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karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj³ neya)ay R)ak;kas nig karP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbB½n§ pSayB½t’mankm
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cMeBaHB½t’manbEnßmsUmTMnak;TMng³ elakRsIevC¢bNÐit Bug QIvekk RbFanGgÁkarlIkadU Gasydæan³ GgÁkarlIkadU ¬sm
matikaerOg
esckþIsegçb ---------------------------------------------------------- i buBVkfa-------------------------------------------------------------- 1 PaK 1³ RbB½n§pSayB½t’man --------------------------------------------- 4 RbvtiþsaRsþ ---------------------------------------------------------- 4
munqñaM1953³ sm½yGaNaniKmcab;epþIm ------------------------------------------- 4 qñaM1953-1970³ karRKb;RKgsarB½t’man ----------------------------------------- 5 qñaM1970-1975 ³ karRtYtBinitüCapøÚvkar------------------------------------------ 7 qñaM1975-1979 ¬qñaM sUnü¦ --------------------------------------------------- 8 qñaM1979-1993³ eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kum μ úynIsþ ----------------------------------- 9 qñaM1991-1993 ³sm½yG‘untak; ----------------------------------------------- 10 qñaM 1993- 2008 ³ karrIkceRmIny:agelOn nigeFVITukçbukemñj ------------------------- 10
Gñksþab;¼TsSnikCn---------------------------------------------------14 TsSn³énB½t’manrbs;RbB½n§pSayB½t’man ----------------------------------17
sarB½t’man---------------------------------------------------------------- 18 viTüú --------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 TUrTsSn_ ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27 GIunFWeNt ----------------------------------------------------------------31
smaKmRbB½n§pSayB½t’man -------------------------------------------- 33 smaKmRbB½n§pSayB½t’mankm
PaK 2³ esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti nigkarTTYl)an B½t’man ------------------50 PaBCam©as;km μsiTi§RbB½n§pSayB½t’man GaCJab½NÑ nigPaBlMeGog xagneya)ay ---50
tYnaTIrbs;rdæaPi)al --------------------------------------------------------- 52 TUrTsSn_ ----------------------------------------------------------------- 54 viTüú --------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 sarB½t’man---------------------------------------------------------------- 74 sarB½t’manPasabreTs ------------------------------------------------------ 81
karRtYtBinitü nigkarRtYtBinitüxøÜnÉg -------------------------------------84 karRtYtBinitü -------------------------------------------------------------- 84 karRtYtBiinitüxøÜnÉg --------------------------------------------------------- 87 karp¥ak ------------------------------------------------------------------ 88 karrwbGUs ---------------------------------------------------------------- 89
karTTYl)anB½t’man--------------------------------------------------- 91 PaK 3³ karvayRbhar karKMramkMEhg nigkarP½yxøac---------------------- 95 karvayRbharelIrUbragkay -------------------------------------------- 95
Xatkm μ------------------------------------------------------------------ 96 karbgárrbYssñam ----------------------------------------------------------100
karvayRbharEpñkc,ab; ---------------------------------------------- 101 karbMPitbMP½y nigkarP½yxøac----------------------------------------- 104 Gnusasn_ -------------------------------------------------------- 110 ]bsm
i neya)ay R)ak;kas nig karP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦ ii
CaRbvtiþsaRsþ km
iii neya)ay R)ak;kas nig karP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦ iv
GñksarB½t’manxøHeTot)anrgrbYsedaykarvaydM b¤rgkarb:unb:geFVIXadmin)anseRmc b¤ kariyal½yrbs;BYeKrgkarlukluycUllYcsmÖar³edayhVÚgmnusS\tsNþab;Fñab; b¤RtUvTTYlrg karKb;RKab;EbkcUleTAkñúgkariyal½yrbs;BYkeK. sMNagEdr EdlGMeBIXatkmμ nighigSaelIrag kayF¶n;F¶rnanamkelIRbB½n§pSayB½t’man)anfycuHry³eBlb:un μanqñaMfμ I²enH b:uEnþkarbgárrbYs sñamtictYc nigkarKMramkMEhgdl;GayuCIvitenAEtbnþmandEdl.
dUcKñaenHEdr cMeBaHkarvayRbhartamviFIc,ab;mkelIGñksarB½t’manenAEtman. b:un μanqñaM knøgeTAenH manGñksarB½t’maneRcIn)anRbQmmuxnwgkarecaTRbkan;BIbTRBhμTNÐ b¤KMram kMEhgmkelIBYkeK ehIymanGñkxøHCab;Bn§naKarpg. fμ I²knøgeTAenH karcab;xøÜnBYkGñkriHKn;Ca krNId¾FMmYyrbs;RbmuxrdæaPi)alEdlrYmman ¬m©as;sßanIy_viTüúpgEdr¦ kalBIExFñÚ qñaM2005 knøgeTA ehIyeRkaymkk¾manmRnþICan;x
v neya)ay R)ak;kas nig karP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦ vi
edayectna b¤CRmwtTarR)ak; k¾enAmanGñksarB½t’manmYycMnYnyl;BIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;xøÜn EdlRtUvpSBVpSayCasaFarN³CUnRbCaBlrdæ nigraykarN_edayes μaHRtg;. GñksarB½t’manCa eRcIneTotbgðajnUvbMNgeFVI[mankarRbesIrCagenH RbsinebIsßanPaBGMeNaypl.
RbB½n§pSayB½t’mankm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm>> ebImankarrMelaPelIRbB½n§pSay B½t’manenAeBlbnþeTot minGacecosputBIkarrMelaPelIsßab½nRbCaFibetyüeT :.
r)aykarN_enHepþateTAelIRbB½n§pSayB½t’mankm
2 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
siTi§kñúgkarEsVgrkB½t’man nigTMnak;TMngB½t’man RBmTaMgTsSn³ KWCasiTi§EdlBlrdækm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
4 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
PaK 1³ RbB½n§pSayB½t’man RbvtiþsaRsþ
sßanPaBRbB½n§pSayB½t’mankm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
6 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
BIqñaM1941-19708 sarB½t’maneRcInEtRtUv)anRtYtBinitü GñksarB½t’manRtUvCab; Bn§naKar ehIysarB½t’manRtUv)anbiTCajwkjab;edIm,IbMbiTsemøgBYkRbqaMg. bBaðaenH)an bNþal[RbB½n§pSayB½t’maneFVIkarRtYtBinitüedayxøÜnÉg9.
