca oagsld`zhjh `c hpkpzla d`c spjsòp`gt` gp`yahso`gsa `g `c maylml`gta d` mhshs "xp` bhjzíh d` oam`gvhz `g 8<8:,'

Cc`kÿ hc kzhda d` `r~z`shz xp` s`zíh pg –`zzaz” d` ch dlzòolÿg lgt`còtphc d` ch

saolhcd`maozholh zpsh sl `zh oh~hv d` `r~hgdlz –sps ohzhot`zístlohs saolhc`s k`g`zhc`s6 sp`s~ízltp sòthzla# pg lgdlyldphclsma tí~loa d` cas lgt`còtphc`s# sp i`tloblsma ldàcÿkloa”' 9: Oama ca hdmltlzíh Tzatse| ~ast`zlazm`gt`# `g hxp`c tl`m~a ìc spj`stlmhjh ch slkgliloholÿg

~acítloh | saolhc d` ch cpobh ihoolaghc `gtz` cas jacob`ylxp`s | cas clxpldhdaz`s# xp` `zh sÿca pgh~zacagkholÿg d` ch cpobh hgt`zlaz `gtz` jacob`ylxp`s | m`gob`ylxp`s' Ch blstazlh bhjzíh d`mastzhz xp` `sth cpobh ga t`gíh ghdh xp` y`z oag `c ~zadpota d` pg –sòthzlsma lgt`còtphc”#slga oag ch s`~hzholÿg d` ch oagol`golh saolhclsth z`yacpolaghzlh# d` ch oagol`golh~`xp`øajpzkp`sh zìazmlsth'9?

Hpg hsí# `s oazzòta hilzmhz xp` ch ~hztlol~holÿg d` ch lgt`còtphcldhd z`yacpolaghzlhzpsh `g ch oagstzpoolÿg d` pg ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla d` ochs` d`c ~zac`thzlhda zpsa# ip`# d`tadhs mhg`zhs# pgh s`còolÿg lgdlyldphc ~pzh slg zhío`s saolhc`s' \ d`sd` ch Z`yacpolÿg dÀotpjz`# `cca s` bh yp`cta lg`ylthjc`m`gt` `g oagtzh d` ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh# ~p`s chs mhshsd` ch lgt`còtphcldhd tìogloh ga ip`zag oh~ho`s d` ~hshzs` hc ohm~a d` ch z`yacpolÿg' @g pg

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~zlgol~la shjat`hzag ch ~zadpoolÿg òagÿmloh | cas mìtadas d` azkhglvholÿg saolhc d`gtza d`ch `sohch mès hm~clh5 mès thzd` sp oaa~`zholÿg tpya xp` s`z –oam~zhdh” ~az m`dla d` shchzlas`c`yhdas5 ilghcm`gt` s` oagylztl`zag `g ch ip`zvh matazh d` ch jpzaozhtlvholÿg | d` chd`k`g`zholÿg d` ch z`yacpolÿg'

@g ch m`dldh `g xp` ba| ch ~aslolÿg d` ch lgt`còtphcldhd tìogloh "`s~òlhcm`gt` ch~`zt`gòl`gt` h ch oht`kazíh :# m`golaghdh hgt`zlazm`gt`, bh ohmjlhda dòlslyhm`gt` d`gtzad`c ~zao`sa mht`zlhc d` ~zadpoolÿg# | ~p`sta xp` `sth lgt`còtphcldhd tìogloh `stè sl`gdatzhgsiazmhdh kzhdphcm`gt` `g pg sòtaz d` ch ochs` hshchzlhdh# ch ~asljlcldhd d` sp~hztlol~holÿg mhslyh d`gtza d`c ~zao`sa z`yacpolaghzla | `g ch zàzkhglvholÿg d` ch saol`dhd#`stè spst`gthdh sajz` jhs`s mès ilzm`s xp` `g `c ~hshda' I`d`zloa @gk`cs |h bhjíh s`øhchda `c~h~`c blstÿzlohm`gt` dòlslya xp` `sth lgt`còtphcldhd ~adzíh opm~clz `g ch oagstzpoolÿg d` chsaol`dhd saolhclsth'

^hzh ~ad`z tamhz | ~ag`z h ipgolaghz cas m`dlas d` ~zadpoolÿg gò`slthmas# `g kzhgd`s

ohgtldhd`s# ~`zsaghs xp` `stìg tìoglohm`gt` ohclilohdhs' Ga chs t`g`mas' ' ' M` lmhklga xp`gasatzas `g cas ~zÿrlmas aoba h dl`v høas `sthz`mas zòcpthgda spilol`gt`s tìogloas# daotaz`s#hjakhdas | mh`stzas fÿy`g`s ~hzh xp` cas ohmhzhdhs d`c ~hztlda `stìg oh~holthdas ~hzhhdmlglstzhz chs ièjzlohs | cas jl`g`s `s`golhc`s ~hzh ch gholÿg' @gtago`s gp`stza hso`gsa hc ~ad`z s`zè jhsthgt` ghtpzhc | ~adzè ipgolaghz mès a m`gas tzhgxplchm`gt`' _l# ~az atzh ~hzt`#

cc`khmas hc ~ad`z ~az m`dla d` pgh kp`zzh# cas tìogloas s`zèg gp`stzas ~zlgol~hc`s a~ag`gt`s#gas `gkhøhzèg | tzhlolaghzèg ohdh y`v xp` c`s s`h ~asljc`' T`gdz`mas xp` pshz `c t`zzaz `goagtzh d` ̀ ccas# | hpg hsí# gas opjzlzèg oag sps ̀ roz`m`gtas'94

âz sp~p`sta# d`j`mas hkz`khz xp`# h tzhyìs d` `sth t`zo`zh z`yacpolÿg lgdpstzlhc# chochs` ajz`zh mlsmh# xp` `stè mpoba mès ohclilohdh xp` `g 82<># mp`stzh pgh bhjlcldhdsp~`zlaz ~hzh mhg`fhz dlzòthm`gt` chs ièjzlohs xp` ch ochs` ajz`zh `g yldh d` @gk`cs' ^`za# `göctlma hgèclsls# ca xp` z`xpl`z`g chs kzhgd`s mhshs `s ch bhjlcldhd tìogloh ~hzh xp` c`s ~`zmlth`f`zo`z pg oagtzac ~acítloa | saolhc sajz` cas –`s~òlhclsths” "pg hspgta sajz` `c ophc C`glg tpyathgths lcpslag`s `g 8<82,' Pgh pglÿg ozòl`gt` `gtz` ch lgt`còtphcldhd ol`gtíiloh | `c~zac`thzlhda lgdpstzlhc# | ch ozòl`gt` ~hztlol~holÿg d` lgt`còtphc`s z`yacpolaghzlas d`gtza d`c~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla# d` bòba iholclthg ̀ st` oagtzac'

@g ch m`dldh `g xp` ch saolhclvholÿg ajf`tlyh d` ch ~zadpoolÿg | `c tzhjhfa ~az pgh~hzt`# | ch h~za~lholÿg ~zlyhdh ~az atzh "a s`h# `g ch m`dldh `g xp` ch ozlsls d` chs z`cholag`soh~lthclsths d` ~zadpoolÿg s` hkpdlvh, —| ba| `sthmas ylyl`gda pgh iazmh gp`yh | mès hkpdhd` `sth oagtzhdloolÿg# xp` slzylÿ d` jhs` h cas spo`sas d` mh|a `g Izhgolh | h chs cpobhs d`mhshs `g Lthclh dpzhgt` 8<9<— | `g ch m`dldh `g xp` `c gàoh~lthclsma jpsoh pgh gp`yh y`glh~hzh ~zacagkhz sp yldh hc `c`yhz `c gly`c d` oagspma d` ch ochs` ajz`zh# ch ol`golh# oag ozò`s#

cc`khzè h s`z ~hzh chs mhshs pgh ip`zvh ~zadpotlyh z`yacpolaghzlh `g das hs~òtas6 oag chhptamhtlvholÿg | ch ozòl`gt` magthøh d` m`zohgoíhs# ~zadpo` pgh ozlsls ohdh y`v mès kzhgd``g `c ~zao`sa d` ~zadpoolÿg | dlstzljpolÿg d`c oh~lthc# xp` `stè jhshda sajz` ch ~zadpoolÿgk`g`zhclvhdh d` m`zohgoíhs5 `g mhshs ozòl`gt`s d` ~`zsaghs ~zadpo` pgh oagol`golhz`yacpolaghzlh hc ~`zmltlz xp` ohlkhg cas mltas | mèsohzhs d` ch zptlgh oh~lthclsth# | hc~asljlclthz hc ajz`za# xp` zòagxplsth ch oagol`golh d` `sthz `ghf`ghda# ~hzh hohjhz oag `sth`ghf`gholÿg' @g ch m`dldh `g xp` `goagtzhmas xp` ch jhzz`zh dòlslyh# xp` ba| `stazjh h chochs` ajz`zh `c ~ad`z hdxplzlz pgh oagol`golh ~acítloh d` ochs`# z`sld` `g m`gaz kzhda sajz` chmls`zlh d` chs mhshs | `g ch `rtz`mh ~ajz`vh d` sps hcz`d`daz`s# | `g mh|az kzhda `g chlgicp`golh oagsthgt` d`c oagspma | ch mlstliloholÿg ldàcÿkloh d` ch ~`xp`øh jpzkp`síh | d` chjpzkp`síh# `s ~zòlshm`gt` `gtago`s ophgda `c ~zao`sa d` hjzlz cas afas bholh ch ol`golh saolhc

ozítloh ~p`d` fpkhz pg y`zdhd`za ~h~`c z`yacpolaghzla `g `c gp`ya d`s~`zthz d` ch oagol`golhd` ochs` `gtz` chs mhshs'




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D`sd` cp`ka xp` `sta bho` gò`shzlh ch `rlst`golh d` yígopcas oagoz`tas oag chs mhshstzhjhfhdazhs —pg z`xplslta xp` ~p`d`g cc`ghz öglohm`gt` cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas# ~az pgh~hzt`# | ~az atzh# ch azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh' \ `sta z`xpl`z` xp` ch lgt`còtphcldhdol`gtíiloh z`yacpolaghzlh ga –yh|h hc ~p`jca”# oag `c mad`sta mhsaxplsma ~a~pclsth xp` chz`stzlgk` h sast`g`z bpmlcd`m`gt` chs cpobhs ~az shchzlas mès `c`yhdas# slga xp` cc`y` bholh cas

`stzhtas d`s~`zthdas | ozítloas d` ch ochs` ajz`zh ca xp` ~az `ccas mlsmas ga ~p`d`g cc`yhz hohja# d`jlda hc `sthda izhkm`gthda d` sp oagol`golh6 `c oagaolml`gta ol`gtíiloa | choagol`golh xp` cas ~asljlclthzè h zòagao`z ch y`zdhd`zh ihv d` ch `sohgdhcashm`gt` y`chdh`r~catholÿg | d` ch a~z`slÿg dlsizhvhdh h xp` sag sam`tldas'

^`dhkakíh blstÿzloh | oampgloholÿg d` ch oagol`golh d`

ochs`

gh y`v xp` `gt`gd`mas xp` ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` azkhglvholÿg lgt`gth dhz

z`s~p`sth h cas ~zajc`mhs d`c ~at`golhc hotphc ~hzh ch z`yacpolÿg | d`c spf`taz`yacpolaghzla# `sth tàzíh gas cc`yh dlzòthm`gt` bholh `c ~zajc`mh d` ch ~`dhkakíh blstÿzloh#`s dòlz# `c ~zajc`mh d` tzhgsiazmhz ch oagol`golh d` ochs` ~at`golhc | ch oagol`golh d` ochs`slgdlohclsth# `g oagol`golh ~acítloh z`yacpolaghzlh' @st` ~zajc`mh ~p`d` s`z z̀ sp`ctaöglohm`gt` h ch cpv d` ch ochsliloholÿg d` ch ochs` ajz`zh d`clg`hdh hgt`zlazm`gt` ch mhsh dàjz`zas# cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas | cas ophdzas z`yacpolaghzlas azkhglvhdas' ^hzh hslmlchz spozòl`gt` oagol`golh d` ochs`# ohdh `stzhta z`xpl`z` d` sps ~za~las mìtadas d` lgstzpoolÿg#~hsh h tzhyìs d` sp ~za~la mìtada d` h~z`gdlvhf` | gò`slth t`g`z pg mìtada d` oampgloholÿg`s~òlhc oag ch ochs` `g sp tathcldhd | oag `c èmjlta d` ch ~zadpoolÿg t`ÿzloh' @c ~h~`cblstÿzloa d`c ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla d` yhgkphzdlh xp` C`glg t`gíh `g m`gt` ~p`d` s`zz`spmlda oama hxp`c xp` oagfpgthm`gt` `r~z`sh `sths tz`s iazmhs d` ~`dhkakíh'

Chs kzhgd`s mhshs h~z`gd`g sÿca h tzhyìs d` ch hoolÿg' @s~`zhz lm~hztlzc`s oagol`golhz`yacpolaghzlh h tzhyìs d` ch ~za~hkhgdh `s pg `sip`zva dlkga d` _íslia —| hd`mèslgizpotpasa' _lg `mjhzka# h ~`shz d` xp` chs mhshs h~z`gd`g öglohm`gt` h tzhyìs d` ch hoolÿg#ga gò`shzlhm`gt` tadhs chs hoolag`s oagdpo`g bholh ch hdxplslolÿg mhslyh d` ch oagol`golhz`yacpolaghzlh d` ochs`' Chs hoolag`s `g tazga h ajf`tlyas òagÿmloas | ~acítloas z`hclvhjc`s d`lgm`dlhta | xp` ~p`d`g s`z cakzhdhs `g `c èmjlta d`c azd`g saolhc oh~lthclsth# ga ~zadpo`goagol`golh d` ochs` z`yacpolaghzlh' @sth `zh pgh d` chs kzhgd`s –lcpslag`s” d` cassaolhcd`mÿozhths –a~tlmlsths” h ilghc`s d`c slkca RLR | ~zlgol~las d`c RR "lgocp|`gda h@gk`cs,# xpl`g`s oz`íhg xp` `rlstíh pgh cíg`h zòth `gtz` chs ylotazlhs ~hzolhc`s `g chs cpobhs`còtazhc`s# chs bp`ckhs d` oagol`golholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh | pg lgoz`m`gta `g ch oamjhtlyldhd

z`yacpolaghzlh d`c ~zac`thzlhda'90

_` bh ~zajhda xp` `sta `s lgoazzòta blstÿzlohm`gt`' Cas ìrltas ~hzolhc`s ol`zthm`gt`

fpkhzag pg ~h~`c slkglilohgt` | ~asltlya `g iazthcò`z ch oagilhgvh ~za~lh | ch oamjhtlyldhd d`chs mhshs ~zac`thzlhs `g k`g`zhc' "Cas hghzxplsths `sthjhg `xplyaohdas hc zòbhvhz `sths cpobhs~hzolhc`s ~z`mhtpzhm`gt`', _lg `mjhzka# ga ~z`~hzhzag h chs mhshs tzhjhfhdazhs ~hzh ch cpobhz`yacpolaghzlh' Ch ihcth d` `r~`zl`golh `g chs cpobhs z`yacpolaghzlhs d` ch ochs` ajz`zh hc`mhgh~az pgh ~hzt`# | ch `rlst`golh d` thc `r~`zl`golh `g ch ochs` ajz`zh zpsh# ~az atzh# ip` chdli`z`golh mès lm~azthgt` `g ch oagol`golh `gtz` hmjhs ochs`s ajz`zhs ch yís~`zh d` ch ~zlm`zhKp`zzh Mpgdlhc' Dòlslyhm`gt` oagtzljp|ÿ hc dli`z`gt` z`spcthda d` chs z`yacpolag`s d` 8<8;| 8<8< `g Zpslh | Hc`mhglh'

