Los gobernadores, ¿convidados de piedra en la relación ejecutivo-legislativo? Construcción de un nuevo instrumento de medición para el abordaje del fenómeno - Alejandro Coronel,

7/31/2019 Los gobernadores, ¿convidados de piedra en la relación ejecutivo-legislativo? Construcción de un nuevo instrumen…

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VJQX Hgxg 73- I° 7-

47

MJQ CJOD_IGHJ_DQ- ºAJIUKHGHJQ HD VKDH_G DI MG _DMGAKÑI D@DATXKUJ,MDCKQMGXKUJ: AJIQX_TAAKÑI HDTI ITDUJ KIQX_TLDIXJ HD LDHKAKÑI VG_G DM

GOJ_HG@D HDM EDIÑLDIJ

vjr Gmd̀ gihrj Ajrjidm* { Odrigrhj Pglkabkdk**

K) Kixrjhtaakñi

Di mg akdiakg vjmìxkag ljhdrig qji bgokxtgmdq mjq dqxthkjq di xjrij g mgrdmgakñi dixrd mjq vjhdrdq D`datxkuj { Mdckqmgxkuj- lçq dqvdaìekagldixd mg rdmg,akñi dixrd dm D`datxkuj { mgq ujxgakjidq hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq kiamt{dihj di qtgiçmkqkq g gaxjrdq xgmdq ajlj mjq vgrxkhjq vjmìxkajq) Vgrg dm agqj grcdixkij aji,xdlvjrçidj- tig ujxgakñi hd gmxg rdmdugiakg vjmìxkag { hd kixdrëq kiudqxkcgxkujbg qkhj mg hdm vrj{daxj wtd diukgrg dm Vjhdr D`datxkuj vrjatrgihj mg ajiekrlg,

akñi hd mg _dqjmtakñi 7?4 hdm Lkikqxdrkj hd Dajijlìg qjord rdxdiakjidq lñukmdqg mgq dvjrxgakjidq gcrjvdatgrkgq "vrj{daxj VD 671,62 hd rgxkekagakñi hd mg_dqjmtakñi LD 7?462+) Mg rdmdugiakg hd dqxd bdabj qd bgmmg xgixj di mgdqagmghg hdm ajiemkaxj { qtq ajiqdatdiakgq vjmìxkaj,kiqxkxtakjigmdq ajlj di mghkqatqkñi hd ejihj wtd diakdrrg dm dlvmdj hd rdxdiakjidq ajlj kiqxrtldixjhd ajixrjm hd vrdakjq- rdhkqxrkotakñi hd cgigiakgq { ‘mj wtd cdidrñ mgq lg{j,rdq hkqatqkjidq mdcgmdq‘ ajlj agrcg xrkotxgrkg)

Di dedaxj- dm hdogxd vjr mgq rdxdiakjidq lñukmdq ajorñ dqxghj vðomkaj

di lgrpj hd ?662 { mg hdlgihg hdm qdaxjr gcrjvdatgrkj tikekañ g mgq atgxrjdixkhghdq wtd mj rdvrdqdixgi- wtd bgqxg dixjiadq qjmìgi qdr ajiqkhdrghgqajlj gixgcñikagq) Dm ikudm hd ajiemkaxkukhgh vjmìxkag { qjakgm mmduñ g wtdgmctijq dqcrklkdrgi wtd akdrxjq qdaxjrdq bgoìgi kiqxgmghj ti ”amklg hd hdq,dqxgokmkpgakñi“ vgrg bgadr vdmkcrgr mg ajixkitkhgh hdm gaxtgm cjokdrij) Digrgq hd erdigr ti vgrj hdm qdaxjr gcrjvdatgrkj wtd ij xtuj gixdadhdixdq di mg

* Tikudrqkhgh Agxñmkag Grcdixkig- D,lgkm0 gmd`gikFclgkm)ajl)**

Tikudrqkhgh LgklñikhdqKiqxkxtxj Tikudrqkxgrkj hd Cdihgrldrìg Igakjigm Grcdixk,ig) D,lgkm0 pglkabkdk34Fbjxlgkm)ajl)

VJQX Hgxg 73- I°7- Gorkm?67?- KQQI 7474,?6;R- "vçcq) 47,;2+



4?

Grcdixkig- mg Vrdqkhdixd hd mg _dvðomkag diukñ gm Ajicrdqj ti vrj{daxjrgxkekaghjr hd mg ldhkhg di hkqvtxg- dqvdrgihj ti rdqtmxghj egujrgomd hghgqmgq lg{jrìgq aji mgq wtd ajixgog qt cjokdrij di glogq açlgrgq) Dm ljldi,

xj lçq rdmdugixd hd xjhj dm ajiemkaxj dqxtuj hghj di mg lghrtcghg di wtd dmvrj{daxj etd rdabgpghj di dm Qdighj hd mg Igakñi- xrgq ti dlvgxd wtd hd`ñmg hdakqkñi ekigm di lgijq hdm Ukadvrdqkhdixd hd mg Igakñi)

Dqxd hdqdimgad mmdug g vmgixdgr hkqxkixjq kixdrrjcgixdq0 ºatçm etd dmarkxdrkj hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq "qdighjrdq {j hkvtxghjq+ g mg bjrg hd ujxgr: º_dq,vjihkdrji g atdqxkjidq hd khdjmjcìg vgrxkhgrkg "”ajbdqkñi“+- hkqakvmkig vgrxk,hgrkg j g mjq kixdrdqdq hdm xdrrkxjrkj di dm atgm etdrji dmdaxjq: G mj atgm- { xdikdihj di atdixg mg glvmkg hketqkñi hd mgq vjqxtrgq hd mjq cjodrighjrdq gm

rdqvdaxj- vjhrìgljq gcrdcgr- º`tcgrji mjq cjodrighjrdq ti rjm klvjrxgixddi mg hdxdrlkigakñi hdm ujxj hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq: Di xgm agqj ºhd wtë ejrlg:-ºejrxgmdakdihj mg hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg j rdqwtdorg`çihjmg:

Vjr jxrj mghj- { qkctkdihj dm qdixkhj hd mj {g vmgixdghj- ºdqxj dq gmcjqjmgldixd joqdrugomd vgrg mg ujxgakñi hd mg _dqjmtakñi 7?4 j xglokëi mj dqvgrg jxrgq ujxgakjidq:- ºdq vjqkomd joqdrugr gmcði vgxrñi hd ajlvjrxglkdi,xj: Di glogq qkxtgakjidq qd cdidrg ti kixdrrjcgixd qjord gmcj vrdukj0 ºañljrdckqxrgrmj: j mkqg { mmgigldixd ºañlj ldhkrmj:

Xjhj mj vmgixdghj ejrxgmdad dm kixdrëq gaghëlkaj vjr gigmkpgr dm ajl,vjrxglkdixj hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq g mg mtp hd ajiadvxjq xgmdq ajlj ”ajbdqkñikhdjmñckag“- ”hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg“ di dm Ajicrdqj hd mg Igakñi j dm ikudm hdklvjrxgiakg gqkcighj vjr mjq mdckqmghjrdq g mjq xdrrkxjrkjq g mjq wtd rdvrdqdi,xgi "gm wtd mmglgrdljq ”xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh“+) Vdrj dm kixdrëq gaghëlkaj etihg,ldixgm rdqkhd di dm bdabj hd kiajrvjrgr dlvìrkagldixd mg kiemtdiakg hd akdr,xjq gaxjrdq wtd bgqxg gbjrg ij bgi rdakokhj qtekakdixd gxdiakñi di mgq kiudq,xkcgakjidq qjord mg lgxdrkg0 mjq cjodrighjrdq)

Hd dqxg lgidrg- dm vrdqdixd xrgog`j xkdid ajlj jo`dxkuj dm hdqgrrjmmjhd ti ìihkad wtd vdrlkxd ldhkr hkabg kiemtdiakg- gm wtd mmglgrdljq ”Ìihkadhd Kihdvdihdiakg,Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh“ "KX+- dm atgm ijq vdrlkxd mtdcj kihgcgrgadrag hd mgq kiqxgiakgq wtd kiemt{drji di dm rdabgpj hd mg _dqjmtakñi 7?4"ajlj xglokëi di mjq rdqtmxghjq hd jxrgq ujxgakjidq amgudq hd mjq g÷jq ?662-?66; { ?6767+- rdmgakjigihj mgq ugrkgomdq ajbdqkñi vgrxkhgrkg { xdrrkxjrkgm-

7 Mg vrdqdixd kiudqxkcgakñi xkdid vjr ekigmkhgh rdgmkpgr ti qdctklkdixj vdrlgidixd hdhkabjq ajlvjrxglkdixjq mdckqmgxkujq- qk okdi gm vrdqdixd qñmj qd hkqvjidi hd mjq hgxjq hd

mgq ujxgakjidq hd mjq g÷jq ?662 g ?676- wtdhgihj mgq hd jxrjq g÷jq vgrg qdr gigmkpghgqdi ti etxtrj vrñklj)

Gmd`gihrj Ajrjidm { Odrigrhj Pglkabkdk




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aji dm jo`dxkuj hd hdxdaxgr hñihd qd hkj lçq qkcikekagxkugldixd dm vdqj qjordmg hdakqkñi hdm mdckqmghjr0 qk di rdqvjihdr ekdmldixd g mg hkqakvmkig hdm vgrxkhjgm wtd vdrxdidad j g mjq kixdrdqdq hdm hkqxrkxj gm atgm rdvrdqdixg di dm Ajicrd,

qj- ajixrgqxçihjmj aji mgq vjqxtrgq hd qtq cjodrighjrdq)Vgrg dmmj- dm vrdqdixd grxìatmj ajldipgrç aji tig vrjetqg rdukqkñi xdñ,

rkag hd mjq hkqxkixjq diejwtdq ukcdixdq ghjvxghjq vgrg dm gojrhg`d hd mg rdmg,akñi D`datxkuj,Mdckqmgxkuj vgrg mtdcj gugipgr qjord mgq dqxrgxdckgqldxjhjmñckagq dlvmdghgq vgrg rdgmkpgr mgq ldhkakjidq dlvìrkagq) Di qdcti,hj xërlkij- qd hdqgrrjmmgrçi lçq dqvdaìekagldixd xjhjq mjq gqvdaxjq mñckajq { ldxjhjmñckajq wtd mmdugi g mg ajiqxrtaakñi hdm ldiakjighj ìihkad hd Kihd,vdihdiakg,Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh "KX+) Vjr ðmxklj- qd gvmkagrç dqxd itduj ìihkad hd

Kihdvdihdiakg,Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh "KX+ di mgq ujxgakjidq mdckqmgxkugq hd ?662,?66; vgrg ekigmkpgr aji ajiamtqkjidq wtd vrjudgi itdugq vdrqvdaxkugq qjordmg xdjrìg { mgq ejrlgq hd ldhkakñi {g dkqxdixdq { gojid dm aglkij g mg cdid,rgakñi hd itdugq { ld`jrdq ajlvrdiqkjidq hd mg hkiçlkag mdckqmgxkug)

KK) Dqxghj hdm grxd

Dkqxdi itldrjqjq dqxthkjq dlvìrkajq di lgxdrkg hd ajbdqkñi vgrxk,hgrkg di mjq mdckqmgxkujq igakjigmdq "Ojsmdr dx gm) 7;;;- Bgpgi ?661+ dirdedrdiakg g hkudrqjq egaxjrdq kiqxkxtakjigmdq) Vjr ldiakjigr gmctijq0 mjq od,idekakjq { ajqxjq hd mg hkqakvmkig vgrg mjq lkdlorjq hdm vgrxkhj "Gqbsjrxb { Otdij hd Ldqwtkxg ?668+- mg xdiqkñi dixrd mjq kixdrdqdq ajmdaxkujq hd mjqvgrxkhjq { mjq kixdrdqdq vdrqjigmdq hd qtq agihkhgxjq "Ekjrkig 7;33- Ngxp7;26- Aj 7;23- Gldq 7;;?- LaAtookiq { _jqdiomtxb 7;;8- _ddh 7;;8+dm uìiatmj dixrd dm ”ujxj di omjwtd“ { mg ekigiakgakñi vgrxkhgrkg "Wtkii ?66?+-

mg kihkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg di qkqxdlgq hd vgrxkhj bdcdlñikaj "Hìgp _dojmmdhj?664+ { mg gtqdiakg hd rddmdaakñi kildhkgxg hd mdckqmghjrdq ajlj agtqg vrki,akvgm hd mg hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg "Tcgmhd ?666- Lgcgr { Sdmhji ?667- Igake ?66?+)

Vjr qt vgrxd- qd rdckqxrgi hkudrqgq xdihdiakgq gaghëlkagq di mg rdmgakñitikhgh vgrxkhgrkg { qkqxdlg vjmìxkaj) Gqì- gmctijq dqxthkjq qjqxkdidi wtd mjqvgrxkhjq qd agrgaxdrkpgi cdidrgmldixd vjr qdr gmxgldixd ajbdqkjighjq diqkqxdlgq vgrmgldixgrkjq { vrdqdixgi vjag tikhgh di qkqxdlgq vrdqkhdiakgmkqxgq-cdidrgihj vrjomdlgq di dm dqxgomdaklkdixj hd gcdihg mdckqmgxkug vjr vgrxdhdm D`datxkuj "Mkip 7;;8- Hkdrldkdr { Edhhdrqdi 7;;2- Qbtcgrx 7;;2- Bk-

Mjq cjodrighjrdq- ºajiukhghjq hd vkdhrg di mg rdmgakñi)))



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Ijtr{ { _jmgih ?66?- Vdrqqji { Xgodmmkik ?661+) Qki dlogrcj- dkqxdikiudqxkcgakjidq wtd ajixrghkadi dqxgq gekrlgakjidq di mg ldhkhg di wtd hdq,xgagi di qt giçmkqkq dm vgvdm hd mjq vrdqkhdixdq di mg ejrlgakñi hd ajgmkakjidq

mdckqmgxkugq wtd md qdgi egujrgomdq "Ekctdkrdhj { Mkljick ?666- Gljrkl Idxj?66?- Qkgudmkq ?66?- Sdmhji ?66?- Abdkoto- Vrpdsjrqnk { Qgkdcb ?668+)

Dqvdaìekagldixd di rdmgakñi g mjq xrgog`jq gaghëlkajq qjord hkqakvmkigvgrxkhgrkg { hkldiqkñi xdrrkxjrkgm- ëqxjq vtdhdi qdr gcrtvghjq di hkudrqjqdiejwtdq hd kiudqxkcgakjidq) Dm vrkldr crtvj diagrg dm xdlg dlvmdgihj dmÌihkad hd _kad "7;?4+ j tig vjihdrgakñi hd ëqxd ajlj bdrrglkdixg hdldhkakñi hd mg hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg "Ñpothti 7;36- Gldq ?666+- tokagi,hj vgrg agqjq ajlj dm grcdixkij rdqtmxghjq hdm ;2 vjr akdixj hd ajbdqkñi

"Ljrcdiqxdri ?661+)Dm jxrj crtvj hd kiudqxkcgakjidq bgmmg rdqtmxghjq lt{ hkudrqjq- diag,

rgihj dm xdlg di rdmgakñi g mg hkldiqkñi xdrrkxjrkgm- di vgrxkatmgr mg ukiatmg,akñi dixrd mg ajbdqkñi vgrxkhgrkg { mgq hkldiqkjidq khdjmñckag { xdrrkxjrkgm"Ljji ?664- LaDmrj{ ?663+- { mg rdmgakñi hd mg ajbdqkñi vgrxkhgrkg aji mgqrdcmgq dmdaxjrgmdq "Qgrxjrk 7;35- Tqmgidr 7;24- @gajoqji 7;;6- Lgkisgrkic7;;7- Gldq 7;;?- Cdhhdq { _kodkrj Idxj 7;;?- Qbtcgrx { Ikdmqji 7;;1+-dqvdakgmldixd mg lg{jr j ldijr xdihdiakg g gagxgr mg hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg

di rdmgakñi g mjq qkqxdlgq tikijlkigm vjr akratiqarkvakjidq- vrjvjrakjigm { lkxj "Lgqqkajxxd { Omgkq 7;;;- Qbtcgrx ?667- Qbtcgrx { Sgxxdiodrc ?667-Ntikajug { _dlkicxji ?662+ j di rdmgakñi g mjq qkqxdlgq dmdaxjrgmdq wtdvdrlkxdi mg ajlvdxdiakg di dmdaakjidq cdidrgmdq dixrd ugrkjq agihkhgxjq vjrti lkqlj vgrxkhj- ajlj dq dm agqj hd mgq mkqxgq hd ”mdlgq“ "Gldq 7;;4-Abgic { Cjmddi ?667- Bk ?668+)

Gm lkqlj xkdlvj- jxrjq gtxjrdq "Abdkoto- Ekctdkrdhj- Mkljick ?666+qjqxkdidi wtd mg crgi etdixd hd cdidrgakñi hd hkqakvmkig dqxç hghg ij vjr mgq

agrgaxdrìqxkagq hdm qkqxdlg dmdaxjrgm qkij vjr mg jrcgikpgakñi hdm vgrxkhj di dmAjicrdqj { vjr mg agvgakhgh hd ëqxd vgrg jerdadr kiadixkujq g aghg tij hd qtqlkdlorjq "ijlorglkdixjq di vrdqkhdiakgq hd ajlkqkjidq- vjr d`dlvmj vjrvgrxd hdm mìhdr hd mg ogiaghg+- gqjakçihjqd hd dqxg lgidrg mjq vgrxkhjq gagrxdmdq "@jidq ?66?- @jidq { Bsgic ?664- Agmuj ?663- Aj { LaAtokiq?663+)

Vrdakqgldixd dqxjq ðmxkljq rdgmkpgi qtq dqxthkjq qjord dm agqj grcdixk,ij {- ogqçihjqd di mgq ujxgakjidq ijlkigmdq hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq- ajiamt{diwtd mjq vrkiakvgmdq vgrxkhjq grcdixkijq cjpgi hd gmxg hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg { ghukdrxdi qjord mg agvgakhgh hd mjq cjodrighjrdq hd kiemtkr di dm Mdckqmgxkuj





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hdokhj gm vjhdr wtd xkdidi qjord mjq hkvtxghjq { qdighjrdq vrjudikdixdq hdqtq vrjukiakgq) Dqxj klvmkag tig kixdrdqgixd rtvxtrg erdixd g xrgog`jq hdjxrjq gtxjrdq "vjr d`dlvmj Ltqxgvka ?666+ wtd vgrg dm agqj grcdixkij gigmk,

pgi mg rdmgakñi D`datxkuj,Mdckqmgxkuj etihgldixgmldixd ajlj ajixrjm hdgcdihg joqdrughj g xrguëq hd mjq udxjq vrdqkhdiakgmdq) Vgrg dmmj rdgmkpgi tigdqvdakd hd ghgvxgakñi hd mg xdjrìg hdm agrxdm hdqgrrjmmghg dqvdaìekagldixdvgrg dm agqj dqxghjtikhdiqd "mg atgm qjqxkdid wtd mjq mdckqmghjrdq ‘ijrxd,gldrkagijq‘ vjqddi akdrxg gtxjijlìg vgrg ajixrjmgr qtq vrjvkgq agrrdrgqvjmìxkagq { hdmdcgi vjhdr g mjq mìhdrdq igakjigmdq di mg ldhkhg wtd dqxj vrj,ltdug qtq vrjvkjq kixdrdqdq vjmìxkajq+) Gqì- qdcði qtq vgmgorgq qk ti dxrdljdq dm wtd vmgixdg dm qkqxdlg ijrxdgldrkagij- { dm jxrj dq dm vrjhtaxj hd ti

qkqxdlg hd vgrxkhjq adixrgmkpghjq- vgìqdq ajlj mg Grcdixkig qd qkxðgi di tigvjqkakñi kixdrldhkg- rgpñi vjr mg atgm dq hgomd gvmkagr mg xdjrìg hdm agrxdmrdghgvxghg "@jidq { Bsgic ?664+)

Mj kiijughjr hdm agqj grcdixkij "dixrd jxrjq vgìqdq+ dqxç hghj vjrwtdmg ekctrg amgud dq dm ̀ ded vgrxkhgrkj qtoigakjigm- dm atgm hdmdcg "ij {g dm mdckq,mghjr+ akdrxgq vjxdqxghdq gm vjhdr adixrgmigakjigm di etiakñi hd wtd dqxjegujrdpag g qtq vrjvkjq jo`dxkujq d kixdrdqdq "di ejrlg hd xrgiqedrdiakgq lj,idxgrkgq- qtoqkhkjq- agrcjq di mg ghlkikqxrgakñi vðomkag igakjigm- vjr akxgr

gmctigq gaakjidq vrjvkgq hdm vgxrkljikgmkqlj+) Qki dlogrcj- mjq rdqtmxghjqdlvìrkajq hd mgq ujxgakjidq ijlkigmdq gigmkpghgq vjr dqxjq gtxjrdq ij mjcrgihgr atdixg hd xgm kiemtdiakg- gxrkot{dihj wtd dqxg kiemtdiakg qd hg hd tigejrlg kihkrdaxg- g xrguëq hd mjq vrjadhklkdixjq { vrjadqjq mdckqmgxkujq g{t,hgihj gqì gm ajixrjm hd mg gcdihg vjr vgrxd hd mg lg{jrìg) Qki dlogrcj- gm ijvjhdr qdr rdckqxrghj vjr kixdrldhkj hd mgq ujxgakjidq ijlkigmdq hd mjq mdckq,mghjrdq- dqxg vjqkomd dvmkagakñi bg wtdhghj di mg mkxdrgxtrg gaghëlkag ajljmg ldrg ldiakñi xdñrkag hd ajiqkhdrgakjidq kixtkxkugq j vdrkjhìqxkagq vjmìxk,

agq- qki ajixrgqxgakñi dlvìrkag wtd mj qtqxdixd j rdetxd) Dm vtixj adixrgmrghkag di wtd lçq gmmç hd mjq ljxkujq j ldagikqljq txkmkpghjq vgrg d`dradrhkabg kiemtdiakg- ëqxg hdodrìg vjhdr qdr joqdrughg g xrguëq hd mgq ujxgakjidqijlkigmdq hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq)