bNÑaFikarsarB½t’manmñak; eQ μaH saLút qay RtUv)ancab;xøÜnkñuúgqñaM1955 bursenaH RtUvCabgrbs; saLút s ¬eKsÁal;eQ μaH b:ul Bt eRcInCag EdleRkaymkkøayCaemdwknaMEx μr Rkhm¦10. elak exov sMpn EdleRkaymkkøayCaRbmuxrdæénrbbExμrRkhmRtUv)anvaydM Rsatexa edaHGav ehIyftrUbedaynKr)alesøokBak;semøokbMBak;suIviledaysarEtKat;)an sresrenAkñúgsarB½t’manRbcaMs)aþh_ { L’Observateur GñksegátkarN_rbs;Kat;}11 .
semþcsIhnueRcInEtCMruj[GñksarB½t’manbreTstbtKñaeTAvijeTAmk e)aHBum
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
8 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
qñaM1975-1979 ¬qñaM sUnü¦
GñksarB½t’manRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaFatumYyénsgÁm {BYkcRkBtiþ} EdlEx μrRkhmRtUv e)assMGat ehIyGñksarB½t’mankm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
10 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
qñaM1991-1993 ³sm½yG‘untak;
bnÞab;BImankic©RBmeRBogsniþPaBTIRkug)a:rIs GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñGgÁkarshRbCaCati énkm000 eRKOg. viTüúRtUv)ancat;TukCa ]bkrN_d¾manRbsiTi§PaBbMputEdlG‘untak;)aneRbIedIm,IbBa©úHbBa©ÚlsaFarNCn Edlmin)anyl; c,as;las;GMBIkare)aHeqñat fakare)aHeqñatrbs;BYkeKKWCakarsm¶at;. edaymankarBnül;tam viTüúenHehIy )anCaRbCaBlrdæcMnYn 90° mankare)aHeqñatedaymanPaBeCOCak;24.
enAqñaM1993 viTüúG‘untak;)ancb;GaNÑtiþehIyRbKl;]bkrN_TaMgGs;[RksYgB½t’manEdl mantémøCaTwkR)ak;srub 4 landuløa. ]bkrN_PaKeRcIn)an)at;Gs; b:uEnþ]bkrN_xøHRtUv)an RbKl;[viTüúCatiEdlkMBugeRbIR)as;rhUtdl;sBVéf¶25.
qñaM 1993- 2008 ³ karrIkceRmIny:agelOn nigeFVITukçbukemñj
kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs nigrdæFm μnuBaØkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
12 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
kñúgqñaM1996 GñksarB½t’manmñak; RtUv)aneKeFVIXadedaysarkargarrbs;Kat;. mñak;eTot
KWCaGñkpSayviTüúhVú‘nsuInbiuc d¾l,IeQμaHRtUv)aneK)aj;bNþal[rbYsy:agF¶n;F¶r.
kñúgqñaM1996 dEdl tulakarkMBUl)antMkl;salRkmBIrkrNIepSgBIKña 1 KWbTbrihar ekrþ× b¤pSBVpSayB½t’manminBitecaTRbkan;bNÑaFikarsarB½t’manmñak;eQ μaH c½nÞ rtna nigkrNITI2 KWbNÑaFikarsarB½t’manmñak;eToteQ μaH Ehn viPaK fa)ansresrGtßbTRbmafemIlgaysemþc RkumRBH nigsemþc naykrdæm®nþI. GñksarB½t’manTaMgBIrnak;enH RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasdak;Bn§naKar ry³eBl 1 qñaM ehIyenH KWCakarpþnÞaeTas nigkarXMuXaMgelIkTI1 cab;taMgBIsm½yG‘untak; b:uEnþ bursTaMgBIrnak;enHRtUv)anedaHElgmYys)aþh_eRkay edayRBHmhakSRtRTg;RBHraCTaneTas.
kñúgExmina qñaM1996 bNÑaFikarénsarB½t’manPasaevotNamRbqaMgnwgkumμ úynIsþRtUv)an cab;xøÜntamGMeBIcitþ nigbBa¢ÚneTAevotNamEdlCakEnøgKat;RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasdak;Bn§naKar.
viTüú FM rbs;rdæ nigdMbUgeKEtmYyKt;KWviTüúCati FM 96 )ancab;epþImpSayenAkñúgExmina qñaM1999 EdlminEmnCa]bkrN_f μ IeTmantémøsrubRtwm900 duløaGaemrik .
qñaM1997 GñksarB½t’man4nak;RtUv)aneKeFVIXad. enAkñúgkarvayRbharedayRKab;Ebk édmYyeTAelIkarRbCMuénRkumneya)aymYy y:agticmanGñksarBt’man22nak; RtUvrgrbYsehIy mñak;eTot)ansøab;.
enAkñúgninñakarmYyEdlbnþrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ viTüú nigTUrTsSn_Cati )anepþatEteTAelI skmμPaBRBHmhakSRt semþc naykrdæmRnþI ¬rYmTaMgkarcak;pSayeLIgvijnUvsunÞrkfaTaMgRsug¦ nigskmμPaBrbs;mRnþInana. viTüú nigTUrTsSn_Cati k¾cak;pSayceRmog nigkmμviFIkMsanþpgEdr.
kñúgEx]sPa qñaM1997 sßanIyTUrTsSn_Cati enARkugRBHsIhnuRtUv)anvayRbharbNþal [Gñkbec©keTsmñak;)at;bg;CIvit eRkayBI ¬sßanIyEdlRKb;RKgedayKNbkSRbCaCnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
14 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
Gñksþab;¼TsSnikCn munnwgRkeLkeTAemIlRbB½n§pSayB½t’mankm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
16 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
RCavB½t’manmYycMnYn ¬dUcCar)aykarN_EdleKhamXat;sþIBIkarrksuIeQIxusc,ab; nigGMeBIBuk rlYyCaedIm¦ EdlrdæaPi)alEtgEthamXat;min[ecjpSay. dUcCasarB½t’manEdr lkçN³ TUeTAénGuInFWeNt KWPaKeRcIneRbIR)as;EtkñúgcMeNamGñkecHdwgenATIRkugtictYcEtb:ueNÑaH.
meFüa)ayEdl)anerobrab;mkxagelIenH KWCaviFIEdlBlrdækm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
18 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
sarB½t’man
mRnþIrdæaPi)al nigGñkeFVIGtßaFib,ayRbB½n§pSayB½t’maneRcInGHGagfa karrIkceRmInEpñk {sarB½t’man} km
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
20 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
KaMRTedayGñkneya)ayEdlmanGMNac b¤BaNiC¢kr ehIyvaqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvPaBlMeGog neya)aycMeBaHecAhVayxøÜnenAkñúgxøwmsarvicarNkfarbs;sarB½t’manenaH. cMeBaHkare)aHBum< sarB½t’mantUc² ecAhVay nigGñksresrvicarNkfarbs;eKGacnwgmankarpøas;bþÚrCaeRcIndg. GMLúgqñaM2000 témøRtwmEt 400 duløa b:ueNÑaHkñúg1ExedIm,ITijTwkcitþsarB½t’manmYyEdlecj pSayBIr-bIdgkñúgmYys)aþh_ b:uEnþbc©úb,nñ minc,as;fa {vaeLIgdl;éføb:un μan} eT37. ¬cMeBaH B½t’manbEnßmGMBIbBaðaBak;B½n§KñaeTAvijeTAmkrbs;km μsiTi§RbB½n§pSayB½t’man nigsunÞrkfalMeGog sUmGanEpñksþIBIkmμsiTi§RbB½n§pSayB½t’man GaCJab½NÑ niglMeGogEpñkneya)ay¦.
