Libro Polochic Elaboración y Gestión 1er. Sem

8/20/2019 Libro Polochic Elaboración y Gestión 1er. Sem

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=;>³ Emih`ffarmtb - Grupb [bfbih`i[r`oar saoastra - @GAU

Afmebrmi`ùj y

Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs


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>³ Emih`ffarmtb - Grupb [bfbih`i[r`oar saoastra - @GAU

=;Afmebrmi`ùj y

Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs


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Afmebrmi`ùj yGast`ùj na [rbyaitbs[ròar saoastra

Uasarvmnbs tbnbs fbs naraihbs. ]uanm r`gurbsmoajta prbhè`nm fm raprbnuii`ùj tbtmf b pmri`mfna asta omtar`mf anuimt`vb, pbr iumfquàr oan`b b prbianòàjtb, s`j fm mutbr`zmi`ùj naf @jst`tutbGumtaomftaib na Anuimi`ùj Umn`bdùjìm, @GAU. Yagój mrtïiufb >5 na fm Ibjst`tui`ùj [bfïtìm naGumtaomfm qua sa radara m fm mutbrïm.

© @jst`tutb Gumtaomftaib na Anuimi`ùj Umn`bdùjìm, @GAU.As ujm berm prbnui`nm pbr af Napmrtmoajtb na Uanmii`ùj y N`saýb, pmrm af

@jst`tutb Gumtaomftaib na Anuimi`ùj Umn`bdùjìm, @GAU.

== mvaj`nm =8->1, Iùnmn Juavm, zbjm 5Iùnmn na Gumtaomfm.

[EX3 5>=5 4444Dmx3 5>=5 47;>

Ibrrab afaitrùjìb3 `garK`gar.anu.gt[íg`jm wae3 www.`gar.anu.gt

Anì`ùj 5;=1@oprasb aj @GAU tmffaras grídibs

Iùn`gb3 ====;9>1;=

@YEJ 07800504=>989


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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Ïjnìa

Ïjnìa

¡Eàjvaj`nm y eàjvaj`nb! ...................................................................................... =

Yaomjm =........................................................................................................................................... =1

@jì`mjnb uj prbyaitb3 Af n`mgjùstìb y af n`mgjùstìbpmrtì`pmt`vb .................................................................................................................................... =1

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =4

Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs .............................................................................................................. =7

Af n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb .................................................................................................. =7

^`pbs na prbyaitb .................................................................................................................... 55

Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... 5>

Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. 54

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 58

Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... 58

Yaomjm 5........................................................................................................................................... 50

Uaibp`fmi`ùj na `jdbromi`ùj pmrm af n`mgjùstìb ............................. 50

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 9;

Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs .............................................................................................................. 9=

Uaibp`fmi`ùj na fm `jdbromi`ùj .......................................................................................... 9=

Harrmoàjtms pmrm raibp`fmr `jdbromi`ùj....................................................................... 9>

Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... 98

Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. 90

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ >;

Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... >;


6/302@@

@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i

Yaomjm 9........................................................................................................................................... >=

[r`br`zmi`ùj na fms jaias`nmnas y ebsquacbs b obnafbs nadbromtb na prbyaitbs ......................................................................................................... >=

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... >5

Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs .............................................................................................................. >9

[r`br`zmi`ùj na jaias`nmnas ................................................................................................ >9

Ebsquacbs b obnafbs na dbromtb na prbyaitbs ......................................................... >>

Af ime`fnab y fm nadajsm na imusms .................................................................................... >1

Gfbsmr`b ...................................................................................................................................................... >7

Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... >7

Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. >8

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 15


Yaomjm > ........................................................................................................................................... 19

Af prbpùs`tb b oatm na uj prbyaitb .................................................................. 19

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 1>

Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs .............................................................................................................. 11

[rbpùs`tb b oatm na uj prbyaitb ..................................................................................... 11

Gfbsmr`b ...................................................................................................................................................... 18

Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... 18

Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. 4;

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 44



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Yaomjm 1........................................................................................................................................... 47

Mpfìmi`ùj na fm oatbnbfbgïm na trmemcb pmrm fm gast`ùj naprbyaitbs ........................................................................................................................................... 47

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 48


Ir`tar`bs pmrm safaii`bjmr ujm oatbnbfbgïm.................................................................. 40

Dmsas na fm oatbnbfbgïm na trmemcb ................................................................................. 75

Gfbsmr`b ...................................................................................................................................................... 7>

Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... 71

Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. 74

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 85


Yaomjm 4........................................................................................................................................... 89

Dmsas naf prbyaitb3 pfmj`dìmi`ùj, acaiui`ùj, puastm ajomrihm, saguòàjtb, obj`tbrab y avmfumi`ùj ................................... 89

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 8>


Najì`ùj na fms atmpms naf prbyaitb .............................................................................. 81

Gfbsmr`b ...................................................................................................................................................... 88

Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... 80

Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. 0;

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 05



8/302@T

@GAU ∕ [bfbih`i

Yaomjm 7........................................................................................................................................... 09

@najt`d`imi`ùj naf raiursb huomjb ..................................................................... 09

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 0>


Af aqu`pb qua ffavm m imeb af prbyaitb ....................................................................................=;0

Gfbsmr`b ..................................................................................................................................................... 00

Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... =;;

Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. =;=

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ =;4

Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... =;4

Yaomjm 8........................................................................................................................................... =;7

Uapmsb na fm saomjm = m fm 7 ................................................................................. =;7

Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................=;0

[rbyaitb .......................................................................................................................................=;0

Uaibp`fmi`ùj na fm `jdbromi`ùj ..........................................................................................==>

[r`br`zmr jaias`nmnas ..............................................................................................................==7

[rbpùs`tb .....................................................................................................................................=5;

Oatbnbfbgïm ..............................................................................................................................=5>

Dmsas b atmpms ...........................................................................................................................=54

Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... =>=

Yaomjm 0........................................................................................................................................... =>9

Msuo`r af prbyaitb ................................................................................................................. =>9

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =>>

Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................=>1


9/302T


Af aqu`pb ibjbia y msuoa af prbyaitb ....................................................................................=>1

Ybi`mf`zmi`ùj ̀ jtarjm na fms n`darajtas dmsas naf prbyaitb ...............................................=>1

Nataro`jmi`ùj ̀ jtarjm na fm v`me`f`nmn naf prbyaitb..........................................................=>7

Gfbsmr`b ..................................................................................................................................................... =>0

Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... =1;

Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. =1=

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ =1>

Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... =1>

Yaomjm =; ....................................................................................................................................... =11

T`me`f`nmn naf prbyaitb a `najt`dìmi`ùj na fms duajtas nad`jmji`moàjtb ............................................................................................................................. =11

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =14

Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................=17

Tmfbrmi`ùj na fm v`me`f`nmn na uj prbyaitb ...................................................................=17

@najtìmi`ùj na fms duajtas na jmji`moàjtb ..........................................................=17

Atmpms naf jmji`moàjtb.....................................................................................................=18

Gfbsmr`b ..................................................................................................................................................... =10

Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... =10

Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. =4;

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ =4>


Yaomjm == ....................................................................................................................................... =41

Na prbefaom m becat`vb na sbfui`ùj ................................................................. =41

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =44


10/302T@

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì


Becat`vb gajarmf .......................................................................................................................=47

Becat`vb aspaiïib ..................................................................................................................=47

Gfbsmr`b ..................................................................................................................................................... =7=

Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... =7=

Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. =75

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ =7>


Yaomjm =5 ....................................................................................................................................... =71

Astòmi`ùj naf mfimjia, astruiturmi`ùj y aspai`dìmi`bjasna fm pfmj`dìmi`ùj ................................................................................................................... =71

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =74


Astòmi`ùj naf mfimjia ...........................................................................................................=77

Gfbsmr`b ...................................................................................................................................................... =78

Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... =70

Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. =8;

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ =8>


Yaomjm =9 ....................................................................................................................................... =71Iìfb na v`nm na uj prbyaitb ..................................................................................... =71

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =74


Iìfb na v`nm na uj prbyaitb...............................................................................................=87


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Gfbsmr`b ...................................................................................................................................................... =0=

Uasuoaj .................................................................................................................................................... =05

Mutbibjtrbf ............................................................................................................................................. =09

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ =04

Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca ......................................................................................................................... =04

Yaomjm => ....................................................................................................................................... =07

Irbjbgrmom pmrm fm ramf`zmi`ùj na uj prbyaitb ................................. =07

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... =08


Nasmrrbffb na uj irbjbgrmom na mit`v`nmnas ...............................................................=00

Gfbsmr`b ......................................................................................................................................................5;9

Uasuoaj ....................................................................................................................................................5;>

Mutbibjtrbf .............................................................................................................................................5;>

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 5;8

Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca .........................................................................................................................5;8

Yaomjm =1 ....................................................................................................................................... 5;0

Yaguòàjtb y obj`tbrab ............................................................................................... 5;0¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 5=;

Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................5==

Yaguòàjtb y obj`tbrab .....................................................................................................5==Gfbsmr`b ......................................................................................................................................................5=1

Uasuoaj ....................................................................................................................................................5=4

Mutbibjtrbf .............................................................................................................................................5=7

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 55;

Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca .........................................................................................................................55;


12/302T@@@

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

Yaomjm =4 ....................................................................................................................................... 55=

Afmebrmi`ùj naf `jdbroa gajarmf y sbi`mf`zmi`ùj narasuftmnbs ......................................................................................................................................... 55=

¡[mrm iboajzmr! ..................................................................................................................................... 555

Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................559

Afmebrmi`ùj naf `jdbroa gajarmf b jmf ..........................................................................559

Uasuoaj ....................................................................................................................................................558

Mutbibjtrbf .............................................................................................................................................550

Jmvagua aj fm ran ................................................................................................................................ 595

Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca .........................................................................................................................595

Yaomjm =7 ....................................................................................................................................... 599

Uapmsb na fm saomjm 8 m fm =4 ............................................................................. 599

Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs ..............................................................................................................591

Msuo`r af prbyaitb ..................................................................................................................591

Tmfbrmi`ùj na fm v`me`f`nmn naf prbyaitb a `najtìmi`ùj na fms duajtas najmji`moàjtb ..........................................................................................................................590

Na prbefaom m becat`vb na sbfui`ùj ................................................................................5>5

Astòmi`ùj naf mfimjia, astruiturmi`ùj y aspaiìmi`bjas na fmpfmj`dìmi`ùj..............................................................................................................................5>4

Iìfb na v`nm na uj prbyaitb...............................................................................................5>0

Irbjbgrmom pmrm fm ramf`zmi`ùj naf prbyaitb ...............................................................519

Yaguòàjtb y obj`tbrab .....................................................................................................511

Afmebrmi`ùj naf `jdbroa gajarmf b jmf ..........................................................................518


Ifmvas..................................................................................................................................................... 541

Eèf`bgrmdïm ....................................................................................................................................... 587


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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ ¡Eàjvaj`nm y eàjvaj`nb!

¡Eàjvaj`nm y eàjvaj`nb!

Af iursb na Fajgum y F`tarmturm naf grupb [bfbihì (iumrtb emih`ffarmtb) fa prapmrm pmrmnasajvbfvarsa na oacbr omjarm aj sus astun`bs s`guàjtas. âjaobs tra`jtm y iumtrbsaomjms pbr nafmjta pmrm ibopmrt`r y nasmrrbffmr fms ibopataji`ms omrimnms pbr af

Iurrïiufb Jmi`bjmf Emsa (IJE) y qua raspbjnaj m astm ibopataji`m supar`br3

[arb mjtas na ajtrmr mf natmffa na fms ibopataji`ms pmrm asta iursb, aihaobs ujm o`rmnmm fm pbrtmnm naf fèrb. ¡@jìàobs!