Di qkixjiìg aji dqxg xdihdiakg hd ajiqkhdrgr g mjq cjodrighjrdq ajljgaxjrdq hd rdmdughg klvjrxgiakg di mg rdmgakñi D`datxkuj,Mdckqmgxkuj- Agrd{ "?667+ amgrgldixd qjqxkdid wtd hdm giçmkqkq hd gmctigq qkxtgakjidq qtrcd wtdqì bg{ ti rdetdrpj ghkakjigm hd mg tikhgh vgrxkhgrkg- hdokhj gm klvgaxj ghk,akjigm wtd xkdidi mjq cjodrighjrdq vjr qjord mjq ikudmdq ijrlgmdq hd tikhghvgrxkhgrkg- txkmkpgihj dm mçxkcj vgrg hkqakvmkigr g mjq mdckqmghjrdq gmkghjq) Di




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jxrgq vgmgorgq- vgrg atgmwtkdr vgrxkhj vjmìxkaj hghj- dm ajixrjm hd mg cjodrig,akñi hdodrìg klvtmqgr mg tikhgh hd mg ujxgakñi hdixrj hd mg ogiaghg vrjuki,akgm hd hkabj vgrxkhj di dm Ajicrdqj) Gm lkqlj xkdlvj- dm agqj hd Kxglgr

Ergiaj di Orgqkm gigmkpghj di dm grxìatmj hd rdedrdiakg hg atdixg wtd diakdrxgq jagqkjidq- qk okdi mjq cjodrighjrdq ij qji mjq gaxjrdq hdxdrlkigixdqdi mg ajiejrlgakñi hdm ujxj hdm mdckqmghjr- qì vtdhdi dqxgr di ajixrgvjqkakñiaji mg vjqxtrg hd mjq rdedrdixdq igakjigmdq hdm vgrxkhj "hdm D`datxkuj lkqljqk etdrg dm vgrxkhj di dm cjokdrij+- mj atgm xrgiqejrlg gm cjodrighjr di ajl,vdxkhjr hkrdaxj hd mg gtxjrkhgh igakjigm di mg kiemtdiakg hdm ujxj mdckqmgxkuj)Di jxrgq vgmgorgq- atgihj bg{ hkudrcdiakg dixrd mg vjqxtrg vrjukiakgm "cj,odrighjr+ { mg igakjigm "gtxjrkhghdq hdm vgrxkhj igakjigmdq j D`datxkuj+ mjq

hkvtxghjq wtd vdrxdidadi gm lkqlj omjwtd hdm cjodrighjr qd udi qt`dxjq gvrdqkjidq ajixrghkaxjrkgq) Hd dqxg lgidrg- dm cjodrighjr xglokëi vtdhdajgh{tugr gm hdokmkxglkdixj hd mg tikhgh vgrxkhgrkg- kiukrxkdihj mjq xërlk,ijq rdmgakjigmdq vmgixdghjq di dm vçrrgej vrdadhdixd)

Qki dlogrcj- xjhj dqxj- qk okdi vmgixdghj di xdjrìg hd ejrlg hdhtaxkug-ij dqxç gigmkpghj dvmìakxgldixd di mg mkxdrgxtrg gaghëlkag "Agrd{ ?667+) [ atgihj qd mj dvmkakxg- qd mj bgad vtrgldixd hdqhd dm rdmgxj gidahñxkaj- xgmajlj bgad dqxd gtxjr aji dm agqj hd Kxglgr Ergiaj { qt rdodmkñi ajixrg mg

vrjvtdqxg hdm vrdqkhdixd Agrhjqj di Orgqkm "Agrd{ ?667+) Dq `tqxgldixddqxd ugaìj dlvìrkaj mj wtd qd vrdxdihd qtoqgigr di dm vrdqdixd grxìatmj- xj,lgihj ejrlgm { dlvìrkagldixd mg vjqxtrg hd mjq cjodrighjrdq qjord hdxdr,lkighjq xdlgq wtd qdrçi hdxgmmghjq di mjq vrñkljq gvgrxghjq- vgrg mj atgmhdodljq vrdukgldixd dqvdakekagr gmctigq atdqxkjidq ajiadvxtgmdq gmxgldixdukiatmghgq aji mg jvdrgakjigmkpgakñi { ldhkakñi hd mjq ajiadvxjq bgqxg gwtìldiakjighjq)

KKK) Mg tikhgh hd mjq omjwtdq mdckqmgxkujq0bgakg ti lgraj xdñrkaj { ldxjhjmñckaj

Di rdedrdiakg g mg ldhkakñi hd mg tikhgh hd ujxj hd mjq omjwtdq mdckq,mgxkujq- qd qtdmd hkqxkictkr dixrd ”ajbdqkñi“ { ”hkqakvmkig“ vgrxkhgrkg) Di dmvrkldr agqj- mg tikhgh hd mjq gcdixdq mdckqmgxkujq qd hg qklvmdldixd vjrwtdajiatdrhgi di qtq khdgq) Vjr dm ajixrgrkj- mg ”hkqakvmkig“ xkdid mtcgr atgihjhkabg tikhgh qd hg vjr ajdrakñi hd mjq mìhdrdq vgrxkhgrkjq "Ñpothti 7;36+) Gmctijq gtxjrdq rdekdrdi di xërlkijq lçq cdiërkajq g mg ”tikhgh“ hd mjq





43

omjwtdq- di ldiakñi g mg vrjamkukhgh hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq vdrxdidakdixdq g tilkqlj omjwtd- ajgmkakñi j vgrxkhj g ujxgr di aji`tixj "Agrd{ ?66?+)

Tig hd mgq dvmkagakjidq qjord mg tikhgh hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq ajiqkqxd

di qjqxdidr wtd ëqxg qd hg amgrgldixd di qkqxdlgq dmdaxjrgmdq wtd cgrgixkpgimg gtxjrkhgh g mjq mìhdrdq vgrxkhgrkjq vgrg qdmdaakjigr g mjq agihkhgxjq) Dqxgagrgaxdrìqxkag dq kihkqatxkomdldixd gvmkagomd di qkqxdlgq xgmdq ajlj mjq wtdQgrxjrk "7;35+ hdijlkiñ hd ”vgrxkhj bdcdlñikaj“ "V_K di Lëkaj+ { hd”vgrxkhj ðikaj“ "VA hd mg Tikñi Qjukëxkag+) Qk okdi vjhrìg xrgqmghgrqd dqxdegaxjr di agqjq hjihd ij dkqxdi dmdaakjidq hdljarçxkagq kixdrigq- ajlj dq dmagqj hd mjq vgrxkhjq grcdixkijq hd mjq ðmxkljq g÷jq- ajiqkhdrgljq wtd ëqxg ijdq ajihkakñi qtekakdixd wtd gqdctrd ti ”ajixrjm goqjmtxj“ g mjq vrdqkhdixdq

hd vgrxkhjq- { vjr xgixj ij dqxgljq di vrdqdiakg hd ti qkqxdlg wtd gqdctrdmg ”hkqakvmkig“ mdckqmgxkug) Hd xgm ljhj- ajiajrhgljq aji Ljrcdiqxdri "?661+atgihj qd÷gmg wtd dqxg ugrkgomd rdqtmxg kiqtekakdixd vgrg dvmkagr mg tikhghhdm gcdixd di mg lg{jrìg hd mjq agqjq) Gm rdqvdaxj- @jbi Agrd{ "?66?+ qd÷gmgwtd di qkqxdlgq vrdqkhdiakgmdq- mjq vgrxkhjq wtd ajixrjmgi mg vrdqkhdiakg { mjqwtd qji gmkghjq gm cjokdrij ij joxkdidi lg{jrdq ukaxjrkgq wtd mjq vgrxkhjqjvjqkxjrdq) Dm gtxjr rdqgmxg wtd mgq hdrrjxgq mdckqmgxkugq hd mjq vgrxkhjq cjodr,igixdq xkdidi jrkcdi di rtvxtrgq hd mg tikhgh hd qtq omjwtdq mdckqmgxkujq)

Jxrg ajihkakñi dvmkagxkug hdm ediñldij rghkag di qjqxdidr wtd mjq”gcdixdq“ "bg{ gatdrhj di mg mkxdrgxtrg gaghëlkag di gcrtvgr aji dqxd aji,advxj g vgrxkhjq- ajgmkakjidq- egaakjidq j omjwtdq mdckqmgxkujq+ aji tig khdj,mjcìg ajiqkqxdixd {j dxrdlg- vrdqdixgrçi lg{jr tikhgh wtd jxrjq"Ljrcdiqxdri ?661+) Qki dlogrcj- qk xjlgljq di atdixg mjq hgxjq rdmdug,hjq vjr Agrd{ "?666+- dqxj ij vgrdad qdr ajbdrdixd aji dm agqj grcdixkij-hjihd ti vgrxkhj ajlj dm @tqxkakgmkqxg- wtd bkqxñrkagldixd bg vrdqdixghjtig klvjrxgixd bdxdrjcdidkhgh di qtq xdihdiakgq khdjmñckagq kixdrigq- bg

joqdrughj ti ìihkad hd _kad vjihdrghj gmxj "6-23 dixrd 7;2;,;7+)Ljrcdiqxdri "?6610 14;+ xglokëi qjqxkdid wtd mjq gcdixdq gmkghjq gm D`dat,xkuj vjqddi hkudrqjq kiadixkujq vgrg ajgmkcgrqd wtd jxrjq0 ”‥ dm gaadqj hdmvrdqkhdixd gm vgxrjigpcj { dm lkdhj g vdrhdr dqd gaadqj jomkcgrç gm gcdixd gtikrqd) Ghdlçq- ajlj mg jvjqkakñi ij xdihrç dqd xkvj hd gaadqj gm vgxrjigp,cj- { ajlj dm vrdqkhdixd vtdhd otqagr gaxkugldixd mjq ujxjq hd mg jvjqkakñiatgihj qdg idadqgrkj- mjq gcdixdq hd jvjqkakñi vtdhdi xdidr ldijq ëkxj didm lgixdiklkdixj hd mg hkqakvmkig di qtq ekmgq“)

Vdqd g mg mñckag hd dqxgq vrjvjqkakjidq- vjhdljq joqdrugr wtd ti vgr,xkhj jvjqkxjr ajlj mg Tikñi Aìukag _ghkagm "TA_+ di dm vdrìjhj 7;2;,




42

7;;7 vrdqdixñ lg{jr tikhgh kixdrig wtd dm jekakgmkqlj- aji ti _kad vjihd,rghj hd 6-;4 "Agrd{ ?666+) Xglokëi gekrlg Ljrcdiqxdri "?661+ wtd dkqxdti kiadixkuj vgrg wtd mg jvjqkakñi ujxd aji`tixgldixd- ”‥ {g wtd dqxjq

gcdixdq vtdhdi arddr wtd vrdqdixgrqd g mjq ujxgixdq aji ti vmgi ajbdrdixd { tig jvjqkakñi ajiqkqxdixd gm cjokdrij dq ukxgm vgrg dm ëkxj dmdaxjrgm“- g mj wtdgcrdcg wtd ”dqxg hkiçlkag- ij joqxgixd- kixdrgaakjig aji mg ugrkgomd ekigm- dmakamj dmdaxjrgm) Lkdixrgq wtd mjq gcdixdq qd tikrçi mj lçq vrjixj vjqkomd hdmlgihgxj vgrg joxdidr odidekakjq hd mg cdidrjqkhgh vrdqkhdiakgm j vgrg atl,vmkr aji mjq vgaxjq dmdaxjrgmdq- dqxjq gatdrhjq qdrçi lçq vrjamkudq g agdr atgi,xj lçq qd gadrwtd dm vdrìjhj dmdaxjrgm“) Vdqd g mj atgmhdodljq hdqxgagr wtdugrkjq hd mjq agqjq wtd qd gigmkpgi di dm vrdqdixd grxìatmj ij jatrrkdrji di ti

g÷j dmdaxjrgm- vjr mj wtd dqxg dvmkagakñi xglvjaj rdqtmxg gvmkagomd)Di mj wtd bgad g mg ldhkakñi hd mg tikhgh hd mjq ujxjq hd mjq gcdixdq

mdckqmgxkujq- mg bdrrglkdixg ldxjhjmñckag amçqkag dq dm {g ldiakjighj ìihkadhd _kad) Dm _kad hd ti vgrxkhj k vgrg ti ðikaj ujxj `- qd joxkdid aji mghkedrdiakg dixrd mjq ujxjq egujrgomdq "g{d

k`+ { di ajixrg "ig{

k`+ hd hkabj vgrxk,

hj- hkukhkhj vjr dm iðldrj xjxgm hd ujxjq "Ljrcdiqxdri ?661+)

_KADk` < }ujxjq egujrgomdqk` , ujxjq hdqegujrgomdqk`}ujxjq

k`

J mj wtd dq mj lkqlj0

_KADk`< }$g{d

k`, $ig{

k`}

Dqxd ìihkad ajimmdug ti vrjomdlg vjrwtd vtdhd qjordqxklgr dm crghj

hd tikhgh hd mjq gcdixdq hghj wtd ij ajiqkhdrg g mjq gtqdixdq ik mgq goqxdi,akjidq) Dq vjr dmmj wtd Agrd{ "?66?+ qjqxkdid wtd dqxd ajdekakdixd qñmj lkhddm ikudm hd hdqtikñi vgrxkhgrkg- dq hdakr- mg gtqdiakg hd ajiqdiqj vgrg ujxgrxjhjq di ti lkqlj qdixkhj) Tig hd mgq qjmtakjidq lçq ajltidq ajiqkqxd didmklkigr xjhjq mjq ujxjq di wtd gm ldijq dixrd dm 76 vjr akdixj { dm ?4 vjrakdixj hdm Mdckqmgxkuj ij dqxç di ajixrg hd tig ujxgakñi di vgrxkatmgr) Vdrj-ajlj hdqxgag Ljrcdiqxdri "?661+- dqxj ajiqxkxt{d ti ajrxd grokxrgrkj) Vgrggxdihdr g mjq agqjq aji goqxdiakjidq {j gtqdiakgq- Agrd{ "?667+ diatdixrgajlj qjmtakñi dm gcrdcgr gm _kad jxrj ìihkad vgrg ldhkr mg tikhgh hd mjqgcdixdq0





4;

TIKX[ k`< }$g{d

k`, $ig{

k`}

Di xgixj wtd di dm ìihkad hd _kad ij qji ajiqkhdrghjq mjq lkdlorjqhdm crtvj wtd qd goqxkdidi j qd gtqdixgi- di dm ìihkad Tikx{ mjq vjradixg`dqqji agmatmghjq ajlj vgrxdq hdm xjxgm hd mjq lkdlorjq hdm crtvj)

Hd xgm ljhj- lkdixrgq wtd Tikx{ vdrlkxd rdemd`gr mg lgcikxth aji mgwtd ti crtvj ljukmkpg qt vjxdiakgm kiemtdiakg hd ujxj- _kad qñmj lkhd mgajbdqkñi dixrd gwtdmmjq lkdlorjq hdm crtvj wtd ujxgi) Glojq ìihkadq vrd,qdixgi rgicjq hd 6 g 7 "hjihd 6 rdvrdqdixg og`g hkqakvmkig { 7 gmxg hkqakvmk,ig+) Qt vjihdrgakñi dqxç hghg vgrg cdidrgr ìihkadq vgrg crgi agixkhgh hd

ujxgakjidq ajiejrld g mg hdvdihdiakg hdm ujxj rdqvdaxj hd tig jomkcgakñivgrxkhgrkg) Dm qdixkhj hd dqxg vjihdrgakñi rghkag di hdqajixgr mjq ujxjq vjrajiqdiqj j hdqdwtkmkorghjq- hjihd dm vdqj hd aghg mdckqmghjr wtd ljhkekwtdqt vjqxtrg dq ltabj ldijr- vjr mj wtd qt aglokj ij ajiqxkxt{d tig ajiqd,atdiakg rdmdugixd vgrg dm rdqtmxghj hd mg ujxgakñi) Gqì- mg vjihdrgakñi qd hgxgixj vgrg _kad ajlj vgrg Tikx{ hd mg qkctkdixd ejrlg "Agrd{ { _dkibgrhx?667- Agrd{ ?66?+0

KIHDR k <QAJ_Dk` * AMJQD ` AMJQD `

hjihd

AMJQD `< 7 , "7 XB_DQBJMH * }XB_DQBJMH , $g{d}+

vgrg ti Mdckqmgxkuj ajlj ti xjhj qjord dm ujxj ̀

Gwtì- dm ”tlorgm“ "XB_DQBJMH+ vdrlkxd qtoqgigr mgq hkqxjrqkjidq

vrjvkgq hdm ìihkad hd _kad- di vgrxkatmgr hjihd mgq ujxgakjidq etdrji lçq”rd÷khgq“ "AMJQD+) Qk okdi gmctigq ujxgakjidq ij vrjhtadi hdogxdq- jxrgqrdqtmxgi lt{ vjmëlkagq { hdogxkhgq "ajlj bgi qkhj mgq dqxthkghgq di dmvrdqdixd grxìatmj+- mj atgm bgad wtd ajixgokmkpgr mjq ujxjq hd kctgm lgidrg diglogq qkxtgakjidq vtdhg gedaxgr mg ugrkgakñi hd mjq agqjq ldijq rd÷khjq-kiemgihj dm ìihkad hd Tikhgh "Agrd{ ?66?+) Vjr dmmj dm gtxjr mj vjihdrgkiajrvjrgihj dm tlorgm aji dm wtd qd gvrtdogi mgq kikakgxkugq) Atgixj lçqrd÷khg bg{g rdqtmxghj mg ujxgakñi- AMJQD xdihdrç g gadragrqd lçq gm ugmjr 7)Dm tlorgm dq- dixjiadq- dm iðldrj hd ujxjq idadqgrkj vgrg gvrjogr tig kik,akgxkug hd md{- wtd di dm qkqxdlg ajiqxkxtakjigm grcdixkij vtdhd qdr vjr lg,




56

{jrìg qklvmd "lkxgh lçq tij hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq vrdqdixdq+- vjr lg{jrìggoqjmtxg "lkxgh lçq tij hd mjq lkdlorjq xjxgmdq hd mg açlgrg+ j vjr lg{j,rìg dqvdakgm "?1 hd mgq açlgrgq ajlj lìiklj+) Mjq agqjq gwtì gigmkpghjq

ajiejrlgrji ujxgakjidq vjr lg{jrìg qklvmd) Hd dqxg lgidrg- dqxd ìihkad dqðxkm di mg ldhkhg di wtd vjihdrg wtë xgi arìxkag etd mg ujxgakñi gixd hdxdr,lkighgq kikakgxkugq "@klëidp Oghkmmj ?668+) Qki dlogrcj- hghj wtd mg vji,hdrgakñi hd xgmdq ìihkadq qd gvmkag vgrg dqxthkjq mjickxthkigmdq- di dm vrdqdi,xd grxìatmj qñmj ajiqkhdrgrdljq XB_DQBJMH { AMJQD vgrg ajijadr atçird÷khgq etdrji mgq qdqkjidq g gigmkpgr)

Gbjrg okdi- jxrj bdrrgldixgm ldxjhjmñckaj txkmkpghj vjr Agrd{ aji,qkqxd di agmatmgr qk dm gcdixd mdckqmgxkuj cgig j vkdrhd mg ujxgakñi0 ”g ajixkitg,

akñi- vgrg aghg vgrxkhj- k- di aghg ujxj- ̀ - agmatmj qk ëqxd cgig- SKI `) Kiekdrjmg vrdedrdiakg hd ti vgrxkhj di tig ldhkhg hghg hdqhd dm mghj gvj{ghj vjrmg lg{jrìg hd qtq lkdlorjq ujxgixdq) Gqì- qk mg lg{jrìg hd mjq ujxjq hd tivgrxkhj etd ‒gekrlgxkuj‛ { mg ldhkhg vgqñ- atdixg ajlj tig ukaxjrkg> qk mglg{jrìg hd qtq ujxjq etd ‒idcgxkuj‛ { mg ldhkhg ij vgqñ- atdixg ajlj tighdrrjxg- dxa)“) G qt udp- dixrd mgq hdrrjxgq hd ti gcdixd- dm gtxjr hkqxkictddixrd Qxteeq "”dlvgwtdxghjq“+ { _jmmq "”ujmxdghjq“+0 ”ti vgrxkhj dqxç dlvg,wtdxghj atgihj qjvjrxg dm vgqg`d hd tig ldhkhg wtd egmmg- { dqxç ujmxdghj

atgihj qd jvjid g tig ldhkhg wtd vgqg“ "Agrd{ ?6640 ;,76+)Dqxjq ìihkadq qji hdrkughjq hdm _kad- { rdemd`gi qk ti gcdixd qterd tigvërhkhg di ti ujxj mdckqmgxkuj hdokhj g tig rtvxtrg hd qt tikhgh0 _Mjqdr

k`gmagipg dm ugmjr hd 7 qk dm vgrxkhj k vkdrhd di mg ujxgakñi ` gti atgihj- hghjajlj xjhjq mjq hdlçq mdckqmghjrdq ujxgrgi- dm vgrxkhj k vjhrìg bgodr cgighjhd bgodrqd hghj wtd xjhjq qtq lkdlorjq ujxgrgi tikhjq) Dqxd ìihkad qdajlvjid hd Qxteeq { _jmmq "Agrd{ ?664+0