GñksarB½t’mankm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
22 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
Can;x
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
24 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
viTüú
eCaKC½yénviTüúG‘untak; nigkarEckcayviTüúcMnYn 346>000 eRKOg eday\tKitéførbs; GgÁkarshRbCaCatienAedImTsvtSr_1990 KWCakarcab;epþImeFVI[viTüúmanRbCaRbiyPaBy:ag elOnenAkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
26 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
enH)aneFVIenaH KWkarCYlema:gpSay[eTAKNbkSCMTas; EdlminGacsMuGaCJab½NÑviTüúxøÜnÉg)an edIm,IpSBVpSayTsSn³ nigkm μviFIneya)ayrbs;eK.
sMxan;bMput viTüúsm,úkXμ úM taMgBIqñaM1999 )anCYlema:gpSayeTA[viTüúGasuIesrI EdlCa viTüúpSaysemøgGnþrCatipþl;mUlniFiedayrdæaPi)alshrdæGaemrik ¬RFA¦ nigviTüúsemøgshrdæ Gaemrik ¬VOA¦. b:unμanqñaMfμ I²enH k¾)anCYlema:gpSayeTAsemøgRbCaFibetyü ¬VOD¦ Edl BImunCaEpñkmYyénGgÁkarsiTi§mnusS begáIteLIgedayelak kwm suxa EdleRkaymk)ancakecj BIGgÁkarenaH ehIymkbegáItKNbkSsiTi§mnusS. rdæaPi)alEtgEtbdiesFminpþl;GaCJab½NÑ[ viTüúGasuIesrI semøgshrdæGaemrik nigsemøgRbCaFibetyüeT.
RBwtiþb½RtsarB½t’manCaPasaExμr kmμviFIBiPakSatamTUrs½BÞ nigevTikarnanarbs;viTüúGasuI esrI semøgshrdæGaemrik nigsemøgRbCaFietyü RBmTaMgviTüúGnþrCati)araMg ¬EdlmansßanIy pÞal;xøÜn¦ eCOfa Cakm μviFImanRbCaRbiyPaB ehIyCaBiesscMeBaHGñksþab;enAPñMeBj45. TaMgGs; Kña eK)anpþl;nUvesckþIraykarN_ nigvicarNkfay:agmuWgm:at; nigÉkraCütamrlkFatuGakas EdlCakarTb;Tl;y:agsMxan;eTAnwgviTüúrdæaPi)alEdlRKbdNþb;elIslb;elIeK.
min)ac;egOgq¶l;eT GñksarB½t’manTaMgGs;enH ehIyCaBiessBYkEdlbeRmIkargarenA viTüúGasuIesrIEdll,IxagraykarN_BImUldæan nigKas;kkaybBaðakarkab;eQIxusc,ab; nigGMeBI BukrlYyEtgEtRbQmmuxCamYynwgkarKMramkMEhg nigbMPitbMP½y. GñkykB½t’manviTüúGasuI esrImYycMnYn)ancakecjBIRbeTsedaysarEtmankarKMramkMEhgdl;GayuCIvit.
eCIgÉkkñúgkarpSayRBwtiþb½RtsarB½t’man viTüúGasuIesrI nigsemøgshrdæGaemrikEdlcak; pSaytamry³viTüúsm,úkXμMú¬EdlBIedImRKan;EtpSaycUlmkkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
28 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
rbs;rdæaPi)al b¤CitsñiT§CamYynwgrdæaPi)al ehIyCaBiessCitditCamYyKNbkSRbCaCnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
30 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
B½t’manneya)ay. sßanIyenHpSayvIedGUxøI²sþIBIskm μPaBnayk rdæmRnIþ nigemdwknaMrdæaPi)al epSg²cuHBinitüemIlkargarsaFarN³ nigEckGMeNayry³eBlBIr bInaTI ehIykm μviFI {viPaK} B½t’manvijpSayKMaRTmaKa’KNbkSRbCaCnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
32 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
sarB½t’manPasaEx μrmYycMnYnk¾man {Evbsay} ¬eKhTMB½r¦dUcsarB½t’manPasabreTs Edr dUcCaPñMeBjb:usþ×CaedIm.
EvbsayB½t’manEdlKYr[kt;smÁal;mYyKW KI Media EdlmanBaküesøakfa {pSayEt B½t’manekþAKKukGMBIkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
34 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
bc©úb,nñmankøwbnigsmaKmGñksarB½t’mankm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
36 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
enAkñúgExkkáda qñaM2007 smaKmRbB½n§pSayB½t’mancMnYn 11 rYmKñaedIm,IbegáItRkum RbwkSaCatisarB½t’man58rYmmanGñkedIrtYsMxan;mYyKWsmaKmkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
38 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
shB½n§GñksarB½t’manGnþrCati KWCaGgÁkarGñksarB½t’manFMCageKbMputelIBiPBelak EdlmansmaCikRbEhl 500>000nak; enAkñúgRbeTsCag 100. shB½n§enHecjpSaynUv esckþIRbkasB½t’manGMBIkarvayRbharelIGñksarB½t’man nigbBaðaepSg²eToténRbB½n§pSay B½t’man. smaKmGñksarB½t’mankm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
40 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
GñkRKb;RKgCan;x25 eTA 5 duløa cMeBaHRBwtiþkarN_tUctac ehIyBI10 eTA 20 duløa cMeBaHRBwtiþkarN_FMCag. GñksarB½t’man TUrTsSn_mñak;)anGYtGMBIkarTTYl)an50 duløa CaRbcaMBIKNbkSkan;GMNacenAeBlEdlcUlrYm RBwtiþkarN_GVImYyenAtamextþ edayBnül;fa areFVIdMeNIrk¾RtUveKcMNay[Edr62.
vaCaerOgxusqÁgEdlGgÁkarmYycMnYncMNayR)ak;kas [RbB½n§pSayB½t’manedIm,I[eK cUlrYmkñúgRBwtiþkarN_NamYy. kareFVIEbbenH CakarCRmuj nigBRgwgbBaðasMxan;kñúgbBaðananaén RbB½n§pSayB½t’man-GñksarB½t’manrkcMNUl b¤sgÇwmfanwg)anTTYlR)ak;kasedIm,IcuHpSay ¬b¤ mincuHpSay¦ GtßbTmYy. minmanPaBxusKñaeRcIneBkeT rvagGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alcMNay R)ak;kas[GñksarB½t’manedIm,IcUlrYm nigraykarN_BIsniñsITsarB½t’man nigGñkneya)ay cMNayR)ak;kasedIm,I[GñksarB½t’mansresrvicarNkfasresIrGMBIGñkneya)ayenaH .