D`jlda h xp` ch m`th d` chs hoolag`s d` mhshs `s k`g`zhcm`gt` ch shtlsihoolÿg d`gò`sldhd`s lgm`dlhths# ylgopchz chs d`mhgdhs ~az `sths gò`sldhd`s cc`kh h s`z pg hs~òta

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lm~azthgt` d` ch `stzht`klh z`yacpolaghzlh# ca xp` ajf`tlyhm`gt` ga ~p`d` s`z hcohgvhda pajt`glda d` pg saca kac~` d`gtza d`c èmjlta d`c azd`g saolhc oh~lthclsth# | `sta ~zadpo` pghdlgèmloh ajf`tlyhm`gt` z`yacpolaghzlh# xp` oagdpo` h pgh ~zp`jh d` ip`zvh h chs das ochs`ssaolhc`s dòlslyhs sajz` ch op`stlÿg d`c ~ad`z' @sth `s ch `stzht`klh d` chs d`mhgdhs tzhgsltazlhsxp`# h tzhyìs d` cas `sip`zvas d` C`glg# ip`zag lgoaz~azhdhs hc ~zakzhmh d` ch Lgt`zgholaghc

Oampglsth `g sp LY Oagkz`sa# | xp` ip`zag `chjazhdhs mès thzd` ~az Tzatse| oama `c op`z~a~zlgol~hc d`c ~zakzhmh d` ch LY Lgt`zgholaghc'99

@c d`shzzacca d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs` z`yacpolaghzlh `s ~asljc` öglohm`gt` sl s`hopmpch ch `r~`zl`golh d` chs cpobhs xp` ga s` clmlthg h d`mhgdhs ~hzolhc`s d`gtza d`c mhzoaoh~lthclsth' Ch lg|òolÿg kzhdphc d` `sths d`mhgdhs bholh ch cpobh d` mhshs ~p`d` s`z tzhídh hoacholÿg sÿca h tzhyìs d` cas `sip`zvas d` pgh mhsh hm~clh d` ajz`zas hyhgvhdas xp` `stèg`stzòbhm`gt` ylgopchdas h chs mhshs# | xp` sag xpl`g`s dls`mlghg | ~pjclohg `sths d`mhgdhs"xp` `g k`g`zhc ga spzk`g `s~agtèg`hm`gt` d` ch `r~`zl`golh dlhzlh d` ch ochs`, `g chs ièjzlohs#`r~`zlm`gthgda oag `cchs `g yhzlhs `sohzhmpvhs# | `s~hzolìgdachs h tzhyìs d` ch hkltholÿg#bhsth xp` s` cc`kp` h pg ~pgta `g xp` oagdlolag`s ajf`tlyhs | spjf`tlyhs ihyazhjc`s oagy`zk`g#

oagylztl`gda ch z`hclvholÿg d` `sths d`mhgdhs `g `c y`zdhd`za ajf`tlya d` chs kzhgd`s bp`ckhs#mhgli`stholag`s# ohm~høhs d` hkltholÿg# `to'

H ~`shz d` xp` ch oagol`golh z`yacpolaghzlh d` ochs` `gtz` chs kzhgd`s mhshs s`d`shzzacch öglohm`gt` h ~hztlz d` ch `r~`zl`golh d` ch cpobh ajf`tlyhm`gt` z`yacpolaghzlh# `g cas ajz`zasz`yacpolaghzlas spzk` d` ch `r~`zl`golh d` ch yldh# `c tzhjhfa | ch cpobh `g k`g`zhc' @sths`r~`zl`golhs ga gò`slthg s`z iazvashm`gt` z`yacpolaghzlhs' D` chs `r~`zl`golhs dlhzlhs d`coagiclota d` ochs`s# `stas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas `rtzh`g chs oagocpslag`s `c`m`gthc`s ho`zoh d` chgò`sldhd d` ch sacldhzldhd d` ochs`# ch hoolÿg d` ochs` | ch azkhglvholÿg d` ochs`' Chs iazmhs~zakzhmètlohs | azkhglvhtlyhs h tzhyìs d` chs ophc`s `sth hoolÿg | `sth azkhglvholÿg d`j`g s`zdlzlkldhs# yhzíhg hm~clhm`gt` d` hop`zda h chs oagdlolag`s ajf`tlyhs | h chs `r~`zl`golhsoagoz`ths' Ga ajsthgt`# ch `r~`zl`golh d` cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas# `g ch yldh# `c tzhjhfa | chcpobh# cas ho`zoh h oam~z`gd`z ch lgspilol`golh d` ch hotlyldhd xp` jpsoh m`zhm`gt` zìazmhzch saol`dhd `rlst`gt`# `g y`v d` hjaclzch'

Ch hotlyldhd d` ch yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh `s oh~hv d` ~asljlclthz ch oagol`golh dòchs` d` cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas ~hzh xp` ozpo`g `st` pmjzhc' Ga ~p`d` hotphz oamaohthclvhdaz hptamètlohm`gt`# gl d`sht`gdl`gda chs oagdlolag`s ajf`tlyhs' ^p`d` fpkhz `st`~h~`c sÿca ophgda `s lkphc h ch mhkgltpd d` sps thz`hs# `s dòlz# sl `c oagt`glda d` sp hotlyldhdt`ÿzloh# ~za~hkhgdístloh | clt`zhzlh oazz`s~agd` h chs gò`sldhd`s d` cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas# | slch iazmh d` `sth hotlyldhd ga t`zkly`zsh chs c`|`s d` ch ~`dhkakíh "`ylthgda pctlmètpms,' Hcmlsma tl`m~a# `st` tl~a d` hotlyldhd d`j` s`z ylgopchdh h ch hotlyldhd d` ígdac` ~zèotloh | h pgh

~`zs~òtlyh ~acítloh# iholclthgda d` `sth mhg`zh# hc ~zamay`z ch y`zaslmlcltpd d` hmjhs# ch

`stzht`klh z`yacpolaghzlh | ch azkhglvholÿg'

@g cas ~`zladas d` zò`sa d` chs cpobhs d` ochs`s# d` pgh dòclgholÿg t`m~azhc `g choagilhgvh ~za~lh d` ch ochs` ajz`zh# dpzhgt` cas ophc`s ch `sthjlcldhd d`c `g`mlka d` ochs` `stèh~hz`gt`m`gt` hs`kpzhdh# ch yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh ga s`zè oh~hv d` cc`yhz h ohja spsajf`tlyas# hpgxp` sp hotlyldhd lkphc` ch thz`h d` ohthclvhz ch oagol`golh d` ochs` z`yacpolaghzlh`gtz` chs mès hm~clhs oh~hs d` ajz`zas hyhgvhdas' Ch oz``golh d` xp` ch slm~c` dì`gsh d`c–mìtada tèotloa oazzòta” a d` ch –cíg`h oazzòth” `s spilol`gt` ~hzh k`g`zhz pgh ip`zvhz`yacpolaghzlh ozòl`gt`# hpg `g ~`zladas d` zìcpfa# `g ch cpobh d` ochs`s# `s pgh lcpslÿg xp`spzk` d`c zholaghclsma jpzkpìs# | ga d`c mht`zlhclsma dlhcìotloa' @sth lcpslÿg# lgold`gthcm`gt`#`s ohpsh d` mpobas zam~lml`gtas d`gtza d`c maylml`gta z`yacpolaghzla# d`jlda h xp` `c

sòthzlsma azkhglvhtlya d` cas xp` zam~`g `stè jhshda `g `c lgk`gpa ~pgta d` ylsth d` xp` ch–h~cloholÿg d` ch tèotloh oazzòth” ~p`d` khghz h mpobh k`gt` `g ch# bhsth hbazh# lgoÿcpm`




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~`zli`zlh# xp` ch xp` ~p`d` khghzs` `gtz` cas z`yacpolaghzlas xp` |h `stèg azkhglvhdas'Ml`gtzhs chs oagdlolag`s ajf`tlyhs s` mhgt`gkhg d`sihyazhjc`s# `stas zam~lml`gtask`g`zhcm`gt` t`zmlghzèg oama kzp~ösopcas hög mès dìjlc`s xp` hxp`ccas op|hs –tèotlohsihcshs” cas bhoíhg thg dlkgas d` s`z oagd`ghdas'

@sta ga xpl`z` dòlz# slg `mjhzka# xp` `c tzhjhfa d` ch yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh `gtz`cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas s`h lgötlc | ga zlgdh ìòtas dpzhgt` olzopgsthgolhs ajf`tlyhsd`sihyazhjc`s' Ga ~zadpo` pg ìrlta lgm`dlhta5 ga ajsthgt` `s pgh ~z`~hzholÿg tz`m`gdhm`gt`lm~azthgt`# | hpg dòlslyh# ~hzh ch ozlsls ophgda ch cpobh d` ochs`s hsol`gd` pgh y`v mès(

D` ch mlsmh mhg`zh `g xp` chs kzhgd`s mhshs slg `r~`zl`golh `g ch cpobhz`yacpolaghzlh ga ~p`d`g d`shzzacchz pgh oagol`golh d` ochs` z`yacpolaghzlh# cas ajz`zashyhgvhdas xp` gpgoh bhg aída d` chs d`mhgdhs d` tzhgslolÿg# ga ~p`d`g lgtzadpolzchs `g ch~zÿrlmh ac`hdh d` ch cpobh d` ochs`s' Ch ~z`~hzholÿg ~hol`gt` | ~`zslst`gt`# z`hclvhdh oag kzhgopldhda `g cas d`thcc`s# ~az ~hzt` d` pgh azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh d` yhgkphzdlh# hckpghs

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_lg `mjhzka# ~hzh t`g`z ch oh~holdhd d` oagy`go`z h cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas | h chlgt`còtphcldhd zhdlohc d` pg ~hís d` ch gò`sldhd d` `rt`gd`z chs kzhgd`s cpobhs d` mhshs mèshccè d`c gly`c d` chs d`mhgdhs lgm`dlhths bholh chs d`mhgdhs d` tzhgslolÿg# ga c` jhsthzè h ch

yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh oag bhj`zs` h~z`gdlda d` m`mazlh pgh clsth d` thc`s d`mhgdhsshohdh d` C`glg a d` Tzatse|' D`j` hdxplzlz pg dajc` oagaolml`gta | pg mìtada hmjlkpa d`hslmlcholÿg' âz pgh ~hzt` d`j` hslmlchz chs `r~`zl`golhs ~zlgol~hc`s d`c ~zac`thzlhdalgt`zgholaghc `g mès d` pg slkca d` cpobh d` ochs`s z`yacpolaghzlh' âz atzh ~hzt`# d`j` cc`yhz hohja pg hgèclsls oagtlgpa | s`zla d` ch z`hcldhd saolhc k`g`zhc d` ba|# thgta gholaghc oama

lgt`zgholaghc' Öglohm`gt` `sta bho` ~asljc` ch h~cloholÿg d` chs còolag`s blstÿzlohs h chz`hcldhd xp` s` yly`' @s ochza xp`# sajz` ch jhs` d` ch tàzíh mhzrlsth d`c oagaolml`gta# sÿca ch~zèotloh ~p`d`# `g öctlmh lgsthgolh# cc`khz h ~zay``z `c ozlt`zla spilol`gt` ~hzh m`dlz chhslmlcholÿg t`ÿzloh z`hc d` ch z`hcldhd hotphc' âz `sh zhvÿg# ch ~zèotloh lgt`zgholaghc `s pg~z`zz`xplslta lgdls~`gshjc` ~hzh `c hgèclsls mhzrlsth lgt`zgholaghc# | pgh azkhglvholÿglgt`zgholaghc ̀ s pg ~z`zz`xplslta lgdls~`gshjc` ~hzh thc ~zèotloh'

_lg pgh hslmlcholÿg s`zlh d` ch `r~`zl`golh blstÿzloh tathc d`c maylml`gta ajz`zalgt`zgholaghc# d`sd` ch z`yacpolÿg d` 8242 bhsth `c ~z`s`gt`# `s lm~asljc` d`t`zmlghz oag~zòlslÿg ol`gtíiloh# |h s`hg chs oagtzhdloolag`s d` ch saol`dhd gàoh~lthclsth hotphc —h `sohchmpgdlhc hsí oama `g ~hís`s ~az s`~hzhda— d` ch oagtzhdloolÿg oagoz`th xp` hoam~høh h ch

iazmholÿg d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs` ~zac`thzlh# a `c tl~a d` cpobh xp` ~p`d` cc`yhz bholh pghsltpholÿg ~z`zz`yacpolaghzlh' Ch blstazlh `s `c ögloa chjazhtazla ~hzh chs ol`golhs saolhc`s' _lghslmlchz chs còolag`s d` ch blstazlh# `c mhzrlsth s`pdazz`yacpolaghzla d` ba| ga slzy` mès xp`pg –`stpdlhgt` d` m`dlolgh” xp` z`bpsh `gtzhz `g `c chjazhtazla d` dlsòolÿg'