_QXTEEk` < 7 qk0  V_DEk`< Gvvrjud- [

  Jtxajld `< _d`dax- [

  XjxgmG[D `. IG[

k`9 Xbrdqbjmh

`-

{

__JMMk`< 7 qk0

  V_DEk`

< _d`dax- [   Jtxajld

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57

  Xjxgm G[D `, G[D

k`= Xbrdqbjmh

`

hjihd- vgrg aghg ujxj ̀ 0

  Xjxgm G[D `< G[D

k`. G[D

IJXk`

  Xbrdqbjmh `< iðldrj hd ujxjq idadqgrkjq vgrg gvrjogr mg ldhkhg

  Jtxajld `< ̂ Gvvrjud- _d`dax\

{- vgrg aghg vgrxkhj k- di aghg ujxj `0

  V_DEk`< ̂ Gvvrjud "G[D

k`9 IG[

k`+- _d`dax "IG[

k`= G[D

k`+- Ij Vrdedrdiad

"G[Dk` < IG[ k`+\

{

_MJQD_ k`< 7 qk0

V_DEk`< Gvvrjud [ Jtxajld

`< _d`dax [

Xjxgm G[D `. IG[

k`9 Xbrdqbjmh

`

J qk0

V_DEk`< _d`dax [ Jtxajld

`< Gvvrjud [

Xjxgm G[D `” G[D

k`= Xbrdqbjmh

`

hjihd- vgrg aghg ujxj ̀ 0

  Xjxgm G[D `< G[D

k`. G[D

IJXk`

  Xbrdqbjmh ` < iðldrj hd ujxjq idadqgrkjq vgrg gvrjogr mg ldhkhg  Jtxajld `< ̂ Gvvrjud- _d`dax\

_dxjlgihj mj hkqxkictkhj gmctijq vçrrgejq gxrçq- dm ltihj gaghëlk,aj qtdmd hkqxkictkr dixrd ”ajbdqkñi“ { ”hkqakvmkig“- atgihj ij qd gcrtvgiglojq ajiadvxjq di dm xërlkij cdiërkaj ”tikhgh“) Gekrlg Agrd{ "?66?+wtd ti vtixj hd gvj{j vgrg hkqxkictkr qk dm ediñldij wtd qd dqxthkg rdqvji,hd lçq g tig ajbdqkñi wtd g ti hkqakvmkiglkdixj- ajiqkqxd di ajlokigr dm_kad vjihdrghj "S_kad+ aji dm _kad ij vjihdrghj "T_kad+) Hd gatdrhj g




5?

dqxd gtxjr- di ti dqadigrkj ”mkord hd hkqakvmkig“- atgihj btokdrg ujxjq aji,qdiqtgmdq di xjhj dm Mdckqmgxkuj- mjq ikudmdq hd tikhgh qdrìgi idadqgrkgldixdgmxjq vgrg xjhjq mjq vgrxkhjq0 tig gtqdiakg hd ajiqdiqj g ikudm hd tig qdqkñi

mdckqmgxkug "j ti qjmj vrj{daxj+ vjhrìg qdr vrjhtaxj qklvmdldixd hd ajiemka,xjq dixrd vgrxkhjq tikekaghjq { ij hdixrj hd mjq vgrxkhjq) Vdrj mg dkqxdiakg hdhkqdiqj g mj mgrcj hd tij j ugrkjq vdrìjhjq mdckqmgxkujq hgrìg mtcgr g mg vjqkok,mkhgh hd wtd ij bg{g tikhgh kixdrig di mjq gcdixdq) Gqì- mjq ikudmdq hd _kadqdrçi lçq og`jq atgihj lçq gmxj qdg AMJQD) Di ti dqadigrkj ”mkord hdhkqakvmkig“- S_kad dq lçq og`j wtd T_kad "Agrd{ ?66?+)

Di ti dqadigrkj aji hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg- mjq ikudmdq hd _kad ugi gqdctkr qkdihj gmxjq di xdlgq ajiqdiqtgmdq "ij xkdidi vjr wtë hd`gr hd qdrmj-

dq hdakr- dm hkqakvmkiglkdixj vjr vgrxd hd mjq mìhdrdq hdm vgrxkhj j hdm D`dat,xkuj ij klvkhd wtd dkqxgi khdgq ajltidq dixrd mjq mdckqmghjrdq+) Vdrj qk mgqujxgakjidq qd gadragi g tig kiqxgiakg hd ”agrg j artp“ "AMJQD qd gadrag g 7+-dq hdakr wtd ti vt÷ghj hd ujxjq wtd qd hkrk`g bgakg tig t jxrg hd mgq jvakjidqhdekikrç mg ujxgakñi- dq hd dqvdrgr vjr mñckag wtd mjq mìhdrdq vgrxkhgrkjq qdqkdixgi kiamkighjq g klvjidr hkqakvmkig) Gqì- hjihd mg hkqakvmkig atdixg vgrgcdidrgr tikhgh di mjq omjwtdq- hdodrìgi joqdrugrqd ikudmdq gmxjq hd _kad { hdAMJQD- { vjr xgixj- ikudmdq lçq gmxjq hd S_kad wtd hd T_kad "Agrd{

?66?+)

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Jxrg hd mgq qjmtakjidq wtd qd diatdixrgi di mgq mdaxtrgq gaghëlkagqvgrg dukxgr mg hkqxjrqkñi hdm _kad vjr mg ij ajixgokmkpgakñi hd mgq goqxdiakjidqdq mg hdm ìihkad hd _kad Ljhkekaghj hd Sdmhji "?66?+- kiajrvjrghg xgl,

okëi vjr Lgqajxx Qçiabdp "?665+- wtd rghkag di ajixgr mgq goqxdiakjidqajlj ujxjq di ajixrg- ajiqkhdrçihjmgq ejrlgq hd rdabgpj- hdqgatdrhj j ki,hkqakvmkig bgakg mg mìidg hdm vgrxkhj)

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Dm gtxjr mj xjlg di atdixg dqvdakgmldixd vgrg mjq agqjq ajlj mjqmgxkijgldrkagijq hjihd- g hkedrdiakg hdm Ajicrdqj dqxghjtikhdiqd j hd mjqvgrmgldixjq dtrjvdjq- mjq ikudmdq hd goqxdiakñi qtdmdi qdr qkcikekagxkujq) Gqì-dm LK- ”ajlj dm xrghkakjigm ìihkad hd _kad- ug hd 6 g 766) Ti ujxj hd 46,?4,





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?4 lgragrìg 6 di udp hd 11) Xglokëi- ti ujxj hd 46 g egujr- ikictij diajixrg- vdrj aji 46 goqxdiakjidq- lgragrìg adrj di udp hd 766“ "Sdmhji?66?0 1+)

Sdmhji "?66?+ vrjvjid xglokëi vgrg mjq ujxjq xrkajxñlkajq- dm ìihk,ad hd Ajbdqkñi "K1+- ajixgokmkpgihj dm lçklj hd ujxjq gekrlgxkujq- idcgxk,ujq { goqxdiakjidq- hkukhkhjq vjr dm iðldrj xjxgm hd lkdlorjq ujxgixdq hdmvgrxkhj k)

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Dm K1 qkdlvrd rdqtmxgrç lçq gmxj wtd dm _kad- hghj wtd lkhd mgq vrj,vjrakjidq lçq gmxgq lçq wtd mg hkedrdiakg dixrd hkabgq vrjvjrakjidq) Dqxdìihkad ug hd 11-1 "hjihd dm gcdixd qd hkukhkñ vjr vgrxdq kctgmdq dixrd gekrlg,xkuj- idcgxkuj { goqxdiakñi+ g 766 "hjihd xjhjq mjq mdckqmghjrdq jvxgrji vjrmg lkqlg jvakñi+) Hd gatdrhj g Sdmhji "?66?0 1+ ”dm ìihkad K 1 vjhrìg qdreçakmldixd rdagmkorghj g tig lgrag hd 6,766 vgrg bgadrmj lçq ajlvgrgomdaji dm ìihkad hd _kad) Qki dlogrcj- ardj wtd dq lçq kixtkxkuj mddr dm vjradi,xg`d rdgm hd lkdlorjq ujxgihj di mg vmtrgmkhgh lçq wtd mg hkedrdiakg dixrd

vjradixg`dq hd ujxjq“)Vjr ðmxklj- dkqxdi gmctijq gtxjrdq wtd bgi qtcdrkhj j kikakghj kiudq,xkcgakjidq di xjrij g mg kiemtdiakg hd mjq cjodrighjrdq di mg vjmìxkag mdckqmg,xkug) Di dqxd vtixj- ajiqkhdrgljq wtd dq idadqgrkj mmdugr g agoj mjq lg{jrdqdqetdrpjq ldxjhjmñckajq di grgq hd mg kiamtqkñi hd gcdixdq qtoigakjigmdq "{gij qñmj mjq D`datxkujq { mjq mìhdrdq vgrxkhgrkjq g ikudm igakjigm+ di rdmgakñi gmg hkqakvmkig hd mjq omjwtdq mdckqmgxkujq- vtdq dq mñckag mg etdrxd ukiatmgakñidixrd mjq mdckqmghjrdq { mjq kixdrdqdq hd mjq hkqxrkxjq hd mjq wtd vrjukdidi) Di

dqxd qdixkhj- Qvkmmdr { Xjlgqqk "?666+ qjqxkdidi wtd mg hdqadixrgmkpgakñivrjhtakhg di mg Grcdixkig bg kiardldixghj di gmctig ldhkhg mg kiemtdiakghd mjq cjodrighjrdq qjord mgq agrrdrgq vjmìxkagq hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq- mj wtd mmdugg wtd mg hkqatqkñi mdckqmgxkug qd dqxë hgihj xglokëi etdrg hdm çlokxj hdmAjicrdqj hd mg Igakñi)

Dqxd grctldixj qd diatdixrg g qt udp di kiudqxkcgakjidq di xjrij g mghdqtikñi vgrxkhgrkg g ikudm igakjigm wtd qd rdckqxrg di Orgqkm- di rdmgakñi gmajixrjm wtd d`dradi mjq cjodrighjrdq vgrg mgq ijlkigakjidq hd agihkhgxjq"Lgkisgrkic 7;;;- Gldq ?666 { ?667+) Vjr dmmj qd÷gmgi Agrd{ { [giikxdmm_dkibgrhx "?6670 8+ wtd mjq ”cjodrighjrdq orgqkmd÷jq vjr mj ajlði qd qkdi,




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xgi grrkog hd mgq jrcgikpgakjidq vgrxkhgrkgq- hkrkckdihj mgq ijlkigakjidq { dmgaadqj gm ekigiakglkdixj hd aglvg÷g- ijlorglkdixjq di hdvdihdiakgq hdikudm dqxghtgm- dm hkrdaakjiglkdixj hd ajqxjqjq vrj{daxjq hd cjokdrij“- dxa)-

mj wtd mmdug g wtd qd bgomd hd ”‥ mjq vrdqkhdixdq idcjakgihj hkrdaxgldixdaji mjq cjodrighjrdq ‘wtkdidq- hdqvtëq hd xjhj- ij ujxgi mdckqmgakñi ig,akjigm‘ vgrg ajiqxrtkr ajgmkakjidq hd ikudm igakjigm hdxrçq hd kikakgxkugqmdckqmgxkugq dqvdaìekagq“)

Vdrj ajlj qd ldiakjigrg di dm gvgrxghj gixdrkjr- dqxj ij bg vjhkhjqdr amgrgldixd hdedihkhj dlvìrkagldixd- gm ldijq vgrg dm agqj grcdixkij)Di grgq hd dvmkagr mg vjqkomd ukiatmgakñi dixrd mjq mdckqmghjrdq { mjq gaxjrdqqtoigakjigmdq "di dqxd agqj cjodrighjrdq+- qd hdakhkñ gvmkagr jxrj ìihkad wtd

kixdixg rdemd`gr mg rdmgakñi j kiemtdiakg dixrd dqxjq- vgrg mj atgm qd bg ajiqxrtk,hj tig lgxrkp hd hgxjq di ogqd g ujxgakjidq ijlkigmdq hd mjq mdckqmghjrdqigakjigmdq) Vgrg dmmj- vrdukj g mg kiatrqkñi di dm itduj ìihkad hdqgrrjmmghj { gmgiçmkqkq hd mjq rdqtmxghjq joxdikhjq- hdodljq vjidr di amgrj gmctigq atdqxkj,idq ldxjhjmñckagq di xjrij g mgq ugrkgomdq txkmkpghgq { mjq arkxdrkjq hdagxdcjrkpgakñi gvmkaghjq)

KU) Atdqxkjidq ldxjhjmñckagq di xjrij g mg ajiqxrtaakñihdm Ìihkad hd Kihdvdihdiakg,Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh "KX+

Ajlj qd ldiakjigrg gixdrkjrldixd- tig hd mgq bdrrglkdixgq amçqkagqvgrg ldhkr dm crghj hd ajbdqkñi mdckqmgxkug dq dm ìihkad hd _kad- ajlj gqìxglokëi qtq vjihdrghjrdq) Ajiqkhdrgihj wtd _kad qd bgmmg mklkxghj di qtgmagiad hghgq hdxdrlkighgq ajihkakjidq- qd xrgog`g aji gmctijq dmdldixjqvjihdrghjrdq hd hkabj ìihkad { aji tig lgxrkp hd hgxjq ajiqxrtkhg di ogqd

g ujxgakjidq ijlkigmdq hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq hd glogq açlgrgq- artpgihj hk,abjq hgxjq aji ugrkgomdq xgmdq ajlj mg vjqkakñi hd mjq cjodrighjrdq qjord dmxdlg j mg vdrxdidiakg hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq gm jekakgmkqlj j g mg jvjqkakñi xgixjhdm cjokdrij igakjigm ajlj hdm vrjukiakgm- dxa)

_dqvdaxj hd dqxd xdlg rdqtmxgi vdrxkidixdq gmctigq gamgrgakjidq vrd,ukgq) Qd ajiqkhdrg wtd mg vdrqvdaxkug g ghjvxgr vgrg rdgmkpgr ti ajrrdaxjgiçmkqkq vjmìxkaj hd mg ajbdqkñi { mg hkqakvmkig di mjq Mdckqmgxkujq ij qdajrrdqvjihd aji mg hd tig mdaxtrg mkxdrgm hd mg ijrlgxkug ajiqxkxtakjigm-wtd lgikekdqxg tig qdvgrgakñi goqjmtxg hd mjq vjhdrdq D`datxkuj- Mdckqmgxk,uj { @thkakgm wtd atdqxg joqdrugr di mg rdgmkhgh) Ajlj qjqxkdid Lgrxìidp





54

Dmkvd "?666+- hdod dixdihdrqd g mjq qkqxdlgq ajiqxkxtakjigmdq ajixdlvj,rçidjq ij qñmj hdqhd dm giçmkqkq hd tig rdmgakñi D`datxkuj,Mdckqmgxkuj- qkijvrkiakvgmldixd hdqhd mg rdmgakñi cjokdrij,jvjqkakñi "dq hdakr- vjr ti mghj

dm D`datxkuj { mgq ogiaghgq jekakgmkqxgq { vjr jxrj- mjq mdckqmghjrdq jvjqkxj,rdq+) Vjr jxrj mghj- tig mdaxtrg mkxdrgm hd mg Ajiqxkxtakñi Igakjigm grcdixk,ig kihkagrìg wtd mjq hkvtxghjq rdvrdqdixgi mjq kixdrdqdq hdm vtdomj { mjqqdighjrdq hd qtq vrjukiakgq- qki klvmkagr di ikicði ljldixj mg vgrxkakvg,akñi hd mjq vgrxkhjq vjmìxkajq { hd jxrjq gaxjrdq xgmdq ajlj mjq cjodrighj,rdq di mg hdekikakñi hd mgq vjqxtrgq hd xgmdq mdckqmghjrdq) Mj atgm- qjorghdakr- ij dq gqì) Hd xgm ljhj- qd rdatdrhg wtd dm vrdqdixd grxìatmj otqaggigmkpgr mg ki`drdiakg hd gaxjrdq qtoigakjigmdq "di dqxd agqj cjodrighjrdq+

di mg hdxdrlkigakñi hd mgq ujxgakjidq mdckqmgxkugq) Gbjrg okdi- gixdq hd ajldipgr aji mg hdqarkvakñi hd mg ajiqxrtaakñi

hdm ìihkad hd Kihdvdihdiakg,Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh "KX+- dq ldidqxdr dqvdakekagr akdrxjqarkxdrkjq hd qdmdaakñi xgixj hd mjq agqjq ajlj hd mgq ugrkgomdq "{ qtq rdqvdaxk,ujq arkxdrkjq hd agxdcjrkpgakñi+ kiujmtarghjq g mjq dedaxjq hd vjhdr mtdcj qì-kixdrvrdxgr gvrjvkghgldixd mjq rdqtmxghjq joxdikhjq) Di dqxd qdixkhj- qdvtdhd ajldipgr aji dm arkxdrkj hd qdmdaakñi hd mjq agqjq) Di vrkldr mtcgr { hghg mg hdakqkñi hd xjlgr mjq ujxjq ijlkigmdq hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq ajlj hgxj,

kiqtlj- qd dixdihdrç vjr agqj "ajlj vrkldrg gvrjklgakñi+ g gwtdmmg vrj,vtdqxg j xdlg wtd etdrg mmdughj g mgq açlgrgq mdckqmgxkugq vgrg wtd qdgi qt`d,xgq g ujxgakñi ijlkigm vjr vgrxd hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq- qki hkqxkiakñi gmctiggadrag hdm jrkcdi hd mg lkqlg "dq hdakr- jvjqkakñi- D`datxkuj- j omjwtd mdckq,mgxkuj jekakgmkqxg+) Dq hdakr wtd g vrkjrk wtdhgi damtkhjq xjhjq gwtdmmjq agqjqj kikakgxkugq wtd ij btokdrgi mmdcghj g mg kiqxgiakg hd ujxgakñi di rdakixj"vjr d`dlvmj mgq wtd etdrji ujxghgq qjmgldixd di mgq ajlkqkjidq vgrmgldi,xgrkgq+)

Gbjrg okdi- ajlj tig qdctihg kiqxgiakg hd ekmxrj j qdmdaakñi- mjqagqjq dedaxkugldixd gigmkpghjq qdrçi gwtdmmjq wtd- ghdlçq hd mg ajihkakñiatlvmkhg di dm vçrrgej gixdrkjr- bg{gi cdidrghj ti ikudm hd hdogxd igakjigmwtd mmdugqd g mjq cjodrighjrdq g dvjidr qtq vjqxtrgq erdixd g mg atdqxkñi "hdejrlg dvmìakxg j klvmìakxg+) Gwtì qd vrdqdixg tig vrkldrg hkekatmxgh wtd dqmg hd hdxdrlkigr atçihj qd atlvmd mg qdctihg ajihkakñi j ij) Di dqxdqdixkhj- mg hdakqkñi xjlghg etd di vrkldr mtcgr hdxdaxgr gwtdmmjq xdlgq wtdbkakdrgi wtd mg ujxgakñi hd mgq kikakgxkugq etdrgi xdlgq hd ldiakñi di mjqhkqxkixjq hkgrkjq igakjigmdq) Dq hdakr- wtd di mg ldhkhg di wtd ij qñmj tixdlg qkij wtd ghdlçq dm bdabj hd mg "etxtrg+ ujxgakñi di dm Ajicrdqj hd mg




55

kikakgxkug vrdqdixghg etdrgi ldiakjighjq di gmcði ldhkj vdrkjhìqxkaj ig,akjigm- gldrkxgog mg qdmdaakñi { qdctklkdixj hdm lkqlj?)