Gñkneya)ayCan;x
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
42 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
GMeBIBukrlYyEdlraldalTUeTAenAkñúgRbB½n§pSayB½t’man )aneFVI[mankarsgS½yy:agxøaMg GMBIbBaðafaetIGñksarB½t’manGacedIrtYCaGñkXøaMemIlkñúgkarebIkkkayGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarrMelaP epSg²RbRBwtþedaymRnþIrdæaPi)al b¤buKÁlmanGMNacEdr b¤Gt;? krNId¾sMxan;mYykñúgcMNucenHKW karRbkYtRbECgfμ I²Edlpþl;mUlniFiedaysßanTUtGaemrik ehIycat;EcgedaykøwbGñksarB½t’man km
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
44 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
rdæFmμnuBaØCati
katBVkic©GnþrCatienH RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;edaymaRta 31 énrdæFmμnuBaØkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
46 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
EtCabTel μ IsRBhμTNÐdEdl. elIsBIenHeTotenaH GñksarB½t’manNaEdlRtUv)anpþnÞaeTas BIbTbriharekrþ×GacRtUvCab;Bn§naKar RbsinebIKat;minmanlT§PaBbg;karBin½yEdlmantémøcenøaH BI250 eTAdl; 2500 duløa.
karecaTRbkan;mYyeTotEdlCaFm μta mkelIGñkeFVIkarenAkñúgRbB½n§pSayB½t’man ¬enAEt GnuvtþeTasCab;Bn§naKardEdl¦ KWkarpSayB½t’manminBit EdlmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta 62 énRkm RBhμTNÐGnþrkal. tambTbBaØtþienH GñksarB½t’man bNÑaFikar b¤ m©as;RbB½n§pSayB½t’manGac Cab;Bn§naKarrhUtdl; 3 qñaM cMeBaHkarEckcayB½t’manEdl {minBit RbDit Ekøgkøay b¤ P¢ab;B½t’manminBiteTAmnusSTI3Namñak;eTot} niyayfa eK)aneFVIEbbenHEmn {edaybMNg GaRkk; nigmanectnaBüa)aTeK} ehIynaM[ :rMxan b¤ TMngCaeFVI[rMxandl;sniþsuxsaFarN³ :71. lkçxNÐeRkayenH RbsinebIkarpSayenHGacRtUvrkeXIjfamanectnaBüa)aT ehIyva)anbNþal [mankarKMramkMEhgBit²dl; :sniþsuxsaFarN³} enaHnwgGacRtUvpþnÞaeTaskñúgkMritF¶n;b:uEnþFatu BitvapÞúyeTAvij. GñksarB½t’manCaeRcIn nigGñkÉeTotdUcCa emdwknaMGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasedayK μanPsþútagbniþcTal;EtesaHEdlGMeBIrbs;BYkeKCakarBüa)aT b¤ KMramdl; sniþsuxsaFarN³enaH.
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neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
48 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
elIsBIenHeTAeTot karP½yxøac nigkarRtYtBinitüxøÜnÉg nigkarkgVHesrIPaB Edl nieyaCk)anpþl;[sarB½t’manCaeRcIn edIm,Isresr[cM² nigRtwmRtUv)anbNþal[RbB½n§pSay B½t’mankm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
50 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
PaK 2³ esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti nigkarTTYl)an B½t’man
PaBCam©as;kmμsiTi§RbB½n§pSayB½t’man GaCJab½NÑ nig PaBlMeGog xagneya)ay
PaBCam©as;km μsiTi§RbB½n§pSayB½t’mankm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
52 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
caghaVgsarB½t’maneRbI\T§iBlelIkareRbIB½t’man
13%
16%
10%
29%
11%
21%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
KμancemøIy
kRm
Cajwkjab;
RbPB³ karsÞg;mtirbs;
tYnaTIrbs;rdæaPi)al
rdæaPi)al tamry³kareRbIR)as;xustYnaTIrbs;xøÜnkñúgnamCaGñkpþl;GaCJab½NÑ nigeFVIbT bBaØtiþ RBmTaMgPaBCam©as;énsarB½t’manrdæ)anedIrtYnaTInaMmuxeKCaGñkRtYtBinitüelIRbB½n§pSay B½t’manenAkñúgRbeTs. GMNacenH RtUv)anBRgwgEfmeTotedayrdæaPi)al b¤ mRnþIFM²EdleRcInEt edIrtYCaedImbNþwgenAkñúgtulakarcMeBaHkrNITaMgLaybþwgmkelIGñksarB½t’man.
rdæaPi)al KWCam©as;pÞal; nigCaRbtibtþikr (Operator) énTUrTsSn_km
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
54 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
cugeRkaybg¥s;rbs;xøÜn enAkñúgExkBaØa 2007 RksYg)anrkeRhVkg; ¬FM 106¦ pþl;CUnrdæelxa FikarRksYgkarbreTs mkBIKNbkSRbCaCneQ μaH ekA KwmhYn79.
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CaTIbBa©b; GaCJaFrrdæaPi)al b¤ GñkdwknaMrdæaPi)alCan;x
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
56 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
TUTsSn_)ay½nk¾mansßanIy viTüúpgEdr.
bNþajsßanIy TUrTsSn_km
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
58 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
RKb;RKgedayKNbkSRbCaCn km
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
60 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
Kitfa RbeTskm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
62 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
mnusS¦. CYnkalsßanIyenHsakl,gpSayvis½yxøHEdlxøÜnminKYrpSay b:uEnþbBa©b;;eTAvijy:ag elOn. kñúgkrNImYyEdl)anEføgkalBIExsIha 2006 semþcnaykrdæm®nþICMTas;nwgkm μviFI mYyEdl)anBiPakSaGMBIGMeBIBukrlYyehIysIuFIGiun)anbiTevTikaenaHPøam²mineGaypSBVpSay 99.