Fm òmgaj na fm pbrtmnm sa msaoacm m juastrb pfmjatm, fm ^àrrm. Juastrb prbpùs`tb asqua asta fèrb fa prbvam na tbnms fms harrmoàjtms, pmrm qua ustan sa sàjtm pmrta na astaoujnb qua sa hm nmnb aj ffmomr oujnb gfbemf, qua imnm nïm as oís iarimjb grmi`ms m`jtarjat.

Asta paquaýb uj`varsb `jifuya òígajas qua hmiajmfus`ùj m fms ibopataji`ms. Ybj ̀ jv`tmi`bjas m trmemcmribj juastrms harrmoàjtms na iboujìmi`ùj.

Aj fm pmrta iajtrmf mpmraia uj fèrb meàr-tb y ujm pfuom qua raprasajtmj fm f`tarm-turm, af mrta na fm pmfmerm. Aj asta iursb,jbs miarimraobs m fbs mutbras y sus bermsna n`st`jtms àpbims y fugmras.

Btrm òmgaj n`st`jt`vm as fm naf grupb naparsbjms< ibj affb quaraobs rasmftmr fmòpbrtmji`m na fm parsbjm, naf grupb y nafm ibouj`nmn pbrqua v`vòbs aj sbiànmny jaias`tmobs iboujìmrjbs.

Nasmrrbffa fm hme`f`nmn pmrm mrguoajtmr, axprasmr a `jtarpratmrpajsmoàjtbs, sajtòàjtbs y haihbs, aj su iboujìmi`ùj brmfy asir`tm, qua fa dmi`f`tmj rafmi`bjmrsa mnaiumnmoajta ibj fmsnaoís parsbjms.


14/3025

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

²Iùob mfimjzmrí asm ibopataji`m iboujìmt`vm2

Jbs ajdbimraobs aj sa`s ibopataji`ms aspaiïims. [mrm smear s` fms hm mfimjzmjnb, af Iurrïiufb

Jmi`bjmf Emsa prbpbja `jnìmnbras na fbgrb. Astbs `jnìmnbras b ir`tar`bs sbj ibob uj taroùoatrb

qua o`na su nasaopaýb aj imnm ibopataji`m. @raobs mvmjzmjnb pmsb m pmsb. Tmym cíjnbsaquà saii`bjas naf fèrb hmiaj pbsèfa qua ustan nasmrrbffa imnm ibopataji`m qua prasajtmobs mibjt`jumi`ùj.

Ibopataji`m =

= 5 9 > 1 4 7 8 0 =; == =5 =9 => =1 =4 =7

Natar-o`jm fbsprbefa-oms pbroan`bnatàijìms

y prbia-nòàj-tbs ana-iumnbspmrm afastun`b.

¡[mrm

iboajzmr!

x x

Af oujnbna fbsprbyaitbs

x x x

Mutbibjtrbf x x x

Nasmrrbffbna juavms hme`f`nmnas

x x x

Jmvaguaaj ̀ jtarjat

x x x x

w


15/3029


Ibopataji`m 5

= 5 9 > 1 4 7 8 0 =; == =5 =9 => =1 =4 =7

Qt`f`zmfbs ibj-iaptbseís`ibsna fmdbrou-fmi`ùjnaprbyai-tbs pmrmfm sbfu-i`ùj naprbe-faomsaj quasa aj-iuajtrm`joarsb.

¡[mrmiboajzmr!

x


x

Mutbibjtrbf


Jmvaguaaj ̀ jtarjat x

w


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@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

Ibopataji`m 9

= 5 9 > 1 4 7 8 0 =; == =5 =9 => =1 =4 =7

Aopfamobnmf`-nmnas ytàijìmsna fmpfmj`-imi`ùjibob`jì`b

na fmgast`ùjnaprbyai-tbs ajfm aca-iui`ùjnafprbyai-tb.

¡[mrmiboajzmr!

x x x x


x x x x x

Mutbibjtrbf x x x x x


x x x x

Jmvagua

aj ̀ jtarjat

x x

w


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Ibj su asduarzb, pbnrí ibjqu`stmr astms ibopataji`ms m trmvàs na tras t`pbs na ibjtaj`nbs3

Naifmrmt`vbs3 Fbs ibjtaj`nbs naifmrmt`vbs fa mpbrtmríj af ibjbiòàjtb na fbs n`st`jtbsmspaitbs taùrìbs y ibjiaptumfas prbp`bs naf íram na iboujìmi`ùj y fajgumca.

[rbianòajtmfas3 Ibob `jnìm su jboera, fbs ibjtaj`nbs prbianòàjtmfas sa nasmrrbffmríjm emsa na acariì`bs, prbianòàjtbs b mjíf`s`s na taxtbs aj fbs iumfas puanm naobstrmr afnbo`j`b y fm puastm aj príitìm na fbs ibjbiòàjtbs naifmrmt`vbs.

Mit`tun`jmfas3 Fbs ibjtaj`nbs mit`tun`jmfas sbj tbnb mquaffb qua tàja qua var ibj su mit`tunmjta af astun`b y mjta fm v`nm, aj gajarmf. Aj af fèrb ajibjtrmrí mit`v`nmnas y radfax`bjas pmrmmprajnar m ibjv`v`r ibj fbs naoís.

Ibopataji`m >

= 5 9 > 1 4 7 8 0 =; == =5 =9 => =1 =4 =7

Aopfamobnmf`-nmnas ytàijìmsna fmpfmj`-imi`ùjibob`jì`b

na fmgast`ùjnaprbyai-tbs ajfm aca-iui`ùjnafprbyai-tb.

¡[mrmiboajzmr! x x x x x x x x x x


x x x x x x x x x x

Mutbibjtrbf x x x x x x x x x x


x x x x x x x x x x

Jmvagua

aj ̀ jtarjat

x x x

w


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19/3027


¡[mrm iboajzmr!

Astm saii`ùj fa myunmrí m `jtrbnui`rsa aj af taom pr`ji`pmf na fmsaomjm, ratbomjnb fbs ibjiaptbs astun`mnbs aj fm saomjm mjtar`br y

rafmi`bjíjnbfbs ibj fbs ibjiaptbs juavbs. Jb bfv`na faar astm saii`ùjpuas fa myunmrí m iboprajnar oacbr fbs ibjtaj`nbs na fm saomjm.

=4 @GAU ∕ [bfbihì

¡[mrm iboajzmr!

[mrm nmr `jì`b mf dmsi`jmjta oujnb na fbs prb yaitbs aj af qua ajtrmríj pbr

oan`b naf iursb Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rb yaitbs, famobs fm s`guàjta

h`stbr`m3

Fbs astun`mjtas na Emih`ffarmtb naf @jst`tutb O`guaf Íjgaf Mstur`ms, s`tumnb aj

uj oujì`p`b naf bràjta na Gumtaomfm, ibj varsmrbj ibj sus prbdasbras sbera

fbs prbefaoms qua astmem ajdrajtmjnb fm gajta aj af imopb.

Qjb na fbs prbefaoms qua oís fas ffmoù fm mtaji`ùj dua fm saquïm qua hm

mdaitmnb fm rag`ùj aj fbs óftòbs oasas, fb qua hm imusmnb nmýbs aj sus

iuft`vbs, pr`ji`pmfoajta af omïz.

Fbs astun`mjtas tàjaj pajsmnb `jì`mr uj prb yaitb qua m yuna m omjtajar af

sustajtb na omïz aj su ibouj`nmn, pr`ji`pmfoajta aj àpbim na saquïm.

Fbs prbdasbras fbs dafì`tmrbj pbr su `jì`mt`vm y fasraibrnmrbj qua naeaj tajar

aj iuajtm qua fm gast`ùj na prb yaitbs as ujm n`si`pf`jm y pbr affb jb sa puana

òprb v`smr.

^bnbs fbs astun`mjtas quarïmj nmr sus bp`j`bjas sbera af prb yaitb qua

nasamemj ffa vmr m imeb. M fbs prbdasbras fas pmrai`ù ou y eàj qua bp`jmrmj,

parb fas p`nàrbj qua mjtas nadjàrmj quàas uj prb yaitb.

Hueb ouihbs mpbrtas na fbs astun`mjtas y djmfoajta smimrbj ujm nadjì`ùj

ibj fms `nams na tbnbs3

P, ²quà as fm gast`ùj na prb yaitbs2, pragujtmrbj fbs prbdasbras. Ibjifu yarbj

aj nadj`rfm ibob uj prbiasb qua guï m af nasmr rbffb na fbs pr b y ait bs y qua

r aquàra pfmjìmi`ùj, r aibfaii`ùj na `jdbromi`ùj, n`jmo`z mi`ùj , brgmj`z mi`ùj

na fms d br tmfaz ms na imnm ujb na fbs qua v mj m pmr t ̀i ̀pmr y mno`j`strmi`ùj na fbs

raiursbs ibj qua sa iuajt m.

Fbs prbdasbras raiboajnmrbj m fbs astun`mjtas omjtajar sàopra uj euaj

moeàjta ajtra fbs pmrtì`pmjtas naf prb yaitb,ibj sbf`nmr`nmn y raspatb

`jtarparsbjmfas.

Qj prb yaitb as ujm mii`ùj n`saýmnm pmrm fbgrmr ujb b vmr`bs prbpùs`tbs

b oatms. Hm y prb yaitbs sbi`mfas, ibob af qua quàraj aoprajnar fbs

astun`mjtas. Astbs prb yaitbs eusimj rasbf var mfgój prbefaom qua astí

mdaitmjnb m uj grupb sbi`mf b m ujm ibouj`nmn. Fbs prb yaitbs tàjaj uj

pr`ji`p`b y uj djmf nadj`nb aj af tàopb y tmoe`àj aj fbs raiursbs qua sa

nast`jaj pmrm ffa vmrfb m imeb.

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∕

Mutbibjtrbf

Mit`v`nmn =. Naouastra fb mprajn`nb.

Af prbefaom as fm beas`nmn y fm emcm mit`v`nmn dïsìm na fbs j`ýbs oajbras m =5 mýbs. Qstan tàja fm raspbjsme`f`nmn na nasmrrbffmr uj prbyaitb qua myuna m astbs j`ýbs aj su ibouj`nmn.

[mrm hmiar af n`mgjùstìb, nai`na raiurr`r m fms tras asiuafms qua mtàjnaj j`ýbs na asm anmn aj su ibouj`nmn. Mffï hmrí uj n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb.

²]uà pmsbs sagu`rïm pmrm ffavmrfb m imeb2

²M qu`àjas `jv`tmrïm m pmrtì`pmr aj fm `jvast`gmi`ùj2

²]uà astrmtag`ms usmrïm pmrm qua fm ibouj`nmn sa `jtarasmrm aj su prbyaitb2

=

= .

54 @GAU ∕ [bfbihì

Mit ̀v`nmn 5. [àjsa y mpf`qua fb qua mprajn`ù.

m) M ibjt`jumi`ùj sa fa prasajtm uj prbefaom. [mrm afmebrmr uj n`mgjùstìb, naea pfmjtamr be cat`vbspmrm af parsbjmf axtarjb qua vm m ffavmr m imeb af prbyaitb y be cat`vbs pmrm fm ibouj`nmn.