Tig udp qdmdaakjighg mg vrjvtdqxg- mg jxrg atdqxkñi g rdqjmudr ckrg di

xjrij g añlj hdxdrlkigr mg vjqxtrg hdm cjodrighjr { mg etdixd hdm hgxj) Didqxd qdixkhj- qd rdgmkpg tig oðqwtdhg dbgtqxkug gbjrg ij qñmj di mjq hkgrkjqhd xkrghg igakjigm "wtd vgrg dm agqj grcdixkij bg{ gm ldijq hjq hd rdedrdiakg0Amgrìi { Mg Igakñi+ qkij xglokëi di mjq vrkiakvgmdq vdrkñhkajq hd aghg vrj,ukiakg grcdixkig) Di tij t jxrj agqj- dm qdctklkdixj mmduñ g vjhdr diajixrgrgvj{jq j rdabgpjq vjr vgrxd hd mjq cjodrighjrdq) Qd ajiqkhdrg dvmìakxj gxjhg lgikedqxgakñi di hjihd dm cjodrighjr hd`g gqdixghg qt vjqxtrg erdixdgm xdlg- vjr d`dlvmj- di ti rdvjrxg`d- di tig qjmkakxghg aji qt ekrlg- di mg

gqkqxdiakg g tig rdtikñi ajiujaghg g xgm dedaxj vjr crtvjq hd cjodrighjrdq tjxrjq gaxjrdq di hjihd ëqxjq qd lgikedqxgrji gokdrxgldixd di ajixrgg egujr-rdtikjidq hdm vgrxkhj di hjihd dm ñrcgij vgrxkhgrkj qd lgikekdqxg gokdrxg,ldixd g egujrdi ajixrg- ejxjq di lkqlgq ajihkakjidq wtd mj gixdrkjrldixdrdmgxghj- vjr akxgr mgq lçq erdatdixdq) Hd dqxg lgidrg- qd hdxdrlkigi mjqagqjq g gigmkpgr { qd ajlvmdxg mg ugrkgomd ”vjqxtrg hdm cjodrighjr“ aji mjqhgxjq vgrg aghg cjodrighjr ajiejrld dqxë ”g egujr“> ”di ajixrg“> j ”qki hgxj“-agxdcjrkpgakñi wtd qd txkmkpg atgihj lçq gmmç hd mg oðqwtdhg dbgtqxkug ij qd

bg vjhkhj joxdidr kiejrlgakñi gmctig ajlj vgrg vjhdr tokagr gm cjodrig,hjr di tig vjqxtrg rdqvdaxj gm xdlg hd dqxthkj)Dqxg ðmxklg agxdcjrìg mmduñ gm vmgixdj hd jxrg qkxtgakñi- wtd dq mg hd

hdakhkr wtë bgadr atgihj bg{ ltabjq cjodrighjrdq wtd hd ikictig lgidrghd`gi dixrdudr qt vjqxtrg vjr mgq etdixdq hd hgxjq txkmkpghgq) Di dqxd qdixkhj- qdghjvxñ dm ðmxklj arkxdrkj vgrg mg qdmdaakñi hdekikxkug hdm agqj "j qt hdqagrxd+0

  qk bg{ bgqxg 4 cjodrighjrdq1 ”qki hgxjq“- dixjiadq qd hdqagr,xgi hkrdaxgldixd hdm giçmkqkq hkabgq vrjukiakgq- {

? Vjr d`dlvmj- vgrg xjhj dm g÷j ?662 mjq xdlgq wtd atlvmkdrji glogq ajihkakjidqetdrji qjmgldixd 8- g qgodr0 _dqjmtakñi 7?4- dqxgxkpgakñi hd mgq GE@V- dldrcdiakgdajiñlkag d klvtdqxj gm abdwtd- { dqxgxkpgakñi hd Gdrjmìidgq Grcdixkigq) Vgrg ?66;etdrji 4 mjq agqjq0 ghdmgixglkdixj hd dmdaakjidq- egatmxghdq hdmdcghgq- ldhkjqgthkjukqtgmdq- klvtdqxj xdaijmñckaj- { rdejrlg vjmìxkag) Vgrg ?676 mjq agqjq etdrji0rdejrlg hdm Ajiqd`j hd mg Lgckqxrgxtrg- Md{ hd Ajvgrxkakvgakñi- vrjljakñi kihtqxrkgm-gvjrxdq hdm Xdqjrj hd mg Igakñi- rdejrlg hd mjq qtvdrvjhdrdq- 2?$ lñukm vgrg ̀tokmgakj,idq- Md{ hd cmgakgrdq- rdejrlg hdm KIHDA- { Vgvdm VrdiqgEkodrxdm)

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53

  qk btokdrg ti ikudm hd ”qki hgxjq“ hd lçq hd 4 cjodrighjrdq"?4$ j qtvdrkjr+ dixjiadq dm agqj qd hdqagrxg vjr ajlvmdxj)

Mg hdmklkxgakñi- qk okdi grokxrgrkg- dq tig hdakqkñi wtd otqag wtd mjqqkmdiakjq hd mjq cjodrighjrdq kiemt{gi mj ldijq vjqkomd di dm rdqtmxghj) Hdjxrj ljhj- mg kiudqxkcgakñi vjhrìg wtdhgr qdqcghg hd gatdrhj g añlj wtdrg,ljq kixdrvrdxgr xgmdq qkmdiakjq j vjr dm qdqcj dudixtgm hd xdidr ti ajlvjrxg,lkdixj hkedrdixd dixrd cjodrighjrdq wtd dvrdqgi qtq vjqxtrgq { mjq wtd ij-wtdhgihj dqxj dlvìrkagldixd kihdljqxrgomd)

Hd dqxg lgidrghd mgq ujxgakjidq vrdqdmdaakjighgq hdm g÷j ?662 atl,vmkdrji mgq ajihkakjidq vmgixdghgq0 _dqjmtakñi 7?4- dqxgxkpgakñi hd mgq GE@V

{ dqxgxkpgakñi hd Gdrjmìidgq Grcdixkigq) Vgrg ?66; atlvmkdrji dqxgq ajihk,akjidq0 ghdmgixglkdixj hd dmdaakjidq- egatmxghdq hdmdcghgq- ldhkjqgthkjukqtgmdq { rdejrlg vjmìxkag) Vgrg ?676 atlvmkdrji mgq ajihkakjidq dmvrj{daxj hd 2?$ lñukm hd `tokmgakjidq- gvjrxdq hdm Xdqjrj hd mg Igakñi { Md{ hd cmgakgrdq8)

Hdxdrlkighjq {g mjq agqjq g dedaxkugldixd gigmkpgr- rdqxg gamgrgr mgqagxdcjrkpgakjidq rdgmkpghgq di xjrij g mg qkxtgakñi vjmìxkaj,vgrxkhgrkg hdm md,ckqmghjr erdixd gm cjokdrij igakjigm {j vrjukiakgm) Vgrg dqxd agqj qd txkmkpg,

rji xrdq agxdcjrìgq aji dm lkqlj arkxdrkj igakjigm j vrjukiakgm0 jekakgmkqxg-gmkghj t jvjqkxjr) Atgihj bgomgljq hd ”jekakgmkqxg“ ijq rdedrkljq g gwtdmmdckqmghjr wtd btokdrg qkhj vgrxd hd mg mkqxg jekakgm wtd mmdugog gm vrdqkhdixdcjodrighjr ajlj agihkhgxj) Di agqj hd vdrxdidadr g jxrg mkqxg ij jekakgmvdrj wtd xglokëi vjqxtmgog gm wtd mtdcj etdrg vrdqkhdixdcjodrighjr dmda,xj- dixjiadq dqd mdckqmghjr dq agxdcjrkpghj ajlj ”gmkghj“) Vjr ðmxklj- qk dmmdckqmghjr btokdrg ejrlghj vgrxd hd tig mkqxg at{j agihkhgxj g vrdqkhdixdcjodrighjr btokdrg qkhj jxrj rdqvdaxj gm wtd etdrg dmdaxj- dixjiadq dq

agxdcjrkpghj ajlj ”jvjqkxjr“)Qki dlogrcj- mg hkiçlkag vjmìxkag grcdixkig ijq mmdug g xdidr di atdi,xg jxrj gqvdaxj ij ldijq klvjrxgixd0 mg rtvxtrg hd mdckqmghjrdq rdqvdaxj hdmjq vgrxkhjq "omjwtdq vgrmgldixgrkjq+ wtd md hkdrgi mg vmgxgejrlg hd dmdaakñiajlj xglokëi dm vjqkakjiglkdixj hd mjq cjodrighjrdq rdqvdaxj gm Vjhdr

8 Mjq hgxjq rdedrkhjq g mg Md{ hd cmgakgrdq { g gvjrxdq hdm Xdqjrj hd mg Igakñi ij dqxçi

ajlvmdxgldixd hkqvjikomdq gm ljldixj hd rdhgaakñi hdm vrdqdixd grxìatmj- vjr mj atgmqdrç xdikhj di atdixg vgrg etxtrjq xrgog`jq)




52

D`datxkuj igakjigm4) Di jxrgq vgmgorgq- ij dq ighg dxrg÷j wtd ti agihkhgxjbg{g qkhj dmdaxj vjr dm jekakgmkqlj { wtd mtdcj hd gqtlkr rjlvg aji dm vgr,xkhj {j dm omjwtd jekakgmkqxg di mg açlgrg { qd tig g jxrj "jvjqkxjr j ij+ j

grld ti omjwtd vrjvkj "ltabgq hd mgq udadq tikvdrqjigm+- gm xkdlvj wtd qdhdamgrg vrdqakihdixd hd mgq vjqxtrgq hdm vgrxkhj wtd md hkdrg ajok`j "j hd qtqgtxjrkhghdq+) Gmcj qklkmgr xglokëi jatrrd aji mdckqmghjrdq hd mg jvjqkakñiwtd vgqgi g qdr jekakgmkqxgq j okdi gmkghjq "dqxg qkxtgakñi dq lçq gxdihkhg og`jdm xërlkij ”ajjvxgakñi“+)

Dqxj ljxkuñ tig hdakqkñi di xjrij g qk mg agxdcjrkpgakñi hd mg vjqxtrghdm mdckqmghjr rdqvdaxj gm D`datxkuj igakjigmvrjukiakgm hdoìg lgixdidrqd qk,ctkdihj dm arkxdrkj hd mg mkqxg vjr mg wtd etd dmdaxj "lçq gmmç wtd gmctijq gði

gixdq hd gqtlkr {g lgikedqxgrgi dm aglokj hd vjqxtrg bgakg j di ajixrg hdmjekakgmkqlj+ j wtd etdrg gaxtgmkpçihjqd qdcði mjq aglokjq rdgmdq hd aghg mdckq,mghjr) Vgrg dqxd agqj- mg hdakqkñi ghjvxghg etd mg hd cdidrgr tig mìidg hd xkdlvjvgrg aghg mdckqmghjr "hkvtxghj j qdighjr+ di hjihd wtdhgrg rdckqxrghj ajiedabg dgaxg atçihj ukrñ hd omjwtd mdckqmgxkuj- bgakg hñihd etd { wtë vjqxtrgxkdid dm itduj omjwtd ajiejrlghjrddqxrtaxtrghj) Di dqxd qdixkhj- mjq ljuk,lkdixjq etdrji di cdidrgm hd ejrlgakñi hd omjwtdq hd d jekakgmkqxgq wtd vgqg,rji g mg jvjqkakñi "omjwtd Vdrjikqlj Edhdrgm vjr d`dlvmj+ j hd jvjqkxjrdq wtd

vgqgrji g qdr gmkghjq "omjwtd Qjmkhgrkhgh d Kctgmhgh- vjr d`dlvmj+)Ajlj ðmxklg gamgrgakñi ugmd hdqxgagr wtd mgq edabgq txkmkpghgq vgrggardhkxgr dm aglokj hd omjwtd vgrmgldixgrkj etdrji mgq vrjukqxgq jekakgmldi,xd vjr Qdardxgrìg Vgrmgldixgrkg "hd Hkvtxghjq { hd Qdighjrdq+ di hjihdekctrg ðikagldixd mg edabg di wtd mjq mdckqmghjrdq jekakgmkpgrji ejrlgmldixdqt aglokj)

Ghkakjigmldixd- xglokëi qd ajiqxrt{ñ tig mìidg hd xkdlvj vgrg mjqcjodrighjrdq- hghj wtd di mg hkiçlkag vjmìxkag ajixdlvjrçidg xglokëi qd

vthj gvrdakgr añlj gmctijq cjodrighjrdq gmkghjq vgqgogi g mg jvjqkakñi"vjr d`dlvmj- gmctijq hd mjq mmglghjq ”cjodrighjrdq N“+- t jvjqkxjrdq wtdqd xrgiqejrlgogi di gmkghjq "vjr d`dlvmj- dm Ljuklkdixj Vjvtmgr Idtwtkij+-ajlj xglokëi dm agqj hd jekakgmkqxgq wtd vgqgrji g mg jvjqkakñi "ajlj etd dmagqj hd Hgq Idudq di Abtotx+) Qki hdqagrxgr xglvjaj qkxtgakjidq di hjihd

4 Vgrg dm giçmkqkq hd mjq cjodrighjrdq { qt rdmgakñi aji dm D`datxkuj igakjigm- mjq ukrg`dq qdbgi vrjhtakhj di gmctijq hd mjq cjodrighjrdq agxdcjrkpghjq ajlj gmkghjq t jvjqkxj,

rdq- qk okdi hkabjq aglokjq qd vrjht`drji mtdcj hd ?662- rgpñi vjr mg atgm ij vjhdljqakxgr d`dlvmjq vgrg hkabj g÷j)





5;

mjq vdrìjhjq hd mjq cjodrighjrdq ij ajkiakhdi dgaxgldixd aji dm hd mjqmdckqmghjrdq igakjigmdq hd qt vrjukiakg "vjr d`dlvmj- Qgixkgcj hdm Dqxdrj { Ajrrkdixdq+ vthkdihj bgodr aglokjq di mg vrjukiakg "{ qt vjqxtrg erdixd gm

cjokdrij igakjigm+ vdrj ajiqdrugihj g mjq lkqljq mdckqmghjrdq igakjigmdq"vjr d`dlvmj- dm agqj hd Ajrrkdixdq+) Di qìixdqkq- dqxg mìidg hd xkdlvj hdcjodrighjrdq vdrlkxkñ xdidr di atdixg mjq aglokjq vjmìxkajq hd mjq cjodrig,hjrdq vgrg xjhj dm vdrìjhj hd dqxthkj { vgrg aghg ujxgakñi g gigmkpgr)

Ajlj vjhrç gvrdakgrqd- dm giçmkqkq hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq { cjodrighjrdqrdwtkdrd hd ti qdctklkdixj vdrlgidixd) [g gamgrghgq xjhgq mgq atdqxkjidqjvdrgxkugq vjhdljq gugipgr qjord dm kiqxrtldixj ldxjhjmñckaj cdidrghjvgrg ldhkr dm crghj hd kixdrudiakñi hd mjq cjodrighjrdq di mgq ujxgakjidq hd

mjq mdckqmghjrdq- dq hdakr- qjord dm mmglghj Ìihkad hd Kihdvdihdiakg,Xdrrkxj,rkgmkhgh "KX+)

U) Tig itdug ejrlg hd ldhkr mgq rdmgakjidq D`datxkuj,Mdckqmgxkuj0dm Ìihkad hd Kihdvdihdiakg,Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh "KX+

Ajlj qd ldiakjigrg di gvgrxghjq gixdrkjrdq- di grgq hd dvmkagr mg

vjqkomd ukiatmgakñi dixrd mjq mdckqmghjrdq { mjq gaxjrdq qtoigakjigmdq "cjodr,ighjrdq+- qd ajiqxrt{ñ tig lgxrkp hd hgxjq di ogqd g ujxjq ijlkigmdq hd mjqmdckqmghjrdq hd glogq Açlgrgq vgrg mtdcj qdr artpghjq aji ugrkgomdq xgmdqajlj mg vjqkakñi hd mjq cjodrighjrdq qjord dm xdlg { mg vdrxdidiakg hd mjqmdckqmghjrdq gm jekakgmkqlj j g mg jvjqkakñi xgixj hdm cjokdrij igakjigm ajljhdm vrjukiakgm)

Mtdcj qd dqxgomdadi atçmdq qji mjq mdckqmghjrdq wtd ajrrdqvjihdi g mjqhkqxrkxjq hd aghg cjodrighjr { atçm dq qt rdmgakñi "qk jekakgmkqxg t jvjqkxjr+

vgrg ajijadr atçm etd mg vjqxtrg wtd vrklñ- qk mg hdm cjokdrij edhdrgm j mg hdmcjokdrij vrjukiakgm) Gbjrg okdi- mg vrjvtdqxg hd ldhkakñi hd mg ”xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh“ wtdhg

hdekikhg di vrkldrg kiqxgiakg vjr qt vjqkakñi di xjrij gm cjokdrij igakjigm)Hghj wtd di hkabg ukiatmgakñi qd hdqxgag dm dmdldixj ”xdrrkxjrkgm“ hd mgvjmìxkag- qd hdakhkñ hdijlkigrmj Ìihkad hd Kihdvdihdiakg,Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh)Hdekikrdljq xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh ajlj dm arkxdrkj hdm mdckqmghjr vjr dm atgm- di tidqadigrkj ”rd÷khj“- ëqxd ajiqkhdrg wtd mg ldhkhg vrjvtdqxg gedaxg g mjq kixd,rdqdq hd qt hkqxrkxj aji tig kixdiqkhgh lg{jr g mg vrdqkñi wtd vthkdrgid`dradr mgq gtxjrkhghdq hd qt vgrxkhj g ikudm igakjigm {j vrjukiakgm vgrg ujxgr




36

di ajixrg hd hkabjq kixdrdqdq5) Vdrj dkqxd tig hkekatmxgh vgrg hkedrdiakgr mgxdrrkxjrkgmkhgh hd mj wtd qdrìg kihdvdihdiakg idxg j kihkqakvmkig rdqvdaxj hdxjhg gtxjrkhgh vjmìxkag- wtd hdekikljq ajlj mg rdodmhìg vjmìxkag "ij xdrrkxj,

rkgm+ hdm mdckqmghjr erdixd g qt gtxjrkhgh vgrxkhgrkg- cjodrighjr {j vrdqkhdi,xd- rdqvdaxj hd mj wtd ëqxjq kihkagi ajlj dm hdodr gaxtgr) Hd gmmì wtd dmìihkad qdg hdijlkighj Kihdvdihdiakg,Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh "KX+)

Mg khdg adixrgm hdxrçq hd dqxd ìihkad dq mg ijakñi hd wtd- di ti ajixd,xj hdljarçxkaj "aji dmdaakjidq mkordq { vdrkñhkagq+ { aji akdrxj crghj hdgtxjijlìg edhdrgm- dm mdckqmghjr igakjigm qd diatdixrg di tig xdiqkñi vdr,lgidixd dixrd xrdq egaxjrdq hd vjhdr0 g+ dm `ded vjmìxkaj hdm hkqxrkxj gm wtdrdvrdqdixg "cjodrighjr j `ded vgrxkhgrkj vrjukiakgm+3> o+ dm `ded vjmìxkaj ig,

akjigm "Vjhdr D`datxkuj vgrg mjq jekakgmkqxgq j dm ̀ ded hdm vgrxkhj g ikudm igakj,igm vgrg jvjqkxjrdq- { glojq vgrg mjq gmkghjq+> a+ dm dmdaxjrghj "hdm xdrrkxjrkjvrjukiakgm+ gm wtd rdvrdqdixg)

Mg qkxtgakñi di xërlkijq hdm ìihkad hd Kihdvdihdiakg,Xdrrkxjrkgmk,hgh "KX+ vtdhd hgrqd di xjrij g mgq qkctkdixdq qkxtgakjidq qdcði qd joqdrud gmjekakgmkqlj j g mg jvjqkakñi { gmkghjq2) Vgrg dmmj qd bgi ajiqxrtkhj qdihgqlgxrkadq mñckagq vgrg mdckqmghjrdq jekakgmkqxgq- gmkghjq t jvjqkxjrdq g eki hdvjhdr hdxdaxgr amgrgldixd di wtë qkxtgakjidq qd vtdhd joqdrugr vrkiakvgm,

ldixd mg xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh j mg hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg- g qgodr05 Aji dqxg hdekikakñi ij qd vrdxdihd hdqdqxklgr ik gitmgr jxrgq atdqxkjidq wtd vtdhdi

dqxgr kiemt{dihj di mg hdakqkñi hdm mdckqmghjr) Vjr d`dlvmj- kixdrdqdq dajiñlkajq vdrqj,igmdq "ajlj qd bgomñ hdm qdighjr vjr Añrhjog Trwtìg- rdvrdqdixgixd hd tig gadkxdrg { wtd ujxñ di ajixrg hd mg _dqjmtakñi 7?4- j hdm hkvtxghj vjr Otdijq Gkrdq ErgiakqajHd Igruçdp- gaakjikqxg hd ti agigm hd xdmdukqkñi { wtd ujxñ di ajixrg hd mg md{ hdldhkjq gthkjukqtgmdq+- j atdqxkjidq vjmìxkagq vdrqjigmdq "dm agqj hd mg rdvrdqdixgixd hdEjrljqg Ogrxjmjppk- rdqvdaxj hd mg ij agihkhgxtrg hd qt bk`j g mg cjodrigakñi hd mgvrjukiakg+- dxa) Qki dlogrcj- { hghg mg agqk kiekikxg hkudrqkhgh hd dqxd xkvj hd qkxtgakjidqklvjqkomdq hd ldhkr vjr kihkaghjrdq dxdrijq { cdidrgmdq- vgrg dqxg hdekikakñi { xrgog`jmgq ajiqkhdrgljq ajlj klvjihdrgomdq wtd agdi etdrg hd xjhg lgxrkp mñckag wtd txkmkpg,ljq) Hd gmmì wtd hdijlkidljq gm ìihkad ajlj hd Kihdvdihdiakg,Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh- {gwtd ajixdlvmgljq dm bdabj hd tig hkudrqkhgh ajiatrrdixd hd egaxjrdq wtd vtdhgikiemtkr di mg hdakqkñi ekigm hdm mdckqmghjr)