{enAeBl´EdlmaneBlTMenrBI suIFIGin ´RtLb;mkTIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI ehIybMeBj kargarrbs;´sRmab;semþcnaykrdæmRnþI}. mRnþIB½t’man elak CMu kusl;
eRkABICaGñkGtßaFib,ayd¾sMxan;mñak;rbs;TUrTsSn_suIFIGin nigCa {CamRnþIB½t’man} elak CMu kusl; k¾CaTIRbwkSarbs;semþcnaykrdæmRnþIpgEdr. tYnaTIrbs;elakenAkñúgsßanIysuIFIGin KW smÖasn_mRnþIbNþaextþ {edIm,IbgðajnUvsmiTi§plrbs;m®nþITaMgenaH} b:uEnþelakBMu)aneXIjTMnas; plRbeyaCn_enAkñúgkargarrbs;elakeT.
elak)anBnül;fa {´RtUvEbgEckeBlevlarbs;́ } enAeBl´EdlmaneBlTMenrBI suIFIGin ´RtLb;mkTIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI ehIybMeBjkargarrbs;´sRmab;semþcnaykrdæmRnþI} 100.
fVIt,itEtKNbkSRbCaCnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
64 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
raykarN_neya)ayrbs;TUrTsSn_suIFIGinCaTUeTARtUv)anBiBN’naedayRkumsegátkarN_e)aHeqñat mYyfa {manPaBlMeGogy:agxøaMg} eTAxagKNbkSRbCaCnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
66 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
viTüúesckþIRsLaj; FM¬sßanIy ceRmogRbCaRbiy¦
FM 97.5 m©as;BIrKWsalaRkugPñMeBj
nigRkumh‘un KCS Cambodia GBüaRkitü
viTüú FM eyaFa FM 98 m©as;BIrKWRksYgkarBarCati nigRkum h‘unéf. RKb;RKgedayelak Ganuca v:acara:t; fagka .
KNbkSRbCaCnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
68 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
KNbkSRbCaCnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
70 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
KNbkSRbqaMg sm rgSúI ¬nigKNbkSmunEdlmaneQ μaH KNbkSCatiEx μr¦ RtUv)anbdi esFCaeRcIndgkñúgkaresñIsMuGaCJab½NÑsßanIyviTüútaMgBIqñaM1996. b:uEnþKNbkSenH )anrkeXIj TIpSarviTüúedIm,I[sßanIyviTüú FM 93.5 rs;eLIgvij EdlBImunKWCasßanIyviTüúrbs;mRnþIKNbkS RbCaFibetyüesrIniymRBHBuT§sasnaEdlElgmaneTotehIyenAqñaM2003. vaenAminc,as;fa etIkic©karenHekIteLIgedayrebobNa ? b:uEnþtamRbPBxøHBnül;fa GaCJab½NÑsßanIyviTüúenHRtUv )anlk; b¤ CYl[GñkKaMRTKNbkS sm rgSúI EdlCaGtItmRnþIKNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrIniym RBHBuT§sasna. sßanIyenHk¾RtUv)aneKniyayfa )anTTYlplcMeNjCa]bkrN_ niigFnFan epSgeTot BIkarhUrcUlnUvmUlniFiBIviTüasßansaFarN³GnþrCatiEdlRbPBmUlniFimkBIrdæaPi)al shrdæGaemrik. sßanIyviTüú FM 93.5 KWCasßanIyEdleKeCOCak;famanTMenareTArkKNbkS sm rgSúI kñúgmatikarbs;xøÜn eTaHbICaGñksegátkarN_mYycMnYnniyayfa kalBIedIm)anxitxMeFVI[man tulüPaB ehIyminlMeGogenAkñúgesckþIraykarN_ B½t’manrbs;xøÜnk¾eday. bc©úb,nñenH sßanIy enHmanB½t’manxøÜnÉgtictYc ehIyPaKeRcInCYlema:gpSay[GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al. ¬m©as;viTüú FM 104 EdlmancMENkTItaMgenAkñúgsßanIyviTüú 93>5 Edr 113 enHKWCabBaðaminc,as; b:uEnþeKk¾ )ancat;TukfaCasßanIymYyEdlKaMRTKNbkS sm rgSúI Edr ¦.
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neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
72 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
edIm,IbegáItKNbkSEdlCasm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
74 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
sßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;neya)ay nigsarB½t’manRtYtBinitüxøÜnÉg. b:uEnþviC¢aCIv³ nigGBüa RkitüPaBrbs;GñksarB½t’manTaMgLayEdlbMerIkargarkñúgsßab½nTaMgenaH GacxusKña fVIt,itEt rdæaPi)alCYnkalecaTRbkan;GñkTaMgenaHfaCa]bkrN_bMBgsemøgrbs;BYkRbqaMgk¾eday k¾BYkGñk TaMgGs;enaHenAEtpSaynUvesckþIraykarN_d¾RtwmRtUv nigkarBiPakSaEvkEjkbBaðaTaMgGs;enaH EdlGñkÉeTotkRmnwgeFVI. BYkTaMgGs;enaHpSayB½t’mansþIBIkarkab;eQIxusc,ab; GMeBIBukrlYy nigerOgsμúksμajÉeTotEdlRbB½n§pSayB½t’manKaMRTKNbkSRbCaCnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
76 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
Cn}:119. b:uEnþRbEhlCaelIsBIkarKaMRTmaKa’KNbkSRbCaCnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
78 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
y:agxøaMg²edayK μanPsþútag b¤ karsMGagGVImYy. vak¾CaerOgFmμtapgEdrsRmab;sarB½t’man xus²KñaenAeBlNa EdlmanbBaðasμ úksμajmYy KWTaMgGs;KñaxVl;xVayEtBIkarCemøaHBaküsMdIeday minxitxMedIm,IerobcM[mankarpSay[mantulüPaB b¤ minlMeGogeLIy.
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neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
80 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
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neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
82 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
sßab½npSBVpSayB½t’manPasabreTssMxan;² KWPasaGg;eKøsrYmman Dw EXmbUDa edlI PñMeBjb:usþ× kaEstemKgÁEfm Edlcab;epþImfμ I² nigsarB½t’manPasa)araMgkaMbUds½r. sarB½t’man TaMgGs;suT§EtmanEpñkCaPasaEx μr elIkElgEtPñMeBjb:usþ×b:ueNÑaH.
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neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
84 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
BIrbIExeRkaymksarB½t’manenaH)anebIkeLIgvij ehIyGñkRKb;RKgmanlkçN³Tn;Pøn; CagmunCamYyrdæaPi)al. GtItbuKÁlikCaeRcInRtLb;eTAeFVIkarvij b:uEnþxøHmineTAeT BIeRBaHBYk Kat;eCOCak;fa BMumankarFanaRKb;RKan;dl;ÉkraCüPaB énkarsresrrbs;BYkKat;eT. buKÁlikEx μr nigbreTsmYycMnYnEdlFøab;eFVIkarenAkñúgsarB½t’manenaH )anebIksarB½t’mantamEvbsayCa Pasa)araMg nigEx μrEdlmanGasydæan ¬www.ka-set.info¦.
karbEnßmcugeRkaybg¥s;eTAelIsarB½t’manPasabreTs KWemKgÁEfm EdlebIkenABak; kNþalqñaM2008. sarB½t’manenHe)aHBum
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
86 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
mnusSRbePTenaH KWminsUvmaneXIjkñúgkBa©k;TUrTsSn_eT elIkElgEtbuKÁlenaHcUlrYmkñúgRBwtiþ-karN_NamYyEdlerobcMedayrdæaPi)al kñúgkrNIenHeKbgðajfamankarKaMRTrdæaPi)al.