=. [rbefaom3

@jiraoajtb na nasaihbs jb e`bnagrmnmefas= aj fms imffas na fm ibouj`nmn.

5.= Becat`vb naf parsbjmf axtarjb3

5.5 Becat`vb na fbs oàoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn3

= e`bnagrmnmefas3 Ibopuastb quïoìb qua puana sar nagrmnmnb pbr mii`ùj e`bfùgìm.

Mit`v`nmn 9. Nasmrrbffa juavms hme`f`nmnas.

Fam fm s`guàjta h`stbr`m y naspuàs raspbjnm fms pragujtms qua sa fa pfmjtamj.

Mhbrm, raspbjnm3

Fbs hme`tmjtas na fm ibouj`nmn quàraj hmiar uj n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb y fa p`naj myunm m ustan.

²]uà naeàrm ̀ najt`dimr asta n`mgjùstìb2

Nasna pr`ji`p`bs naf s`gfb X@X, fbs hme`tmjtas na fm ibouj`nmn Af Ymftb tajïmj uj ebsqua iboujmf,

as nai`r qua jb arm prbpànmn na j`jgujb na fbs hme`tmjtas parb arm na tbnbs. Af ebsqua iboujmf

prbpbri`bjmem faým y btrbs `jsuobs m fm ibouj`nmn. Af iuft`vb na fm faým y af mprbvaihmoàjtb naf

ebsqua astmemj ragufmnbs pbr fms mutbr`nmnas fbimfas. Msò`sob, hmeïm ragufmi`bjas pmrm af iu`nmnb naf

ebsqua, qua arm raspbjsme`f`nmn na tbnbs fbs hme`tmjtas na mquaffm ibouj`nmn.

Af imsb naf ebsqua iboujmf na Af Ymftb jb arm ójìb. Ouihms ibouj`nmnas tajïmj prbpànmnas

iboujmfas, sbera tbnb ebsquas.

[msmnbs fbs mýbs, n`darajtas gbeàrjbs duarbj rat`rmjnb na fms ibouj`nmnas astms prbpànmnas

iboujmfas, ym sam pbrqua fms nast`jmrbj m btrms duji`bjas b pbrqua fms vajnàrbj m pmrtìufmras.

Fm ibouj`nmn na Af Ymftb ibjsarvù su ebsqua iboujmf hmstm hmia pbibs mýbs. Y`j aoemrgb, ffagù af

oboajtb aj qua fb parn`ù, pbrqua af gbeàrjb nast`jù pmrta m fm ibjstruii`ùj na ujms `jstmfmi`bjas

póefìms, mer`ù ujm imrratarm qua mtrmvasù fb qua hmeïm s`nb ebsqua y tmoe`àj suemstù pmrta m pmrtìufmras

`jtarasmnbs aj iboprmr tàrrm.

Fbs pbefmnbras na Af Ymftb ajdrajtmj hby ujm s`tumi`ùj n`dïi`f, pbrqua mf parnar af ebsqua iboujmf ym jb

puanaj betajar fbs ̀opbrtmjtas ̀jsuobs qua fas prbvaïm. Mjta astm prbefaoítìm, eusimj gajarmr uj

prbyaitb qua mf`và fm s`tumi`ùj aj fm qua sa ajiuajtrmj.

Aj su iufturm, iuajtmj ibj prbianòàjtbs trmnì`bjmfas pmrm mebrnmr s`tumi`bjas prbefaoítìms qua

mdaitmj m fm ibouj`nmn, parb iraaj qua jb duji`bjmríj pmrm af imsb qua ajdrajtmj. ]u`sàrmj axpfbrmr

pbsèfas bpi`bjas, pmrm fb iumf jaias`tmj astmr `jdbromnbs na fms pbfïtìms guearjmoajtmfas y ibjtmr

ibj juavbs ibjbiòàjtbs tàijìbs y astrmtag`ms.

0Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ ¡Eàjvaj`nm y eàjvaj`nb!

Mutbibjtrbf

Af mutbibjtrbf as su mutbavmfumi`ùj. Fa myunmrí m smear quà mprajn`ù, iùob fb mprajn`ù yquà naea oacbrmr. Fms mit`v`nmnas tbimj fbs taoms astun`mnbs y pbr ibjs`guàjta fbs fbgrbsna fm saomjm. Af mutbibjtrbf tàja tras oboajtbs na acari`tmi`ùj.

Mit`v`nmn =3 As uj pròar oboajtb.Uasbfvarí acariì`bs qua avmfómjfm iboprajs`ùj naf taom na fmsaomjm.

Mit`v`nmn 53 Qj sagujnb oboajtbas pbjar aj príitìm fb mprajn`nby mpfìmr sus ibjbiòàjtbs ajs`tumi`bjas juavms.

Mit`v`nmn 93 Af tariar oboajtbibjs`sta aj prmitìmr fmsnastrazms mprajn`nms mjta tmramsramfas ibob `jvast`gmr, trmemcmraj aqu`pb, ati.


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@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

Jmvagua aj fm ran

@jtarjat as uj raiursb qua ym jb puana quanmr duarm na fm v`nm na uj astun`mjta. Astmsaii`ùj fa sugàra n`raii`bjas na `jtarjat pmrm mopf`mr fbs taoms. [mrm ujm `jvast`gmi`ùjprbvaihbsm3

• Uad`àrmsa sàopra m fms `jst`tui`bjas ibjbi`nms3 uj`vars`nmnas,

o`j`star`bs na anuimi`ùj, brgmj`sobs oujn`mfas, ati.

• Fam a `jtajta `jtarpratmr fm `jdbromi`ùj. Jb sa fò`ta m ibp`mr y pagmr aftaxtb.

• @jn`qua sàopra fm duajta na ibjsuftm

qua ut`f`zù.

• r̂mta na v`s`tmr `jtarjat, mf oajbs,

ujm vaz pbr saomjm.

Gfbsmr`b

Af gfbsmr`b prasajtm fms pmfmerms juavms quamprajn`ù. Fa s`gua uj acariì`b pmrm qua ibjbzimaf s`gjìmnb na btrms pmfmerms. Uamfïiafb ibj

ouihm mtaji`ùj. As ujm omjarm na mopf`mr suvbimeufmr`b.

∕ f

` ` ` ` f ` f

` f ` ` ``

` ` `

` ` ` f f

`

` ` f `

f f ` `

f f ` f f

` f ` f f ̀ f ` f `

f ` ` f ` f

` f `

f ` f ` ` ` `

` - ` ` ` f

` ` f ` f ` ` ` f f

Gfbsmr`b

Eusqua af s`gjìmnb na fms s`guàjtas pmfmerms3

mjtaianajta3

oatm3

prbpùs`tb3

becat`vb3

nòajs`ùj3

j`vaf3

[mrm mopf`mr sus ibjbiòàjtbs sbera iùob ramf`zmr n`mgjùstìbs, puana v`s`tmr af

s`guàjta s`t`b3

http3//ybutu.ea/sbUXEG4b^tb

Y` quàra betajar oís ̀ jdbromi`ùj sbera t`pbs na prbyaitbs, puana ibjsuftmr fm

s`guàjta píg`jm aj fm wae3

http3//www.t`pbsna.brg/ibt`n`mjbs/98-t`pbs-na-prbyaitbs/#`xzz9U4OUsJM9

Jmvagua aj fm ran...


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Uav`sa su mprajn`zmca

Ibj ujm f`stm na ibtacb

Naspuàs na hmiar ujm tmram, as euajb raax`bjmrsbera juastrb nasaopaýb. [mrm asb, mf jmf na fm

saomjm, ajibjtrmrí asta iumnrb aj af qua puanavarìmr s` mfimjzù fbs fbgrbs.

^ùoasa su tàopb pmrm raspbjnar, as sumutbmprajn`zmca.

54 @GAU ∕ [bfbihì


Omrqua ibj uj ihaqua fm ims`ffm qua oacbr `jn`qua su rajnòàjtb. fbgrmnbaj

prbiasbjb

fbgrmnb

Nasirèb quà as af `jdbroa gajarmf na uj prbyaitb.

Ibjbzib quà afaoajtbs fb `jtagrmj.

Uaibjbzib fm òpbrtmji`m na fm sbi`mf`zmi`ùj na fbs rasuftmnbsnaf prbyaitb.

Nasirèb qu`àjas pmrtì`pmj aj fm sbi`mf`zmi`ùj.

@najtìb fbs afaoajtbs qua naea ffavmr fm sbi`mf`zmi`ùj na fbsrasuftmnbs na uj prbyaitb.

N a s p u à s n a a s t u n ` m r . . .


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@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

Fèrb, ifmsa rmn`mf y iïriufb na astun`b

¡Yu aqu`pb na trmemcb!

Af fèrb, ibj sar ujm euajm harrmoàjtm, jb fb as tbnb. [mrm qua ustan mfimjia af j`vaf naibopataji`m nasamnb, juastrb s`staom pbja m su n`spbsì`ùj3 af fèrb, fm ifmsa rmn`mf y fm

`jv`tmi`ùj m pmrtì`pmr aj uj iïriufb na astun`b.

• Fm ifmsa rmn`mf tàja ibob duji`ùj pr`ji`pmfaxpfìmr y dmi`f`tmr fm iboprajs`ùj na fbs taoms

trmtmnbs aj af fèrb.

[uana asiuihmr fm ifmsa rmn`mf aj ujm ao`sbrmna su fbimf`nmn, nasimrgmrfms aj juastrm pí-g`jm www.`gar.anu.gt b mnqu`r`rfms aj IN aj fmibbrn`jmi`ùj rag`bjmf.

• Af iïriufb na astun`b as af fugmrpmrm ibopmrt`r y mprajnar cujtbs.

Mprbvaiha astbs raiursbs y mpùyasa aj parsbjms na su ibouj`nmn pmrm rasbfvar sus nunms.

• Af fèrb iuopfa iumtrb duji`bjas3

m. âxtb, aj af qua ajiuajtrm fm `jdbromi`ùj y afnasmrrbffb na fbs ibjtaj`nbs m astun`mr.

e. [`zmrrùj, pmrm qua nurmjta fm ifmsa rmn`mfsuermya `nams òpbrtmjtas b ramfìa n`st`jtmsmit`v`nmnas.

i. Iumnarjb na trmemcb, ibj acariì`bs pmrm prmi-tìmr fb mprajn`nb.

n. Harrmoàjtm na mutbavmfumi`ùj, iumjnb ra-suafva su mutbibjtrbf imnm saomjm.


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Juastrm oatbnbfbgïm pmsb m pmsb

[mrm dmi`f`tmr su mprajn`zmca y mprbvaihmr oís y oacbr af astun`b imnm saomjm, s`gm astbspmsbs. ¡Jb sa smfta j`jgujb!

Fam af ibjtaj`nb na fm saomjm

Faar af ibjtaj`nb jbs paro`ta tajar ujm `nam gajarmf naf taom3 quà sm-eaobs, ibj quà fb rafmi`bjmobs, ati. Asta pròar ibjtmitb tmoe`àj jbshmrí imar aj fm iuajtm naf asduarzb m ramf`zmr pmrm mprajnar fb juavb y jbspbjnrí ‖aj bjnm‟ pmrm fm ifmsa rmn`mf.

=

Asiuiha fm ifmsa rmn`mfIbj fbs 1 sajt`nbs

Fm ifmsa rmn`mf as juastrm omastrm. Na mhï qua af prbgrmom sa ffmoa "AfOmastrb aj Imsm". Fms omastrms y omastrbs fbiutbras axpfìmj af ibjtaj`-nb, prbpbjaj acariì`bs y btrbs acaopfbs pmrm mopf`mr af taom.