3 Vgrg mg ldhkakñi hdm ìihkad ugmd rdajrhgr wtd qñmj qd kiamt{di gwtdmmjq mdckqmghjrdq diat{g vrjukiakg cjokdrig gmctkdi hd qt lkqlj vgrxkhj vjmìxkaj)

2 Vgrg dm agqj hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq qki cjodrighjr hdm lkqlj vgrxkhj- mg xgomg qd qklvmkekag vtdqxjhj dq di rdedrdiakg ðikagldixd g mg vjqxtrg hd mg hkrkcdiakg igakjigm "qk dq jvjqkxjr j gmkghj+

j hdm D`datxkuj igakjigm "qk dq jekakgmkqxg+- aji mj atgm di mg ldhkhg wtd qd jvjicgi g mg vjqxtrgigakjigm qdrç ajiqkhdrghg xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh j- di agqj ajixrgrkj- hkqakvmkig)





37

ATGH_J 7Lgxrkp mñckag vgrg mdckqmghjrdq jekakgmkqxgq ;)Vjhdr D`datxkuj G EGUJ_ hd mg ldhkhg

Gixdq hd dvmkagr mgq lgxrkadq- qd hdod hd`gr di amgrj wtd dm KX vjidëiegqkq di mg hdxdaakñi hd mg xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh gtqdixd hd xjhg ajiajlkxgiakg hdjxrjq egaxjrdq "xgmdq ajlj mg ajiatrrdiakg khdjmñckag j kiamtqj mg hkqakvmkigvgrxkhgrkg+ j okdi vrdvjihdrgixd erdixd g ëqxjq) Di dqxd qdixkhj- qd bg hdakhk,

hj bgadr ëiegqkq di dqgq qkxtgakjidq- { hdokhj g mg lgraghg qkxtgakñi hddmdaakjidq rd÷khgq- dm ëiegqkq di mg hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg- di ti xjhj hd gatdr,hj aji mj wtd dqxgomdad mg xdjrìg0 g qkxtgakjidq lçq rd÷khgq- qd hdqatdixg wtdklvdrg dm hkqakvmkiglkdixj ajlj egaxjr dvmkagxkuj hd mg tikhgh "Agrd{ ?66?+)

Vgrg dm agqj hdm jekakgmkqlj- qñmj qd vtdhd kiedrkr mg vrklgaìg hd tigvjqxtrg ”vrjukiakgmxdrrkxjrkgm“ j tig vjqxtrg ”edhdrgm“ qk bg{ hkqjigiakg di,

; Agod hd`gr di amgrj wtd mgq lgxrkadq mñckagq etdrji ajiqxrtkhgq vgrg qkxtgakjidq dihjihd mg vrjvtdqxg di hdogxd etd cdidrghg vjr dm D`datxkuj igakjigm j okdi gvj{ghgvjr ëqxd) Dqxg qkxtgakñi qd hkj di xjhj ?662 { ?66;) Vgrg dm agqj hd qdr kikakgxkugq hdmg jvjqkakñi j okdi ij gvj{ghgq vjr dm D`datxkuj igakjigm- mg dqxrtaxtrg hd mg lgxrkpmñckag qd ljhkekagrìg qtqxgiakgmldixd) Vjr rgpjidq hd dqvgakj { hghj wtd ij qd hkj xgmqkxtgakñi di mjq agqjq gigmkpghjq di dm vrdqdixd grxìatmj- qd jlkxd mg hdqarkvakñi hdhkabgq lgxrkadq mñckagq ajlj gqì xglokëi qt ljhkekagakñi di mgq eñrltmgq hd açmatmjqhd mjq rdqvdaxkujq KX)

76 Hdod hdqxgagrqd wtd lkdixrgq wtd dm ìihkad hd _kad otqag ldhkr dm hkqakvmkiglkdixj- dmhd Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh otqag dm dedaxj ajixrgrkj) Ukqxj gbjrg di mg lgxrkp mñckag- vjhdljqqd÷gmgr wtd mg vrkldrg hkedrdiakg aji dm ìihkad hd _kad dq wtd ëqxd otqag ldhkr dm vrkldr

atghrgixd- lkdixrgq wtd dm hd Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh otqag ldhkr dm xdradr atghrgixd) Mg mñckagvdrqkqxd vdrj mg eñrltmg ugrìg)




3?

xrd dm ujxj hdm mdckqmghjr { mg vjqxtrg hd tij hd mjq hjq gaxjrdq "cjodrighjr jvrdqkhdixd+) Gqì- qk mjq cjodrighjrdq dqxgogi di ajixrg { ”qtq“ mdckqmghjrdqujxgrji g egujr "atghrgixd KK+- dqxjq etdrji lçq kiemtkhjq vjr dm cjokdrij

igakjigm) Di aglokj- qk dqxgihj dm cjodrighjr g egujr hd mg vrjvtdqxg- dmmdckqmghjr ujxgrg di ajixrg- qd vjhrìg joqdrugr mg vrklgaìg hd mg kihdvdihdi,akg,xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh vjr qjord mg hkqakvmkig igakjigm "atghrgixd KKK+)

Vjr jxrg vgrxd- vgrg dm agqj hdm ujxj idcgxkuj hd ti mdckqmghjr at{jcjodrighjr dqxç g qt udp di ajixrg "atghrgixd KU+- qd mj ajiqkhdrgrç xglokëiajlj tig vrklgaìg hd mg xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh "qk okdi qd ghlkxd xdñrkagldixd wtdvtdhd qdr ti agqj hd hkqakvmkig vrjukiakgm- qkdihj wtd ij vjhdljq hdxdrlk,igr dlvìrkagldixd g atçm hd mgq hjq qkxtgakjidq jodhdad rdgmldixd+)

Vgrg dm agqj hd mjq cjodrighjrdq wtd dqxgogi g egujrdi vrkiakvkj ij qdvjhrìg kiedrkr qk mjq mdckqmghjrdq wtd ujxgrji gekrlgxkugldixd mj bkakdrji vjrajiqjigiakg aji dm cjokdrij vrjukiakgm j dm igakjigm- {g wtd glojq dqxçi dimg lkqlg vjqxtrg) Di xgmdq agqjq "atghrgixd K+- mg hkqakvmkig vjhrìg qdr vrj,htaxj hd tig xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh ij lgikekdqxg- mj atgm jatrrkrìg xglokëi aji mgtikhgh khdjmñckag j ajbdqkñi)

ATGH_J ?Lgxrkp mñckag vgrg mdckqmghjrdq jekakgmkqxgq )Vjhdr D`datxkuj DI AJIX_G hd mg ldhkhg

Dq dukhdixd wtd di dm Atghrj ? mjq ajixdikhjq hd mjq atghrgixdq qdljhkekagi hd mtcgr hd ejrlg xgm wtd vjhrdljq rdedrkr g mg dkqxdiakg hdxdrrkxjrkgmkhghkihdvdihdiakg hdm cjokdrij igakjigm atgihj dm mdckqmghjrjekakgmkqxg ujxd g egujr xdikdihj g qt cjodrighjr xglokëi g egujr "atghrgixd





31

K+- vdrj gm D`datxkuj igakjigm di ajixrg) Dqg kihdvdihdiakg qdrç igakjigm { vrjukiakgm qk xgixj dm D`datxkuj igakjigm ajlj dm vrjukiakgm dqxçi di ajixrghd mg ldhkhg "atghrgixd KK+) Vjr dm ajixrgrkj- atgihj dm mdckqmghjr ujxd di

ajixrg { ”qt“ cjodrighjr qd bgmmd g egujr "atghrgixd KKK+- bgorç vrklghj dmhkqakvmkiglkdixj hdm cjokdrij igakjigm "j g mj qtlj mg ajbdqkñi khdjmñckaghdm omjwtd+) [ qk dm cjodrighjr dqxgog di ajixrg "atghrgixd KU+- dixjiadqitdugldixd dqxgljq klvjqkokmkxghjq hd ajijadr vjr uìg dlvìrkag qk dm ujxjdi ajixrg qd hdokñ g ti hkqakvmkiglkdixj vrjukiakgm- igakjigm j qk qd xrgxgitdugldixd hd mg ajbdqkñi)

Vjr jxrj mghj xdidljq g mjq mdckqmghjrdq { cjodrighjrdq ”ij,jekakgmkqxgq“-kiujmtargihj xgixj g jvjqkxjrdq ajlj g gmkghjq) Di dqxd agqj- mgq lgxrkadq

mñckagq wtd qd cdidrgi qji mgq wtd qkctdi)

ATGH_J 1Lgxrkp mñckag vgrg mdckqmghjrdq gmkghjq )

Vjhdr D`datxkuj G EGUJ_ hd mg ldhkhg

_dajijadljq xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh atgihj mjq mdckqmghjrdq gmkghjq ujxgi diajixrg hd tig ldhkhg wtd xgixj dm cjokdrij igakjigm ajlj ”qtq“ cjokdrijqvrjukiakgmdq gvrtdogi "atghrgixd KKK+) G mg udp- dqg xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh,kihdvdi,hdiakg dq qñmj igakjigm atgihj qd hgi mgq lkqlgq akratiqxgiakgq dadvxj wtd

77 Vgrg dm agqj vgrxkatmgr hdm vdrìjhj dqxthkghj- mjq vgrxkhjq gmkghjq xkdidi tig dqxrtaxtrg

damtqkugldixd vrjukiakgm- mg atgm ij xrgqakdihd g mgq vrjukiakgq cjodrighgq vjr hkabjvgrxkhj)




38

”qtq“ cjodrighjrdq qd lgikekdqxgi di ajixrg "atghrgixd KU+) Di dqxd ðmxkljagqj- itdugldixd dqxgljq klvdhkhjq hd hkqxkictkr mg kihdvdihdiakg igakj,igm hd mg hkqakvmkig vrjukiakgm) Vjr jxrj mghj- qk xgixj dm cjodrighjr ajlj

”qtq“ mdckqmghjrdq qd lgikedqxgrgi g egujr "atghrgixd K+- vjhrìg dkqxkr hkqak,vmkig igakjigmvrjukiakgm j ldrg ajbdqkñi khdjmñckag) Vdrj hd bgodr ujxghjgekrlgxkugldixd xdikdihj gm cjodrighjr di ajixrg "atghrgixd KK+- dqxgrìg,ljq joqdrugihj okdi ajbdqkñi khdjmñckag- okdi ajjvxgakñi vjr vgrxd hdmcjokdrij igakjigm "vgxrkljikgmkqlj+)

ATGH_J 8

Lgxrkp mñckag vgrg mdckqmghjrdq gmkghjq )Vjhdr D`datxkuj DI AJIX_G hd mg ldhkhg

Vgrg dm agqj hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq gmkghjq- di dm agqj di wtd ëqxjq ujxgigekrlgxkugldixd xdikdihj g qtq cjodrighjrdq g egujr- ajiqkhdrgljq wtd qdhg xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh,kihdvdihdiakg igakjigm j okdi hkqakvmkig hdqhd mg vrjuki,akg "atghrgixd K+) Qki dlogrcj- hd dqxgr qtq cjodrighjrdq di ajixrg- dqxgrìg,

ljq di vrdqdiakg hd xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh,kihdvdihdiakg- xjhg udp wtd dqxjq mdckq,mghjrdq dqxgrìgi rdabgpgihj mg vjqxtrg hd qtq `dedq vjmìxkajq rdckjigmdq) Dihkabj agqj- ij qd dqxgrìg di vrdqdiakg hd hkqakvmkiglkdixj igakjigm hghj wtd-vjr qt vgrxkatmgr igxtrgmdpg hd gmkgipg jagqkjigm- dm D`datxkuj igakjigm ijajiqxkxt{d ti udrhghdrj ̀ ded vjmìxkaj hdm mdckqmghjr "atghrgixd KK+) G qt udp-hd ujxgr idcgxkugldixd aji qtq cjodrighjrdq g egujr- bgomgrìgljq hd ajbd,qkñi j qklvmdldixd ajjvxgakñi "atghrgixd KKK+ { di agqj ajixrgrkj- aji vjq,xtrg di ajixrg hd mjq cjodrighjrdq- hd hkqakvmkig hdm vgrxkhj igakjigm- j okdihkqakvmkig vrjukiakgm j ajbdqkñi "atghrgixd KU+)





34

ATGH_J 4Lgxrkp mñckag vgrg mdckqmghjrdq jvjqkxjrdq )Vjhdr D`datxkuj G EGUJ_ hd mg ldhkhg

Di dm agqj hd mjq jvjqkxjrdq hdod bgadrqd tig gamgrgakñi rdqvdaxj hdmgmagiad hdm ajiadvxj hd ”hkqakvmkig igakjigm“) Vjr dmmg- qd rdekdrd di dqxjqagqjq gm hkqakvmkiglkdixj hdm vgrxkhj vjmìxkaj gm wtd vdrxdidad { ij hdm

Vjhdr D`datxkuj igakjigm- wtkdi ij vjhrìg ”hkqakvmkigr“ gm mdckqmghjr jvjqk,xjr- qkij ”ajjvxgrmj“) Gqì- gixd ti vrj{daxj jekakgmkqxg- { aji ”qt“ cjodrig,hjr g egujr "atghrgixd K+- dm mdckqmghjr jvjqkxjr wtd ujxd g egujr dqxgrìgrdqvjihkdihj okdi g tig xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh j kihdvdihdiakg igakjigm- okdi gtig hkqakvmkig vrjukiakgm- okdi g tig ajjvxgakñi) Vdrj qk dm cjodrighjrdqxtukdqd di ajixrg "atghrgixd KK+- dixjiadq bgorìg j xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh,kihd,vdihdiakg hd qtq `dedq vjmìxkajq "cjodrighjr j vgrxkhj igakjigm+ j ldrgajjvxgakñi hdqhd dm cjokdrij igakjigm) Di dqxjq agqjq- ugmd gamgrgr di vrk,

ldr mtcgr wtd dq klvjqkomd hd hdxdrlkigr aji mjq hgxjq hkqvjikomdq qk qdxrgxg hd ajjvxgakñi j hd jxrg hd mgq jvakjidq hkqvjikomdq di mjq atghrgixdqK { KK) Vdrj gm lkqlj xkdlvj- ajlj hdodljq qtvjidr wtd mjq mdckqmghjrdqgaxðgi hd lgidrg mdcgm { ljrgm- qk okdi xdñrkagldixd vtdhd xrgxgrqd hdajjvxgakñi- qd bg hdakhkhj xjlgrmj ajlj xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh vgrg dm atghrgixdKK { ajlj xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh vgrg dm K)

Vjr jxrg vgrxd- qk dm mdckqmghjr jvjqkxjr ujxgqd di ajixrg xdikdihj g ”qt“cjodrighjr g egujr hd mg ldhkhg "atghrgixd KKK+- dixjiadq dqxgrìgljq erdixdg ti agqj di dm wtd dlvìrkagldixd vjhrìgljq ajiqkhdrgr ajlj tihkqakvmkiglkdixj klvtdqxj hdqhd mgq gtxjrkhghdq vgrxkhgrkgq- qki vjr dmmj




35

hd`gr hd mghj mg vjqkokmkhgh hd wtd qd xrgxgrg hd tig ajbdqkñi khdjmñckag ajiqt omjwtd j tig kihkqakvmkig- vdrj rdqvdaxj hdm vjhdr vrjukiakgm)

Ekigmldixd- hd ujxgr di ajixrg vdrj dqxgihj dm cjodrighjr xglokëi

di ajixrg "atghrgixd KU+- vjhrìg xrgxgrqd hd ti hkqakvmkiglkdixj vrjukiakgm-vgrxkhgrkj igakjigm j xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh) Mg qgmudhgh hd dqxd agqj rghkag di wtdij vjhdljq rdedrkr g xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh,kihdvdihdiakg- qkij ldrg xdrrkxjrkgmk,hgh "mg kixdrvrdxgakñi hdm kixdrëq mdcìxklj hd qt vrjukiakg vjr vgrxd hdmmdckqmghjr+) Dqxj dq gqì vjrwtd mg hdakqkñi di dqxd agqj dq ajkiakhdixd aji mgvjqxtrg hdm cjodrighjr { hd ti vgrxkhj jvjqkxjr- vjr dihd vtdhd rdqvjihdrg xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh- vdrj ij g tig kihdvdihdiakg hd hkabjq gaxjrdq)

ATGH_J 5Lgxrkp mñckag vgrg mdckqmghjrdq jvjqkxjrdq )

Vjhdr D`datxkuj DI AJIX_G hd mg ldhkhg

Vjr ðmxklj- di dm agqj hd ti vrj{daxj rdqvdaxj hdm atgm dm vrdqkhdixdqd bgmmd di ajixrg- dm mdckqmghjr jvjqkxjr wtd ujxd di ajixrg- dqxgihj ”qt“cjodrighjr g egujr "atghrgixd KKK+- dqxgrìg lgikedqxgihj tig kihdvdihdiakgxgixj hdm vgrxkhj ajlj hdm cjodrighjr j tig xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh lgikekdqxg- jokdi dqxgrìg qkdihj ajjvxghj vjr dm cjokdrij igakjigm) Vdrj qk dm cjodrighjrdqxtukdrg di ajixrg hd mg ldhkhg "atghrgixd KU+- dixjiadq dm mdckqmghjr rdq,vjihdrìg g tig hkqakvmkig vrjukiakgm j g tig ajjvxgakñi vjr vgrxd hdm D`dat,xkuj) Itdugldixd- ajlj di agqjq gixdrkjrdq- hdodljq xjlgr mg otdig uj,mtixgh { gaakjigr hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq { gqtlkr wtd ij bg{ ajjvxgakñi- qkij hd





33

mgq hdlçq jvakjidq0 xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh,kihdvdihdiakg vgrg dm atghrgixd KKK { hkqakvmkig vrjukiakgm vgrg dm KU)

Vjr jxrg vgrxd- ujxgihj dm mdckqmghjr egujrgomdldixd vdrj aji ti cj,

odrighjr di ajixrg "atghrgixd KK+- dixdihdljq wtd qd xrgxg hd wtd klvdrg mghkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg igakjigm- gtiwtd ij vtdhd hdqagrxgrqd tig kihkqakvmkigvrjukiakgm j ajbdqkñi khdjmñckag) Vdrj qk dm cjodrighjr qd btokdqd lgikedqxg,hj g egujr hdm vrj{daxj "atghrgixd K+- dixjiadq vjhrìg xrgxgrqd kihkqxkixg,ldixd hd ti hkqakvmkiglkdixj xgixj vgrxkhgrkj ajlj vrjukiakgm- j hd vtrgxdrrkxjrkgmkhgh- mñckagldixd damt{dihj kihdvdihdiakg)

Hdqxgagljq wtd dm KX vjid ëiegqkq di mg hdxdaakñi hd mg xdrrkxjrkgmk,hgh gtqdixd hd xjhg ajiajlkxgiakg hd jxrjq egaxjrdq "xgmdq ajlj mg ajiat,

rrdiakg khdjmñckag j kiamtqj mg hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg+ j okdi vrdvjihdrgixderdixd g ëqxjq) Ajlj qd qd÷gmñ vgrg mg lgxrkp hd mdckqmghjrdq jekakgmkqxgq- qdhdakhkñbgadr ëiegqkq di dqgq qkxtgakjidq { hdokhj g mg lgraghg qkxtgakñi hdujxgakjidq rd÷khgq dm ëiegqkq di mg hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg)

Hd xgm ljhj- di ti vrkiakvkj qd ghjvxñ mg qkctkdixd eñrltmg ajlj ejrlghd ldhkakñi hd xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh vgrg dm jekakgmkqlj "Ajrjidm { Pglkabkdk ?66;+7?0

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qkdihj b < cjodrighjrdq hdm lkqlj vgrxkhj wtd dm cjokdrij igakjigm { wtdgvj{gogiajiajrhgogi aji mg vjqxtrg igakjigm "g egujr hd mg ldhkhg+>

O < ujxjq egujrgomdqbk`


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qkdihj b < cjodrighjrdq hdm lkqlj vgrxkhj wtd dm cjokdrij igakjigm- vdrjwtd ij gvj{gogiajiajrhgogi aji mg vjqxtrg igakjigm {>

7? Dq klvjrxgixd gamgrgr wtd qk okdi dm KX dq dm lkqlj di qt dqxrtaxtrg- ghdlçq hd mgq

hkukqkjidq qdcði vjqxtrg erdixd gm D`datxkuj- mjq açmatmjq xglokëi qd bkakdrji xjlgihjvjr qdvgrghj g Hkvtxghjq { Qdighjrdq)




32

ic< agixkhgh hd qto,crtvjq ejrlghjq di xjrij g mg ujxgakñi-

dq hdakr- qk btoj ti crtvj hd cjodrighjrdq g egujr { jxrj di ajixrg ic< ?)