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neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
88 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
LayEdlKaMRTKNbkSRbCaCnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
90 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
mñak; ehIyEdl)anrt;Pasn_xøÜnBIkarKMramkMEhgdl;GayuCIvitkalBIedImqñaM2007enH. TsSna vdþIenaHrYmmanGtßbT nigKMnUrnanaBiB½N’naGMBIbBaðasμúksμajmYycMnYn dUcCakarkab;eQIxusc,ab; karsmøab;emdwknaMshCIBesrIkmμkr elak Ca viC¢a nigGñkceRmog Bisidæ Bilika RBmTaMgsalakþI Ex μrRkhm. TsSnavdþITaMg2000 c,ab;RtUv)anrwbGUsedaynKr)al ehIyelak lwm Bisidæ nig GñkEckcaymñak;)anrt;BYnedayxøaceKcab; 139.
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bNÑaFikarmñak;manRbsasn_fa {erOgenHminRtwmRtUveT}. {k¾b:uEnþ c,ab;GnuBaØat[man
¬rwbGUskarpSBVpSayenH¦}140.
krNIsikSa ³ karbMePøcerOgecal
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neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
92 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
enAéf¶GaTitümYyminGacTak;TgelakrdæmRnþIRksYgbrisßan m:uk m:aert )aneLIy. elak rdæelxaFikarRksYgbrisßan exov mut bBa¢ÚnsMNYr[eTAsYrelakrdæelxaFikar ywm Kwms‘an EdlmanRbsasn_fatMbn;CRmkstVenaHminsßiteRkam»vaTrbs;elakeT 141.
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neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
94 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
eKkRmTTYl)aneCaKC½yNas; ehIyeRcInEtRtUvpþl;R)ak;kasdl;mRnþIfñak;eRkamedIm,IbBa¢ÚnsMeNI b¤ cMeBaH {éføe)aHBum
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
96 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
Xatkmμ148
elak FU can;mgÁl søab;éf¶TI11 mifuna 1994 .
elak FU can;mgÁl CaniBn§naykénsarB½t’manGnþraKmn¾ EdlecjpSayBIrs)aþh_mþg )ansøab;mYyéf¶eRkayBICYbRbTHeXIjelaksnøb; edaysarrbYsk,alenAtampøÚvmYyénTIRkug PñMeBj. CadMbUgnKr)al)anGHGagfa elakCaCnrgeRKaHedayeRKaHfñak;cracr bu:EnþeKBMueXIj manrbYsNaepSgeTotelIrUbragkayrbs;elakeLIy ehIym:UtUrbs;elakk¾mineXIjmansñam qáÚtEdr. munnwgelak mgÁl søab; sarB½t’manGnþraKmn_)ancuHpSayGtßbTCaeRcInecaTRbkan; rdæaPi)al nigmRnþIeyaFamYycMnYnfa)anRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy ehIykariyal½ysarB½t’manenH)an køayCaeKaledAénkarvayRbharedayRKab;Ebk kñúgExmina.
elak nn; can; RtUv)aj;søab; enAéf¶TI7 kBaØa 1994 .
elak nn; can; CabNÑaFikarénsarB½t’mansemøgyuvCnEx μr RtUv)anCnminsÁal;mux)aj; smøab;enAPñMeBj. elak nigbuKÁliksarB½t’manmYycMnYneTot)anraykarN_ fa )anTTYlkarKMramkMEhgdl;GayuCIvitmunnwgXatkm μenH)anekIteLIg. sarB½t’manrbs;elak)anriHKn;KNbkSRbCaCnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
98 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
enAkñúgkgkmøaMgsniþsux)anecjmk nig }sMlab;elak}. RbEhlCa edaysarGtßbTenaHehIy emIleTA)anCamankarsmøab;elak BIeRBaHGtßbTenaH)ancm¥k[vresnIyRtIy_enaHfaCamnusS Rsvwg nigKμansmtßPaB .
elak eCt dYgdara:vuF søab;enAkñúgkarvayRbharedayRKab;Ebkéd enAéf¶TI30
mina 1997 .
ansarB½t’man GñkRbyuT§ Edlfμ I²enH )anTTYlkar GnuBaØat[e)aHBum
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
100 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
eRkaymkKNbkShVú‘nsuInbuic )anyl;RBmcUlrYmkñúgrdæaPi)alcRmuHCamYyKNbkSRbCaCnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
102 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
GñksarB½t’manTaMgLayEdl)ansmÖasn_sRmab;r)aykarN_enH)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfakarRbRBwtþ rebobenHenAEtbnþehIyGacekInCagmunpgenAkñúgb:un μanqñaMf μ I²enH.
n_tamTUrs½BÞrvagelak m:m sUNg;dU CamYyskm
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enAExtula 2005 bBaðacRmUgcRmasGMBIbBaðasiTi§sBaØaRBMEdnkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
104 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
karKMramCak;Esþgrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkareRbIc,ab;kMLúgeBlsni§sBaØaRBMEdn km
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
106 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
GñksarB½t’manCan;x
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
108 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
Bisidæ³ ehtuGVI)anCaelakmkRbmaf´dUecñH ? burs³ BIeRBaHB½t’manGMBIéRBeQI GñkÉgdwgehIy Rby½tñKμandIsMrab;kb;GñkÉgeT.
karehATUrs½BÞenaH KWeKeRbITUrs½BÞsaFarN³tampøÚv ehIyeKmindwgfaGñkNaCaGñk ehAeT.
elak Bisidæ )anrt;eKceTARbeTséf bnÞab;BImanTUrs½BÞKMramEbbenH .
enAExbnÞab;BIelakRtLb;mkvij elak)ane)aHpSaynUvTsSnavdþIEdlmankarcRmUg cRmasmYyEdlRtUv)anham nigdkhUt. ehIyelakk¾rt;eKcxøÜnmþgeTot.
enAkñúgesovePApñt;rbs;elak sþIBIB½t’manTUeTAGMBIviTüúkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
110 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
Gnusasn_ sPaCati RBmTaMgshKmn_Cati nigGnþrCati
¬edIm,It
μaH nigpSayB½t’manminBitecjBIc,ab;RBh μTNÐ
CaBiess
CaBlrdæ
ak;
ac
ÐfμI RtUvGnuvtþeTAtambTdæanGnþrCati[)aneBj
Gnusasn_sRmab;raCrdæaPi)alkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
112 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
CaBiess sUm[karesuIbGegát[)anRtwmRtUv nigpþnÞaeTasRBhμTNÐnUvral;krNIhigSa mkelIGñksarB½t’man.
sUm[mRnþI nigmRnþIsaFarN³sMxan;²mYycMnYnÉeTotbgðajnUvkarGt;eGancMeBaHkarriHKn; nigeKarBsiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmtirbs;GñksarB½t’man ehIyp¥akbþwgGñksarB½t’man bTRBhμTNÐ.