5

Naspuàs na fm ifmsa rmn`mf, su trmemcb parsbjmf Astun`b y mutbibjtrbf

D`jmf`zmnm fm ifmsa rmn`mf as af oboajtb na su trmemcb parsbjmf. N`strèuymsu tàopb3 as oacbr uj pbib imnm nïm, qua tbnb fm vïsparm.

9

Ibjsufta sus nunmsQj astun`mjta `jtaf`gajta smea iuíjnb pan`r myunm

Ibjsufta fbs taoms qua jb fa hmj quanmnb ifmrbs aj btrbs fèrbs, aj ̀ jtar-jat, ibj dmo`f`mras b mo`gbs. Yagurb qua ajibjtrmrí parsbjms n`spuastmsm myunmrfa.

>

[mrtì`pa aj uj iïriufb na astun`b

Mprajnar cujtbs[ùjgmsa na miuarnb ibj btrbs astun`mjtas y brgmjìaj uj iïriufb na astu-n`b. Ybfì`taj fm myunm na mfgujm parsbjm vbfujtmr`m na fm ibouj`nmn. Asbfas myunmrí m rasbfvar nunms y radbrzmr fb mprajn`nb. Mnaoís, tajnríj fmbpbrtuj`nmn na `jtarimoe`mr mprajn`zmcas, `nams y sajtòàjtbs.

Uaiuarna qua sàopra puana miun`r m su tutbr ms`gjmnb.

1


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@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

²Iùob mprbvaihmr oacbr su astun`b2

• Eusqua uj fugmr iùobnb y ibj euajm `fuo`jmi`ùj. As òpbrtmjta qua sa

mfaca naf ru`nb y na fms n`strmii`bjas.

• Af`cm uj hbrmr`b pmrm trmemcmr y astun`mr. Fm ibjstmji`m y fm n`si`pf`jm sbj

sus oacbras ibopmýarms na astun`b.

• Fam ibj mtaji`ùj fms `jstruii`bjas na fbs acariì`bs mjtas na rasbfvarfbs.

• Ibjsufta sus nunms ibj btrms parsbjms na su ibouj`nmn qua puanmj

myunmrfa.


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Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm =

=

@jì`mjnb uj [rbyaitb3Af n`mgjùstìb y af n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb

²]uà ajibjtrmrí astm saomjm2 [rbyaitbs y gast`ùj na prbyaitbs

N`mgjùstìb ibob harrmoàjtm eísìm

N`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb

Fbs prbyaitbs y su gast`ùj

[fmjtamoàjtb na becat`vbs naf n`mgjùstìb

[msbs y dmitbras naf n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb

^`pbs na prbyaitb

Astm saomjm fbgrmrí3

@najtìmr quà as uj prbyaitb.

Ibjbiar quà as gast`ùj na prbyaitbs. Ibjbiar fb qua as af n`mgjùstìb y af n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb.

Nasirè`r fbs pmsbs y dmitbras naf n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb.

Uaibjbiar n`darajtas t`pbs na prbyaitbs.

[bjar aj príitìm fb mprajn`nb.

w


28/302=4

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

¡[mrm iboajzmr!

[mrm nmr `jì`b mf dmsi`jmjta oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs aj af qua ajtrmríj pbroan`b naf iursb Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs, famobs fm s`guàjtah`stbr`m3

Fbs astun`mjtas na Emih`ffarmtb naf @jst`tutb O`guaf Íjgaf Mstur`ms, s`tumnb ajuj oujì`p`b naf bràjta na Gumtaomfm, ibjvarsmrbj ibj sus prbdasbras sberafbs prbefaoms qua astmem ajdrajtmjnb fm gajta aj af imopb.

Qjb na fbs prbefaoms qua oís fas ffmoù fm mtaji`ùj dua fm saquïm qua hmmdaitmnb fm rag`ùj aj fbs óftòbs oasas, fb qua hm imusmnb nmýbs aj susiuft`vbs, pr`ji`pmfoajta af omïz.

Fbs astun`mjtas tàjaj pajsmnb `jì`mr uj prbyaitb qua myuna m omjtajar af

sustajtb na omïz aj su ibouj`nmn, pr`ji`pmfoajta aj àpbim na saquïm.Fbs prbdasbras fbs dafì`tmrbj pbr su ̀ jì`mt`vm y fas raibrnmrbj qua naeaj tajaraj iuajtm qua fm afmebrmi`ùj y gast`ùj na prbyaitbs as ujm n`si`pf`jm y pbr affbjb sa puana ̀ oprbv`smr.

^bnbs fbs astun`mjtas quarïmj nmr sus bp`j`bjas sbera af prbyaitb quanasamemj ffavmr m imeb. M fbs prbdasbras fas pmrai`ù ouy eàj qua bp`jmrmj,parb fas p`nàrbj qua mjtas najàrmj quà as uj prbyaitb.

Hueb ouihbs mpbrtas na fbs astun`mjtas y jmfoajta smimrbj ujm najì`ùj

ibj fms `nams na tbnbs3

P, ²quà as fm gast`ùj na prbyaitbs2, pragujtmrbj fbs prbdasbras. Ibjifuyarbj

aj naj`rfm ibob uj prbiasb qua guïm af nasmrrbffb na fbs prbyaitbs y quaraquàra pfmjìmi`ùj, raibfaii`ùj na `jdbromi`ùj, n`jmo`zmi`ùj, brgmj`zmi`ùjna fms dbrtmfazms na imnm ujb na fbs qua vmj m pmrtì`pmr y mno`j`strmi`ùj na fbsraiursbs ibj qua sa iuajtm.

Fbs prbdasbras raiboajnmrbj m fbs astun`mjtas omjtajar sàopra uj euajmoeàjta ajtra fbs pmrtì`pmjtas naf prbyaitb, ibj sbf`nmr`nmn y raspatb`jtarparsbjmfas.

Qj prbyaitb as ujm mii`ùj n`saýmnm pmrm fbgrmr ujb b vmr`bs prbpùs`tbsb oatms. Hmy prbyaitbs sbi`mfas, ibob af qua quàraj aoprajnar fbsastun`mjtas. Astbs prbyaitbs eusimj rasbfvar mfgój prbefaom qua astímdaitmjnb m uj grupb sbi`mf b m ujm ibouj`nmn. Fbs prbyaitbs tàjaj ujpr`ji`p`b y uj jmf naj`nb aj af tàopb y tmoe`àj aj fbs raiursbs qua sanast`jaj pmrm ffavmrfb m imeb.

w


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²[br nùjna iboajzmobs2, pragujtmrbj fbs astun`mjtas. Fbs prbdasbras fasmibjsacmrbj qua ibob pujtb na pmrt`nm pbnïmj eusimr ibjsacb ibj parsbjmsaxparòajtmnms aj af taom pmrm qua fas myunmrmj m pfmjtamr af prbyaitb.

Mf o`sob tàopb, fas `jnìmrbj qua hmy ujm pròarm atmpm qua sa naeaiuopf`r3 ramf`zmr uj n`mgjùstìb.

Fas axpfìmrbj qua uj n`mgjùstìb as fm mit`v`nmn qua jbs nm ujm pròarmv`s`ùj na fm s`tumi`ùj, pbr oan`b na `jdbromi`ùj qua vm m paro`t`r `jtarpratmrfm ramf`nmn qua quaraobs oacbrmr b trmjsdbromr.

[mrm tajar ujm `nam oís ifmrm, af n`mgjùstìb as uj astun`b prav`b m tbnmpfmjìmi`ùj b prbyaitb, qua ibjs`sta aj af pfmjtamoàjtb na becat`vbsnaf n`mgjùstìb, fm raibp`fmi`ùj na `jdbromi`ùj, su brnajmoàjtb, su

`jtarpratmi`ùj, af pfmjtamoàjtb na h`pùtas`s b raspuastms pbsèfas mfprbefaom, ibjifus`bjas y fm sbi`mf`zmi`ùj naf n`mgjùstìb. As nai`r, qua mfjmf naeaj ibopmrt`rfb ibj fbs pmrtì`pmjtas a `jtarasmnbs.

Fbs ajimrgmnbs naf prbyaitb puanaj sar parsbjms na fm fbimf`nmn, parbtmoe`àj puanaj sar mgajtas axtarjbs, qua sbj parsbjms na duarm na fmibouj`nmn. Y`j aoemrgb, uj n`mgjùstìb ramf`zmnb sbfb pbr mgajtas axtarjbss`j fm pmrtì`pmi`ùj na fm ibouj`nmn puana jb tbomr aj iuajtm iuast`bjasòpbrtmjtas y pbnrïm tajar fm nìuftmn na qua fm ibouj`nmn jb ibopmrtm af

pfmj na mii`ùj qua rasufta naf n`mgjùstìb. Na mhï qua fm pmrtì`pmi`ùj na fmibouj`nmn aj af n`mgjùstìb sam fb oís mprbp`mnb y aimz aj ouihïsòbs

imsbs.

Af n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vbHmy uj t`pb na n`mgjùstìb qua puana sar na ouihm ut`f`nmn pmrm fbsastun`mjtas y tmoe`àj sàopra qua ffavaobs m imeb prbyaitbs sbi`mfas. Ya trmtmnaf n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb, af iumf as uj oàtbnb pmrm nataro`jmr, nasnaaf pujtb na v`stm na fbs oàoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn, iùob vaj fm s`tumi`ùjy quà mit`v`nmnas sbj jaiasmr`ms y puanaj mpbymrjbs pmrm nmr raspuastm mfprbefaom qua hm surg`nb. Mpfìmnb m s`tumi`bjas aj af imopb, sa najbo`jm

n`mgjùstìb rurmf pmrtì`pmt`vb.[mrm ffavmrfb m imeb, fbs oàoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn pmrtì`pmj mit`vmoajtaaj af n`mgjùs`tìb3 myunmnbs pbr fbs ajimrgmnbs naf prbyaitb, `najtìmj

fms ibjnì`bjas qua sbj jaiasmr`ms pmrm fm ramf`zmi`ùj ax`tbsm na fmsmit`v`nmnas, raibfaitmj `jdbromi`ùj pmrm nataro`jmr s` fm ibouj`nmn raójaastms ibjnì`bjas b s` puana iramrfms, y pmrtì`pmj tmoe`àj aj fm eósquanmna sbfui`bjas, fms iumfas saríj prbnuitb na fms mii`bjas qua sa ffavaj m imeb.

Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs


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@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

Fb pbs`t`vb na asta t`pb na n`mgjùstìbs as qua fm ̀ jdbromi`ùj qua sa ibjs`guaiuajtm ibj fms parspait`vms na fms parsbjms qua astíj v`vàjnb uj prbefaomy quàraj rasbfvarfb. [aro`ta `najtìmr y carmrqu`zmr fbs nmtbs jaiasmr`bs pmrm

ibjstru`r uj prbyaitb qua iuajtm ibj fm mprbemi`ùj na fbs vai`jbs y ibj afqua vmj m `najtìmrsa na ujm omjarm prav`sèfa, msï ibob m pmrtì`pmr aj su

nasmrrbffb.

Aj uj n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb jb sa pmrta na iarb, oís eàj sa mprbvaihm tbnmfm ̀ jdbromi`ùj n`spbjèfa y nasna af pujtb na v`stm na fbs vai`jbs, quàjas sbjfbs qua ibjbiaj oacbr su ibouj`nmn.