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vtdhd gmagipgr ugmjrdq hd dixrd ,7 { .7- hjihd ,7 rdvrdqdixg hkqakvmkigvdredaxg { .7 klvmkag xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh vdredaxg) Dm ugmjr 6 lgrag ti vtixj hdgmxg ergcldixgakñi wtd- hd qdr dudixtgmldixd lgikedqxghj g xrguëq hd ldhk,akjidq mjickxthkigmdq- vdrlkxkrìg hdxdaxgr qkxtgakjidq hd vrd,ergaxtrg hdm omj,wtd di hjq crtvjq78)

Mg lkqlg ldhkakñi qd rdgmkpg vgrg mjq gmkghjq gm cjokdrij igakjigm0

Xgm < "",7 * A+ . H+ ic

hjihd A < ujxjq egujrgomdqbk`


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H < ujxjq egujrgomdqbk` , ujxjq hdqegujrgomdqbk`

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ic< agixkhgh hd qto,crtvjq ejrlghjq di xjrij g mg ujxgakñi)

Xglokëi qd hg mtcgr gm ìihkad hd xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh hd mjq jvjqkxjrdq0X

jv< "", 7 * D+ . E+ i

c

71 Mg ejrlg hd ajiadokr gm xjxgm hd ujxjq dq mg lkqlg vgrg xjhjq mjq qtocrtvjq wtd qdejrldi g mg bjrg hdm açmatmj hdm KX "dq hdakr jekakgmkqxgq gmkghjq {t jvjqkxjrdq+) Vgrg mgqujxgakjidq gigmkpghgq di dqd xrgog`j- agod gcrdcgr wtd dm ikudm hd gtqdiakgq { goqxdiakj,idq itiag qtvdrñ "qtlghjq+ gm 4 vjr akdixj hd mjq agqjq)

78

Mg kixdrvrdxgakñi itlërkag dq khëixkag vgrg xjhjq mjq ajdekakdixdq lçq gmmç hd wtd qdgagmatmghj vgrg jekakgmkqxgq- gmkghjq t jvjqkxjrdq)





3;

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qkdihj b < cjodrighjrdq jvjqkxjrdq gm cjokdrij igakjigm wtd gvj{gogi mgldhkhg hdm cjokdrij igakjigm {

E < ujxjq egujrgomdqbk`


ujxjqb`

qkdihj b < cjodrighjrdq jvjqkxjrdq hdm cjokdrij igakjigm- vdrj wtd ij gvj,{gogi mg ldhkhg hdm cjokdrij igakjigm {>

ic< agixkhgh hd qto,crtvjq ejrlghjq di xjrij g mg ujxgakñi)

Xjv

qd ltmxkvmkag vjr ,7 vjrwtd qd xrgxg hd ldhkr mg etiakñi jvjqkxjrg- vjr mjatgm qd hdqatdixg wtd mg bjljcdidkhgh vgrxkhgrkg qd hgrìg ij g xrguëq hdmujxj g egujr- qkij vjr dm ujxj di ajixrg) Vjr dqg rgpñi hdodljq kiudrxkr mgdqagmg)

Ekigmldixd- qd ajlvtxg mg xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh ”ij jekakgmkqxg“ vgrg xdidr diatdixg mjq rdqtmxghjq hd xjhjq mjq wtd ij vdrxdidadi g mg etdrpg jekakgmkqxg"kiamt{d gmkghjq { jvjqkxjrdq+0

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qkdihj ic< agixkhgh hd qto,crtvjq ejrlghjq di xjrij g mg ujxgakñi { A- H-

D { E mjq lkqljq g mjq {g dvmkaghjq di eñrltmgq vrdadhdixdq)

Qki dlogrcj- vrjixj qd vthj ghudrxkr wtd dqxg ldhkakñi kikakgm hd KXxdiìg gmctigq atdqxkjidq gði vjr rdqjmudr0 g+ txkmkpgog mg dqxrtaxtrg hdm Ìihkadhd _kad- mg atgm dqxgog hkqd÷ghg vgrg ldhkr hkqakvmkig { ij xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh,kihkqakvmkig "qk okdi dqxj dqxgog qtoqgighj aji mg ltmxkvmkagakñi vjr ,7+> o+gm kctgm wtd dm Ìihkad hd _kad- ij ajixdlvmgog qkxtgakjidq ajlj mg goqxdi,akñi j mg gtqdiakg ajlj ejrlg hd lgikedqxgakñi vjr vgrxd hdm mdckqmghjr> a+ajixdlvmgog qjmgldixd mg qkxtgakñi di hjihd mg kikakgxkug vrjudiìg hdm D`d,atxkujjekakgmkqlj> { h+ qk okdi kiajrvjrgog tig hkukqkñi vjr crtvjq ajiejr,lghjq vjr cjodrighjrdq g egujr { cjodrighjrdq di ajixrg- dm vdqj hd aghg




26

crtvj drg mg lkqlg) Dqxj bgaìg wtd ti crtvj aji xgm udp ti qjmj cjodrighjr”vdqgrg“ mj lkqlj wtd dm jxrj crtvj aji xjhj dm rdqxj hd cjodrighjrdq- mjatgm hdqajiqkhdrgog tig qkxtgakñi ij ldijr)

Vgrg qtoqgigr xjhj dqxj- dm wtd gbjrg mmglgljq ìihkad hd Kihkqak,vmkig,Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh "KX+ qterkñ gmctigq ljhkekagakjidq) Di vrkldr mtcgr-qd kiukrxkñ dm jrhdi hd mjq egaxjrdq di dm itldrghjr qkdihj gbjrg kctgm gujxjq ajixrg , ujxjq egujr - kihdvdihkdixdldixd hd mg vjqxtrg hdm cjodrighjr- vdr,xdidiakg j qkxtgakñi erdixd gm D`datxkuj "jvjqkxjr- gmkghj t jekakgmkqxg+) Dqxjðmxklj qdrç ajixdlvmghj di dm egaxjr hd ajrrdaakñi hd mg eñrltmg "wtd ghjv,xg ugmjrdq hd 7 j ,7 qdcði ajrrdqvjihg ‘udr eñrltmgq hdog`j‘+) Di qdcti,hj mtcgr- dm hdijlkighjr qd ljhkekañ qkctkdihj mg dqxrtaxtrg hd Tikx{- dq

hdakr- qtlg xjxgm hd mdckqmghjrdq kiamt{dihj gtqdixdq { goqxdiakjidq) Vgrg dmagqj hd mg xdradrg joqdrugakñi- qk okdi mg dqxrtaxtrg hdm ìihkad qd ajiqdrug- gmugmjr joxdikhj vgrg aghg crtvj "hd cjodrighjrdq g egujr { hd cjodrighjrdqdi ajixrg+ qd mj ltmxkvmkag vjr ti vjihdrghjr wtd qd agmatmg hkukhkdihj mgagixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq wtd dqxçi g egujrdi ajixrg "qdcði ajrrdqvjihgaji aghg crtvj ajiejrlghj+ hkukhkhj dm xjxgm hd cjodrighjrdq "jekakgmkqxgq-gmkghjq { jvjqkxjrdq+) Gqì- rdqtmxg lçq qjqxdikomd vdiqgr wtd dm açmatmj xgl,okëi ajixdlvmg di qt `tqxg ldhkhg g mjq cjodrighjrdq ”mdgmdq“ { ”rdodmhdq“)

Vjr ðmxklj- mg qjmtakñi g mg atdqxkñi hdm jrkcdi hd mg kikakgxkug ujxghg wtdhgajixdlvmghg di mg eñrltmg g xrguëq hd ti egaxjr hd ajrrdaakñi wtd dq 7 j ,7qdcði ajrrdqvjihg)

Hd dqxg lgidrg- mgq eñrltmgq ekigmdq hd açmatmj hd mg kihkqakvmkig,xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh wtdhgi ajiqxrtkhgq hd mg qkctkdixd lgidrg0

g+ Vgrg mjq mdckqmghjrdq jekakgmkqxgq aji dm Vjhdr D`datxkuj g egujr hd mgldhkhg0

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27

O < ujxjq hdqegujrgomdqbk`


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qkdihj b < cjodrighjrdq hdm lkqlj vgrxkhj wtd dm cjokdrij igakjigm- vdrjwtd ij gvj{gogiajiajrhgogi aji mg vjqxtrg igakjigm {>

s g< agixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq jekakgmkqxgq ajkiakhdixdq aji dm D`datxkuj

agixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq jekakgmkqxgq

s o< agixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq jekakgmkqxgq di ajixrg hd mg vjqxtrg hdm D`datxkuj

agixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq jekakgmkqxgq

_dajrhdljq wtd ujxjqb`

qd rdekdrd gm xjxgm hd mdckqmghjrdq hdm crtvj "didqxd agqj jekakgmkqxgq- vdrj mj lkqlj dq vgrg gmkghjq t jvjqkxjrdq+- dq hdakr- mgqtlg hd ujxjq vjqkxkujq- idcgxkujq- gtqdiakgq { goqxdiakjidq)

Vgrg dm agqj wtd dm D`datxkuj dqxtukdrg di ajixrg hd mg vrjvtdqxg- mgldhkakñi hdm KX qdrìg0

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qkdihj xjhgq mgq gamgrgakjidq hd mjq xërlkijq khëixkagq g mg qkxtgakñidi hjihd dm D`datxkuj dqxgog g egujr hd mg ldhkhg)

Hd dqxg lgidrg- KXje

qd kixdrvrdxg hd mg lkqlg lgidrg wtd di mgudrqkñi kikakgm- dq hdakr wtd vtdhd gmagipgr ugmjrdq hd dixrd ,7 { .7- hjihd ,7 rdvrdqdixg hkqakvmkig vdredaxg { .7 klvmkag xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh vdredaxg) Dm ugmjr6 lgrag ti vtixj hd gmxg ergcldixgakñi wtd- hd qdr dudixtgmldixd lgikedq,

xghj g xrguëq hd ldhkakjidq mjickxthkigmdq- vdrlkxkrìg hdxdaxgr qkxtgakjidqhd vrd,ergaxtrg hdm omjwtd di hjq crtvjq74)

o+ Vgrg mjq mdckqmghjrdq gmkghjq aji dm Vjhdr D`datxkuj g egujr hd mgldhkhg0

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74

Mg kixdrvrdxgakñi itlërkag dq khëixkag vgrg xjhjq mjq ajdekakdixdq- lçq gmmç hd wtd qdgagmatmghj vgrg jekakgmkqxgq- gmkghjq t jvjqkxjrdq)




2?

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A < ujxjq hdqegujrgomdqbk`


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qkdihj b < cjodrighjrdq gmkghjq gm cjokdrij igakjigm { wtd gvj{gogiaji,ajrhgogi aji mg vjqxtrg igakjigm "g egujr hd mg ldhkhg+>

H < ujxjq hdqegujrgomdqbk`


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s a< agixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq gmkghjq ajkiakhdixdq aji dm D`datxkuj

agixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq gmkghjq

s h< agixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq gmkghjq di ajixrg hd mg vjqxtrg hdm D`datxkuj

agixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq gmkghjq

Vgrg dm agqj di wtd dm D`datxkuj dqxtukdrg di ajixrg hd mg vrjvtdqxg- mgldhkakñi hdm KX qdrìg0

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qkdihj xjhgq mgq gamgrgakjidq hd mjq xërlkijq khëixkagq g mg qkxtgakñi di hji,hd dm D`datxkuj dqxgog g egujr hd mg ldhkhg)

a+ Vgrg mjq mdckqmghjrdq jvjqkxjrdq aji dm Vjhdr D`datxkuj g egujr hd mgldhkhg0

KXjv

< ",7+ s kK

k< ",7+ s

dD . ",7+ s

e E

hjihd0

D < ujxjq hdqegujrgomdqbk`

, ujxjq egujrgomdqbk`ujxjq

b`





21

qkdihj b < cjodrighjrdq jvjqkxjrdq gm cjokdrij igakjigm- vdrj wtd gvj{g,ogiajiajrhgogi aji mg vjqxtrg igakjigm "g egujr hd mg ldhkhg+>

E < ujxjq hdqegujrgomdqbk` , ujxjq egujrgomdqbk`

ujxjqb`

qkdihj b < cjodrighjrdq jvjqkxjrdq gm cjokdrij igakjigm { wtd ij gvj{gogiajiajrhgogi aji mg vjqxtrg igakjigm {>

s d< agixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq jvjqkxjrdq ajkiakhdixdq aji dm D`datxkuj

agixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq jvjqkxjrdq

s e < agixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq jvjqkxjrdq di ajixrg hd mg vjqxtrg hdm D`datxkuj

agixkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq jvjqkxjrdq

Vgrg dm agqj di wtd dm D`datxkuj dqxtukdrg di ajixrg hd mg vrjvtdqxg- mgldhkakñi hdm KX qdrìg0

KXjv

< s kK

k< s

dD . s

e E

qkdihj xjhgq mgq gamgrgakjidq hd mjq xërlkijq khëixkagq g mg qkxtgakñi di hji,hd dm D`datxkuj dqxgog g egujr hd mg ldhkhg)

G ljhj hd qìixdqkq- di dm qkctkdixd dqwtdlg qd vtdhd gvrdakgr dm rgi,cj hd ugmjrdq wtd vtdhd ghjvxgr dm KX { qt ajrrdmgxkug kixdrvrdxgakñi xdñrkag)

,7 6 .7"hkqa) vdredaxg+ "lç) xdiqkñi kixdrig+ "kihdv,xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh vdre)+

_dqxg gbjrg udr mjq rdqtmxghjq joxdikhjq vgr mgq hkudrqgq ujxgakjidqgigmkpghgq)




28

UK) Giçmkqkq hd mjq rdqtmxghjq

Di vrkldr mtcgr hdodljq hdqxgagr wtd qk okdi gm ljldixj hd mg

rdhgaakñi mjq agqjq wtd ekigmldixd qtvdrgrji xjhjq mjq ekmxrjq j arkxdrkjq hdqdmdaakñi xjxgmkpgi qñmj 3 ujxgakjidq- ëqxjq bgi rdqtmxghj kixdrdqgixdldixdugrkghjq hd ljhj hd vjhdr ajixdlvmgr lt{ hkudrqgq qkxtgakjidq) Di dedaxj-qd vtdhdi joqdrugr qkxtgakjidq di hjihd hdixrj hd mjq crtvjq jekakgmkqxgq-gmkghjq t jvjqkxjrdq bg{ tigiklkhgh hd vjqxtrgq hd mjq cjodrighjrdq- vdrjxglokëi hjihd dqxjq crtvjq dqxçi hkukhkhjq erdixd g gmctig vrjvtdqxg- qdgidqxgq kikakgxkugq vrjudikdixdq hd qt lkqlj vgrxkhj j hd jxrj) Mjq hdxgmmdq hdmgq lkqlgq qd vtdhdi dqxthkgr di dm Gidj ?)

Gmmì xglokëi qd bgi gcrdcghj jxrgq ldhkakjidq txkmkpghgq di dm dqxt,hkj hd mgq rdmgakjidq D`datxkuj,Mdckqmgxkuj hd ejrlg xgm hd hdxdaxgr qk- vjr timghj- dqxd itduj ìihkad "aji mgq ljhkekagakjidq {g hdxgmmghgq di dm gvgrxghjgixdrkjr+ dedaxkugldixd lkhd atdqxkjidq wtd mjq jxrjq ìihkadq ij bgaìgi {-vjr jxrj- ajijadr qk dm KX qd vrdqdixg ajlj gmctig etiakñi dixrd _kad jTikx{) Di vrkldrg kiqxgiakg- vtdq- vjhdljq joqdrugr wtd mgq ljhkekagakjidqgqkcighgq gm KX "vjihdrgakjidq { ljhkekagakjidq di dm itldrghjr+ rdqvdaxjg qt vrdhdadqjr "ìihkad X+ qd rdemd`gi di mjq rdqtmxghjq joxdikhjq- qkdlvrd {

atgihj hdixrj hdm crtvj gigmkpghj "qdgi jekakgmkqxgq- gmkghjq t jvjqkxjrdq+bg{g gmctig rtvxtrg hd mg vjqxtrg ljijmìxkag hd mjq cjodrighjrdq erdixd gatgmwtkdr kikakgxkug) Di jxrgq vgmgorgq- qk xjhjq mjq cjodrighjrdq hd atgmwtkdrcrtvj dqxtukdrgi hd gatdrhj "j gm ldijq ikictij qd lgikedqxgrg dvmìakxg,ldixd di ajixrg+- mjq KX ghwtkrkrìgi dm lkqlj ugmjr wtd mjq X) Vjr d`dlvmjmjq KX { X hd mjq hkvtxghjq jekakgmkqxgq di mgq ujxgakjidq hd ghdmgixglkdixjhd dmdaakjidq ",6-;4;+- dqxgxkpgakñi hd Gdrjmìidgq Grcdixkigq ",7+- { dqxgxkpgakñi hd mgq GE@V ",6-;32+- vjr akxgr qñmj gmctijq agqjq) Vdrj di dm agqj

di wtd hdixrj hdm lkqlj crtvj hd cjodrighjrdq "jekakgmkqxgq- gmkghjq t jvj,qkxjrdq+ dkqxkdrgi vjqxtrgq hkedrdixdq- dixjiadq mjq ugmjrdq hd mjq ìihkadq ug,rkgrìgi) Mg ugrkgakñi joqdrughg di KX rdqvjihd g qt vjihdrgakñi vjr mg agi,xkhgh hd cjodrighjrdq hd aghg crtvj) Dqxj rdqtmxg lçq hdqdgomd {g wtd diagqj hd wtd mjq crtvjq qd hkukhkdrgi di lkxghdq kctgmdq- mg vjihdrgakñi ga,xtgrìg ajlj di dm ìihkad X "hgihj g glojq crtvjq kctgm vdqj+- vdrj ëqxg ijdq mg qkxtgakñi bgokxtgm) Vjr dmmj- qk qd qkctkdrg agmatmgihj hd dqxg lgidrg- qddqxgrìg qjorddqxklgihj gm crtvj lçq vdwtd÷j "qki klvjrxgr atçm etdrg mgvjqxtrg j crtvj+- mj wtd rdqtmxgrìg ij qñmj ajixrgkixtkxkuj- qkij xglokëiajixrgvrjhtadixd) Vjr d`dlvmj- di mg ujxgakñi hd mg _dqjmtakñi 7?4 btoj





24

ti qjmj cjodrighjr jekakgmkqxg wtd qd jvtqj dvmìakxgldixd {- qk ij qd lkhkdrgvjihdrgihj- ëm qjmj "{ qtq mdckqmghjrdq+ xdihrìgi mg lkqlg vjihdrgakñi wtdmjq 78 cjodrighjrdq jekakgmkqxgq "{ qtq mdckqmghjrdq+ rdqxgixdq "X < ,6-13? uq)

KX < ,6-5;4+) Itlërkagldixd bgomgihj- dm KX kiardldixg dm ugmjr di dmqdixkhj di wtd btokdrgi gaxtghj mjq mdckqmghjrdq hdm crtvj hd cjodrighjrdqlg{jrkxgrkj "qki klvjrxgr mg vjqxtrg j crtvj hd rdedrdiakg+)

_dqvdaxj gm ìihkad hd _kad jatrrd gmcj qklkmgr- qk okdi hdodljq bgadrtig gamgrgakñi ldhkgixd) Dedaxkugldixd- _kad xkdid di atdixg vgrg mjq açmat,mjq g mjq rdqtmxghjq cmjogmdq- dq hdakr- xjhjq mjq hkvtxghjq jekakgmkqxgq- xjhjqmjq gmkghjq- xjhjq mjq jvjqkxjrdq "j atgmwtkdr jxrg hdmklkxgakñi hd crtvj wtddqxtukdrg og`j giçmkqkq+) Di itdqxrj agqj- vgrg gvmkagr _kad hdodljq bgadrmj

di hjq qkxtgakjidq hkedrdixdq0 mg vrkldrg dq bgadrmj di mg ejrlg bgokxtgm- xgmajlj qd ldiakjiñ di dm vçrrgej gixdrkjr) Dqxj qd vtdhd joqdrugr di dm Gidj? aji dm xìxtmj hd ”_kad ajlvmdxj“)

Mg qdctihg qkxtgakñi bgad g mg ugmkhgakñi hdm KX xglokëi- {g wtd qdagmatmñ itdugldixd dm ìihkad hd _kad vdrj vgrg mjq hkvtxghjq wtd qji mg ogqdhd açmatmj hd mjq KX) Dqxj qd bkpj vgrg hd`gr hd mghj mg qkxtgakñi di hjihd mjqugmjrdq etdrgi hkedrdixdq vdrj qñmj xtukdrg ajlj dvmkagakñi wtd mjq crtvjqqjord mjq atgmdq qd bkakdrji mjq açmatmjq drgi hkedrdixdq) Ugmd rdajrhgr wtd

vgrg dm açmatmj hd KX qñmj qd xkdidi di atdixg g mjq mdckqmghjrdq hdm lkqljvgrxkhj wtd dm cjodrighjr hd xtrij { ij g xjhjq mjq mdckqmghjrdq hdm vgrxkhj)Mjq rdqtmxghjq hd dqxd ”_kad gajxghj“ mjq vjhdljq joqdrugr di dm Gidj ?og`j dm ijlord hd ”_kad“) Lkqlg gamgrgakñi agod vgrg ”Tikx{“ { ”Tikx{ ajlvmdxj“)