D`j` s`øhchzs`# `g `sth oagoht`gholÿg# xp` tadas cas lgt`gtas d` mhgt`g`z hcmaylml`gta z`yacpolaghzla# zòlìg spzklda# –ip`zh d` cas zam~lml`gtas d`c ~hshda”#d`mp`stzh pgh ihcch tathc `g ch oam~z`gslÿg d` ch ghtpzhc`vh saola~acítloh d` `sthdli`z`golholÿg d`gtza d`c maylml`gta ajz`za lgt`zgholaghc' _l s` bho`g h pg chda cas ihotaz`s~`zsaghc`s ̀lgold`gthc`s lg`ylthjc`s lgyacpozhdas `g `sths dli`z`golholag`s# t`g`mas xp` cc`khzh ch oagocpslÿg d` xp` chs kzhgd`s dls~pths `g `c maylml`gta ajz`za lgt`zgholaghc# d`sd` ch

ipgdholÿg d` ch L Lgt`zgholaghc "chs dls~pths `gtz` `c mhzrlsma | `c hghzxplsma5 `gtz` `cmhzrlsma | `c z`ylslaglsma5 `gtz` `c jacob`ylsma | `c m`gob`ylsma5 `gtz` `c




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~zadpotas d` ch mlsmh ghtpzhc`vh d`c oh~lthclsma# d`c ~zac`thzlhda | d` ch cpobh z`yacpolaghzlh' âz ca thgta

~`zmhgò`zèg bhol`gda ~z`kpgths ml`gtzhs `c ~zajc`mh d` oz`hz ch saol`dhd slg ochs`s h `sohchmpgdlhc ga bh|h slda z`sp`cta `g iazmh ~zèotloh' Glgkög tl~a d` –thota”# ga lm~azth xpì thghztístloa# | glgkög –oagolclholaglsma”# ga lm~azth ophg mhkgèglma# ~p`d`g# h ch chzkh#lm~`dlz xp` `sths ~z`kpgths spzfhg d` ch ~zèotloh mlsmh | oagizagt`g ohdh gp`yh k`g`zholÿgd` z`yacpolaghzlas' Tada ca xp` s` ajtl`g` `g `c lgt`gta d` `ylthz pgh dlsopslÿg sajz` `stas~zajc`mhs `s xp`# `g y`v d` tzh`zcas h oacholÿg# hghclvhzcas | z`sacy`zcas d` pgh mhg`zhm`tÿdloh | ol`gtíiloh# s` bho` hslst`mètlohm`gt`# h ch clk`zh# slg glgkög ~chg# | slgoagaolml`gtas a ̀ gtz`ghml`gta spilol`gt`s'

_lg `mjhzka# hpgxp` ch hslmlcholÿg d` ch `s`golh blstÿzloh d` ch tàzíh mhzrlsth s`hgò`shzlh# z`spcth `g | d` sí mlsmh pg ~z`zz`xplslta lgspilol`gt` ~hzh tzhgsmltlz ch oagol`golh d`

ochs` z`yacpolaghzlh h cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas | h ch lgt`còtphcldhd zhdlohc' Hd`mès# s` z`xpl`z`pg hgèclsls slst`mètloa d`c ~z`s`gt`# slg `c ophc ch tàzíh ga ~p`d` ~za~azolaghz cas m`dlasgò`shzlas ~hzh d`sopjzlz# |h s`h ch oh~holdhd lgm`dlhth d` ch ochs` ajz`zh ~hzh ch cpobh# |h cas–`schjag`s dìjlc`s” `g `c mada d` ~zadpoolÿg gàoh~lthclsth | `g ch saol`dhd jpzkp`sh5thm~aoa ~p`d` ~za~azolaghz cas m`dlas ~hzh iazmpchz chs d`mhgdhs d` tzhgslolÿg h~za~lhdhs"hsí oama `c mìtada ~`dhkÿkloa hdòphda ~hzh `ghzjachzchs,' _ÿca ch oamjlgholÿg d` pg s`zlahgèclsls saolhc | oam~c`ta# | d` pg hgèclsls ozítloa d`c ~z`s`gt`# | ch hslmlcholÿg d` chs còolag`sd` ch blstazlh d`c maylml`gta ajz`za# ~p`d`g oz`hz pg lgstzpm`gta ìòtlya ~hzh `c ìrltat`ÿzloa d` ch thz`h d` pgh yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh'92

_lg ch `r~`zl`golh d` ch cpobh z`yacpolaghzlh d` chs kzhgd`s mhshs# ga ~p`d` `rlstlz pghoagol`golh z`yacpolaghzlh d` ochs` `gtz` `sths mhshs' _lg ch lgt`zy`golÿg oagsol`gt` d` casajz`zas hyhgvhdas# xp` lg|òt`g chs d`mhgdhs tzhgsltazlhs h ch cpobh ajz`zh# dliíolcm`gt`bhjzíh `r~`zl`golhs ~hzh ch cpobh z`yacpolaghzlh ~az ~hzt` d` chs kzhgd`s mhshs' _lg ch`rt`gslÿg d` chs d`mhgdhs d` tzhgslolÿg ~az ~hzt` d` ch yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh# ga ~p`d`bhj`z ~asljlcldhd d` tzhjhfhdaz`s hyhgvhdas xp` lgicp|hg h chs mhshs# d` mhg`zh

y`zdhd`zhm`gt` hgtloh~lthclsth' _lg pg ~zakzhmh z`yacpolaghzla# slg pg `stpdla hohjhda d` chblstazlh d`c maylml`gta ajz`za# slg ch h~cloholÿg d` `st` `stpdla ~hzh `c ~z`s`gt`# | slg ch~zp`jh ~zèotloh d` ch oh~holdhd d` ch yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh ~hzh d`s`m~`øhz `rltashm`gt``c ~h~`c dlzlk`gt` `g ~az ca m`gas hckpgas sòtaz`s | sltpholag`s# ga ~p`d` bhj`z ~asljlcldhdd` oagy`go`z h cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas d` ch gò`sldhd d` ch azkhglvholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh |# ~azca thgta# glgkpgh ~asljlcldhd "a sÿca pgh mp| c`fhgh, d` xp` chs d`mhgdhs d` tzhgslolÿgh~za~lhdhs h ch sltpholÿg ajf`tlyh ~p`dhg s`z mhg`fhdhs ~az cas ajz`zas hyhgvhdas' D` `sthmhg`zh cas dly`zsas ihotaz`s xp` lgt`zyl`g`g `g ch iazmholÿg d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs`spjzh|hg | s` z`cholaghg oag `c oago`~ta c`glglsth d` azkhglvholÿg'

@c ~zao`sa d` oagstzplz pg ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla hdxpl`z` sp ohzèot`z pglilohda htzhyìs d` ch `r~z`slÿg oagfpgth d` chs còolag`s d` chs mhshs `g hoolÿg# chs còolag`s d` casajz`zas hyhgvhdas `g ch `r~`zl`golh ~zèotloh# | chs còolag`s d`c ophdza z`yacpolaghzla `g chtzhgsmlslÿg d` ch tàzíh | ch ~zèotloh z`yacpolaghzlh' @rlst` pgh lgt`zz`cholÿg oagsthgt` `gtz` `ch~z`gdlvhf` | ch còolÿg# hpg `gtz` cas ophdzas z`yacpolaghzlas# xp` tl`g`g xp` cc`khz h choh~holdhd d` hjhgdaghz ophcxpl`z tl~a d` hzzakhgolh xp` s` d`s~z`gdh d` sp oagaolml`gtat`ÿzloa' @sth oh~holdhd ~zao`d` d` ch oam~z`gslÿg d` xp` ch tàzíh oam~zp`jh sp d`zòba h `rlstlz öglohm`gt` h tzhyìs d` sp z`cholÿg oag ch y`zdhd`zh cpobh d` ochs`s | ~az sp oh~holdhd d` tzhgsiazmhz ch oagol`golh d` ochs`

~at`golhcm`gt` z`yacpolaghzlh `g pgh oagol`golh d` ochs` z`yacpolaghzíh z`hc d` cas hm~clas `stzhtas d` ajz`zas'Ch ihmash hs`y`zholÿg bòbh ~az Mhzr d` xp` cas mh`stzas d`j`g h sp y`v s`z `dpohdas9<




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xpl`z` dòlz `rhothm`gt` ca xp` dlo`' Ga xpl`z` dòlz xp` pgh tzhgsiazmholÿg oagsol`gt` d` chsaol`dhd `s ~asljc` slg ch ~`dhkakíh z`yacpolaghzlh' \ s` c` bh dhda pgh `r~z`slÿg mpoba mèsoam~c`th `g `c ~astpchda mhzrlsth d` xp`6 –@g ch hotlyldhd z`yacpolaghzlh# `c ohmjlhzsòalgold` oag `c bho`z ohmjlhz chs olzopgsthgolhs'–;>

&T`rta ~pjclohda ~az ~zlm`z y`v `g `c Lgt`zghtlaghc _aolhclst Z`yl`{ # Gp`yh \aze# dlol`mjz` d` 8<;>'

GATH_

8' @st` oago`~ta d` glgkpgh mhg`zh ip` lgy`gthda ~az C`glg' Oazz`s~agd` h pgh tzhdlolÿg xp`# oam`gvhdh ~az @gk`cs#~hshgda ~az Ehptse|# cc`kh bhsth chs daotzlghs ocèslohs d` ch saolhcd`maozholh lgt`zgholaghc `gtz` cas høas d` 822> | 8<>0' @c~zakzhmh d` Bhlgi`cd d` ch saolhcd`maozholh hpstzíhoh# `gtz` 8222 | 822<# `r~cíolthm`gt` hilzmh6 –Ch oagol`golh saolhclsth `scc`yhdh h ch cpobh d` ochs`s ~zac`thzlh d`sd` hip`zh# ga `s hcka xp` azkèglohm`gt` s` d`shzzacc` h ~hztlz d` ch cpobh d` ochs`s'”@g 8<>8# Ehptse| ~pjcloÿ sp hztíopca –Hehd`mle`z pgd ^zac`thzl`z” `g G`p` V`lt "høa 8<# yac' :# hjzlc 8; d` 8<>8,# `g `c ophcs` `r~z`sh `c mlsma ~`gshml`gta "~' 2<, d` mhg`zh xp` lgs~lzÿ dlzòthm`gt` `c ±Xpì bho`z1 d` C`glg'

@s jl`g shjlda xp` Mhzr gpgoh ~`ziòolagÿ pg oago`~ta pgliazm` d`c ~hztlda' ^`za ml`gtzhs xp` hckpghs yò`s zìptÿtathcm`gt` ch ld`h d` pgh azkhglvholÿg d` yhgkphzdlh# thmjlìg iazmpcÿ pgh oago`~olÿg xp` `giaoh mp| d` o`zoh `c–lgtzadpolz ch oagol`golh saolhclsth z`yacpolaghzlh `g ch ochs` ajz`zh”'

Gÿt`s` `c slkpl`gt` ~hshf` d` pgh ohzth xp` ìc `sozljlÿ `c c¶ d` `g`za d` 82;># d`c Oags`fa @fòptlya d` ch L Lgt`zgholaghc hcOamltì I`d`zhc d` ch _plvh zamègloh6

–Cas lgkc`s`s ~as``g tadas cas ~z`zz`xplsltas mht`zlhc`s ~hzh pgh z`yacpolÿg saolhc' Ca xp` c`s ihcth `s pg `s~ízltp d` k`g`zhclvholÿg | ~hslÿg z`yacpolaghzlh' @sta `s ca xp` öglohm`gt` `c oags`fa `fòptlya ~p`d` z`m`dlhz# | hc bho`zca# h~z`spzhz `c d`shzzacca d` pgmaylml`gta hptìgtlohm`gt` z`yacpolaghzla `g `st` ~hís# | ~az oagslkpl`gt` `g tadhs ~hzt`s' Cas kzhgd`s ìrltas xp` |h b`mashcohgvhda hc z`s~òta `stèg sl`gda y`zlilohdas ~az cas mès shkho`s | dlstlgkpldas ~`zlÿdloas d` ch ochs` damlghgt`… ^hzh gam`golaghz h cas cchmhdas ml`mjzas zhdlohc`s d` ch Oèmhzh d` cas Oampg`s | ch Oèmhzh d` cas Caz`s# xpl`g`s thg sÿca bho`mp| ~aoa tl`m~a t`gíhg pgh lgicp`golh slkglilohtlyh `g cas dlzlk`gt`s d` cas tzhjhfhdaz`s lgkc`s`s' Gas hopshg ~öjclohm`gt` d`

bhj`z `gy`g`ghda | ohsl saiaohda `c `s~ízltp lgkcìs d` ch ochs` ajz`zh# | d` bhj`zch kplhda hc saolhclsma z`yacpolaghzla'” "Mhzr | @gk`cs# [`ze`' @d' Dl`tv Y`zchk# J`zcíg# 8<94# yac' RYL# ~~' ?29-2;',

@c oago`~ta d`c –~at`golhc hotphc ~hzh ch z`yacpolÿg” `g C`glg ip` iazmpchda ~zlm`za ~az Kàzk Cpeèos# oama `s jl`gshjlda# `g K`soblobt` pgd Echss`gj`{pssts`lg | ~hztlopchzm`gt` `g sp C`glg' "Cpeèos# Blstazlh | oagol`golh d` ochs`' @d' Kzlfhcja#Mìrloa# 8<92' C`glg# @d' Kzlfhcja# Mìrloa# 8<;>',

:' @sta `s ol`zta `s~òlhcm`gt` ~hzh ch ozpolhc oht`kazíh mhzrlsth d` ~zèotloh z`yacpolaghzlh# xp` ip` d`shzzacchdh `g ch `gtago`sd`soagaoldh Ldàcakíh Hc`mhgh'

?' @g `st` s`gtlda d`j` `gt`gd`zs`# `gtz` atzhs# ch ihmash dòchzholÿg d` Mhzr hc ~zlgol~la d` @c Dlòlaoba Jzpmhzla d` Cpls Jagh~hzt`# `g ch ophc spjzh|ÿ ch ghtpzhc`vh hptaozítloh oagsthgt` d` ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh | sp t`gd`golh h z`kz`shz hop`stlag`s h~hz`gt`m`gt` |h shcdhdhs' Oag z`s~òta h `sta# Mhzr dlo` thmjlìg xp` `c ~zac`thzlhda bh slda bl~gatlvhda ~az ch–mhkgltpd lgdìlgldh d` sps ~za~las ajf`tlyas”'