Ajtra fms vajtmcms qua bdraia, pbnaobs oaji`bjmr3

[aro`ta af mjíf`s`s oacbr `jdbromnb na fbs prbefaoms.

Uavmfbr`zm m fbs oàoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn.

Grmi`ms m àf pbnaobs ibjbiar prbefaoms aspaiïibs y ibjiratbs.

Iram ibjiàji`m aj fm ibouj`nmn y fbgrm qua sa brgmjìa.

[aro`ta fm pmrtì`pmi`ùj na fbs vai`jbs aj fm sbfui`ùj na fbs prbefaomsqua fbs mdaitmj.

[uana fbgrmr af iboprbo`sb na fm ibouj`nmn y sus `jst`tui`bjas.

Acaopfb

[rbefaoítìm na fm ibouj`nmn3 Nmýb qua imusm fm saquïm m fbs iuft`vbs na omïz y qua gajarm asimsaznaf grmjb.

Fbs mgajtas axtarjbs ajimrgmnbs naf prbyaitb3 Msasbras naf O`j`star`b na Mgrìufturm y Gmjmnarïm-OMGM.

²]uà hmiaj astbs mgajtas2 Msasbrmj m parsbjms y ibouj`nmnas sbera af usb na sus raiursbs hïnrìbs,mgrbpaiumr`bs y na gmjmnarïm n`spbjèfas pmrm hmiar drajta mf prbefaom.

Mii`bjas qua sa prbpbjaj3

²Iùob pmrtì`pmrïm fm ibouj`nmn2 Aj fm ibouj`nmn hmy n`spbjè`f`nmn na parsbjms qua sa nanìmj

m trmemcmr fm tàrrm y na btrms qua tàjaj af tarrajb n`spbjèfa pmrm ramf`zmr mit`v`nmnas na iuft`vb.Fm ibouj`nmn pmrtì`pmrí, ajtbjias, pbrqua prbpbri`bjm `jdbromi`ùj, prbpbja, ramii`bjm m fmsprbpuastms na fbs mgajtas axtarjbs, bp`jm, y mpbrtm su axparàji`m pmrm qua af prbyaitb tajgm àx`tb.

²Ya nmj fms ibjnì`bjas b hmy qua iramrfms2 Fms ibjnì`bjas ax`staj, msï ibob fm omjb na bermimfìmnm, s`j aoemrgb as jaiasmr`b, pbr acaopfb, iramr uj s`staom na raibfaii`ùj na mgum.


31/302=0


[fmjtamoàjtb na becat`vbs naf n`mgjùstìb

Qj becat`vb ibjs`sta aj ̀ najtìmr mspaitbs na fm ramf`nmn qua sa nasam ibjbiar

y fm `jdbromi`ùj qua sa tàja qua raibp`fmr.

Af becat`vb naea iuopf`r ibj fms s`guàjtas imrmitarïstìms3

• Naea sar oanèfa, fb qua s`gjìm qua sa puanm oan`r juoàrìmoajta.

• Naea sar mfimjzmefa fb qua s`gjìm qua jb as uj òpbsèfa, qua sï sapuana mfimjzmr.

• Naea sar ramf`zmefa, fb qua s`gjìm qua sa puana ramf`zmr b ffavmr m imeb.

• Naea sar aspaiïib, fb qua s`gjìm qua astí ibjiajtrmnb aj mfgb, quajb as gajarmf.

• Naea sar sbstajèfa, fb qua s`gjìm qua tàja fmrgm v`nm, qua fb qua sa

ibjs`gm ibj af prbyaitb jb sarí ujm sbfui`ùj sbfb pmrm uj oboajtb, s`jbqua puana omjtajarsa pbr uj tàopb.

[mrm qua quanaj oís ifmrms astms imrmitarïstìms, vamobs iùob pfmjtamrïmj ujbecat`vb pmrm su n`mgjùstìb fbs astun`mjtas na fm h`stbr`m qua mimemobs nafaar3

3Becat`vb

@jiraoajtmr aj uj 1% fm prbnuii`ùj na omïz aj fm rag`ùj pmrmaf mýb 5;=1, pmrm ibjtmr ibj uj omybr suo`j`strb nurmjta af mýb5;=4.

• Qjm imrmitarïstìm oanèfa pbnrïm sar3 Ibfbimr ujm i`drm oatmnaf `jiraoajtb, aj asta imsb af 1%.

• Qjm imrmitarïstìm mfimjzmefa pbnrïm sar3 Nataro`jmr s` af suafbas dàrt`f.

• Qjm imrmitarïstìm ramf`zmefa pbnrïm sar3 Ya ramf`zmrí aj fbs tras

pròarbs oasas naf mýb 5;=1.

• Qjm imrmitarïstìm aspaiïim pbnrïm sar3 Tm n`r`g`nb m uj

moeàjta aspaiïib, aj asta imsb fm rag`ùj.

• Qjm imrmitarïstìm sbstajèfa pbnrïm sar3 Af becat`vb pravà ujastun`b qua prbouavm af suo`j`strb pmrm af s`guàjta mýb(5;=4) y na mffï aj mnafmjta.


32/3025;

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

²]uà pmsbs sagu`r pmrm ramf`zmr uj n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb2

m Dbromr af aqu`pb huomjb qua vm m ajimrgmrsa naf n`mgjùstìb.

m Ibjvbimr m tbnm fm ibouj`nmn pmrm qua pmrtì`pa.

m Dbromr grupbs na trmemcb.

m Yafaii`bjmr ibj quà `jstruoajtbs sa ffavmrí m imeb fm `jvast`gmi`ùj(ajiuastms, ajtrav`stms, atiàtarm).

m Eusimr fms `jdbromi`ùj n`spbjèfa (astmnïstìms ramf`zmnms aj astun`bsprav`bs, atiàtarm).

m Hmiar ujm ‖dbtbgrmdïm‟ na fm ibouj`nmn< as nai`r, ujm nasir`pi`ùjibopfatm na fm o`som.

m @najtìmr fbs prbefaoms.

m @najtìmr fms pbtaji`mf`nmnas na fm ibouj`nmn.

m Ifmsìmr fm ̀ jdbromi`ùj raibfaitmnm. Mjmf`zmrfm y ranmitmr fbs rapbrtas b

`jdbroa jmf naf n`mgjùstìb.

Ibob pmrm tbnb prbyaitb, mf jmf sa tajnrí qua `jdbromr m fm ibouj`nmn

sbera fb `jvast`gmnb y fms ibjifus`bjas m fms qua sa hm ffagmnb. As fb qua saffmom sbi`mf`zmi`ùj.


33/3025=


Nasna fuagb, ouihms vaias as òpbrtmjta fm pmrtì`pmi`ùj na mgajtas axtarjbs m fm ibouj`nmn, pbrqua astbs puanaj mpbrtmr oís `jdbromi`ùj, sbjoís becat`vbs y puanaj sar fbs dmi`f`tmnbras na fbs prbiasbs na n`sius`ùj yraax`ùj, msï ibob myunmr pmrm qua sa puanm ffagmr m ibjsajsbs. Fbs mgajtas

axtarjbs mpbymj tmoe`àj ibj oatbnbfbgïms mnaiumnms.

Mfgb ouy `jtarasmjta as qua oàjtrms fm ibouj`nmn vm trmemcmjnbpmrtì`pmt`vmoajta aj af n`mgjùstìb, iboprajna oacbr su s`tumi`ùj, ̀ najtìmfbs bestíiufbs qua òp`naj su nasmrrbffb y vm, tmoe`àj, `najtìmjnb iuífas

sbj fms pr`br`nmnas.

Astb paro`ta m fm o`som ibouj`nmn pfmjìmr ibfait`vmoajta mquaffms

mit`v`nmnas qua fa myunmríj m rasbfvar sus prbefaoms.

Acariì`b =

b̂omjnb aj iuajtm qua af n`mgjùstìb ibouj`tmr`b tàja ibob j betajar `jdbromi`ùj pbr pmrta

na fbs oàoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn sbera fbs prbefaoms, jaias`nmnas, raiursbs, bpbrtuj`nmnas ypbtaji`mf`nmnas ibj qua iuajtmj, raspbjnm fms s`guàjtas pragujtms3

=. ²Iuífas sarïmj nbs prbefaoms qua mdaitaj m fbs hme`tmjtas na ujm fbimf`nmn nataro`jnm2

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

5. Y` sa trmtmrm na mfgój prbefaom qua mdaita m su ibouj`nmn, ²ibj quà raiursbs iraa qua iuajtmpmrm ffavmr m imeb uj n`mgjùstìb ibouj`tmr`b2

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

9. ²]uà pbtaji`mf`nmnas tàja su ibouj`nmn pmrm rasbfvar asa prbefaom2

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR


34/30255

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

^`pbs na prbyaitb

Uaibrnaobs qua uj prbyaitb as ujm raspuastm qua surga ibob sbfui`ùj drajtam uj nataro`jmnb prbefaom b jaias`nmn.

Qj prbyaitb as uj asduarzb taopbrmf qua sa ffavm m imeb pmrm nmr raspuastm m

uj prbefaom, iramr b prbobvar uj prbnuitb b uj sarvì`b, atiàtarm.

[rbyaitbs parsbjmfas b na v`nm

Ouihms vaias aj fm v`nm jbs sajtòbs jaias`tmnbs na mfgój imoe`b b namprbvaihmr mfgujm bpbrtuj`nmn, ajtbjias rapajsmobs af sajt`nb na juastrmax`staji`m, fm rmzùj pbr fm iumf v`vòbs y jbs hmiaobs btrms pragujtms qua sbjdujnmoajtmfas aj juastrm v`nm.

Mfgujbs acaopfbs3

=. ²Fa gustmrïm grmnumrsa na Emih`ffarmtb2 Y` asa as su prbyaitb,¡mnafmjta! [fmj`qua tbnb fbs natmffas y pbjgm sus ajargïms aj affbpmrm fbgrmrfb. âjnrí qua asdbrzmrsa y hmiar tbnb fb pbsèfa aj asmn`raii`ùj.

5. ²P s` iram su prbp`m aoprasm2 As btrb prbyaitb qua fa ax`g`rítàopb y pfmjìmi`ùj. ̂ ajnrí qua eusimr bpbrtuj`nmnas na jagbi`b

y pravar iùob betajnrí af imp`tmf pmrm iboajzmr. ^moe`àj tajnríqua `jdbromrsa mjtas na `jvart`r sbera axparàji`ms sò`fmras m fmaoprasm qua quàra iramr y fms pbsè`f`nmnas na iboatar arrbras btajar àx`tb.

9. ²]uà fa pmraia uj v`mca2 [uana sar uj eaffb prbyaitb parsbjmf,qua fa nmrí fm bpbrtuj`nmn na ibjbiar juavbs fugmras. Jb sàoprajaias`tmrí n`spbjar na ouihb n`jarb. [uana pfmjìmr af trmyaitb y

tajar axparàji`ms ouy ajr`quaianbrms.

>. ²Jaias`tm oacbrmr sus rafmi`bjas ibj mo`gbs y dmo`f`mras2 Ajbims`bjas fbs omfbs ajtajn`nbs puanaj nmýmr fms rafmi`bjas yprbvbimr qua sa mfaca na parsbjms m fms qua quàra y astòm. Y` fahm biurr`nb, mjmfìa fbs obt`vbs y trmta na nmr af pròar pmsb pmrm

raibopbjar fm rafmi`ùj.