Gbjrg okdi- gamgrghg {g dqxg atdqxkñi ij ldijr- vjhdljq joqdrugrwtd bg{ hkedrdiakgq qtqxgiakgmdq dixrd mjq ìihkadq agmatmghjq) Vjr ti mghj- mjq_kad j Tikx{ hkekdrdi qdcði mg ejrlg hd açmatmj xrghkakjigm j kiajrvjrgihj gm

açmatmj gm cjodrighjr { qt vjqxtrg) Dqxj ugmkhg mg khdg hd kiajrvjrgr mg vjq,xtrg hd mjq cjodrighjrdq di mgq rdmgakjidq D`datxkuj, Mdckqmgxkuj- gtiwtd ijhkad ighg qjord dm kiqxrtldixj hd ldhkakñi) Dqxj ðmxklj qd vtdhd joqdrugrajlvgrgihj gm KX {g ij aji _kad j Tikx{ ”ajlvmdxjq“ qkij aji mjq ”gajxg,hjq“) Gwtì xglokëi qd vtdhd joqdrugr- vjr ti mghj- wtd mjq ugmjrdq joxdikhjqqji hkedrdixdq) [ vjr jxrj mghj- wtd di qkxtgakñi hd bjljcdidkhgh hd vjqxt,rgq hd mjq cjodrighjrdq "hd atgmwtkdr crtvj { erdixd g atgmwtkdr xdlg tjrkcdi hd mg kikakgxkug+- hdvdihkdihj hd mjq ikudmdq hd gtqdixkqlj {j goq,xdiakñi- dm KX xkdihd g gqdld`grqd g _kad j g Tikx{- vdrj wtd atgihj mgvjqxtrg hd mjq cjodrighjrdq ij dq tikejrld- mg kiemtdiakg hd ëqxjq vtdhd qdr




25

atgixkekaghg vjr dm KX- qkxtgakñi gmxgldixd hdqdghg g mg bjrg hd bgodrmjardghj) Di jxrgq vgmgorgq- qk di mg hkiçlkag vjmìxkag { mdckqmgxkug mjq cjodrig,hjrdq gaxtgrgi erdixd g xjhgq mgq kikakgxkugq "qki klvjrxgr xdlçxkagq ik jrkcdi

hd mgq lkqlgq+ hd lgidrg0 g+ bjljcëidg { o+ gajrhd g qt rdmgakñi aji dmD`datxkuj- dq hdakr- mjq jekakgmkqxgq { gmkghjq qkdlvrd gvj{grgi mgq kikakgxkugqhdm D`datxkuj,jekakgmkqlj,gmkghjq { qd jvtqkdrgi g kikakgxkugq hd mg jvjqkakñi-{ mjq cjodrighjrdq jvjqkxjrdq qkdlvrd qd jvtqkdrgi g mgq kikakgxkugq hdm D`d,atxkuj,jekakgmkqlj,gmkghjq { qkdlvrd gvj{grgi mgq hd mg vrjvkg jvjqkakñi>dixjiadq ogqxgrìg aji gvmkagr _kad j Tikx{ vgrg vjhdr ldhkr mg hkqakvmkig,kihkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg) Qñmj qd hdodrìg gajxgr dm tikudrqj hd mdckqmghjrdq g mjqwtd rdqvjihdi gm lkqlj vgrxkhj hdm cjodrighjr hd xtrij vgrg vjhdr joqdr,

ugr mg kiemtdiakg hd mjq cjodrighjrdq)Qki dlogrcj- mg rdgmkhgh vjmìxkag "gm ldijq mg grcdixkig+ bg hdljqxrg,

hj dlvìrkagldixd wtd ikictig hd mgq hjq ajihkakjidq ldiakjighgq gixd,rkjrldixd qd atlvmd qkdlvrd) Vjr mj xgixj- mjq kiqxrtldixjq txkmkpghjq bgqxggbjrg ij rdqvjihdi g dqxg itdug ejrlg hd gigmkpgr gm ediñldij- rdwtkrkdihjwtd ti itduj kiqxrtldixj mj bgcg) Ogqçihjijq di mjq rdqtmxghjq bgqxg gwtìjoxdikhjq- qd vtdhd gekrlgr wtd dm KX mjcrg qgxkqegadr dqxg itdug idadqkhgh)

UKK) Ajiamtqkjidq

Di mg akdiakg vjmìxkag ljhdrig qji bgokxtgmdq mjq dqxthkjq di xjrij gmg rdmgakñi dixrd dm Vjhdr D`datxkuj { dm Mdckqmgxkuj- kiamt{dihj di qt giçmkqkqg gaxjrdq xgmdq ajlj mjq vgrxkhjq vjmìxkajq) Di dm agqj grcdixkij- mg ujxgakñi gajlkdipjq hd ?662 di xjrij g mg _dqjmtakñi 7?4 rdqtmxñ qdr hd gmxg rdmdugi,akg vjmìxkag { hd kixdrëq kiudqxkcgxkuj- ij qñmj vjr dm bdabj hd wtd dm jekakgmkqlj-

aji lg{jrìg di glogq açlgrgq- vdrhkdrg mg ujxgakñi di dm Qdighj qkij xgl,okëi vjr mg gmxg dvjqkakñi vðomkag wtd xtukdrji akdrxjq gaxjrdq qtoigakjigmdq0mjq cjodrighjrdq) Dqxj ljxkuñ g kiudqxkcgr xgixj qk mjq mdckqmghjrdq ujxgogivjr hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg j vjr qt mtcgr hd rdvrdqdixgakñi "xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh+ajlj vjr qgodr bgqxg wtë vtixj mjq cjodrighjrdq rdgmldixd kiemt{di di mgqujxgakjidq hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq hd qt vrjvkj vgrxkhj { vrjukiakg) Aji ukqxgq grdqvjihdr dqxjq kixdrrjcgixdq adixrgmdq { ukdihj dm ugaìj dlvìrkaj wtd bg{ dimjq dqarkxjq gaxtgmdq qjord dm xdlg- dm jo`dxkuj hdm vrdqdixd xrgog`j etd dm hdhkqd÷gr ti ìihkad wtd vthkdrg ldhkr dqxg itdug akratiqxgiakg) Vgrg dmmj qdhkqd÷ñ ti ìihkad hd Kihdvdihdiakg,Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh "KX+- dm atgm lkhd mgq





23

ujxgakjidq hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq xdikdihj di atdixg ij qñmj mg vjqkakñi hdmvgrxkhj g ikudm igakjigm "etdrgi ëqxjq jekakgmkqxgq j ij+ qkij xglokëi mg vjqxt,rg hd qt rdqvdaxkuj cjodrighjr erdixd gm xdlg) Gm lkqlj xkdlvj- dqxgq ldhk,

akjidq qd rdgmkpgrji vgrg mg Açlgrg hd Hkvtxghjq { hd Qdighjrdq di ejrlghkedrdiakghg)

Mjq rdqtmxghjq vgrg glogq açlgrgq grrj`grji ajiamtqkjidq lçq wtdkixdrdqgixdq) Di vrkldr mtcgr- wtd gm joxdidr rdqtmxghjq hkedrdixdq- qd bgadidadqgrkj gm dedaxtgr dqxthkjq di mg lgxdrkg- xrgxgr g hkvtxghjq { qdighjrdqvjr qdvgrghj) Qki dlogrcj- mj lçq klvjrxgixd- dq hdakr- mj rdedrkhj g mgajiqxrtaakñi hdm KX hdljqxrñ0 g+ wtd mg kiamtqkñi hd mjq cjodrighjrdq g mgbjrg hd ldhkr mg rdmgakñi D`datxkuj,Mdckqmgxkuj dq hd tig idadqkhgh dlvìrkag

kiqjqmg{gomd) [ vjr jxrg vgrxd- wtd mg cdidrgakñi hdm itduj ìihkad KX ukdid gatorkr ti ugaìj wtd mjq ìihkadq txkmkpghjq amçqkagldixd qñmj bgadi og`j hjqvrdqtvtdqxjq0 g+ wtd mjq cjodrighjrdq xdicgi qkdlvrd tig vjqxtrg tikejr,ld- { o+ wtd mjq cjodrighjrdq lgixdicgi tig vjqxtrg gajrhd g qt rjm vjmì,xkaj vgrxkhgrkj erdixd gm D`datxkuj- dq hdakr- wtd xgixj gmkghjq ajlj jekakgmkqxgqdqxgrçi qkdlvrd di qkixjiìg aji mg vjqxtrg hdm D`datxkuj { mjq jvjqkxjrdqqkdlvrd di ajixrg> qkxtgakñi klvjqkomd hd qjqxdidr qdrkg { dlvìrkagldixd)

Hd dqxg lgidrg- dm KX qtrcd ajlj ti kiqxrtldixj gvrjvkghj vgrg mg

ldhkakñi hd qkxtgakjidq vjmìxkagq rdgmdq- ajiardxgq {- qjord xjhj- hkiçlkagqhdixrj hd mg rdmgakñi D`datxkuj,Mdckqmgxkuj- gm kiajrvjrgr g ti gaxjr vjaj hdqxg,aghj vjr mg mkxdrgxtrg bgqxg dm ljldixj0 mjq cjodrighjrdq) Wtdhg vgrg etxtrgqkiudqxkcgakjidq dm diajixrgr gmcði vgxrñi hd ajlvjrxglkdixj j hd qkxtgakjidqwtd vdrlkxgi qdctkr gbjihgihj di mg kiemtdiakg hd mjq cjodrighjrdq di mggbjrg {g kiidcgomd xrìghg D`datxkuj igakjigm,D`datxkujq vrjukiakgmdq,Mdckqmgxk,uj igakjigm> rdqtmxgihj kixdrdqgixd gqklkqlj joqdrugr dm ajlvjrxglkdixj hdmdckqmghjrdq hd vgrxkhjq wtd ij xkdidi cjodrighjrdq vgrg ajlvgrgrmjq aji mjq

wtd qì xkdidi- t jxrjq arkxdrkjq hd ajrxd "vjr d`dlvmj- vrjukiakgq hd vrjadhdiakghd mjq mdckqmghjrdq- vgrxkhjq vjmìxkajq- vjr ldiakjigr gmctijq+)Ajiqakdixdq hd mg klvjqkokmkhgh hd cdidrgmkpgr gði ajiamtqkjidq di

xjrij g ajlvjrxglkdixjq mdckqmgxkujq- wtdhg gokdrxj dm aglvj vgrg kiajrvj,rgr lçq agqjq gm dqxthkj wtd vdrlkxgi dqxgomdadr jxrgq ugrkgomdq hd ajrxd { diajixrgr gqì ti vgxrñi lçq g`tqxgomd gm rjm j kiemtdiakg hd mjq cjodrighjrdqdi dm ajlvjrxglkdixj mdckqmgxkuj- gm lkqlj xkdlvj wtd rdqtmxgrìg kixdrdqgi,xd rdvmkagrmj di jxrgq rdvðomkagq edhdrgmdq mgxkijgldrkagigq vgrg vjhdr hdxdr,lkigr qk dm agqj grcdixkij dq tig rgrdpg j tig ijrlgmkhgh)




22

Okomkjcrgeìg

Gldq- Ogrr{ "7;;?+”Hkqvgrgxdm{ Qddnkic Vjmkxkakgiq0 Qxrgxdckaq gih Jtxajldq ki Orgpkmkgi

Mdckqmgxkud Dmdaxkjiq“- vgvdr vrdqdixghj di Ajiedrdiad je xbd Mgxki GldrkagiQxthkdq Gqqjakgxkji- Mjq Gicdmdq- jaxtord)

Gldq- Ogrr{ "7;;4+”Dmdaxjrgm Qxrgxdc{ tihdr Jvdi,mkqx Vrjvjrxkjigm _dvrdqdixgxkji“- di Gldrkagi @jtrigm je Vjmkxkagm Qakdiad - Ujm) 1;- I° ?)

Gldq- Ogrr{ "?666+”Hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg di mg Mdckqmgxtrg orgqkmd÷g“- diVjmìxkag { cjokdr,

ij- Ujm) UKK- I° 7- AKHD- vrkldr qdldqxrd) Gldq- Ogrr{ "?667+Xbd Hdghmjan je Hdljarga{ ki Orgpkm0 Kixdrdqxq- Khdixkxkdq- gih Kiqxkxtxkjiq

ki Ajlvgrgxkud Vjmkxkaq - Gii Grojr- Tikudrqkx{ je Lkabkcgi Vrdqq)

Gljrkl Idxj- Jaxgukj "?66?+”Vrdqkhdixkgm Agokidxq- Dmdaxjrgm A{amdq- gih AjgmkxkjiHkqakvmkid ki Orgpkm“- di Ljrcdiqxdri- Qajxx { Odikxj Igake "dhq)+ Mdckqmgxkud Vjmkxkaq

ki Mgxki Gldrkag- Itdug [jrn- Aglorkhcd Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq) Gqbsjrxb- Qajxx { Dxbgi Otdij hd Ldqwtkxg "?668+”Vgrx{ Hkqakvmkid skxb Dmdaxjrgm gih

Kiqxkxtxkjigm Ugrkgxkji“- Sjrnkic Vgvdr SV?668‛3- Kiqxkxtxd je CjudrildixgmQxthkdq- Tikudrqkx{ je Agmkejrikg- Odrnmd{)

Ojsmdr- Qbgti- Hgukh Egrrdmm { _kabgrh Ngxp "dhq)+ "7;;;+ Vgrx{ Hkqakvmkid gih

Vgrmkgldixgr{ Cjudrildix - Ajmtlotq- Jbkj Qxgxd Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)

Agmuj- Dridqxj "?663+”Xbd _dqvjiqkud Mdckqmgxtrd0 Vtomka Jvkikji gih Mgs Lgnkic ki gBkcbm{ Hkqakvmkidh Mdckqmgxtrd“- diOrkxkqb @jtrigm je Vjmkxkagm Qakdiad - Ujm) 13- I° ?)

Agrd{- @jbi L) "?666+ ”Vgrx{ Tikx{ ki Mdckqmgxkud Ujxkic“- vgvdr vrdqdixghj di Ajicrdqjhd Gldrkagi Vjmkxkagm Qakdiad Gqqjakgxkji- Sgqbkicxji- qdvxkdlord)

Agrd{- @jbi L) "?667+ ”Vgrx{ gih Ajgmkxkji Tikx{ ki Mdckqmgxkud Ujxkic“- Sjrnkic Vgvdr!135- Hdvgrxldix je Vjmkxkagm Qakdiad- Sgqbkicxji Tikudrqkx{- Qx) Mjtkq)

Agrd{- @jbi L) "?66?+ ” Cdxxkic xbdkr Sg{- jr Cdxxkic ki xbd Sg{: Vrdqkhdixq gih Vgrx{ Tikx{ ki Mdckqmgxkud Ujxkic“ - vgvdr vrdqdixghj di Ajicrdqj hd Gldrkagi Vjmkxkagm

Qakdiad Gqqjakgxkji- Ojqxji- gcjqxj)Agrd{- @jbi L) "?664+ ”Vjmkxkagm Kiqxkxtxkjiq- Ajlvdxkic Vrkiakvgmq- gih Vgrx{ Tikx{ kiMdckqmgxkud Ujxkic“- Sjrnkic Vgvdr- Hdvgrxldix je Cjudrildix- HgrxljtxbAjmmdcd- gorkm)

Agrd{- @jbi L) { Ckig [giikxdmm _dkibgrhx "?667+ ”Ajgmkxkji Orjndrq jr Ordgndrq: OrgpkmkgiCjudrijrq gih Mdckqmgxkud Ujxkic“- Hdvgrxldix je Vjmkxkagm Qakdiad- SgqbkicxjiTikudrqkx{- Qx) Mjtkq)

Abgic- D) A) A) { L)G Cjmhdi "?667+ ”Ajlvdxkxkud Ajrrtvxkji0 Egaxkjigm Ajiemkax gihVjmkxkagm Lgmedgqgiad ki Vjqxsgr Kxgmkgi Abrkqxkgi Hdljarga{“- di Sjrmh Vjmkxkaq -Ujm) 8- I° 41)





2;

Abdkoto- @jqë Gixjikj- Grcdmkig A) Ekctdkrdhj { Edrigihj Mkljick "?666+”VrdqkhdixkgmVjsdr- Mdckqmgxkud Jrcgikpgxkji- gih Vgrx{ Odbgukjr ki Orgpkm“- di Ajlvgrgxkud

Vjmkxkaq - Ujm) ?- I° 1?)

Abdkoto- @jqë Gixjikj- Ghgl Vrpdsjrqnk { Qdogqxkçi Qgkdcb "?668+ ”CjudrildixAjgmkxkjiq gih Mdckqmgxkud Qtaadqq tihdr Vrdqkhdixkgmkql gih Vgrmkgldixgrkql“- diOrkxkqb @jtrigm je Vjmkxkagm Qakdiad - Ujm) 8- I° 18)

Ajrjidm- Gmd`gihrj { Odrigrhj Pglkabkdk "?66;+ ”Dm rdabgpj hd mgq rdxdiakjidq lñukmdqdi dm Ajicrdqj Igakjigm0 ºeki hd mg hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg di mg Grcdixkig:“- vgvdrvrdqdixghj di dm ?7° Ajicrdqj Ltihkgm hd Akdiakg Vjmìxkag- Kixdrigxkjigm VjmkxkagmQakdiad Gqqjakgxkji- Qgixkgcj hd Abkmd- 7?,75 hd ̀ tmkj)

Aj- Cgr{ "7;23+ Xbd Deekakdix Qdardx - Itdug [jrn- Aglorkhcd Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)

Aj- Cgr{ { Lgxbds LaAtookiq "?663+ Mdckqmgxkud Mdukgxbgi- Aglorkhcd- AglorkhcdTikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)

Hìgp _dojmmdhj- @drñiklj "?664+ ”Mjq hdxdrlkigixdq hd mg kihkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg) Gvti,xdq qjord mg ajidkñi dmdaxjrgm di dm Ajicrdqj ldkagij- ?666,?661“- di Vjmìxkag

{ cjokdrij- Ujm) RKK- I° ?- AKHD- qdctihj qdldqxrd)Hkdrldkdr- Hgikdm { Xkljxb{ @) Edhhdrqdi "7;;2+ ”Ajbdqkji ki Mdckqmgxtrdq gih xbd Ujxd

je Ajiekhdiad Vrjadhtrd“- di Gldrkagi Vjmkxkagm Qakdiad _dukds- Ujm) ;?- I° 1)Ekctdkrdhj- Grcdmkig A) { Edrigihj Mkljick "?666+ ”Vrdqkhdixkgm Vjsdr- Mdckqmgxkud

Jrcgikpgxkji- gih Vgrx{ Odbgukjr ki Orgpkm“- di Ajlvgrgxkud Vjmkxkaq - Ujm) ?- I°1?)