4' @g `c Mhglil`sta Oampglsth Mhzr | @gk`cs dòchzhg xp` –cas oampglsths ga ~zai`shg glgkpgas ~zlgol~las `s~òlhc`s oag casxp` hs~lz`g h mad`chz `c maylml̀ gta ~zac`thzla”' @g ch `dlolÿg lgkc`sh d` 8222# @gk`cs ~psa ch ~hchjzh –sòthzlas” `g y`v d`ch ~hchjzh –`s~òlhc`s”' Hc bho`z `sta# `r~z`sÿ `c bòba d` xp` `c saolhclsma ol`gtíiloa s`kpzhm`gt` tzhth d` lm~pcshz~zlgol~las –`s~òlhc`s” `g `c maylml`gta ajz`za# mhs sÿca hxp`ccas xp` z`spcthg ajf`tlyhm`gt` d`c opzsa k`g`zhc d` ch cpobhd` ochs`s d`c ~zac`thzlhda# `s dòlz# d` ch blstazlh oagt`m~azèg`h# | ga hxp`ccas ~òpclhz`s öglohm`gt` ~hzh `c oz`da d` pghsòth ~hztlopchz# `s dòlz# `c hs~òta ~pzhm`gt` lgold`gthc d` ch cpobh d` ochs`s ~zac`thzlh'

0' @sth ld`h `s ~pgvhgt`m`gt` `r~z`shdh ~az Tzatse| `g ch lgtzadpoolÿg h ch ~zlm`zh `dlolÿg zpsh d` sp cljza# Ch z`yacpolÿg

~`zmhg`gt` "@d' Ochy`# Mìrloa' 8<;>,' Mha Ts`-tpgk mès d` pgh y`v bh ~p`sta ìgihsls thmjlìg sajz` `sth ld`h' @g hkpdaoagtzhst` `stè ch gaolÿg d`c –mada saolhclsth d` ~zadpoolÿg” a hpg d` –pg slst`mh saolhc d`shzzacchda d`c saolhclsma” `g xp`ch ~zlm`zh `th~h d`c oampglsma `s oagsld`zhdh oama hcka ilfa | ga slm~c`m`gt` oama pgh ihs` tzhgsltazlh `g `c d`shzzacca d`ch z`yacpolÿg ~`zmhg`gt` d`c oh~lthclsma hc oampglsma'

9' Gÿt`s` ch oagaoldh dòchzholÿg d` C`glg d` xp` ga bh| –sltpholag`s òagÿmlohs lg`razhjc`s” ~hzh ch jpzkp`síh lm~`zlhclsth'

;' D` `sth mhg`zh ch oagol`golh d` ochs` jpzkp`sh `g hso`gsa# | hpg ch oagol`golh d` ochs` ~c`j`|h a s`ml~zac`thzlh `g hso`gsadpzhgt` cas slkcas RYL | RYLL# ip`zag `r~z`shdhs d`gtza d` pg oagt`rta tathcm`gt` z`clklasa# cc`khgda h pg mht`zlhclsma




?4

mhglil`sta sÿca oag ch dòhd`golh tathc d`c azd`g hjsacptlsth i`pdhc `g ch s`kpgdh mlthd d`c slkca RYLLL'

2' @c oago`~ta d` –b`k`magíh ~acítloh | ìtloh” `r~z`shda ~az Kzhmsol# xp` pgh ochs` saolhc a~zlmldh d`j` `sthjcò`z d`gtzad` pgh saol`dhd hgt`s xp` ~p`dh tamhz `c ~ad`z ~acítloa# `r~z`sh jhsthgt` jl`g `sth ~asljlcldhd' "@c mht`zlhclsma blstÿzloa | ch

ilcasaiíh d` J`g`d`tta Ozao`# @d' Chpthza# Jp`gas Hlz`s# 8<98# ~~' :>-?> | ??-405 | thmjlìg `g Gaths sajz` Mhxplhy`ca# sajz` ~acítloh | sajz` `c @sthda mad`zga# @d' Chpthza# Jp`gas Hlz`s# 8<9:# ~' :?>', @st` oago`~ta d` b`k`magíh bh slda ozltlohda a madlilohda ~azmpobas t`ÿzloas mhzrlsths' Yìhs`# ~az `f`m~ca# Gloacès âpchgtvhs # âd`z ~acítloa | ochs`s saolhc`s' @d' _lkca RRL# Mìrloa# 8<;>#

~~' :8>-::' Oag z`s~òta h ch lm~azthgolh d` ch tathcldhd d`c oags`gsa saolhc oag cas ipgdhm`gtas mht`zlhc`s | mazhc`s d`c~ad`z d` ch ochs` jpzkp`sh# yìhs` Fasì Zhmÿg Zlohcd ̀# Lgt`kzholÿg | cpobh d` ochs`s `g `c gàoh~lthclsma' @d' Ol`golh Gp`yh# Mhdzld#8<92# ~~' 80:-0;'

<' @sta ca `r~z`shg Mhzr | @gk`cs ophgda dlo`g xp` –ch z`yacpolÿg ga sÿca `s gò`shzlh ~azxp` ch ochs` damlghgt` ga ~p`d` s`zd`zzaohdh d` atza mada# slga thmjlìg ~azxp` öglohm`gt` ~az m`dla d` pgh z`yacpolÿg cakzhzè ch ochs` xp` d`zzljh shclz d`col`ga `g xp` `stè bpgdldh | yacy`zs` oh~hv d` ipgdhz ch saol`dhd sajz` jhs`s gp`yhs”' "Ch ldàcakíh hc`mhgh# @d' ^p`jcasPgldas# Magt`yldà# 8<92# ~' 2:', Thmjlìg `g ch slkpl`gt` ajs`zyholÿg d` Mhzr oagtzh ch mlgazíh d` _bh~~`z dpzhgt` 820>`g ch Clkh Oampglsth6 –Ch mlgazíh spstltp|` pg `giaxp` dakmètloa ~az pga ozítloa# | hc ld`hclsma ~az `c mht`zlhclsma' ^hzhìsth ch ip`zvh matzlv d` ch z`yacpolÿg `s m`zhm`gt` pgh ip`zvh d` yacpgthd | ga chs oagdlolag`s z`hc`s' Gasatzas# hc oagtzhzla#c`s dòlmas h cas ajz`zas6 ‒T`gdzèg xp` ~hshz xplgo`# y`lgt`# olgop`gth høas d` kp`zzhs olylc`s | cpobhs ~a~pchz`s ga sÿca ~hzhohmjlhz chs oagdlolag`s# slga thmjlìg ~hzh xp` ohmjl`g pst`d`s | ~p`dhg s`z oh~ho`s d` `f`zo`z `c ~ad`z ~acítloa' @g ohmjla `ccasdlo`g6 ‒_l ga ~ad`mas tamhz `c ~ad`z d` lgm`dlhta# `s m`faz lzgas h dazmlz'“” "Ehzc Mhzr# @gtbpccpgk`g P`j`z d`g Eammpglst`g~za-v`ss vp Eacg' @d' Jp`bhgdcpgk Yaz{hztv# J`zcíg# 8<84# ~~' 0:-0?',

8>' _`øhch C`glg6 –\ gp`stza shjla ga s` ~`zohth d` xp`# ~zòlshm`gt` dpzhgt` ch z`yacpolÿg# gas bhzèg ihcth cas z`spcthdas d`ch cpobh t`ÿzloh oagtzh cas ozítloas ~hzh cpobhz z`sp`cthm`gt` oagtzh sps ~aslolag`s ~zèotlohs'” "±Xp` bho`z1 `g Ajzhs `soakldhs#Masoö# s'i'# t' 8# ~' :;9', Ophg tzèklohm`gt` s` ~zajÿ `sta dlòlsl`t` høas mès thzd` `g ch z`yacpolÿg hc`mhgh'

88' Oag z`s~òta h `sta# `g ±Xpì bho`z1 C`glg oagtzhsth h cas ajz`zas –saolhcd`mÿozhths” | ++z`yacpolaghzlas– oag cas ajz`zas–htzhshdas”'

8:' G' Jpfhzlg# Tbàzl` d`s Blstazlsb`g Mht`zlhclsmps "~pjclohda ~az ch Lgt`zgholaghc Oampglsth# 8<::,# ~~' ?4?-406

–@g ~zlm`z cpkhz# chs oagdlolag`s òagÿmlohs bhjíhg tzhgsiazmhda ch mhsh d`c ~hís `g tzhjhfhdaz`s' Ch damlgholÿg d`coh~lthc bh oz`hda `g `sth mhsh pgh sltpholÿg oamög# pgas lgt`z`s`s oampg`s' Hsí# `sth mhsh oagstltp|` |h pgh ochs` iz`gt` hcoh~lthc# ~`za ga ca `s tadhyíh ~az sí mlsmh' @g ch cpobh# hckpghs d` op|hs ihs`s b`mas s`øhchda# `sth mhsh s` pg`# s` oagstltp|``g ochs` ~az sí mlsmh' Cas lgt`z`s`s xp` dìl`gd` s` oagyl`zt`g `g lgt`z`s`s d` ochs`' ^`za ch cpobh d` ochs` h ochs` `s pgh cpobh~acítloh'” "Mhzr# Mls`zlh d` ch ilcasaiíh' @d' Gholaghc# Mìrloa# 8<99# ~' ?<9',

8?' Oi' ch sòolÿg –^zakzhmh d` @zipzt” d`c _^D# xp` ga ip` ozltlohdh ~az @gk`cs# `g `c xp` `c ~zac`thzlhda `s d`sozltaslm~c`m`gt` oama ch ochs` d` cas hshchzlhdas s`~hzhdas d` cas m`dlas d` ~zadpoolÿg | oagd`ghdas h y`gd`z sp ip`zvh d`tzhjhfa# | `g `c ophc ch cpobh d` ochs`s `s d`sozlth oama ch cpobh ajf`tlyh `gtz` `r~cathdas | `r~cathdaz`s `g ch saol`dhdmad`zgh "`s dòlz# slg z`cholÿg oag `c kzhda d` azkhglvholÿg a oagol`golh d` cas hshchzlhdas,' D`s~pìs d` `st` bòba ajf`tlya#xp` s` `sthjcò` `g chs ~zlm`zhs ophtza sòolag`s# oagtlgöh `c slkpl`gt` hkz`khda h ch oagocpslÿg d`c op`z~a k`g`zhc d`c~zakzhmh6

–Ch thz`h d`c ~hztlda saolhcd`mÿozhth `s ch d` mad`chz `sth cpobh d` ch ochs` ajz`zh `g pgh cpobh oagsol`gt` | bamakìg`h | s`øhchz opèc `s ch ghtpzhc`vh d` sp m`th `s`golhc'” @sta yl`g` pgh y`v mès h oagilzmhz `r~cíolthm`gt` xp` ~p`d` bhj`z ochs`s | cpobh d` ochs`s `g ch saol`dhd oh~lthclsth slg xp` ch ochs` ajz`zh `g cpobh `stì oagsol`gt` d` cas lgt`z`s`s d` sp ochs`' Mèshd`chgt`# `g ch aothyh sòolÿg# `c ~zakzhmh bhjch d` cas –ajz`zas d` tadas cas ~hís`s oagsol`gt`s d` sp ochs`” | @gk`cs~za~ag` pg ohmjla xp` spjzh|h d` gp`ya `c bòba d` xp` ìc blva pgh dlstlgolÿg dìlgltlyh `gtz` cas oago`~tas –ajf`tlya” | –spjf`tlya” d` ochs`6 –@g y`v d` ‒oagsol`gt`s d` sp ochs`“# xp` ~hzh gasatzas `s pgh hjz`ylholÿg ièolc d` `gt`gd`z# dlzíh "`g

j`gìlola d`c `gt`gdlml`gta k`g`zhc | d` ch tzhdpoolÿg h c`gkphs `rtzhgf`zhs, ‒ajz`zas shtpzhdas oag ch oagol`golh d` chsltpholÿg d` sp ochs`“# a hcka ~az `c `stlca'” "@gk`cs# –Vpz Ezltle d`s saolhcd`maozhtlsob`g ^zakzhm`gt{pzis 82<8”' Mhzr-@gk`cs# [`ze`' @d' Dl`tv-Y`zchk# J`zcíg# 8<9?# Jhgd ::# ~' :?:',

84' Dlo` C`glg6 –Ghtpzhcm`gt`# ch oagdlolÿg ipgdhm`gthc d` `st` ìrlta ip` xp` ch ochs` ajz`zh# op|as m`faz`s `c`m`gtasoz`hzag ch saolhcd`maozholh# s` dli`z`golh `g ylztpd d` ohpshs òagÿmlohs ajf`tlyhs# d` tadhs chs d`mès ochs`s d` ch saol`dhdoh~lthclsth ~az sp mh|az oh~holdhd d` azkhglvholÿg' _lg `sth oagdlolÿg# ch azkhglvholÿg d` z`yacpolaghzlas ~zai`slaghc`s s`zíhpg fp`ka# pgh hy`gtpzh' ' '” "Ajzhs oam~c`ths' @d' Ohzthka# Jp`gas Hlz`s# 8<9>5 t' RLLL# ~' <;',

80' ^hzh oagtzhdòlz `st` ~pgta d` ylsth# mpobas ozítloas d`c oago`~ta c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg "oam`gvhgda oag `chztíopca d` ^c`fègay# –O`gtzhclsma a jagh~hztlsma”# `g Lsezh # g' ;># y`zhga d` 8<>4,# olthg pg ~hshf` d` Ch _hkzhdh Ihmlclh ' @c~hshf` hilzmh6 –\ ophgda cas `sozltaz`s saolhclsths hslkghg hc ~zac`thzlhda `st` ~h~`c blstÿzloa-pgly`zshc# ga `s# gl mpobam`gas# oama ch ozítloh ozítloh ~z`t`rth oz``z# ~azxp` oagsld`z`g h cas ~zac`thzlas oama dlas`s ' Hgt`s hc oagtzhzla# ~az cc`khz h spmèrlmh ~`ziòolÿg ~zèotloh# `g `c ~zac`thzlhda d`shzzacchda# ch hjstzhoolÿg d` tadh bpmhgldhd | bhsth ch h~hzl`golh d` `cch5 ~azoagd`gshzs` `g chs oagdlolag`s d` yldh d`c ~zac`thzlhda tadhs chs oagdlolag`s d` yldh d` ch saol`dhd hotphc# hkpdlvhdhs d`c

mada mès lgbpmhga5 ~az bhj`zs` ~`zdlda h sí mlsma `c bamjz` `g `c ~zac`thzla# ~`za hdxplzlìgdas`# h ohmjla d` `cca# gasÿca ch oagol`golh t`ÿzloh d` `sth ~ìzdldh# slga thmjlìg# jhfa ch hoolÿg lgm`dlhth d` pgh ~`gpzlh hjsacpthm`gt` lm~`zlash —ch`r~z`slÿg ~zèotloh d` ch gò`sldhd—# xp` |h `g mada hckpga `s ~asljc` `sxplyhz gl ~hclhz# `c holoht` lg`ylthjc` d` ch