Iumfquàr ibsm qua quàrm hmiar aj fm v`nm qua fa trm`gm eajai`bs asp`r`tumfas

b omtar`mfas mf fbgrmrfb, puana sar uj prbyaitb parsbjmf b na v`nm. Fbgrmrfb vmm hmiar qua sa sàjtm smt`sdaihb, mnaoís na rajbvmr af nasab na v`v`r y sagu`rmnafmjta.


35/30259


Mnaoís na fbs prbyaitbs parsbjmfas b na v`nm, hmy na ouihbs btrbs t`pbs.Tamobs mfgujbs3

• [rbyaitb prbnuit`vb3 eusim gajarmr rajtme`f`nmn aibjùoìm y betajar

gmjmji`ms. Fbs prbobtbras na astbs prbyaitbs suafaj sar aoprasms bparsbjms `jtarasmnms aj mfimjzmr eajai`bs aibjùoìbs.

• [rbyaitb póefìb b sbi`mf3 eusim mfimjzmr uj òpmitb sbera fm imf`nmnna v`nm na fm pbefmi`ùj. Fbs eajai`bs mfimjzmnbs jb sàopra sa vmj m

axprasmr aj n`jarb. Fbs prbobtbras na astbs prbyaitbs sbj, pbr acaopfb,fms oujì`pmf`nmnas, mfgój O`j`star`b, fbs brgmj`sobs ouft`fmtarmfas,fms BJG (brgmj`zmi`ùj jb guearjmoajtmf), aoprasms -aj sus pbfïtìmsna raspbjsme`f`nmn sbi`mf- a `jst`tui`bjas ibj vbimi`ùj sbi`mf.

• [rbyaitb ibouj`tmr`b3 as uj ibjcujtb na mit`v`nmnas bràjtmnms m iramruj sarvì`b b ibjsagu`r uj rasuftmnb qua smt`sdmgm fms jaias`nmnas oís

urgajtas na ujm ibouj`nmn. Astí bràjtmnb dujnmoajtmfoajta pbr quàjasdbromj pmrta na fm ibouj`nmn, puastb qua sbj quàjas ibjbiaj fm s`tumi`ùjramf na fm zbjm.

[r`ji`pmfas imrmitarïstìms na fbs prbyaitbs

^bnbs fbs t`pbs na prbyaitb tàjaj aj iboój ujm sarà na imrmitarïstìms3

• Iuajtmj ibj uj prbpùs`tb b oatm.

•

Ya rasuoaj aj becat`vbs.• Ya naeaj mcustmr m uj pfmzb na tàopb fò`tmnb.

• Iuajtmj ibj, mf oajbs, ujm dmsa na pfmjìmi`ùj, ujm na acaiui`ùj y ujm

na ajtragm.

• Ya bràjtmj m ibjsagu`r rasuftmnbs.

• @jvbfuirmj m parsbjms, qua mitómj na miuarnb ibj pmpafas b rbfas y

raspbjsme`f`nmnas.

• Ya vaj mdaitmnbs pbr fm `jiart`nuoera.

• ^àjaj qua sucatmrsa m uj saguòàjtb y obj`tbr`zmi`ùj pmrm gmrmjt`zmr

af rasuftmnb asparmnb.

• Imnm ujb as n`darajta, `jifusb fbs na sò`fmras imrmitarïstìms.

Fb òpbrtmjtaas ajibjtrmr ujprbyaitb ibj afqua sa sàjtm mgustb. Iumjnbfb ajiuajtra,oírquasa uj

prbpùs`tb boatm y prbiurafbgrmrfb.


36/3025>

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

Uasuoaj

Qj prbyaitb as ujm mii`ùj n`saýmnm pmrm fbgrmr ujb b vmr`bs prbpùs`tbs boatms.

Aj af imsb na fbs prbyaitbs sbi`mfas, sa eusim rasbfvar mfgój prbefaom quaastí mdaitmjnb m uj grupb sbi`mf b m ujm ibouj`nmn.

Fbs prbyaitbs tàjaj uj pr`ji`p`b y uj jmf naj`nb aj af tàopb y tmoe`àj

aj fbs ibstbs qua sa nast`jaj pmrm ffavmrfb m imeb.

Fm gast`ùj qua guïm fbs prbyaitbs nasmrrbffm fbs prbiasbs na pfmjìmi`ùj,raibfaii`ùj na `jdbromi`ùj, n`jmo`zmi`ùj, brgmj`zmi`ùj, nataro`jmi`ùj nafms dbrtmfazms na imnm ujb na fbs qua vmj m pmrtì`pmr y mno`j`strmi`ùj na fbsraiursbs ibj qua sa iuajtm.

Af tàro`jb n`mgjùstìb sa raara m fm mit`v`nmn qua jbs paro`ta `jtarpratmr

fm ramf`nmn qua quaraobs oacbrmr b trmjsdbromr pbr oan`b na ujm pròarmnasir`pi`ùj na fm o`som.

Gajarmfoajta, af n`mgjùstìb aopàzm iumjnb sa tàja qua astun`mr ujmprbefaoítìm najtrb na ujm ibouj`nmn, fm iumf raquàra rasbfvarsa oan`mjtamii`bjas príitìms.

Af n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb as uj oàtbnb pmrm nataro`jmr, nasna af pujtb nav`stm na fbs oàoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn, ibj quà `jdbromi`ùj iuajtmj y quàmit`v`nmnas sbj jaiasmr`ms y puanaj mpbymr pmrm rasbfvar fm prbefaoítìmqua hm surg`nb.

^àja ibob becat`vb `najtìmr mspaitbs na fm ramf`nmn qua sa nasam ibjbiar

y fm `jdbromi`ùj qua sa raibp`fm.


37/30251


[mrm ffavmr m imeb uj n`mgjùstìb

pmrtì`pmt`vb, naeaj sagu`rsa

fbs s`guàjtas pmsbs3 Dbromraf aqu`pb huomjb qua vm majimrgmrsa naf n`mgjùstìb,ibjvbimr m tbnm fm ibouj`nmnpmrm qua pmrtì`pa, dbromrgrupbs na trmemcb, safaii`bjmribj quà `jstruoajtbs saffavmrí m imeb fm `jvast`gmi`ùj (ajiuastms, ajtrav`stms, atiàtarm), eusimr fm`jdbromi`ùj n`spbjèfa (astmnïstìms ramf`zmnms aj astun`bs prav`bs, atiàtarm)<hmiar ujm nasir`pi`ùj ibopfatm na fm ibouj`nmn, `najtìmr fbs prbefaoms

y fms pbtaji`mf`nmnas na fm ibouj`nmn, ifmsìmr fm `jdbromi`ùj raibfaitmnm.Mjmf`zmrfm y ranmitmr fbs rapbrtas b `jdbroa jmf naf n`mgjùstìb.

Hmy ouihbs t`pbs na prbyaitb, ajtra affbs fbs prbyaitbs parsbjmfas b na v`nm<fbs prbyaitbs prbnuit`vbs, fbs prbyaitbs póefìbs, fbs prbyaitbs sbi`mfas.

^bnbs fbs t`pbs na prbyaitbs tàjaj aj iboój ujm sarà na imrmitarïstìms3

• Iuajtmj ibj uj prbpùs`tb b oatm.

• Ya rasuoaj aj oatms y becat`vbs.

• Ya naeaj na mcustmr m uj pfmzb na tàopb fò`tmnb.

• Iuajtmj ibj, mf oajbs, ujm dmsa na pfmjìmi`ùj, ujm na acaiui`ùj y

ujm na ajtragm.

• Ya bràjtmj m ibjsagu`r rasuftmnbs.

• @jvbfuirmj m parsbjms, qua mitómj na miuarnb ibj pmpafas b rbfas yraspbjsme`f`nmnas.

• Ya vaj mdaitmnbs pbr fm `jiart`nuoera.

• ^àjaj qua sucatmrsa m uj saguòàjtb y obj`tbr`zmi`ùj pmrm gmrmjt`zmrqua af rasuftmnb as af asparmnb.

• Imnm ujb as n`darajta, `jifusb fbs na sò`fmras imrmitarïstìms.


38/30254

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

Mutbibjtrbf

Mit`v`nmn =. Naouastra fb mprajn`nb.

Af prbefaom as fm beas`nmn y fm emcm mit`v`nmn dïsìm na fbs j`ýbs oajbras m =5 mýbs. Qstan tàja fm

raspbjsme`f`nmn na nasmrrbffmr uj prbyaitb qua myuna m astbs j`ýbs aj su ibouj`nmn.[mrm hmiar af n`mgjùstìb, nai`na raiurr`r m fms tras asiuafms qua mtàjnaj j`ýbs na asm anmn aj suibouj`nmn. Mffï hmrí uj n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb.

²]uà pmsbs sagu`rïm pmrm ffavmrfb m imeb2

²M qu`àjas `jv`tmrïm m pmrtì`pmr aj fm `jvast`gmi`ùj2

²]uà astrmtag`ms usmrïm pmrm qua fm ibouj`nmn sa `jtarasmrm aj su prbyaitb2

Mit`v`nmn 5. [àjsa y mpf`qua fb qua mprajn`ù.m) M ibjt`jumi`ùj sa fa prasajtm uj prbefaom. [mrm afmebrmr uj n`mgjùstìb, naea pfmjtamr becat`vbs

pmrm af parsbjmf axtarjb qua vm m ffavmr m imeb af prbyaitb y becat`vbs pmrm fm ibouj`nmn.

=. [rbefaom3

@jiraoajtb na nasaihbs jb e`bnagrmnmefas= aj fms imffas na fm ibouj`nmn.

5.= Becat`vb naf parsbjmf axtarjb3

5.5 Becat`vb na fbs oàoerbs na fm ibouj`nmn3

= e`bnagrmnmefas3 Ibopuastb quïoìb qua puana sar nagrmnmnb pbr mii`ùj e`bfùgìm.


39/30257


Mit`v`nmn 9. Nasmrrbffa juavms hme`f`nmnas.

Fam fm s`guàjta h`stbr`m y naspuàs raspbjnm fms pragujtms qua sa fa pfmjtamj.

Mhbrm, raspbjnm3

Fbs hme`tmjtas na fm ibouj`nmn quàraj hmiar uj n`mgjùstìb pmrtì`pmt`vb y fa p`naj myunm m ustan.

²]uà naeàrm `najtìmr asta n`mgjùstìb2

[fmjtàasa uj prbyaitb parsbjmf b na v`nm. Asirèm quà n`mjùstìb raquar`rïm.

Nasna pr`ji`p`bs naf s`gfb X@X, fbs hme`tmjtas na fm ibouj`nmn Af Ymftb tajïmj uj ebsqua iboujmf,as nai`r qua jb arm prbpànmn na j`jgujb na fbs hme`tmjtas parb arm na tbnbs. Af ebsqua iboujmfprbpbri`bjmem faým y btrbs `jsuobs m fm ibouj`nmn. Af iuft`vb na fm faým y af mprbvaihmoàjtb nafebsqua astmemj ragufmnbs pbr fms mutbr`nmnas fbimfas. Msò`sob, hmeïm ragufmi`bjas pmrm af iu`nmnb nafebsqua, qua arm raspbjsme`f`nmn na tbnbs fbs hme`tmjtas na mquaffm ibouj`nmn.

Af imsb naf ebsqua iboujmf na Af Ymftb jb arm ójìb. Ouihms ibouj`nmnas tajïmj prbpànmnasiboujmfas, sbera tbnb ebsquas.