Ekjrkig- Ljrrkq V) "7;33+ Ajicrdqq- Nd{qxjid je xbd Sgqbkicxji Dqxgomkqbldix - Ids Bgudi- [gmd Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)

Cdhhdq- Ogrogrg { Grxtrj _kodkrj Idxj "7;;?+ ” Kiqxkxtxkjigm Qjtradq je Ajrrtvxkji kiOrgpkm“- di Xbkrh Sjrmh Wtgrxdrm{ - Ujm) 71- I° 8)

Bgpgi- _dtudi [) "?661+ ”Hjdq Ajbdqkji Dwtgm Hkqakvmkid: Xjsgrhq g AjiadvxtgmHdmkidgxkji“- di @jtrigm je Mdckqmgxkud Qxthkdq - Ujm) ;- I° 8)

Bk- Qklji "?668+ ”Dmdaxjrgm Kiqxkxtxkjiq gih Mdckqmgxkud Odbgukjr , Dvmgkikic UjxkicHdedaxkji ki xbd Dtrjvdgi Vgrmkgldix“- di Sjrmh Vjmkxkaq - Ujm) ?- I° 45)Bk- Qklji- Gohtm Ijtr{ { Cdrgrh _jmgih "?66?+”G ‒Ijrlgm‛ Vgrmkgldix: Vgrx{ Ajbdqkji

gih Ajlvdxkxkji ki xbd Dtrjvdgi Vgrmkgldix- 7;3;,?667/- vgvdr vrdqdixghj di Giitgm Lddxkicq je xbd Vtomka Abjkad Qjakdx{- Qgi Hkdcj- lgrpj)

@gajoqji- Cgr{ A) "7;;6+ Xbd Dmdaxjrgm Jrkckiq je Hkukhdh Cjudrildix0 Ajlvdxkxkji ki

T)Q) Bjtqd Dmdaxkjiq- 7;85,7;22 - Ojtmhdr- Sdqxukds Vrdqq) @klëidp Oghkmmj- Lgrcgrkxg "?668+”Jvjqkakñi vgrmgldixgrkg di Lëkaj0 qt ëkxj mdckqmg,

xkuj di mjq cjokdrijq qki lg{jrìgq- 7;;3,?661“- di Grdigq - I° 3- Egatmxgh hdAkdiakgq Qjakgmdq hd mg Tikudrqkhgh Gtxñijlg hd Qkigmjg- Lgpgxmçi)




;6

@jidq- Lgrn "?66?+ ”Dvmgkikic xbd Bkcb Mdudm je Vgrx{ Hkqakvmkid ki xbd GrcdixkidAjicrdqq“- di Ljrcdiqxdri- Qajxx { Odikxj Igake "dhq)+ Mdckqmgxkud Vjmkxkaq ki Mgxki

Gldrkag- Aglorkhcd- Aglorkhcd Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)

@jidq- Lgrn { S) Bsgic "?664+ ”Vrjukiakgm Vgrx{ Ojqqdq0 Nd{qxjid je xbd GrcdixkidAjicrdqq“- di Mdukxqn{- Qxdudi { Ltrkmmj- Lgrìg Ukaxjrkg "dhq)+ Grcdixkid Hdljarga{ -Tikudrqkx{ Vgrn- Xbd Vdiiq{mugikg Qxgxd Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)

@jidq- Lgrn- S) Bsgic { @) Lkajppk "?66;+ ”Cjudrildix gih Jvvjqkxkji ki xbd Grcdixkid Ajicrdqq- 7;2;,?6630 Tihdrqxgihkic Kixdr,Vgrx{ H{iglkaq xbrjtcb_jmm Agmm Ujxd Gigm{qkq“- di @jtrigm je Vjmkxkaq ki Mgxki Gldrkag- Ujm) 7- vv) 53,;5)

Ngxp- _kabgrh Q) "7;26+ G Xbdjr{ je Vgrxkdq gih Dmdaxjrgm Q{qxdlq - Ogmxkljrd- Xbd @jbiqBjvnkiq Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)

Ntikajug- @gig { Xbjlgq Erdhdrkan _dlkicxji "?662+ ”Vgrx{ Ajbdqkji ki xbd _tqqkgiQxgxd Htlg- 7;;8 ?661) Lgihgxdq- Vgrxkdq gih Hkqqdix0 Deedax je Dmdaxjrgm _tmdqji Vgrmkgldixgr{“- di Vgrx{ Vjmkxkaq - Ujm) 78- I° 4)

Mkip- @tgi @) "7;;8+ ”Vrdqkhdixkgmkql jr Vgrmkgldixgrkql0 Hjdq kx Lgnd g Hkeedrdiad:“- diMkip- @tgi @) { Grxtrj Ugmdiptdmg "dhq)+ Xbd Egkmtrd je Vrdqkhdixkgm Hdljarga{ -Ogmxkljrd- Xbd @jbiq Bjvnkiq Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)

Lgcgr- Drkn { @deerd{ Sdmhji "?667+ ”Xbd Vgrghj je xbd Udxj ki Ldkaj "7;73,7;;3+“- hjatldixj vrdvgrghj vgrg dm ?1xb Kixdrigxkjigm Ajicrdqq je xbd Mgxki

Gldrkagi Qxthkdq Gqqjakgxkji- Sgqbkicxji)Lgkisgrkic- Qajxx "7;;7+”Vjmkxkakgiq- Vgrxkdq- gih Dmdaxjrgm Q{qxdlq0 Orgpkm ki Ajlvgrgxkud

Vdrqvdaxkud“- di Ajlvgrgxkud Vjmkxkaq - Ujm) ?8- I°7)Lgkisgrkic- Qajxx "7;;;+ _dxbkinkic Vgrx{ Q{qxdlq ki xbd Xbkrh Sgud je Hdljargxkpgxkji0

Xbd Agqd je Orgpkm - Qxgiejrh- Qxgiejrh Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)Lgrxìidp Dmkvd- Mdñi "?666+ Ekqagmkpgakñi vjmìxkag hdm cjokdrij) Ujmtldi vrkldrj) Ekqagmkpg,

akñi vgrmgldixgrkg { dxrgvgrmgldixgrkg) Kiqvdaakñi vgrmgldixgrkg- Grgipghk- Dmagij)Lgqajxx Qçiabdp- Lgrìg hd mjq Çicdmdq "?665+”Hkqakvmkig vgrxkhkqxg di Lëkaj0 dm ujxj

hkukhkhj hd mgq ergaakjidq vgrmgldixgrkgq htrgixd mgq MUKK- MUKKK { MKR Mdckqmgxt,rgq“- Hjatldixj hd Xrgog`j I° 7- Adixrj hd Dqxthkjq Qjakgmdq { hd JvkikñiVðomkag- Açlgrg hd Hkvtxghjq MR Mdckqmgxtrg- Lëkaj- ̀ tikj)

Lgqqkajxxd Mjtkq gih Gihrë Omgkq "7;;;+ ”Lkdh Dmdaxjrgm Q{qxdlq0 G Ajiadvxtgm gihDlvkrkagm Qtrud{“- di Dmdaxjrgm Qxthkdq - I° 72)

LaAtookiq- Lgxbds H) { Ergiadq L) _jqdiomtxb "7;;8+ ”Vgrx{ Vrjukqkji ejr VdrqjigmVjmkxkaq0 Hkukhkic xbd Ujxdq ki @gvgi“- di LaAtookiq- Lgxbds H) % Vdxdr Ajsbd{ "dhq)+ Qxrtaxtrd gih Vjmka{ ki @gvgi gih xbd Tikxdh Qxgxdq - Itdug [jrn- Aglorkhcd

Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)





;7

LaDmrj{- Cgkm "?663+ ”Mdckqmgxkud Vjmkxkaq gq Ijrlgm: Ujxkic Odbgukjr gih Od{jih ki xbdDtrjvdgi Vgrmkgldix“- di Dtrjvdgi Tikji Vjmkxkaq - Ujm) 2- I° 1)

Ljji- Sjj`ki "?664+ ”Hdajlvjqkxkji je _dckjigm Ujxkic ki Qjtxb Njrdg) Khdjmjckagm

Ajiemkaxq gih _dckjigm Kixdrdqxq“- diVgrx{ Vjmkxkaq - Ujm) 77- I° 4)Ljrcdiqxdri- Qajxx "?661+ ”Dvmkagihj mg tikhgh hd mjq vgrmgldixgrkjq di dm Ajij Qtr“-

di Gmaçixgrg Qçdp- Lgitdm { Dmdig Ogrgbjig "dhq)+ Vjmìxkag- hkidrj d

kiqxkxtakjigmkpgakñi vgrxkhkqxg di Glërkag Mgxkig- Lëkaj H)E)- Tikudrqkhgh Kod,rjgldrkagig)

Ltqxgvka- Gig Lgrìg "?666+ ”Jekakgmkqxgq { hkvtxghjq0 mgq rdmgakjidq d`datxkuj,mdckqmgxkujdi mg Grcdxikig“- di Hdqgrrjmmj Dajiñlkaj- Ujm) 1;- I° 745)

Ltqxgvka- Gig Lgrìg "?66?+ ”Jqakmmgxkic _dmgxkjiq0 Vrdqkhdix gih Ajicrdqq ki Grcdixk,

ig“- di Ljrcdiqxdri- Qajxx % Odikxj Igake "dhq)+ Mdckqmgxkud Vjmkxkaq ki Mgxki Gldrkag- Aglorkhcd- Aglorkhcd Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)

Igake- Odikxj "?66?+ ”Tihdrqxgihkic Vgrx{ Hkqakvmkid ki xbd Ldkagi Abglodr0 XbdAdixrgmkpdh Vgrx{ Ljhdm“- di Ljrcdiqxdri- Qajxx % Odikxj Igake "dhq)+ Mdckqmgxkud

Vjmkxkaq ki Mgxki Gldrkag- Aglorkhcd- Aglorkhcd Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)Ñpothti- Drcti "7;36+ Vgrx{ Ajbdqkji ki Sdqxdri Hdljargakdq0 G Agtqgm Gigm{qkq - Odudrm{

Bkmmq- Qgcd)Vdrqqji- X) { C) Xgodmmkik "?661+ Xbd Dajijlka Deedaxq je Ajiqxkxtxkjiq - Aglorkhcd- LKX

Vrdqq)Wtkii- Xbjlgq "?66?+”Omjan Ujxkic ki xbd Mgojtr Vgrx{0 G Vjmkxkagm Dabgicd Ljhdm“-

diVgrx{ Vjmkxkaq - Ujm) 2- I° ?)_ddh- Qxdudi _) "7;;8+ ”Hdljarga{ gih xbd Vdrqjigm Ujxd0 G Agtxkjigr{ Xgmd erjl

@gvgi“- diDmdaxjrgm Qxthkdq - Ujm) 7- I° 71)_kad- Qxtgrx G) "7;?4+ ”Xbd Odbgukjr je Mdckqmgxkud Crjtvq“- diVjmkxkagm Qakdiad Wtgrxdrm{ -

Ujm) ?- I° 86)Qgrxjrk- Ckjugiik "7;35+ Vgrxkhjq { qkqxdlgq hd vgrxkhjq - Lghrkh- Gmkgipg)

Qbtcgrx- Lgxxbds Qjodrc "7;;2+ ”Xbd Kiudrqd _dmgxkjiqbkv odxsddi Vgrx{ Qxrdicxb gihDdatxkud Qxrdicxb0 G Xbdjr{ je Vjmkxkakgiq‛ Ajiqxkxtxkjigm Abjkadq“- di Orkxkqb

@jtrigm je Vjmkxkagm Qakdiad - Ujm) ?2- I° 7)Qbtcgrx- Lgxxbds Qjodrc "?667+ ”Dmdaxjrgm ‒Deekakdia{‛ gih xbd Ljud xj Lkdh,ldlodr

Q{qxdlq“- di Dmdaxjrgm Qxthkdq - I° ?6)Qbtcgrx- Lgxxbds Qjodrc { Hgikdm Ikdmqji "7;;1+ ”Mkodrgmkpgxkji Xbrjtcb Kiqxkxtxkjigm

_dejrl0 Dajijlka Gh`tqxldix gih Ajiqxkxtxkjigm Abgicd ki Ajmjlokg“ "vgvdrij vtomkaghj+)

Qbtcgrx- Lgxxbds Qjodrc { Lgrxìi V) Sgxxdiodrc "dhq)+ "?667+ Lkdh,ldlodr Dmdaxjrgm

Q{qxdlq0 Xbd Odqx je Ojxb Sjrmhq: - Itdug [jrn- Jejrh Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)




;?

Qkgudmkq- Vdxdr "?66?+ ”Dgccdrgxdh Vrdqkhdixkgmkql gih Ljhdrgxd Vrdqkhdixq0 Ddatxkud,Mdckqmgxkud _dmgxkjiq ki Abkmd“- di Ljrcdiqxdri- Qajxx { Odikxj Igake "dhq)+Mdckqmgxkud Vjmkxkaq ki Mgxki Gldrkag- Itdug [jrn- Aglorkhcd Tikudrqkx{ Vrdqq)

Qvkmmdr- Vgomj X) { Lgrkgij Xjllgqk "?666+ ”Xbd Kiqxkxtxkjigm Ejtihgxkjiq je VtomkaVjmka{0 G Xrgiqgaxkjiq Gvvrjgab skxb Gvvmkagxkji xj Grcdixkig“- di @jtrigm je Mgs-

Dajijlkaq gih Jrcgikpgxkji- Ujm) ?- I° 7;)Tcgmhd- Mtkq Agrmjq "?666+ Xbd Ldkagi Ajicrdqq) Jmh Vmg{dr- Ids Vjsdr - Sgqbkicxji

H)A)- AQKQ Vrdqq)Tqmgidr- Drka L) "7;24+ ” Agqdsjrn gih Kiqxkxtxkjigm Hdqkci0 _dhddlkic Vrjlkqdq ki xbd

Vrjlkqdh Mgih“- di Mdckqmgxkud Qxthkdq Wtgrxdrm{ - I° 76) Sdmhji- @deerd{ G) "?666+ ”Ujxkic ki Ldkaj‛q Abglodr je Hdvtxkdq“- vgvdr vrdqdixghj

di dm Mgxki Gldrkagi Qxthkdq Gqqjakgxkji Ajiedrdiad) Sdmhji- @deerd{ G) "?66?+ Egaxjrdq kiqxkxtakjigmdq { vjmìxkajq hd mg hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg di mg

Açlgrg hd Hkvtxghjq hd Lëkaj- 7;;2,?66? - Lëkaj H)E)- Kiqxkxtxj Xdaijmñckaj Gtxñijlj hd Lëkaj)

_dqtldi

Dm dqxthkj hd mgq rdmgakjidq D`datxkuj,Mdckq,

mgxkuj ij dq itduj) Qki dlogrcj- di dm agqjgrcdixkij- mg ujxgakñi di dm Ajicrdqj hd mgIgakñi Grcdixkig hdm vrj{daxj wtd diukgrgdm D`datxkuj vrjatrgihj mg ajiekrlgakñi hdmg _dqjmtakñi 7?4 hdm Lkikqxdrkj hd Daj,ijlìg qjord rdxdiakjidq lñukmdq g mgq d,vjrxgakjidq gcrjvdatgrkgq cdidrñ ti wtkd,ord wtd vtqj di dqadig dm rjm hd mjq cjodrig,

hjrdq di mg ujxgakñi hdm Mdckqmgxkuj) Dqxdwtkdord di mg hkiçlkag hd mg gaxkukhgh vgrmg,ldixgrkg rdcdidrg dm kixdrëq gaghëlkaj qj,ord dm vgvdm hd mg ”ajbdqkñi vgrxkhgrkg“ "”hkq,akvmkig vgrxkhgrkg“+ di dm Ajicrdqj- kixrj,htakdihj g ti gaxjr lt{ vjaj joqdrughjgm ljldixj0 mjq cjodrighjrdq) Mg mkxdrgxtrggaghëlkag ij bg xrgog`ghj aji vrjetihk,hgh dm rjm hd mjq cjodrighjrdq di mg rdmgakñiD`datxkuj,Mdckqmgxkuj ik qt ldhkakñi) Di dqxd

qdixkhj dm Ìihkad hd _kad dq dm kiqxrtldixj

hd ldhkakñi hd rdedrdiakg di dm xdlg) Gbjrgokdi- hghj wtd ëqxd qd bgmmg mklkxghj di qtgmagiad hghgq hdxdrlkighgq ajihkakjidq- dmvrdqdixd xrgog`j xkdid vjr jo`dxkuj ajiqxrtkrti itduj ìihkad hdijlkighj ”Ìihkad hdKihdvdihdiakg,Xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh "KX+“ wtdvdrlkxg kihgcgr qjord dm rjm hd mjq cjodrig,hjrdq- rdmgakjigihj mgq ugrkgomdq ajbdqkñi

vgrxkhgrkg { xdrrkxjrkgm- txkmkpgihj vgrg dmmjtig lgxrkp hd hgxjq ajiqxrtkhg di ogqd gujxjq ijlkigmdq hd mjq mdckqmghjrdq hd gl,ogq Açlgrgq) Mg kiudqxkcgakñi grrkog g aji,amtqkjidq wtd ajixrkot{di g ti itduj di,ejwtd xdñrkaj,ldxjhjmñckaj qjord dm xdlg-wtdhgihj vgrg etxtrgq kiudqxkcgakjidq qk mjjoqdrughj dq ti agqj vgrxkatmgr grcdixkij jdq ti ediñldij rdvmkagomd g jxrgq rdvðomk,agq edhdrgmdq)





;1

Vgmgorgq amgud

cjodrighjrdq- rdmgakñi D`datxkuj,Mdckqmgxkuj- hkqakvmkig vgrxkhgrkg- xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh- ìihkad

kihdvdihdiakg,xdrrkxjrkgmkhgh

Goqxrgax

Xbd qxth{ je ddatxkud,mdckqmgxkud rdmgxkjiqkq ijx ids) Bjsdudr- ki xbd Grcdixkid agqd-xbd ujxd je xbd vrj`dax qdix o{ xbd Ddatxkud

qddnkic ajiekrlgxkji je Lkikqxr{ je Dajijl{ _dqjmtxkji 7?4 qmkhkic xg jigcrkatmxtrgm dvjrxq mdh xj g ordgn sbkabqxgcdh xbd rjmd je cjudrijrq ki xbd mdckqmgxkudujxd) Xbkq ordgn ki xbd h{iglkaq je vgrmkgldixgr{ gaxkukx{ rdcdidrgxdq gaghdlkakixdrdqx ji xbd rjmd je ”vgrx{ ajbdqkji“"”vgrx{ hkqakvmkid“+ ki Ajicrdqq- kixrjhtakic

gi gaxjr udr{ mkxxmd qxthkdh gx xbd xkld0 xbdcjudrijrq) Xbd gaghdlka mkxdrgxtrd bgq ijx sjrndh ki hdvxb xbd rjmd je cjudrijrq kiddatxkud,mdckqmgxkud rdmgxkjiq gih kxqldgqtrdldix) Ki xbkq qdiqd- xbd _kad kihd

kq xbd ldgqtrdldix kiqxrtldix rdedrdiad kixbd ekdmh) Bjsdudr- qkiad kx kq mklkxdh ki qajvdtihdr adrxgki ajihkxkjiq- xbkq vgvdr gklq xj

otkmh g ids kihd agmmdh xbd Kihdvdihdiad,Xdrrkxjrkgmkx{ Kihd "KX+ xj digomd kiudqxkcgxdxbd rjmd je cjudrijrq- dqxgomkqbkic xbdrdmgxkjiqbkv odxsddi vgrx{ ajbdqkji gihxdrrkxjrkgmkx{- tqkic g hgxg lgxrk otkmx jirjmm agmm ujxdq je mdckqmgxjrq ki ojxb Bjtqdq)Xbd ekihkicq je xbkq rdqdgrab lgnd gajixrkotxkji xj g ids xbdjrdxkagm gih

ldxbjhjmjckagm gvvrjgab ji xbd qto`dax-mdgukic xj etxtrd qxthkdq ke xbd joqdrudh kq gvgrxkatmgr vbdijldiji je Grcdixkig jr ke kx kq rdvmkagomd xj jxbdr edhdrgm mgxkigldrkagirdvtomkaq)

Nd{ sjrhq

cjudrijrq- Ddatxkud,Mdckqmgxkud rdmgxkji- vgrx{ hkqakvmkid- xdrrkxjrkgmkx{- Kihdvdihdiad,Xdrrkxjrkgmkx{ "KX+ Kihd




;8

GIDRJ KMkqxghj hd vrj{daxjq ajiqkhdrghjq vgrg dm giçmkqkq

Etdixd0 Dmgojrgakñi vrjvkg)Ijxgq0 * Dqxd vrj{daxj etd vrdqdixghj g kiqxgiakgq hd mjq vrjvkjq cjodrighjrdq "hd hkedrdixdqqkcijq vjmìxkajq+) Etd agxdcjrkpghj ajlj jvjqkxjr ij xgixj vjr dm jrkcdi di qì- qkij vjr mg vjqxtrgdi ajixrg hdm D`datxkuj igakjigm)** Gvrjoghj qñmj di tig açlgrg) Gm bgodr klvmdldixghj vjr ljxt vrjvrkj dm D`datxkuj mgldhkhg gvrjoghg di Hkvtxghjq- dqxj cdidrñ wtd qt xrgxglkdixj wtdhgqd qki dedaxj di dm Qdighj)





;4

GIDRJ ?

ATGH_J 7XB_DQBJMH { AMJQD vgrg vrj{daxjq gigmkpghjq vgrg Açlgrg hd

Hkvtxghjq hd mg Igakñi- vjr jrkcdi hd kikakgxkug { g÷j

Etdixd0 Dmgojrgakñi vrjvkg)

ATGH_J ?_dqtmxghjq vgrg X- KX- _kad { Tikx{ vgrg vrj{daxjq gigmkpghjq vgrg hkvtxghjq

jekakgmkqxgq - vjr g÷j { qdcði hkedrdiakgq hd vjqxtrgq dixrd cjodrighjrdq





;5

ATGH_J 1_dqtmxghjq vgrg X- KX- _kad- Tikx{ vgrg vrj{daxjq gigmkpghjq vgrg hkvtxghjq

gmkghjq - vjr g÷j { qdcði hkedrdiakgq hd vjqxtrgq dixrd cjodrighjrdq


ATGH_J 8

_dqtmxghjq vgrg X- KX- _kad- Tikx{ vgrg vrj{daxjq gigmkpghjq vgrg hkvtxghjqjvjqkxjrdq - vjr g÷j { qdcði hkedrdiakgq hd vjqxtrgq dixrd cjodrighjrdq






;3

ATGH_J 4XB_DQBJMH { AMJQD vgrg vrj{daxjq gigmkpghjq vgrg Qdighj hd mg

Igakñi- vjr jrkcdi hd kikakgxkug { g÷j


ATGH_J 5

_dqtmxghjq vgrg X- KX- _kad- Tikx{ vgrg vrj{daxjq gigmkpghjq vgrg qdighjrdqjekakgmkqxgq - vjr g÷j { qdcði hkedrdiakgq hd vjqxtrgq dixrd cjodrighjrdq





ATGH_J 3_dqtmxghjq vgrg X- KX- _kad- Tikx{ vgrg vrj{daxjq gigmkpghjq vgrg qdighjrdq

gmkghjq - vjr g÷j { qdcði hkedrdiakgq hd vjqxtrgq dixrd cjodrighjrdq


ATGH_J 2_dqtmxghjq vgrg X- KX- _kad- Tikx{ vgrg vrj{daxjq gigmkpghjq vgrg qdighjrdq

jvjqkxjrdq - vjr g÷j { qdcði hkedrdiakgq hd vjqxtrgq dixrd cjodrighjrdq



Documents

Los gobernadores, ¿convidados de piedra en la relación ejecutivo-legislativo? Construcción de un nuevo instrumento de medición para el abordaje del fenómeno - Alejandro Coronel,