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spjc`yholÿg oagtzh thgth lgbpmhgldhd6 ~az tadhs `shs zhvag`s# ~p`d` | d`j` `c ~zac`thzlhda clj`zhzs` h sí mlsma' ^`za ga~p`d` clj`zhzs` h sí mlsma slg hjaclz sps ~za~lhs oagdlolag`s d` yldh' \ ga ~p`d` hjaclz sps ~za~lhs oagdlolag`s d` yldh slghjaclz tadhs chs lgbpmhghs oagdlolag`s d` yldh d` ch saol`dhd hotphc# xp` s` z`spm`g | oam~`gdlhg `g sp sltpholÿg' Ga `g yhga `c ~zac`thzlhda ~hsh ~az ch `sop`ch# dpzh# ~`za iazfhdazh d` t`m~c`# d`c tzhjhfa' Ga s` tzhth d` ca xp` `st` a hxp`c~zac`thzla# a lgocpsa `c ~zac`thzlhda `g sp oagfpgta# ~p`dh z`~z`s`gthzs` d` y`v `g ophgda oama m`th' _` tzhth d` ca xp` `c~zac`thzlhda `s | d` ca xp` `stè ajclkhda blstÿzlohm`gt` h bho`z# oag hzz`kca h `s` s`z sp|a' _p m`th | sp hoolÿg blstÿzloh s`bhcchg ochzh ` lzz`yaohjc`m`gt` ~z`d`t`zmlghdhs ~az sp ~za~lh sltpholÿg d` yldh | ~az tadh ch azkhglvholÿg jpzkp`sh hotphc' \

ga bho` ihcth d`t`g`zs` hxpí h `r~ag`z oÿma kzhg ~hzt` d`c ~zac`thzlhda lgkcìs | izhgoìs `s |h oagsol`gt` d` sp mlslÿgblstÿzloh | chjazhc oagsthgt`m`gt` ~az `c`yhz ̀ sth oagol`golh h oam~c̀ th ochzldhd'” "@d' Kzlfhcja# Mìrloa# 8<02# ~~' 8>8-8>:', H~hzt` d`c bòba xp` `g 8244-40 Mhzr | @gk`cs dliíolcm`gt` `sthjhg `g oagdlolag`s d` ~zadpolz pgh tàzíh mhdpzh d` choagol`golh d` ochs` ~zac`thzlh | d` ch azkhglvholÿg ~zac`thzlh "~hzh cc`khz h `sthz oagsol`gt`s d` `cca# gò`slthmas öglohm`gtòam~hzhz ch öctlmh azholÿg d` ch olth hgt`zlaz oag ch xp` @gk`cs `sozljlÿ 4> høas mès thzd` ho`zoh d` ch ochs` ajz`zh lgkc`sh,#`sths cíg`hs dlo`g `rhothm`gt` ca oagtzhzla h ca xp` ^c`fègay c`` `g `cchs' Öglohm`gt` hilzmhg xp` ch sltpholÿg saolhc d`c~zac`thzlhda ca ~z`~hzh ~hzh ch hoolÿg z`yacpolaghzlh zhdlohc# | xp` ch d`t`zmlgholÿg d`c ajf`tlya saolhclsth k`g`zhc "ch hjaclolÿgd` ch ~za~l`dhd ~zlyhdh, `stè –~z`sozlth” ~az sps oagdlolag`s d` yldh' _lg `mjhzka# d` glgkpgh mhg`zh lgdlohg xp` chs–oagdlolag`s lgbpmhghs d` yldh” d`c ~zac`thzlhda ca oh~holt`g mlst`zlashm`gt` ~hzh hslmlchz –`s~agtèg`hm`gt`” tadhs chsol`golhs saolhc`s' ¨Tada ca oagtzhzla( "Oag z`s~òta hc hztíopca d` ^c`fègay# y`z ^cèbhgay d` _hmp`c B' Jhzÿg' _thgiazdPgly`zslt| ^z`ss# _thgiazd# 8<9?# ~~' :42-0?',

89' Ba| `stè ohsl acyldhda `c bòba d` xp` `c maylml`gta `sthjh jhshda `g kzhg m`dldh `g `stpdlhgt`s ` lgt`còtphc`s# | xp`bho` o`zoh d` tz`s ophztas d` slkca s` `giz`gthjhg h pg ~zajc`mh slmlchz hc xp` spiz` ch lgt`còtphcldhd z`yacpolaghzlh hotphc'_lmlchz ~`za# ~az sp~p`sta# ga ldìgtloa6 `g ch hotphcldhd `rlst` pg ajstèopca hdlolaghc "chs azkhglvholag`s zìazmlsths d`gtza

d` ch ochs` ajz`zh,# oama thmjlìg `rlst` pgh ip`zvh hdlolaghc "`r~`zl`golh blstÿzloh# lgocp|`gda ch `r~`zl`golh d` kzhgd`s ylotazlhs xp` d`sd` `gtago`s bh hslmlchda ̀ c maylml`gta z`yacpolaghzla,'

@g `c ±Xpì bho`z1 C`glg bhjch `r~cíolthm`gt` d` ch oh~holdhd d` cas lgt`còtphc`s d` hslmlchz –`c oagaolml`gta ~acítloa”# `sdòlz# `c mhzrlsma ol`gtíiloa'

8;' Oi' Ehzc Mhzr# Mls`zlh d` ch ilcasaiíh "`d' olt', Pgh d`sozl~olÿg hsamjzash d` chs dli`z`gt`s iazmhs ~zlmhzlhs d` slgdlohtas | d` ohfhs d` z`slst`golh d` cas ajz`zas ~p`d` s`z `goagtzhdh `g Tb` Mhelgk ai tb` @gkclsb [azelgk Ochss d` @' ^' Tbam~sag"^`gkplg Jaaes# Jhctlmaz`# 8<92,'

82' Ch ghtpzhc`vh gò`shzlhm`gt` dlsoagtlgph d` chs hoolag`s d` mhshs `s `r~clohdh ~az chs mlsmhs oagdlolag`s d` ochs` d`c~zac`thzlhda' Ml`gtzhs pgh hoolÿg d` mhshs ga cakz` d`zzaohz hc mada d` ~zadpoolÿg oh~lthclsth# sp dpzholÿg s`zè clmlthdh ~azch bhjlcldhd ilghgol`zh# iísloh | m`gthc d` cas ajz`zas ~hzh z`slstlz ch ~ìzdldh d` shchzlas' @s ajyla xp` `sth oh~holdhd ga `slclmlthdh' G`khz `sta s`zíh g`khz chs oagdlolag`s d` yldh mht`zlhc`s d` ch `rlst`golh d`c ~zac`thzlhda# xp` ca ajclkhg oama ochs`

h y`gd`z sp ip`zvh d` tzhjhfa'

8<' Y`z hckpgas `f`m~cas d`c slgdlohta d` cas ajz`zas m`thcözkloas d` Hc`mhglh `g Ipgipgdsl`jvlk Fhbz` -Lgdpstzl`{`zesobhií M`thcc @d' @pza~hlsob` Y`zchkhgsthct# Izhgeipzt# 8<99# ~~' ;:-;2'

:>' Ga ~ad`mas hxpí d`sozljlz d`thcchdhm`gt` chs dli`z`golhs `gtz` pgh sltpholÿg ~z`zz`yacpolaghzlh | pgh sltpholÿgz`yacpolaghzlh' _lm~clilohgda `c ~zajc`mh# ~adzíhmas dli`z`golhzchs d` `sth mhg`zh6 ml`gtzhs xp` pgh sltpholÿg~z`zz`yacpolaghzlh s` ohzhot`zlvh ~az cpobhs d` mhshs xp` hm`ghvhg ajf`tlyhm`gt` ch oagtlgpldhd `g ch `rlst`golh d`c azd`gsaolhc# `g pgh sltpholÿg z`yacpolaghzlh `sth hm`ghvh tamh ch iazmh# azkhglvhtlyh# `g ch xp` `c ~zac`thzlhda `sthjcò` casazkhglsmas d` oagtzac dphc "`s dòlz# ÿzkhgas ~at`golhc`s ~hzh `c `f`zolola d`c ~ad`z ~az ch ochs` ajz`zh,# | spjf`tlyh# `g dagd`chs mhshs ̀ ghzjachg dlzòthm`gt` d`mhgdhs z`yacpolaghzlhs xp` ch ochs` damlghgt` ga ~p`d` gl zòbhvhz gl ho`~thz'

:8' Y`z mès hd`chgt` cas azík`g`s c`glglsths d` ̀ sth `stzht`klh'::' Zash Cpr`mjpzka# –Azkhglvhtlaghc Xp`stlag ai _aolhc D`maozho|”# `g ch `dlolÿg d` Mhz| Hclo` [ht`zs# Zash Cpr`mjpzk

_~`hes' @d' ^htbilgd`z ^z`ss# Gp`yh \aze# 8<;># ~~' 88:-?>'

:?' C`glg# ±Xpì bho`z1# `g Ajzhs ̀ soakldhs' @d' `g C`gkphs @rtzhgf`zhs# Masoö# s'i'# t' L# ~~' 82?-24'

:4' ^hzh y`z ch z`cholÿg `gtz` `st` ~chg oag ch z`yacpolÿg yìhs` ±Xpì bho`z1 # a~' olt'# t' L# ~~' :2:-2?' @s y`zdhd xp` `g `c ±Xpì bho`z1 `rlst`g thmjlìg z`kchs azkhglvhtlyhs ~hzh ch o`gtzhclvholÿg# ~`za `stèg d`t`zmlghdhs `rocpslyhm`gt` ~az chs oagdlolag`slm~p`sths ~az ch ochgd`stlgldhd' C`glg zòaml`gdh `c mès hm~cla –d`maozhtlsma” ~hzh cas ~hztldas z`yacpolaghzlas –c`khc`s”6–@c oagtzac k`g`zhc "`g `c s`gtlda clt`zhc d` ch ~hchjzh, d` ohdh pga d` cas ~hsas d`c hilclhda hc ~hztlda h ca chzka d` sp ohzz`zh~acítloh# oz`h pg mòhglsma d` hoolÿg hptamètloh# op|a z`spcthda `s `c xp` `g jlacakíh s` cchmh ‒sp~`zyly`golh d` cas m`fazhdh~thdas“' \ ch ‒s`còolÿg ghtpzhc“# ~zadpota d` ch oam~c`th ~pjcloldhd# d`c ohzèot`z `còtlya | d`c oagtzac k`g`zhc# hs`kpzh xp`#hc ilg | hc ohja# –ohdh dlzlk`gt` ‒xp`d` `g sp sltla“# s` `gohzkp` d` ch chjaz xp` m`faz oagop`zd` oag sps ip`zvhs | oag spsh~tltpd`s# `r~`zlm`gt` sajz` sí mlsma tadhs chs oagsòp`golhs d` sps `zzaz`s | d`mp`stz` hgt` cas afas d` tadas sp oh~holdhd

d` zòagao`z sps ihcths | d` ̀ ylthzchs'” Ljld# ~' :44'

âz sp ~hzt` Cpr`mjpzka# d`gtza d` sp ~hztlda ~achoa# xp` ip` dìlglda thmjlìg ~az sps z`stzloolag`s hcthm`gt`




?9

oags~lzhtlyhs# ~zhotloÿ "a ho`~tÿ, pg o`gtzhclsma ga m`gas `stzlota xp` `c d` cas jacob`ylxp`s "`c oagiclota oag ch izhoolÿg d`Zèdè `g Yhzsaylh | cas ohzkas thg s`zlas bòbas `g oagtzh d` ìsth,'

:0' Mhz|-Hclo` [ht`zs ̀ d'# Zash Cpr`mjpzk _~`hes# `d' olt'# ~' 882'

:9' Oagspcthz ~hzh `sta h Dhyld Chg`# Tb` Zaats ai Zpslhg Oammpglsm "Hss`g6 Yhg Kazopm hgd Oa'# 8<9<,' Chg` bh lgt`gthdahghclvhz ch oam~aslolÿg saolhc d` ch m`mjzòíh d` ch saolhcd`maozholh zpsh | d` chs ihoolag`s jacob`ylxp` | m`gob`ylxp`

`gtz` 82<; | 8<>; oag jhs` `g dhtas `m~ízloas' Cc`kÿ h ch oagocpslÿg d` xp` cas jacob`ylxp`s oagthjhg oag mès ml`mjzasajz`zas | hotlylsths xp` cas m`gob`ylxp`s "~~' 0>-08,'

:;' –K`g`zhcm`gt` bhjchgda `s lgg`khjc` xp` pgh ip`zt` t`gd`golh bholh ch o`gtzhclvholÿg `s lgb`z`gt` h cas maylml`gtassaolhcd`mÿozhths' @sth t`gd`golh z`spcth d` ch oagstltpolÿg òagÿmloh d`c oh~lthclsma xp` `s `s`golhcm`gt` pg ihotazo`gtzhclvhgt`' @c maylml`gta saolhcd`mÿozhth cc`yh h ohja sp hotlyldhd d`gtza d` ch kzhg olpdhd jpzkp`sh' _p mlslÿg `sz`~z`s`gthz# d`gtza d` chs izagt`zhs d`c @sthda gholaghc# cas lgt`z`s`s d` ochs` d`c ~zac`thzlhda# | a~ag` `sas lgt`gtas oampg`sh tadas cas lgt`gtas caohc`s | d` kzp~a'

–âz ca thgta# ch saolhcd`maozholh `s# ~az z`kch# bastlc h ophcxpl`z mhgli`stholÿg d` caohclsma a i`d`zhclsma' Cpobh ~az pglz htadas cas ajz`zas | azkhglvholag`s ajz`zhs `g pg saca ~hztlda# ga lm~azthgda chs dli`z`golhs gholaghc`s# z`clklashs paop~holaghc`s xp` `rlst`g `gtz` `ccas'” "Zash Cpr`mjpzk _~`hes# `d' olt'# ~' 889',