[msmnbs fbs mýbs, n`darajtas gbeàrjbs duarbj rat`rmjnb na fms ibouj`nmnas astms prbpànmnasiboujmfas, ym sam pbrqua fms nast`jmrbj m btrms duji`bjas b pbrqua fms vajnàrbj m pmrtìufmras.

Fm ibouj`nmn na Af Ymftb ibjsarvù su ebsqua iboujmf hmstm hmia pbibs mýbs. Y`j aoemrgb, ffagù afoboajtb aj qua fb parn`ù, pbrqua af gbeàrjb nast`jù pmrta m fm ibjstruii`ùj na ujms `jstmfmi`bjaspóefìms, mer`ù ujm imrratarm qua mtrmvasù fb qua hmeïm s`nb ebsqua y tmoe`àj suemstù pmrta m pmrtìufmras`jtarasmnbs aj iboprmr tàrrm.

Fbs pbefmnbras na Af Ymftb ajdrajtmj hby ujm s`tumi`ùj n`dïi`f, pbrqua mf parnar af ebsqua iboujmf ym jbpuanaj betajar fbs òpbrtmjtas `jsuobs qua fas prbvaïm. Mjta astm prbefaoítìm, eusimj gajarmr ujprbyaitb qua mf`và fm s`tumi`ùj aj fm qua sa ajiuajtrmj.

Aj su iufturm, iuajtmj ibj prbianòàjtbs trmnì`bjmfas pmrm mebrnmr s`tumi`bjas prbefaoítìms quamdaitmj m fm ibouj`nmn, parb iraaj qua jb duji`bjmríj pmrm af imsb qua ajdrajtmj. ]u`sàrmj axpfbrmrpbsèfas bpi`bjas, pmrm fb iumf jaias`tmj astmr `jdbromnbs na fms pbfïtìms guearjmoajtmfas y ibjtmr

ibj juavbs ibjbiòàjtbs tàijìbs y astrmtag`ms.


40/30258

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì


Omrqua ibj uj ihaqua fm ims`ffm qua oacbr `jn`qua su rajnòàjtb. fbgrmnbaj

prbiasbjb

fbgrmnb

N a s p u à s n a a s t u n ` m r . . .

@najib quà as uj prbyaitb.

Ibjbzib quà as uj n`mgjùsib.

Ibjbzib quà as uj n`mgjùsib pmri`pmvb.

[uanb pfmjtamr fbs becavbs naf n`mgjùsib pmri`pmvb.

@najib n`darajtas pbs na prbyaitb.

[mrm mopf`mr sus ibjbiòàjtbs sbera iùob ramf`zmr n`mgjùstìbs, eusqua aj ujjmvagmnbr (Gbbgfa, pbr acaopfb) af taom3 n`mgjùstìbs pmrm prbyaitbs.

Y` quàra betajar oís `jdbromi`ùj sbera t`pbs na prbyaitbs, puana eusimr aj sujmvagmnbr af taom3 t`pbs na prbyaitbs.

Jmvagua aj fm ran...


41/30250

Afmebrmi`ùj y Gast`ùj na [rbyaitbs ∕ Yaomjm 5

5

Uaibp`fmi`ùj na `jdbromi`ùjpmrm af n`mgjùstìb

²]uà ajibjtrmrí astm saomjm2

Mjíf`s`s s`tumi`bjmf na fm ibouj`nmn

Iùob raibp`fmr `jdbromi`ùj pmrm ramf`zmr af n`mgjùstìb

Nmtbs pròmr`bs y saiujnmr`bs

Fm ajtrav`stm y af iuast`bjmr`b

Af Mjíf`s`s DBNM

Astm saomjm fbgrmrí3

Iùob raibp`fmr fm `jdbromi`ùj pmrm af n`mgjùstìb.

N`daraji`mr fbs nmtbs pròmr`bs na fbs nmtbs saiujnmr`bs. Fm ajtrav`stm y af iuast`bjmr`b.

Mpfìmr af mjíf`s`s DBNM ibob harrmoàjtm pmrm fm `jvast`gmi`ùj.

w


42/3029;

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

¡[mrm iboajzmr!

²Na quà omjarm pbnrïm ̀ jì`mr uj n`mgjùstìb na o` ibouj`nmn2, sa pragujtmem

Cbsà Ubnrïguaz, uj fïnar ibouj`tmr`b qua trmtm na nasmrrbffmr uj prbyaitb pmrmrasbfvar af prbefaom naf mjmfdmeat`sob qua mdaitm m ouihbs na sus vai`jbs.

Cbsà naea smear qua as òpbrtmjta iboajzmr ibjbiàjnb fm s`tumi`ùj `jtarjm,fb qua ̀ jifu`rí taoms ibob jóoarb na hme`tmjtas, sarvì`bs eísìbs n`spbjèfas(anuimi`ùj, smfun, mgum, fuz, tafàdbjb, mfimjtmr`ffmnb, raibfaii`ùj na emsurm,ajtra btrbs), j`vaf na nasjutrì`ùj, ràsgb na fm pbefmi`ùj m ajdaroanmnas, ybtrm `jdbromi`ùj qua puanm astmr `ji`nàjnb aj fm s`tumi`ùj b af prbefaom.

Ibjbiar na dbrom n`raitm fm ibouj`nmn y su pbefmi`ùj, av`naji`mr susjaias`nmnas, ibob fm dmftm na j`vaf anuimt`vb, hmiaj qua fbs raspbjsmefas

naf prbyaitb tajgmj uj pujtb na pmrt`nm pmrm ramf`zmr uj n`mgjùstìb quapbstar`broajta fas sarv`rí pmrm ffavmr m imeb fb qua sa hmj prbpuastb.

Aj af imsb na Cbsà Ubnrïguaz, fm `jdbromi`ùj sbera fbs hme`tmjtas na suibouj`nmn fa myunmrí m n`saýmr y acaiutmr uj prbyaitb qua varnmnarmoajtaibjtrèuym m oacbrmr fm imf`nmn na v`nm na fbs ibouj`tmr`bs m trmvàs na fmanuimi`ùj.

Af n`mgjùstìb na su ibouj`nmn qua ffavmrí m imeb vm m myunmrfa m `najtìmr

fms imusms na fm s`tumi`ùj qua sa v`va, msï ibob fms pbtaji`mf`nmnas qua tàja fmibouj`nmn pmrm suparmr fm prbefaoítìm.

Cbsà quàra qua fbs vai`jbs pmrtì`paj, pbr fb qua af n`mgjùstìb quaramfìa mpbrtmrí `jdbromi`ùj na pròarm omjb qua Cbsà tajnrí qua trmemcmrbecat`vmoajta, s`j imfìmr jagmt`vmoajta j` raihmzmr fms bp`j`bjas b

`jdbromi`ùj qua fa naj.

Cbsà tajnrí qua ̀jdbromrsa tmoe`àj na iuífas sbj y iùob sa usmj fbs pr`ji`pmfas`jstruoajtbs y harrmoàjtms, príitìms y usbs pmrm ramf`zmr uj n`mgjùstìb nasu ibouj`nmn.

Msò`sob, Cbsà astun`mrí prbyaitbs sò`fmras pmrm imsbs ibob af qua hmajibjtrmnb aj su ibouj`nmn. Astb fa bràjtmrí m v`sumf`zmr prbefaoms quasurgaj aj af prbiasb, msï ibob sbfui`bjas.

w


43/3029=


Jb bfv`naobs qua aj fm afmebrmi`ùj y gast`ùj na prbyaitbs mpfìmobsibjbiòàjtbs, hme`f`nmnas, harrmoàjtms y tàijìms pmrm ffavmr m imeb fmsmii`bjas qua jbs paro`t`ríj mfimjzmr fms oatms y becat`vbs qua jbs haobs

trmzmnb.Astm saomjm vmobs m ibjt`jumr mprajnàjnb iùob ffavmr m imeb af n`mgjùstìb,pmrm fb iumf ibjbiaraobs `jstruoajtbs y harrmoàjtms pmrm raibp`fmr fm`jdbromi`ùj.

Uaibp`fmi`ùj na fm `jdbromi`ùj

As òpbrtmjta raspbjnar m fms s`guàjtas `jtarrbgmjtas3

²]u`àj jbs prbpbri`bjm fm `jdbromi`ùj2

²]uà `jstruoajtbs b harrmoàjtms sa ut`f`zmríj pmrm raibp`fmr fm`jdbromi`ùj2

Yagój fm duajta, fm `jdbromi`ùj puana mpbrtmrjbs nmtbs saiujnmr`bs b nmtbspròmr`bs.

Nmtbs saiujnmr`bs3 Ybj nmtbs qua ym ax`staj y qua sa betuvàrbj ibj ujbecat`vb n`darajta mf na fm `jvast`gmi`ùj. As òpbrtmjta qua fm duajta samibjmefa y mitumf`zmnm.

Acaopfb

Nmtbs pròmr`bs3 Ybj nmtbs qua sa betàjaj aspaiïimoajta pmrm af becat`vbna fm `jvast`gmi`ùj. Jb hmj s`nb `jvast`gmnbs y sa astíj raibfaitmjnb pmrm fm`jvast`gmi`ùj.

Ibob quaraobs fm pmrtì`pmi`ùj na fm pbefmi`ùj, astm mpbrtmrí tmoe`àj`jdbromi`ùj sbera fm s`tumi`ùj.

Na miuarnb ibj af @T Iajsb Jmi`bjmf Mgrbpaiumr`b 5;=9, af 45.9% naf íram saoermnm m j`vafjmi`bjmf sa ajiuajtrm ibjiajtrmnm aj 7 napmrtmoajtbs3 [atàj (=8.>%). Mftm Tarmpmz (=9.=%),]uìhà (8.=%), Huahuatajmjgb (7.1%), Cut`mpm (4.4%), Ymj Omribs (>.7%) a @zmemf (>%).

Jùtasa qua af Iajsb Jmi`bjmf Mgrbpaiumr`b prbvàja na uj iajsb pbefmi`bjmf, qua as ujm duajtabi`mf, pbr fb qua sa ibjs`narm uj nmtb saiujnmr`b ibjmefa.

Uagfm gajarmf3

^bnm raibp`fmi`ùj

na ̀ jdbromi`ùjnaea iboajzmribj fm eósquanmna nmtbssaiujnmr`bs. Ybfbiumjnb astbsjb ax`staj b samgbtmj, sa naeaprbianar m eusimrnmtbs pròmr`bs.

Af oujnb na fbs prbyaitbs


44/30295

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

Acaopfb

@jstruoajtbs pmrm raibp`fmr `jdbromi`ùj

Y` quaraobs hmiar ujm `jvast`gmi`ùj qua jbs prbpbri`bjanmtbs pròmr`bs, pbnaobs usmr mfgujm na fms tàijìms pmrmraimemr `jdbromi`ùj. Fms oís usmnms sbj fms s`guàjtas3

m Fm ajtrav`stm3 As ujm ibjvarsmi`ùj n`r`g`nm pbr ujajtrav`stmnbr, emsmnm aj pragujtms b mromi`bjas

sbera fms qua af ajtrav`stmnb raspbjna b nm su bp`j`ùj.

[br acaopfb, aj af imsb na fbs astun`mjtas na fm rag`ùjbràjta na Gumtaomfm ibj af prbefaom na fm saquïm,affbs jaias`tmj msasbrïm sbera af taom, pmrm fb iumf asraiboajnmefa qua ajtrav`staj m mfgujms parsbjms ibjaxparàji`m.

m Fm ajiuastm3 Ibjs`sta aj pragujtms m uj grmj jóoarbna parsbjms ut`f`zmjnb uj iuas-t`bjmr`b n`saýmnbprav`moajta.