¬rhUtdl;c,ab;sþIBIsarB½t’manRtUv)aneFVIviesaFnkmμ¦ sUmRksYgmhaépÞemtþakMup¥akGaCJa b½NÑsarB½t’man b¤sUmemtþakMurwbGUssmÖar³TaMgLayEdl)ane)aHBum
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
114 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
]bsm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
116 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
sMNYr6³ etIeK[muxgarGñkCaGVI?
2
2
9
29
1
5
5
12
2
10
10
22
21
54
7
19
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
epSg²
GñksRmbsRmY
GñkykB½t’manTUrTsSn
l[sarB½t’manGnþrCati
GñkftvIedGU
GñkftrUb
bNÑaFikarmþgmáal
GñkykB½t’manmþgmáal
GñkniBn§TsSnavdþI
GñkykB½t’TsSnavdþI
GñkniBn§sarB½t’manecjpSayRbcaMEx
GñkykB½t’manrbs;sarB½t’manecjpSayRbcaMEx
GñkniBn§sarB½t’manecjpSayRbcaMs)aþh_
GñkykB½t’manrbs;sarB½t’manecjpSayRbcaMs)aþh_
GñkniBn§rbs;sarB½t’manecjpSayRbcaMéf¶
GñkykB½t’manrbs;sarB½t’manpSayRbcaMéf¶
GñkniBn§¼Gñkplitkm μviFIviTüú
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_
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
118 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
sMNYr8 ¬k¦³ RbsinebICasmaCik etIsmaCikrbs;smaKmNamYy?
sMNYr8³ etIGñkCasmaCikrbs;smaKm b¤køwbRbBn§½pSayB½t’manmYyNaeT?
kñúgcMeNam40nak;EdleqøIy 12nak;CasmaCikrbs;køwbsarB½t’mankm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
120 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
sMNYr11³ etIR)ak;ebovtSr_bs;GñkRKb;RKan; edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;Gñk ¬nigRKYsarrbs;Gñk¦ Edrb¤eT?
9
122
10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
KμancemøIy
min)an
)an
sMNYr12³ etInieyaCkrbs;Gñkpþl;lT§PaB[ GñkeRbIR)as;kMuBüÚT½rsRmab;kargarrbs;GñkEdrb¤eT?
26
53
62
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
KμancemøIy
Kμan
man
sMNYr13³ etInieyaCkrbs;GñkpÁt;pÁg;karcMNayGVIxøHsRmab;Gñk?
41
9
37
28
28
36
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
hVIl¼smÖar³ftrUb
karctrfynþ
meFü
a)ayeFVIdMeNIr
Gahar
kartTUrsB½Þ
TUrsB½Þ
sMNYr14³ etIGñkmankargarepSgeTotEdrb¤eT eRkABIkargarcm,grbs;Gñk?
16
78
47
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
KμancemøIy
Kμan
man
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
122 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
sMNYr18³ RbsinebIGñkRtUvpþl;eyabl;sMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþaleTAGnaKtsMrab;Gñksar B½t’man etIGñkerIsRbFanbTGVIxøH? cMelIy³ 99nak; )anpþl;cMelIy RbFanbTEdl)aneRCIserIseRcInCageKKW GMeBIBukrlYy karrMelaPsiT§imnusS karrMelaPykdIFøI FnFanFm μCati brisßan viC¢aCIv³xagesuIbGegát viC¢aCIv³xagsresr¼xagsMPasn_ karGb;rM ksikm μ GPivDÆn_ RkmsIlFm’viC¢aCIv³xagsar B½t’man.
sMNYr19³ etIGñkyl;fa tYnaTIrbs;GñksarB½t’manKWCaGVI? ¬GaceqøIy)anelIsBImYy¦
28484
50 58
344
28 14
119
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
karTTYl)anB½t’man¬EpñkenHsMrab;GñksarB½t’man nigbNÑaFikar dUecñHGñkftrUb nigGñkftvIedGU TaMgburs nigRsþI sUmGeBa¢IjemIlsMNYrTI25¦
sMNYr20 ¬k¦³ GñkeqøIyCaeRcInnak;)ansMGageTAelIehtuplfa³ GñkTaMgGs; enaHCYyRbCaBlrdæ rkyutþiFm’CUnCnrgeRKaH rkPaBGyutþiFm’[elcecjmk RbRBwtþtameKalkarN_faRbCaBlrdæRKb;rUbmansiT§ies μ IKña nigxitxMCMruj[mankar EklMGrbs;\riyabTrbs;rdæaPi)al.
RKan;CakargarmYybu:eNÑaH esuIbGegátGMeBIBukrlYy
kitþinampÞal;xøÜn bNaÑFikar ¼ Gñkplitkm μviFI
KaMRTsißrPaB nigsnþiPaB
RbtibtþitamkarENnaMrbs; pþl;B½t’mandl;saFarNCn
KaMRTKNbkSneya)ay pSBVpSayB½t’man[rdæaPi)al
KaMRTkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©
esIubGegátkarrMelaPsiT§imnusS
sMNYr20³ {GñkkarBarsiT§imnusS} KWCabuKÁlmñak;EdlkarBarsiT§irbs;RbCaBlrdædéTeTot edayeRbIGhigSa. etIGñkKitfaxøÜnGñk CaGñkkarBarsiT§imnusSEdrb¤eT?