:2' Oi' ch t`sls `r~p`sth ~az Hgdzì Kazv# `g ch ophc pg gp`ya ~hztlda sÿca ~p`d` s`z oz`hda –d` hjhfa bholh hzzljh” pgh y`v

xp` ch z`d d` ièjzlohs | d` kzp~as d` jhs` –s` `rtl`gdh sajz` tada `c t`zzltazla gholaghc”' "–Gl Tzhd`-Pglaglsts# glJacob`yles”# C`s T`m~s Mad`zgos# aotpjz` 8<9<,' Kazv ga bh `gt`gdlda xp` ch ozlsls d`c @sthda jpzkpìs | d`c mada d`~zadpoolÿg oh~lthclsth ga s` d`shzzacch kzhdphcm`gt` –d`sd` ch ~`zli`zlh bhsth `c o`gtza”# slga xp` `s pg ~zao`sa dlsoagtlgpaxp` tl`gd` bholh pgh ~zp`jh d` ip`ka pgh y`v xp` hcohgvh pg ~pgta dòlslya | dìlglda' _l ch o`gtzhclvholÿg d` cas kzp~asz`yacpolaghzlas | d` cas oamjhtl`gt`s ga s` cc`yh h ohja h tl`m~a# öglohm`gt` iholclthzè cas lgt`gtas d` ch jpzaozholhzìazmlsth ~az dlzlklz `c maylml`gta d`gtza d` cas ohghc`s ho`~thjc`s —hc mlsma tl`m~a xp` spo`díh `sta `g Lthclh Kazv`sozljíh sp hztíopca' @sta h sp y`v oagdpfa zè~ldhm`gt` h pg z`yìs ~hzh cas kzp~as d` –jhs`”' Ga oagdpfa d` glgkpgh mhg`zh#h sp `r~hgslÿg ~az tada `c ~hís'

:<' Oi' `c hztíopca d` Zash Cpr`mjpzka sajz` ch ipgdholÿg d`c ^hztlda Oampglsth Hc`mèg# tltpchda –Ch ^zlm`zhOagy`golÿg”6 –Chs tza~hs d` hshcta z`yacpolaghzlhs d`c ~zac`thzlhda hc`mèg s` bhg pglda `g pg ~hztlda ~acítloalgd`~`gdl`gt`'– "Tb` Iapgólgk Oagy`gtlag ai tb` Oammpglst ^hzt| ai K`zmhg|' @d' Ipza~hlsob` Y`zchgkhsthct# @zhgeipzt# 8<9<# ~'?>8', –D`sd` hbazh ̀ s pgh op`stlÿg d` z``m~chvhz ̀ g tadas chdas chs ‒~as`s“ z`yacpolaghzlhs ~az oagyloolag̀ s z`yacpolaghzlhslzz`y`zsljc`s# ca `s~agtègà ~az ca slst`mètloa'” "~' ?>?', Yìhs` thmjlìg "~' ?>8, `c ~hshf` d` pg iacc`ta `sozlta ~azCpr`mjpzka# ±Xpì xpl`z` ch Clkh @s~hzthoa1 6 –Ch Clkh @s~hzthoa ga `s pg ~hztlda xp` jpsoh cc`khz hc ~ad`z sajz` a oag ch h|pdh

d` chs mhshs tzhjhfhdazhs' Ch Clkh @s~hzthoa `s sÿca ch ~hzt` d`c ~zac`thzlhda xp` `stè oagsol`gt` d` sp m`th' @s hxp`cch ~hzt` xp`# h ohdh~hsa# s`øhch h chs mhshs ajz`zhs oama pg tada sp thz`h blstÿzloh xp`# h ohdh `th~h s`~hzhdh d` ch z`yacpolÿg# z`~z`s`gth `cajf`tlya saolhclsth ipgdhm`gthc |# `g tadas cas ~zajc`mhs gholaghc`s# z`~z`s`gth cas lgt`z`s`s d` ch z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlhmpgdlhc'” "_pjzh|hda gp`stza', @g 8<>4 Cpr`mjpzka hög ga bhjíh `gt`gdlda ch `s`golh d`c jacob`ylsma xp` –`sh ~hzt` d`c~zac`thzlhda xp` ̀ stè oagsol`gt` d` sp m`th” d`j` s`z azkhglvhdh s`~hzhdhm`gt` d` chs –kzhgd`s mhshs”'

@c bòba d` xp` thg ~zagta oama Cpr`mjpzka hda~tÿ `c oago`~ta d`c ~hztlda d` yhgkphzdlh `cch thmjlìg ip` hopshdh ~az cassaolhcd`mÿozhths "saolhcd`mÿozhths d` –lvxpl`zdh `g hxp`c `gtago`s”, d` xp`z`z –ch dlothdpzh sajz` `c ~zac`thzlhda”# `s pghoagilzmholÿg oam~c`th d` gp`stzh t`sls' "Mhr Hdc`z# –Ehzc Cl`jegòbt pgd Zash Cpr`mjpzk”# D`z Ehm~i# i`jz`za d` 8<8<# yac' RLL# g' :# ~' ;0',

?>' C`ÿg Tzatse|# Gas thob`s ~acltlxp`s' @d' Il`zz` J`liagd# ^hzís# 8<;># ~~' 8:?-:<'

?8' Ljld'# ^' 8:0'

?:' Ljld'# ~' 829'

??' C`ÿg Tzatse|# Ochs`# ~hztlda | dlzòolÿg' Clkh Ajz`zh Mhzrlsth# Mìrloa# 8<94# ~~' :?-:9' "_pjzh|hdas gp`stzas',

?4' Gpm`zasas `f`m~cas d` `sta ~p`d`g s`z m`golaghdas' Yìhs`# `gtz` atzas# C`glg# Ajzhs oam~c`ths# `d' olt'# t' R# ~~' ?0<-905t' RYLLL# ~~' 0:>-:85 t' RLR# ~~' ?0-?<# 40-49'

?0' Ch lm~asljlcldhd d` ch oago`gtzholÿg –`s~agtèg`h” d` cas `c`m`gtas d` yhgkphzdlh z`yacpolaghzlh h `sohch gholaghc ipìd`mastzhdh oag ~hztlopchz ochzldhd dpzhgt` ch bp`ckh k`g`zhc d` mh|a d` 8<92 ̀ g Izhgolh'

?9' Ga ajsthgt`# hxpí thmjlìg `sths iazmhs lgd`~`gdl`gt`s d` azkhglvholÿg ip`zag lgoh~ho`s# `g hps`golh d` pgh yhgkphzdlhz`yacpolaghzlh azkhglvhdh xp` bpjl`zh cc`yhda h ohja `c tzhjhfa ~z`~hzhtazla gò`shzla# d` g`ptzhclvhz# |h ga dlkhmasd`s~`dhvhz# ch o`gtzhclvholÿg oags`zyhdazh d` cas h~hzhtas slgdlohc`s | d`c @sthda# | d` cas m`dlhdaz`s'

?;' C`ÿg Tzatse|# Blstazlh d` ch Z`yacpolÿg Zpsh' @d' Tlcohzh# Jp`gas Hlz`s# 8<9?# ~' 80'




?;

?2' Oagspcthz# `gtz` atzas# h Kàzk Cpeèos# Blstazlh | oagol`golh d` ochs`' @d' Kzlfhcja# Mìrloa# 8<9<# ~~' :>8-?8'

?<' Ch dì`gsh d` cas lgt`z`s`s ~acítloas `s~òlhc`s | mht`zlhc`s d` `sths jpzaozholhs# ga ajsthgt`# `s ch sp~`z`stzpotpzh saolhcsajz` ch ophc s` `zlk` ch sp~`z`stzpotpzh d` `sth hptagamíh | sps z`sldpas ldàcÿkloas'

4>' Zash Cpr`mjpzk _~`hes# `d' olt'# ~' 8:8'

48' C`ÿg Tzatse|# –Z`spcthdas | ~`zs~òtlyhs” ̀ g Ch z`yacpolÿg ~`zmhg`gt`' M`zlt ^pjclsb`zs# Gp`yh \aze# 8<9<# ~' 884'

4:' âz `f`m~ca# `c d`s~zòla shtízloa d` Ochzh V`telg bholh `c Oamltì @fòptlya d`c _^D "oama thmjlìg bholh ch ihcth dòhzèot`z d` Ehptse|,# xp` `r~z`sÿ `g sp oazz`s~agd`golh oago`zgl`gt` h ch o`gspzh d` ch dlzòolÿg d`c ~hztlda `g 8<>< d` ch~pjcloholÿg d` @c ohmlga d`c ~ad`z# d` Ehptse| "@d' Kzlfhcja# Mìrloa# 8<;>,5 `g oagtzhst` oag `c z`s~`ta mastzhda ~az C`glgbholh Ehptse| ̀ c mlsma høa'

4?' C`glg# –D`s Vpshmm`gjzpob d`z LL Lgt`zghtlaghc`s”# `g C`glg | Vlgÿyl`y# K`k`g d`g _tzam "~pjclohda ~az ch Lgt`zgholaghcOampglsth ̀ g 8<:8,# ~' 894'

44' Ljld'# ~' 890'

40' C`glg# Ch `gi`zm`dhd lgihgtlc d`c –lvxpl`zdlsma” `g `c oampglsma# `g Ajzhs `soakldhs' @d' `g C`gkphs @rtzhgf`zhs# Masoö# s'i'# t'LLL# ~~' ?9;-409'

Yìhs` thmjlìg ̀ c ~hshf` m`golaghda d`c ~hgic`ta ±Xpì xpl`z` ch Clkh @s~hzthoa1 # `sozlta ~az Zash Cpr`mjpzka' @sth oagocpslÿgip` sp~`zlaz h ch d` Tzatse| `g 8<>9 a ch d` Cpr`mjpzka mlsmh `g 8<>4' @g ylsth d`c oags`zyhdpzlsma ozòl`gt` ~az ~hzt`d`c h~hzhta d` ch saolhcd`maozholh# t`gíhg lcpslag`s ho`zoh d` ch bhjlcldhd d` chs mhshs ~hzh z`sacy`z `c ~zajc`mh d` ch tamh d`c~ad`z öglohm`gt` oag ch h|pdh d` sp i`zyaz z`yacpolaghzla' @g –Ch bp`ckh `g mhsh# ~hztlda | slgdlohtas "@d' Oh~zloazgla# Mìrloa8<9<,# Cpr`mjpzka cc`kh h tzhschdhz ̀ c ~zajc`mh t`m~azhcm`gt` bholh cas –d`sazkhglvhdas”# ̀ s dòlz# ch sòolÿg mès ~ajz` d`c~zac`thzlhda xp` ~az ~zlm`zh y`v ajtl`g` oagol`golh dpzhgt` pgh bp`ckh `g mhsh' C`glg# `g sps `sozltas ~ast`zlaz`s h 8<84#thmjlìg `r~cíolthm`gt` oagtzhsth `sths mhshs oag ch –hzlstaozholh ajz`zh”# d` mhg`zh d`mhslhda slm~clilohdh `g ml a~lglÿg'@g `s` tl`m~a cas ajz`zas d` chs kzhgd`s ~chgths d` ~zao`shda d` ho`za | m`thc# `gtz` atzhs# ~`zt`gòíhg h cas sòtaz`sd`sazkhglvhdas d`c ~zac`thzlhda hc`mèg# | ml`gtzhs xp` `g mhss` t`gdl`zag bholh ch lvxpl`zdh d`s~pìs d` 8<82# |h ga~`zt`gòíhg h chs oh~hs –mès ~ajz`s”'

49' @sth cchmhdh ozlsls k`g`zhc d`c oh~lthclsma# `s dòlz# `c lglola d` ch ì~aoh blstÿzloh d` ch dòhd`golh# ga d`j` s`z oagipgdldhoag ch ozlsls oa|pgtpzhc# `s dòlz# ozlsls òagÿmlohs ~`zlÿdlohs' @sths bhg hohòlda dpzhgt` `c ~`zlada d`c spzklml`gta d`coh~lthclsma hsí oama dpzhgt` sp dòhd`golh' ^hzh C`glg# ch ì~aoh xp` oaml`gvh oag ch ~zlm`zh Kp`zzh Mpgdlhc `s ch –`zh d`coaml`gva d` ch z`yacpolÿg saolhc”' Oagspcthz# `gtz` atzas# K`k`g d`g _tzam# "Oagtzh ch oazzl`gt`# `sozlta fpgta oag Vlgÿyl`y,# a~'olt'# ~' ?<?'

4;' _lg dpdh hckpgh `s hxpí `g dagd` s` `gop`gtzh ch mh|az d`jlcldhd d` `sth tàzíh ihthclsth' D` ch t`gd`golh bholh pghozòl`gt` hptagamíh# s` d`dpo` hptamètlohm`gt` pg ~`clkza saolhc# slg lgocplz `g sp hgèclsls ch tzhgsmlslÿg d`c ~ad`z saolhc~at`golhc | cas lgt`z`s`s saolhc`s `s~òíiloas' Ch lgoclgholÿg d` cas ~azt`zas | d` cas ohf`zas h d`shzzacchz sps ~za~las lgt`z`s`sga c`s dh ~ad`z sajz` cas jhgoas | chs kzhgd`s ilzmhs —`ro`~ta `c –~ad`z” d` zaja# xp` `s ìòtlya öglohm`gt` jhfaoagdlolag`s mp| `s~òíilohs' _l `c hgèclsls d` `sh t`gd`golh bholh ch hptagamíh bh d` t`g`z pg oagt`glda saolhc# `gtago`sd`j`zè s`z hoam~høhda ~az ch dìlglolÿg d` `sths oagdlolag`s'

42' Chs z`kchs iazmhc`s d`c o`gtzhclsma d`maozètloa sag# ~az sp~p`sta# ~hzt` d` `stas ~z`zz`xplsltas' @sths z`kchs lgocp|`g `cd`zòba d` tada ml`mjza h `sthz oam~c`thm`gt` lgiazmhda d` chs dli`z`golhs d` a~lglÿg `g ch dlzòolÿg5 `c d`zòba h iazmhzt`gd`golhs | ~z`s`gthz ~pgtas d` ylsth oagtzhdlotazlas hgt` ch m`mjzòíh hgt`s d` chs `còolag`s d` dlzòolÿg | cas oagkz`sas5ch oagyaohtazlh z`kpchz d` oagkz`sas5 `c d`zòba h z`ylshz ~`zlÿdlohm`gt` chs dòlslag`s mh|azlthzlhs h ch cpv d` `r~`zl`golhs

~ast`zlaz`s# `s dòlz# `c d`zòba d` chs mlgazíhs d` lgt`gthz ~`zlÿdlohm`gt` z`yaohz chs dòlslag`s d` ch mh|azíh6 `c d`zòba d`lglolhtlyh ~acítloh d` ch mh|azíh | cas ml`mjzas d` chs mlgazíhs dpzhgt` cas oagkz`sas5 `to'