Aj af iuast`bjmr`b na ujm ajiuastm sa puanaj pfmjtamr nbst`pbs na pragujtms3 m) pragujtms iarrmnms y e) pragujtmsmeàrtms.

[br acaopfb, btrbs nmtbs pròmr`bs aj af imsb na fm saquïm qua hm nacmnb s`jomïz m fm pbefmi`ùj aj af bràjta na Gumtaomfm, sarïmj fbs qua sa betajgmjmf ramf`zmr ujm ajtrav`stm m parsbjmf naf OMGM (O`j`star`b na Mgrìufturm,Gmjmnarïm y Mfòajtmi`ùj), pmrm ibjbiar su bp`j`ùj raspaitb m fm dart`f`nmn nafm tàrrm nbjna sa quàra iuft`vmr.


45/30299


Qt`f`zmraobs ibob acaopfb ujm `jvast`gmi`ùj qua puana ffavmrsa m imeb sberauj rastmurmjta y fbs sarvì`bs qua prastm3

M. Acaopfb na t`pbs na pragujtms iarrmnms

Acaopfb

Duajta3 Mnmptmi`ùj naf fèrb Omrlat`jg @@, [amrsbj An`tbr`mf.

Nìbtùoìms

Fm pragujtm aja nbs

pbsèfas raspuastms.

[mrm sbfì`tmr ibo`nm,

²uf`zm sarvì`b m

nboì`f`b2

Yï RRR JbRRR

Afaii`ùj oófpfa

Fm pragujtm aja

tras b oís raspuastms

pbsèfas.

²Ibj qu`àj ms`sta mfrastmurmjta2Ybfb RRR Dmo`f`m RRR

Mo`gbs/ms RRR

Jbv`b (m) RRR Aspbsb (m) RR

Btrb RRR

Asimfm na F`lart

Qjm mromi`ùj ibj

fm qua af ajiuastmnb

`jnìm su grmnb

na miuarnb b

nasmiuarnb.

Gajarmfoajta fbs

rastmurmjtas na ibo`nm

ríp`nm ajaj euaj sarvì`b

m nboì`f`b.

^btmfoajta na miuarnb RR

Na miuarnb RRR

J` na miuarnb, j` aj

nasmiuarnb RRR

Aj nasmiuarnb RRR

^btmfoajta aj nasmiuarnb

RRR

Asimfm na

imfìmi`ùj

Fm asimfm paro`ta

imfìmr n`darajtas

mtrèutbs nasna

pàsòb hmstm

axiafajta.

Fm imf`nmn na fbs mfòajtbs

aj af rastmurmjta as3

Axiafajta RRR

Euajm RRR

Uagufmr RRR

Omfm RRR

[àsòm RRR

Najì`ùj


46/3029>

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

M. Acaopfb na t`pbs na pragujtms meàrtms

Najì`ùj Acaopfb

Jb astruiturmnms

Af ajiuastmnb puana

raspbjnar imnm

pragujtm aj jóoarb

`fò`tmnb na dbroms.

²Iuíf as su bp`j`ùj nafrastmurmjta2

Ibopfatmr drmsas

Ya prasajtmj drmsas

`jibopfatms y sa p`na

mf ajiuastmnb qua fms

ibopfata.

Iumjnb af`cb uj rastmurmjta

na ibo`nm ríp`nm, fb qua

oís `juya aj o` nai`s`ùj as

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

Duajta3 Mnmptmi`ùj naf fèrb Omrlat`jg @@, [amrsbj An`tbr`mf.

Harrmoàjtms pmrm raibp`fmr `jdbromi`ùj Hmy ouihïsòms harrmoàjtms pmrm fm gast`ùj na prbyaitbs y pmrm ramf`zmrmnaiumnmoajta uj n`mgjùstìb. Y`j aoemrgb, jb sa trmtm na safaii`bjmr fmqua oís jbs gustm b mtrma, s`jb na `najtìmr iuíf as fm qua oacbr sa mnmptm m

juastrms jaias`nmnas< as nai`r, iuíf vm m myunmrjbs oacbr m ibjsagu`r fms oatmsy becat`vbs naf prbyaitb, iuíf sa mnmptm m juastrb prbyaitb.

Qjm harrmoàjtm ouy ót`f pmrm ibjbiar fm ibouj`nmn, ̀ jst`tui`ùj, brgmj`zmi`ùj,atiàtarm pmrm fm iumf pajsmobs nasmrrbffmr uj prbyaitb as af Mjíf`s`s DBNM

Af DBNM jbs paro`ta hmiar uj iumnrb na fm s`tumi`ùj mitumf qua jaias`tmobsibjbiar pmrm ffavmr m imeb mnaiumnmoajta juastrb prbyaitb. [uana mpfìmrsa,pbr acaopfb, m uj grupb sbi`mf, m uj vai`jnmr`b, ujm ibouj`nmn, ujmbrgmj`zmi`ùj b ujm aoprasm, atiàtarm.

Grmi`ms m asta mjíf`s`s pbnaobs ibjsagu`r uj n`mgjùstìb, af iumf, m su vaz, jbsnmrí ̀ jdbromi`ùj pmrm tbomr nai`s`bjas qua raspbjnmj m fms oatms y becat`vbsnaf prbyaitb.

Ibj af mjíf`s`s DBNM as ibob s` tboírmobs ujm dbtbgrmdïm na ujm s`tumi`ùj.Hmy qua tbomr aj iuajtm qua af ratrmtb qua jbs nm as pmrtìufmr na uj oboajtb

nmnb. Fms nai`s`bjas qua tboaobs saríj mpfìmefas m asa oboajtb y jb m btrb.

DBNM sbj s`gfms qua s`gjìmj fbs ibjiaptbs s`guàjtas3 D, dbrtmfazms< B,

bpbrtuj`nmnas< N, nae`f`nmnas y M, moajmzms. Mjmf`zmjnb astbs iumtrbibjiaptbs, pbnaobs ibjbiar fms imrmitarïstìms na juastrb becatb na astun`b,y af ajtbrjb b afaoajtbs qua sa ajiuajtrmj mfrananbr na àf.


47/30291


Af DBNM paro`ta `najtìmr, pbr acaopfb, s` ujm parsbjm qua mpfìm pmrm

uj puastb na trmemcb, tàja dbrtmfazms, ibob af ibjbiòàjtb y omjacb naprbgrmoms na iboputmi`ùj.

[mrm uj grupb sbi`mf, ujm aoprasm u brgmj`zmi`ùj, ujm dbrtmfazm pbnrïm saribjtmr ibj parsbjms obt`vmnms, ym qua astm s`tumi`ùj pbnrïm gajarmr uj oacbrrajnòàjtb.

Fms nae`f`nmnas sbj prbefaoms prasajtas qua naeaj sar afò`jmnbs.

[br acaopfb, s` ujm parsbjm mpfìm pmrm uj puastb na trmemcb, ujm nae`f`nmnsarïm qua jb hmefa `jgfàs (s` nbo`jmr asta `n`bom as uj raqu`s`tb).

[mrm ujm aoprasm u brgmj`zmi`ùj, ujm nae`f`nmn pbnrïm sar fm dmftm naiboprbo`sb na fbs aopfamnbs.

Af DBNM paro`ta mjmf`zmr tmoe`àj fm s`tumi`ùj axtarjm, qua sa raara m dmitbras

qua sa ajiuajtrmj duarm naf ibjtrbf na juastrb becatb na astun`b parb qua famdaitmj.

Fbs afaoajtbs qua ibjst`tuyaj fm s`tumi`ùj axtarjm sbj fms bpbrtuj`nmnas y fms moajmzms.

Fms bpbrtuj`nmnas sbj dmitbras naf moeàjta axtarjb qua sa puanajmprbvaihmr pmrm fbgrmr fms oatms y becat`vbs.

Qj acaopfb na bpbrtuj`nmn pmrm ujm parsbjm sarïm ujm eaim qua hm gmjmnbpmrm astun`mr aj af axtrmjcarb.

[mrm ujm aoprasm, ujm brgmj`zmi`ùj b uj grupb sbi`mf, ujm bpbrtuj`nmn sarïm

ibjtmr ibj af mpbyb na btrms aoprasms b na brgmj`zmi`bjas.Fms moajmzms sbj mspaitbs naf moeàjta axtarjb qua puanaj ibjst`tu`r ujpaf`grb pmrm af fbgrb na fbs becat`vbs< as nai`r, mspaitbs qua puanaj drajmr astafbgrb.

Qj acaopfb na moajmzm pmrm ujm parsbjm sarïm qua mf mpfìmr pmrm uj puastbna trmemcb, sa prasajta btrm parsbjm ibj oacbr prapmrmi`ùj mimnàoìm qua affmpmrm mpfìmr mf o`sob puastb.

[mrm uj grupb sbi`mf, ujm aoprasm u brgmj`zmi`ùj, ujm moajmzm sarïm afimoe`b na fms ibjnì`bjas na v`nm m imusm na uj dajùoajb jmturmf, ibob uj

tarraobtb b ujm tbroajtm.

[mrm mifmrmr uj pbib oís fm mpfìmi`ùj naf mjíf`s`s DBNM, m ibjt`jumi`ùj saprasajtm uj mjíf`s`s ibj astm harrmoàjtm pmrm af imsb na Gumtaomfm ibobpmïs.


48/30294

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

Nasna fuagb, ffavmr m imeb af DBNM na uj pmïs rasuftm na ouihms omjarmsibopfìmnb. Astb sa naea, ajtra btrbs dmitbras, mf pujtb na v`stm na fbs mjmf`stmsqua puanaj raspbjnar m ujm u btrm ibrràjta ̀ nabfùgìm, fb iumf sa va raacmnb

aj fm `jtarpratmi`ùj na fm ramf`nmn.

Mój ibj astms ibopfìmi`bjas, as `jtarasmjta ibjbiar iùob sa ramf`zm ujDBNM na pmïs. Famobs af s`guàjta taxtb y vamobs iùob pbnrïm prasajtmrsa afDBNM na Gumtaomfm.

Mjíf`s`s DBNM pmrm Gumtaomfm

b̂omnb na http3//www.nagumta.ibo/mrtomj/puef`sh/gast`bjRoarim/AfRmjRf`s`sRDBNMR>45.shtof


49/30297



50/30298

@GAU ∕ [bfbihì

Uasuoaj

Ya raquàra pfmjtamr fbs becat`vbs a `najtìmr quà `jdbromi`ùj sa jaias`tm y

iùob vmobs m betajarfm. Y` fm `jdbromi`ùj ym ax`sta, sa fa ibjbia ibob nmtb

saiujnmr`b y s` jb ax`sta y sa quàra betajar pmrm af imsb pmrtìufmr na fm`jvast`gmi`ùj, sa fa ibjbia ibob nmtb pròmr`b.

[mrm ibjsagu`r astbs nmtbs, pbnaobs usmr mfgujm na fms tàijìms pmrm raimemr`jdbromi`ùj. Fms oís usmnms sbj fm ajtrav`stm y fm ajiuastm. Fbs iuast`bjmr`bspuanaj `jifu`r pragujtms iarrmnms y pragujtms meàrtms

Fm gast`ùj na prbyaitbs mpfìm ibjbiòàjtbs,

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Libro Polochic Elaboración y Gestión 1er. Sem