14
7
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
KμancemøIy
eT
)aT ¼ c+as
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
124 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
`
RbPBfñak;Rsuk
20
9
49
58
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
KμancemøI
y
Bi)akNas;
Bi)ak
gayRsYl
gayRsYlNas;
RbPBfñak;extþ
19
27
63
26
6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
KμancemøIy
Bi)akNas;
Bi)ak
gayRsYl
gayRsYlNas;
RbPBBIrdæaPi)alEdlminbeBa¢jeQ μaH
32
19
56
24
10
KμancemøIy
Bi
0 10 20 30 40 50
)akNas;
Bi)ak
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gayRsYlNas;
RbPBBIRksYg
29
33
60
18
1
KμancemøIy
Bi
gayRsYlNas;
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
)akNas;
Bi)ak
gayRsYl
60
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
126 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
RbPBBIGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al
20
4
15
62
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
KμancemøIy
Bi)akNas;
Bi)ak
gayRsYl
gayRsYlNas;
RbPBBIGñkeFVICMnYj
31
5
50
38
17
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
KμancemøIy
Bi)akNas;
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gayRsYl
gayRsYlNas;
RbPBBImitþPkþi
24
1
4
69
43
KμancemøIy
Bi
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
)akNas;
Bi)ak
gayRsYl
gayRsYlNas;
RbPBBICnrgeRKaH
20
1
7
70
43
KμancemøIy
Bi
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
)akNas;
Bi)ak
gayRsYl
gayRsYlNas;
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
128 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti
sMNYr26³ etIbBaða3FMbMput EdlGñkRbQmCamYynwgkargarrbs;GñkKWGVIxøH? cMelIyCaeRcInTak; TgeTAnwgkarTTYlB½t’man ¬Bi)akkñúgkarTTYlB½t’man nigsMPasn_CamYynwgm®nþIrdæaPi)alRBm TaMgm®nþIepSg²eTot¦ bBaðasnþisux ¬karKMramkMEhg¦ nigkgVHxatfvika b¤FnFan.
sMNYr25³ etIGñkBiBN’naGMBIesrIPaBénRbB½n§pSayB½t’manenAkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
130 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
sMNYr33³ etIGñkFøab;TTYlR)ak;kas b¤ rgVan; kñúgkarsresrerOgra:v[eKeBjcitþ b¤
minsresrEdrb¤eT?
14
25
84
18
0 20 40 60 80 100
KμancemøIy
mincg;niyay
eT
)aT¼ca++s
sMNYr32³ etIGñkman)andwgB¤ BIGñksarB½t’manEdlTTYlR)ak;kas b¤ rgVan;
edIm,IkuMGñkraykarN_BIkrNINamYyEdrb¤eT?
20
73
48
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
KμancemøIy
eT
)aT¼ca+s
sMNYr35³ etIGñkmandwgB¤pÞal;
GMBImitþPkþikñúgkarRbB½n§pSayB½t’manEdlTTYlnUvkarKMramkMEhg kñúgkarsresrGtßbT b¤
karesuIbGegátEdrb¤eT?
21
54
66
Kμanc
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
emøIy
eT
)aT¼ca+s
sMNYr34³ etIGñkFøab;TTYlR)ak;kas b¤ rgVan; ¬eRbgsaMg¦ sMrab;cUlrYmsnñisITEdrb¤eT?
13
18
63
47
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
KμancemøIy
mincg;niyay
eT
)aT¼ca+s
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
132 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
sMNYr36¬K¦³ etIbBaðaGVIEdlbNþal[mankarKMramkMEhg?
102
sMNYr36¬X¦³ etIGñk)ansÁal; GñkEdlKMramkMEhgb¤eT?
73
25
43
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
KμancemøIy
eT
)aT¼ca+s
1 3
4 29
44
2 21
4 20
4 22
0
1 1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
FnFanFm μCati ksik
epSg²
mμ dIFøI
suxPaB karGb;rM
siT§imnusS vb,Fm’ muxCMnYj
neya)ay
KmnaKm
kare)aHeqñat
n_ kic©karGnþrCati B½t’manGnþrCati GMeBIBukrlYy
sMNYr36¬g¦³ etIkarKMramkMEhgenH man\T§iBlGVIxøH dl;kargarrbs;Gñk? ¬GñkGaceqøIyelIsBImYy)an¦
3
5
2
3
18 18
24 48
14
0 epSg²
cakecjBIRbeTs pøas;bþÚrTIlMenA pøas;bþÚrkargar
seRmccitþminpSBVpSay pøas;bþÚrGtßbT
P½yxøac anb:HBaKμ l;
sMNYr37³ etIGñkFøab;TTYlkarvayRbharelIrUbragkayedaysarGtßbT b¤
karesuIbGegátb¤eT?
20
115
6
KμancemøIy
eT
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
)aT¼ca+s
bBaÄb;karykBt½manenaHeTot
20 6010 30 40 50
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
134 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
sMNYr39¬K¦³ ehtuGVI)anCaGñkminmanemFavI? 8nak;eqøIyfa K μanlT§plrkemFavI 2nak;eqøIyfa tulakarmin[Kat;ykemFavI 2nak;eqøIyfa cg;karBaredayxøÜnÉg 1nak;)aneqøIyfa emFavIbdiesFminRBmkarBar nig1nak;eToteqøIyfa {tulakarebIsvnakaredayBuMmansakSI }.
sMNYr39¬k¦³ RbsinCaebImankarecaTRbkan; etIkarecaTRbkan;RbePTNa?
2
2
2
3
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
epSg²
bMBanc,ab;sarB½t’man
jú:Hjg;
B½t’manminBit
brihaekr×þ
14
sMNYr39¬x¦³ RbsinebIGñkRbQmmuxnwgkarecaTRbkan; etIGñkmanemFavIb¤eT?
15
10
0 5 10 15 20
eT
)aT¼ca+s
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
136 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
]bsm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
138 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
CamYyKñaenHpgEdr GñksarB½t’manxøHk¾BukrlYyEdrkñúgkarsresrB½t’manrbs;BYkeK ¬Ca Biess B½t’manTak;Tgdl;BYkeK¦ nigsMNYresuIbepSg²eTot. lT§plénkarsÞg;mtienHRtUv)an ykmkeRbobeFobCamYynwgkarsMPasn_ya:gsIuCMerAEdlmanGtßn½y nigxøwmsardUcEdlmanelIk eLIgkñúgenH. ]TahrN_ RbPBB½t’manCaeRcInniyayfaGñksarB½t’manesÞIrEtTaMgGs;EdlbeRmI kargar[sarB½t’manPasaEx μrKW)anTTYlyksMNUkbnþicbnþÜc b:uEnþkarsÞg;mtimanRtwmEt33° EdleqøIyfa )anTTYlsMNUkenAkMLúgeBlcUlrYmsniñsITkaEst. eTaHbICamanEdnkMNt;TaMg enHk¾eday k¾karBit 1PaK3rbs;GñkeqøIy)anbBa¢ak;fakarTTYlyksMNUkKWCakarrkeXIjd¾man sar³RbeyaCn_bMput ehIyKaMRTnUvKMnitEdlRtUv)anGHGagedayK μanPsþútaMgfaRbB½n§sarB½t’man enAkm
neya)ay R)ak;kas nigkarP½yxøac RKb;RKgRbBn½§pSayB½t’mankm
140 karEsVgyl;cMeBaHGtßn½yEdlemIlmineXIj ¬r)aykarN_lIkadU¦
National Institute of Statistics & Directorate General for Health [Cambodia], and ORC Macro, Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2000
O’Keefe, Kathleen, The Media and HIV/AIDS in Cambodia: A Country Assessment, Internews/DFID, May 2005
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