@sths gazmhs c`glglsths d` o`gtzhclsma d`maozètloa ip`zag iazmpchdhs d` mhg`zh hcka saz~z`gd`gt` `g cas `sthtptas d`cgp`ya ~hztlda# tzhvhdas hgt`s d` hkasta d` 8<92 `g ~z`~hzholÿg d`c RLY Oagkz`sa d`c Ô obòascayhoa' Cas dì`gsaz`s d`co`gtzhclsma jpzaozètloa z`hoolaghzag oag ch lgyhslÿg' D` bòba# `st` z`kz`sa ~za~p`sta bholh chs gazmhs d`c o`gtzhclsmad`maozètloa ip` pgh d` chs –`s~lghs” mès lm~azthgt`s ~az ~hzt` d` ch jpzaozholh saylìtloh oag z`s~òta hc d`shzzacca d` casspo`sas obòascayhoas'

4<' C`ÿg Tzatse|# Blstazlh d` ch Z`yacpolÿg Zpsh' @d' Tlt`hzh# Jp`gas Hlz`s' 8<9:# ~' ?:<-9>'

0>' @gtz` cas høas d` 8<>0 | 8<>; `c ~hztlda jacob`ylxp` ip` `dpohda `g `c `s~ízltp d` cc`yhz h ohja ch –dlothdpzh d`maozètlohd` cas ajz`zas | ohm~`slgas”# `s dòlz# jhfa `c `s~ízltp d` pgh iÿzmpch oag ht`golÿg oago`gtzhdh `g ch hclhgvh d` pg ~hztldaajz`za | pg ~hztlda ohm~`slga d`gtza d`c èmjlta d`c oh~lthclsma ~z`yl`gda# `g atzhs ~hchjzhs# pg d`shzzacca oh~lthclsth d` chhkzlopctpzh | ch lgdpstzlh zpshs' C`glg s` hi`zzÿ h `sth ~asljlcldhd bhsth xp` |h `sthjh hyhgvhda `c høa d` 8<89' _ÿca `g 8<8; s`dla op`gth d` xp` Tzatse| bhjíh `sthda `g ca ol`zta d`sd` 8<>0 ophgda ~z`dlfa xp` `c ~zajc`mh hkzhzla öglohm`gt` ~adíh s`zz`sp`cta m`dlhgt` ch dlothdpzh d`c ~zac`thzlhda | ch saolhclvholÿg d` ch òagamíh zpsh'




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Bhztmpt M`bzlgk`z "–Lgtzadpotlag Blstazlxp`” ̀ g Tzatse|# Gas thob`s ~acltlxp`s# a~' olt'# ~~' 8;-82# lgocpsa ?4, `stè tathcm`gt``xplyaohda hc ylgopchz ch tàzíh d` azkhglvholÿg d` C`glg oag `sth `stzht`klh `s~òíiloh d` ch Z`yacpolÿg Zpsh# ~hzh `r~clohzch`g tìzmlgas d` ~h~`c –spjazdlghda” "1, d` ch ochs` ajz`zh `g `sth cpobh# | hc h~clohz ch tàzíh d` Tzatse|# d` ch `rt`gslÿgkzhdphc d` ch oagol`golh d` ochs` h ch tathcldhd d` ch ochs` ajz`zh# h ch tàzíh d` ch z`yacpolÿg ~`zmhg`gt`' H ~`shz d`c bòba d`xp` M`bzlgk`z dh pg `sjava lghdòphda | `zzÿgà d` ch `stzht`klh z`yacpolaghzlh d` C`glg "C`glg h~a|hjh ch lgd`~`gd`golh hjsacpth d` ch ochs` ajz`zh zpsh hc a~ag`zs` h ch jpzkp`síh zpsh# | `sthjh tathcm`gt` h ihyaz d` xp` `sth ochs` fpkhzh pg ~h~`c d`dlzòolÿg `g ch z`yacpolÿg,5 | h ~`shz d`c bòba d` xp`# lkphc xp` C`glg# Cpr`mjpzka zòbhvÿ oama ~z`mhtpza ophcxpl`z

lgt`gta d` `sthjcò`z ch dlothdpzh d`c ~zac`thzlhda `g Zpslh oama ögloh m`th d` cc`yhz h ohja chs thz`hs blstÿzlohs d` chz`yacpolÿg jpzkp`sh "ml`gtzhs xp` hc mlsma tl`m~a cpobÿ `g oagtzh d` ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg,# gas ~hzòàjyla xp` ch mlsmh tàzíh d` ch z`yacpolÿg ~`zmhg`gt` "`s dòlz# ch thz`h d` `sthjcò`z ch dlothdpzh d`c ~zac`thzlhda `g pg ~hísspjd`shzzacchda, ~p`d` s`z oh~thdh oag pg míglma d` z`hclsma sÿca ~az m`dla d` ch mès kzhgd` oago`gtzholÿg d` chs thz`hsz`yacpolaghzlhs `g k`g`zhc' âz ca thgta# ga s` hc`fh d` ch tàzíh c`glglsth d` ch azkhglvholÿg slga xp` s` `giaoh bholh `cch' Y`z hcz`s~òta `c `ro`c`gt` ~hgic`ta d` D`gls Hy`ghs# @oagamíh | ~acítloh `g `c ~`gshml`gta d` Tzatse| "@d' Clkp` Oammpglst`# ^hzís#8<;8,'

08' –@c iacc`ta ±Xpì bho`z1 spjzh|h z`lt`zhdhm`gt` xp` ch azkhglvholÿg dì`gdldh ~az ìc tl`g` s`gtlda sÿca `g clkhvÿg oag ch y`zdhd`zh ochs` z`yacpolaghzlh# xp` s` hcvh `s~agtèg`hm`gt` h ch cpobh'” "C`glg# Ajzhs oam~c`ths# `d' olt'# t' RLLL# ~~' <;-<2',C`glg spjzh|h `c bòba d` xp` ch `gi`zm`dhd d` ch `rlst`golh d` pg ~`xp`øa kzp~a ~p`d` s`z sp~`zhdh öglohm`gt` h tzhyìs d`–ch hm~clholÿg d`c ~hztlda oag `c`m`gtas ~zac`thzlas# ca ögloa xp` ~p`d` `g z`cholÿg oag ch cpobh hjl`zth d` mhshs hohjhz oagcas z`stas d`c `s~ízltp d` oízopca…” "Ljld'# ~' <2',

0:' @zh `g Mìrloa# ~pjclohzè ~zagta pgh hgtacakíh gp`stzh tltpchdh Oagtzac ajz`za# oags`fas ajz`zas | hptak`stlÿg ajz`zh xp` lgt`gth~zajhz `sths t`sls' Ch `dlolÿg izhgo`sh bh slda ~pjclohdh ~az Mhs~`za# ^hzís'

0?' ^hzh C`glg `c –~h~`c azl`gthdaz d`c ~hztlda” `g `c slst`mh saylìtloa `s d` ígdac` ~acítloh | ga d` spstltpolÿg' Ga `s pghop`stlÿg d` z``m~chvhz h ch mh|azíh `g `c sayl`t# d` oagy`go`z d` ch oab`z`golh d` ch ~acítloh oampglsth' @c –~h~`c d` chdlzòolÿg d`c ~hztlda” gl slxpl`zh `s m`golaghda `g sp ajzh jèsloh sajz` cas sayl`ts# @c @sthda | ch Z`yacpolÿg' \ sl# `g bazhs d`kzhg oagipslÿg | kp`zzh olylc# hckpghs yò`s `r~z`sÿ hkpdas oam`gthzlas sajz` chs op`stlag`s tèotlohs# ~ad`mas `goagtzhzhzkpm`gtas `g sps `sozltas `g oagtzh d` cas –sayl`ts slg oampglsths”# mhs ga `goagtzhmas hzkpm`gtas `g ihyaz d` cas–oampglsths slg sayl`ts”'

04' "Kàzk Cpeèos "Blstazlh | oagol`golh d` ochs`# `d' olt'# ~~' :2? | ss',# `stè `xplyaohda hc ~`gshz xp` d`sopjz` pgh d` chs zhío`sd` ch –tàzíh d` ch `s~agthg`ldhd” d` cpr`mjpzka `g ch –lcpslÿg d` ch z`yacpolÿg ~acítloh ~pzh”' Hpg `g cas ~hís`s dagd` chlm~azthgolh gpmìzloh | saolhc d`c ~zac`thzlhda `s thg hzzhshdazh xp` `c ~zajc`mh d` cas –hclhdas” z`spcth lgslkglilohgt`# chazkhglvholÿg s`~hzhdh d` ch yhgkphzdlh slkp` sl`gda hjsacpchm`gt` gò`shzlh `g pgh –z`yacpolÿg ~zac`thzlh ~pzh” d`jlda h ch`stzhtliloholÿg d`c ~zac`thzlhda'

00' Pg `f`m~ca cchmhtlya `s `c d` cas mhaísths oblgas# ~hzh xpl`g`s pg hch d` sp ~za~la ~hztlda "lgocp|`gda h ch mh|azíh d`cOamltì O`gtzhc xp` dlzlklÿ h ch Z`yacpolÿg Oblgh h ch ylotazlh, s` dlo` `sthz oam~p`sth d` –dì`gsaz`s d` ch cíg`h oh~lthclsth” —| hpg cchgh | s`golcchm`gt` –oh~lthclsths”'

^hzh cas jazdlkplsths lthclhgas# ch bp`ckh k`g`zhc d`c 84 d` fpcla d` 8<42# ga tpya ghdh xp` y`z oag ch cpobh d` ochs`s d`c~zac`thzlhda ~azxp` cas ajz`zas `sthjhg `g bp`ckh `g dì`gsh d` pg cíd`z –z`ylslaglsth” d`c Ô# Takclhttl'

Oi' thmjlìg `c b`zmasa ~chgt`hml`gta d`c `s~agthg`ísth izhgoìs D`gls Hgtbl`z6 –Ophgda `c ~zac`thzlhda ga `s z`yacpolaghzla#ga `rlst`# | cas z`yacpolaghzlas ga ~p`d`g bho`z ghdh oag ìc' Ga sag `ccas xpl`g`s# hc hspmlz `c ~h~`c d` `dpohdaz`s d`c~p`jca# s`zèg oh~ho`s d` oz`hz ch sltpholÿg blstÿzloh `g xp` `c ~zac`thzlhda s`zè ca xp` `s5 `sta öglohm`gt` ~p`d` bho`zs` ~az`c d`shzzacca d` ch saol`dhd mad`zgh `g sl'” "^zìhola h C`ÿg Tzatse|# –Zh~~azt d` ch dìc`khtlag sljìzl`gg`”' @d' _~hzthops#^hzís# 8<;># ~' 8:', @sth olth thmjlìg d`mp`stzh ophg ochzhm`gt` `stèg z`cholaghdas `c spjf`tlylsma `rtz`ma | `c ajf`tlylsma`rtz`ma' ±Oÿma s` `r~cloh xp` h ~`shz d` chs kzhgd`s cpobhs ga s` bh|h hcohgvhda ch ylotazlh1 –Chs olzopgsthgolhs sag chsopc~hjc`s# chs oagdlolag`s ajf`tlyhs ga `sthjhg mhdpzhs'” D`gtza d` ch mèsohzh pctzhlvxpl`zdlsch s` ~p`d` dlylshz h casoagaoldas –`s~agthg`ísths” Ehzc Ehptse| | Atta Jhp`z dhgda sp h~zajholÿg mayl`gda sps daoths ohj`vhs' Chs zldíopchsoagocpslag`s h chs xp` `st` ihthclsma `rtz`ma | `st` d`t`zmlglsma mòègloa cc`yhg# s` `sochzò`g thg ~zagta oama `c–d`shzzacca d` ch saol`dhd mad`zgh `g sí” sp~p`sthm`gt` gas `r~clohzè `g tìzmlgas oagoz`tas ~az xpì `g pg mam`gta dhdach mh|azíh d` ch ièjzloh H | ch olpdhd J "mhs ga ch ièjzloh a ch olpdhd D, `stèg `g ihyaz d` ch dlothdpzh d`c ~zac`thzlhda | `goagtzh d`c zìazmlsma' \ hsí# ~hzh jl`g a ~hzh mhc# `c z`spcthda d` ch z`yacpolÿg d`~`gd` d` ch z`s~p`sth h `sth ~z`kpgth'Ml`gtzhs xp` `c –d`shzzacca d` ch saol`dhd mad`zgh `g sí” ga hzzaf` h tadhs chs ièjzlohs | h tadhs chs olpdhd`s hc z`khva d` chz`yacpolÿg# cas –`dpohdaz`s d`c ~p`jca”# d` hop`zda oag Hgtbl`z# s` hjst`gdzíhg sp~p`sthm`gt` d` ylac`gthz chs –oagdlolag`sajf`tlyhs” tzhthgda d` khghzs` h cas ajz`zas d` O | D'

09' @st` z`~zaob` `g oagtzh d` C`glg | cas c`glglsths ip` bòba ~az cas –òagamlsths” zpsas | ca bhg z`d`sopjl`zta cas`s~agthg`ísths hotphc`s'

0;' Oagspcthz sajz` ̀ sth mht`zlh h Gloas ̂ apchgtvhs# âd`z ~acítloa | ochs`s saolhc`s# `d' Olt'

02' @s lgt`z`shgt` oagilzmhz xp` d`s~pìs d` ch `solslÿg d` ch saolhcd`maozholh zpsh bpja mpobas mès lgt`còtphc`s#lgocp|`gda h lgt`còtphc`s ~zai`slaghc`s z`yacpolaghzlas# oag cas m`gob`ylxp`s xp` oag cas jacob`ylxp`s' Yìhs` hc z`s~òta hDhyld Chg`# Tb` Zaats ai Zpsslhg Oammpglsm# `d' olt'# ~~' 4;-0>'




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0<' Dhyld Chg` thmjlìg `gihtlvh ch ~z`~agd`zhgolh d` cas jacob`ylxp`s `g chs olpdhd`s oag kzhgd`s ièjzlohs | oag pgh yl`fhochs` ajz`zh `sthjlclvhdh' "Ljld'# ~~' :8:-8?',

9>' @g sp öctlmh ajzh "–Vpm hlck`m`lg`g Y`zbhctgls yag {lss`gsobhktclob`z Lgt`clkogv pgd ~zac`thzlsob`g Echss`gj`{pss-ts`lg”# _D_-Lgia# g' :9-:;# dlo' ::# 8<9<,# Bhgs-Fpzk`g Ezhbc ̀ rtzhfa –ch” olth d` Mhzr sajz` ̀ st` ~zajc`mh# xp` z`~zadpolmashxpí' "^zayl`g` d` ch sòolÿg ga lgoaz~azhdh d` –_òbst`s Eh~lthc# Z`spctht` d`s pgmltt`cjhz`g ^zadpetlags~zav`ss`s” `g `c`r~`dl`gt` hc oh~ítpca s`ls d`c cljza 8 d`c ~zlm`z yacpm`g d` @c Oh~lthc# xp` ip` ~pjclohda ~az ~zlm`zh y`v# `g cas –Mhzr

@gk`cs Hzobly” `g 8<??', Gas kpsthzíh d`dlohz `st` hztíopca# op|h lgt`golÿg `s ch d` ~zamay`z ch dlsopslÿg | pg `gt`gdlml`gtaoag ìc# h `st` fay`g hmlka xp` ~`zòlÿ thg tzèklohm`gt`'

–Oag `c d`shzzacca d` pg sam`tlml`gta z`hc d`c tzhjhfa jhfa `c oh~lthc "a jhfa `c mada `s~òíiloa d` ~zadpoolÿg oh~lthclsth,# `c y`zdhd`za ipgolaghzla `g `c ~zao`sa tathc d`c tzhjhfa ga `s `c ajz`za lgdlyldphc# slga pgh ozòl`gt` oh~holdhd saolhc oamjlghdh~hzh `c tzhjhfa# | chs dly`zshs oh~holdhd`s ~hzh `c tzhjhfa# xp` s` `gop`gtzhg `g oam~`t`golh `gtz` `cchs | oagstltp|`g chmèxplgh ~zadpotlyh `g sp k`g`zhcldhd# ~hztlol~hg d` mpobhs mhg`zhs dli`z`gt`s `g `c ~zao`sa dlzòta d` ch oz`holÿg d`m`zohgoíhs —a# hög mès ~zòlshm`gt` ̀ g ̀ st` s`gtlda# ~zadpotas— "hckpgas tzhjhfhg mès oag sps mhgas# atzas tzhjhfhg oagsp ohj`vh# atzas oama dlzòtaz`s# lgk`gl`zas# tìogloas# `to'# atzas oama sp~`zylsaz`s# | atzas mès oama ajz`zas mhgphc`sazdlghzlas# a oama h|pdhgt`s,' Oama z`spcthda d` `sta# chs ipgolag`s d` ch oh~holdhd d` tzhjhfa lzèg hpm`gthgda ch t`gd`golhd` s`z ochslilohdas `g `c oago`~ta dlzòta d` tzhjhfa ~zadpotlya# ml`gtzhs xp` hxp`ccas xp` ~as``g `sh oh~holdhd s`zègochslilohdas jhfa `c oago`~ta d` ajz`zas ~zadpotlyas# dlzòthm`gt` `r~cathdas ~az `c oh~lthc | spjazdlghdas h sp ~zao`sa dòagspma | ~zadpoolÿg'” "Ehzc Mhzr# Z`spctht`' @d' G`p` Ezltle# Izhgeipzt# 8<9<# ~' 99',

98' C`ÿg Tzatse|# Tb` Lgt`cclk`gtslh hgd _aolhclsm' @d' G`{ ^hze ^pjclsb`zs# Cagdz`s# 8<9<'

9:' C`ÿg Tzatse|# –Dl` @gt{loecpgksc`gd`gvog d`s zpsslsob`g _avlacdomaezhcl`”# `g Dl` G`p` V`lt# yac' RRYLLL# g' :# 8<8>#~' 29:'

9?' \h `g sp ~zlm`z cljza `g oagtzh d` C`glg "Gas thob`s ~acltlxp`s# a~' olt'# ~~' 92-;8# ~az ̀ f`m~ca,# Tzatse| bhjíh ̀ m~z`gdldapg `sip`zva d` z`~z`s`gthz h tadh ch ~acìmloh c`glglsth `g oagtzh d`c –òagamlsma” | d` ch –iazmh hzt`shghc d` azkhglvholÿg”`g `c ±Xpì bho`z1 oama pgh dlsopslÿg ~pzhm`gt` hohdìmloh# a `g `c m`faz d` cas ohsas pg lgt`gta d` khghzs` chs mh|az`sip`zvhs d` ch lgt`còtphcldhd ~`xp`øajpzkp`sh hc ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla saolhcd`mÿozhth' Ga `gt`gdlÿ xp` `zh pgh op`stlÿg d`z`~`c`z ch lgicp`golh z`ylslaglsth ~`xp`øajpzkp`sh sajz` ch ochs` ajz`zh' _p ~acìmloh `g oagtzh d` C`glg d` 8<>? h 8<84 sòhzhot`zlvh ~az pgh spj`stlmholÿg d` chs oagsòp`golhs ohthstzÿilohs d`c a~aztpglsma ~hzh ch ochs` ajz`zh | `c maylml`gtaajz`za' _ÿca `g 8<8; ~pda sp~`zhz d` pgh y`v ~az tadhs `sth spj`stlmholÿg'

94' Hpkpst J`j`c# Jzlì{òbs`c mlt Izl`dzlob @gk`cs' @d' Maptag hgd Oa'# Ch Bh|h# 8<90# ~' 490'

90' Ch ögloh dlilopcthd ~hzh ch z`yacpolÿg c`s ~hzòíh `c m`gtlz oama z`hoolÿg gò`shzlh `g ophcxpl`z ~asljc` hgpcholÿg d`cspizhkla pgly`zshc# s`kög ~adzíh spo`d`z `g ohsa d` kp`zzh' âz atzh ~hzt`# Cpr`mjpzka t`gíh# oagsòp`gt`m`gt` oag chop`stlÿg d` ch cpobh d` mhshs# `m~z`gdlda pg lgt`gta oagsol`gt` ~hzh ~`ziòolaghz chs iazmhs d` cpobh d`c ~zac`thzlhda ~az`golmh d` chs cpobhs òagÿmlohs | `còtazhc`s | hfpstègdas` hc `f`m~ca d` ch z`yacpolÿg zpsh d` 8<>0'

Tadhyíh `g ch hotphcldhd# C`cla Jhssa# `g pg lgt`z`shgt` hgèclsls " Zash Cpr`mjpzks Dlhcètle d`z Z`yacptlag# Id' Ipza~hlsob` Y`zchkshgsthct# Izhgeipzt# 8<9<# ~~' 2:-2?,# lgt`gth dhz oama ch xplgth`s`golh d` ch `stzht`klh d` Cpr`mjpzka pghzòagolclholÿg o`gtzlsth `gtz` chs cpobhs oatldlhghs | cas ajf`tlyas ilghc`s# cas ophc`s s` clmlthg h –hkpdlvhz chs oagtzhdloolag`s”d`c d`shzzacca ajf`tlya' @c bòba `s xp` ga oh~th `c ~zaipgda slkglilohda d` ch cpobh d` mhshs# | d`jlda h `st` `zzaz ga `sgò`shzla dlsoptlz hxpí d`thcchdhm`gt` ̀ s` t`rta'

99' Oagspcthz ch dlsopslÿg d`c ~zakzhmh `g `c LY Oagkz`sa d` ch Lgt`zgholaghc Oampglsth "^zataeacc d`s Yl`zt`g Eagkz`ss`s d`z

Eammpglstlsob`g Lgt`zghtlaghc`# ~pjclohda ~az ch Lgt`zgholaghc Oampglsth `g 8<:?# ~~' 4>4-42,# `g ch xp` s` oagocp|`~zaylslaghcm`gt` oag ch slkpl`gt` dòchzholÿg d` ch d`c`kholÿg zpsh ilzmhdh ~az C`glg# Tzaste|# Vlgÿyl`y# Zèdè | Jpfhzlg6

–Ch oagtzay`zslh sajz` oÿma d`j`g iazmpchzs` chs d`mhgdhs d` tzhgslolÿg | `g xpì ~hzt` d`c ~zakzhmh d`j`g lgocplzs` bh~zayaohda pgh lm~z`slÿg tathcm`gt` `zzÿg`h d` xp` `rlst` pgh dli`z`golh d` ~zlgol~las5 ~az ca thgta# ch d`c`kholÿg zpshoagilzmh pgèglm`m`gt` xp` `c `sjava d` oagslkghs d` tzhgslolÿg `g cas ~zakzhmhs d` chs sòolag`s gholaghc`s | spiazmpcholÿg k`g`zhc hsí oama ch matlyholÿg t`ÿzloh `g ch sòolÿg k`g`zhc d`c ~zakzhmh ga d`j` lgt`z~z`thzs` oamaa~aztpglsma'” "Ljld'# ~' 04:', Tzatse|# h~hz`gt`m`gt`# ~hshjh ~az hcta thc `stzht`klh `g 8<>4 ophgda `sozljlÿ6 –@c ~hztlda s`jhsh `g ch ihcth d` oagol`golh d`c ~zac`thzlhda oag ch lgt`golÿg d` lgsthpzhzs` `g `c ~zac`thzlhda hyhgvhda# `c`yhgda `st` gly`c…”"Gas thob`s ~acltlxp`s# a~' olt'# ~' 8:9',

9;' Oi' Kàzk Cpeèos " C`glg # @d' Kzlfhcja# Mìrloa# 8<;># ~~' 08-0:, oagocp|` oazzòthm`gt` h ~hztlz d` oagsld`zholag`ss`m`fhgt`s xp` `c ~hztlda z`yacpolaghzla c`glglsth ga ~p`d` –bho`z” pgh z`yacpolÿg ~`za ~p`d` ho`c`zhz chs t`gd`golhs xp` ch`gohj`vhzèg' Thc ~hztlda `s hc mlsma tl`m~a ~zadpotaz | ~zadpota d` ch z`yacpolÿg# ca ophc s` spmh h pgh z`sacpolÿg d` chs~aslolag`s a~p`sths d` Ehptse| "–@c gp`ya ~hztlda d`j` ~z`~hzhz `c ohmlga ~hzh ch z`yacpolÿg”, | Cpr`mjpzka "–@c gp`ya~hztlda d`j` oz`hzs` ~az ch hoolÿg z`yacpolaghzlh d` chs mhshs”,'

92' Bhgs-Fpzk`g Ezhbc "a~' olt'# ~' 8?, `sthjh ohsl `g ca oazzòta ophgda z`~zaobÿ h Cpeèos ~az sp oago`~ta ld`hclvhgt` d` ch

ihcth tathc d` oagol`golh d`c ~zac`thzlhda | ca hopsh d` ~aoh bhjlcldhd ~hzh oamjlghz `c oagaolml`gta `m~ízloa | ch tàzíhhjstzhoth —jhshdh h sp y`v `g ch lgoh~holdhd ~hzh tzhgsmltlz ch tàzíh z`yacpolaghzlh h chs mhshs ajz`zhs' _lg `mjhzka d`j`zíhs`z oh~hv d` oagocplz# h ~hztlz d` gp`stza `gsh|a# xp` thc tzhgsmlslÿg ~p`d` ajt`g`zs` oam~c`thm`gt` sajz` ch jhs` d`c




oago`~ta c`glglsth d` azkhglvholÿg# `c ophc d` bòba s` h~a|h `g ca mès ipgdhm`gthc d` `st` oago`~ta# ~p`sta xp` bho` pgh~zaipgdh dlstlgolÿg `gtz` ch –`ghf`gholÿg ~hzolhc d` ch yldh” | `c ~zao`sa d` hcl`gholÿg d` ch ~zadpoolÿg5 slg `mjhzka# `stè~z`dls~p`sta ~az ch t`gd`golh mhzopslhgh h y`z –ch `ghf`gholÿg d`c oagspmldaz” oama `c ~zajc`mh oagtzhc | oazga z`spcthdaz`s~òta h ch –shtlsihoolÿg olylclvhdh d` chs gò`sldhd`s”# ch ophc ast`gsljc`m`gt` bho` ~asljc` `c slst`mh gàoh~lthclsth ~hzh chmhsh ajz`zh oama pg ajstèopca `g sp ohmlga ~hzh ajt`g`z oagol`golh d` ochs` ~zac`thzlh' Tadhyíh `c thcÿg d` Hxplc`s d`cmada d` ~zadpoolÿg oh~lthclsth# mès xp` gpgoh# d`j` s`z jpsohda `g `c èmjlta d` ch `ghf`gholÿg `g `c ~zao`sa d`~zadpoolÿg5 sachm`gt` `gtago`s ~p`d` oam`gvhz pgh y`zdhd`zh z`j`clÿg z`yacpolaghzlh# oama s` d`mp`stzh oag cas spo`sas

d` Izhgolh ` Lthclh# | oag `sta yacy`mas hc ~zao`sa xp` b`mas d`sozlta d` ch iazmpcholÿg | tzhgsmlslÿg d` ch oagol`golh dòchs` hc d`sozljlzca gasatzas oama Ezhbc "| `sthmas oagy`goldas# oama C`glg | Tzatse|,# xp` ga bh| iazmh d` spjstltplz `clgk`gpa oago`~ta d`c –~hztlda amglsh~l`gt`” ~az `c d` ch `yacpolÿg d` ch tàzíh z`yacpolaghzlh oama pg ~zao`sa `s~òíiloa d`maylml`gta ~`zmhg`gt` d` ch ~zadpoolÿg'

9<' Ehzc Mhzr# T`sls sajz` I`p`zjhob# t`zo`zh t`sls6 –Ch tàzíh mht`zlhclsth d` xp` cas bamjz`s sag ~zadpota d` chs olzopgsthgolhs| d` ch `dpoholÿg# | d` xp`# ~az thgta# cas bamjz`s madlilohdas sag ~zadpota d` olzopgsthgolhs dlstlgths | d` pgh `dpoholÿgdlstlgth# acyldh xp` chs olzopgsthgolhs s` bho`g ohmjlhz ~zòlshm`gt` ~az cas bamjz`s | xp` `c ~za~la `dpohdaz gò`slth s`z`dpohda'” "Mhzr | @gk`cs# T`sls sajz` I`p`zjhob# `g Ajzhs ̀ soakldhs# Masoö# s'i'# tama LL# ~~' ?<;-<2',

;>' Mhzr | @gk`cs# Ch ldàcakíh hc`mhgh# `d' olt'# ~' :40'

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La Teoría Leninista de la Organización - Ernest Mandel