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Luis Muñoz Marín, 1898-1980José O. Díaz MA, MLS, ABD aa Ohio State University, Cataloging Department ,Main Library, Room 030, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall,Columbus, OH, 43210, USAPublished online: 11 Oct 2008.
To cite this article: José O. Díaz MA, MLS, ABD (2001) Luis Muñoz Marín, 1898-1980,Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian, 20:1, 55-70, DOI: 10.1300/J103v20n01_04
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Luis Muñoz Marín, 1898-1980:An An no tated Bib li og ra phy
of Se lected SourcesJosé O. Díaz
ABSTRACT. This pa per is the only an no tated bib li og ra phy cur rentlyavail able on Luis Muñoz Marín, Puerto Rico’s first elected gov er nor. Itcon sists mostly of Span ish and Eng lish mono graphs se lected for theirschol arly value. The ma te rial is or ga nized into five broad top ics: elec -tronic re sources, ref er ence sources, gen eral works, bi og ra phies and alist ing of doc toral dis ser ta tions. [Ar ti cle cop ies avail able for a fee from TheHaworth Doc u ment De liv ery Ser vice: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail ad dress:<[email protected]> Website: <http://www.HaworthPress.com> © 2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights re served.]
KEYWORDS. Luis Muñoz Marín, Puerto Rico, Com mon wealth ofPuerto Rico, bib li og ra phy
INTRODUCTION
“One does not have to be lieve in the ‘great-men-the o ries-of his tory’ to ac -cept the prop o si tion that the his tory of emer gence and es tab lish ment of theCom mon wealth of Puerto Rico is, in an im por tant mea sure, tied to the rise topower of one man: Luis Muñoz Marín” (Heine 1982). Puerto Rico’s firstelected gov er nor was a poet as well as a pol i ti cian. He was the cre ative forcebe hind the po lit i cal and eco nomic par a digm that for nearly half a cen tury hasde fined the re la tion ship be tween the United States and Puerto Rico. To friendsand sup port ers this po lit i cal ti tan em bod ied the un par al leled prog ress ex pe ri -enced by Puerto Rico dur ing the sec ond half of the twen ti eth cen tury. To his
José O. Díaz, MA, MLS, ABD, is Cat a log Li brar ian and Co or di na tor for West ernLan guages Cat a loging, The Ohio State Uni ver sity, Cat a loging De part ment, Main Li -brary, Room 030, 1858 Neil Av e nue Mall, Co lum bus, OH 43210 (E-mail:[email protected]).
Be hav ioral & So cial Sci ences Librarian, Vol. 20(1) 2001 2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights re served. 55
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de trac tors Muñoz Marín was the ul ti mate con man, an ar ro gant and shrewd po -lit i cal op er a tor who ran a be nign dic ta tor ship and who had the te mer ity to callhim self “El Panfletista de Dios” (God’s Pam phle teer). To the world he is bestre mem bered by his 1963 Pres i den tial Medal of Free dom Ci ta tion, “Poet, pol i -ti cian, pub lic ser vant, pa triot, he has led his peo ple on to new heights of dig nity and pur pose and trans formed a stricken land into a vi tal so ci ety.”
The amount of schol arly in for ma tion on Luis Muñoz Marín is shock inglysmall. The body of Muñocista lit er a ture by and large con sists of ju ve nileworks, pop u lar mag a zines, some out of date bi og ra phies and far too manyhagiographic writ ings try ing to pass for se ri ous schol ar ship. A cur sory look atcur rent elec tronic da ta bases tells the tale: Pe ri od i cal Ab stracts pro duces a mea -ger five items, Amer ica His tory and Life only thir teen and the mas siveWorldCat one hun dred and twenty-eight (in clud ing du pli cates, new edi tions,etc.). When the fi nal prod uct is dis tilled we are left with ap prox i matelythirty-five items of some schol arly value.
This ar ti cle has two goals. First, I will sift through the lit er a ture and try topres ent only those works of schol arly merit. Sec ond, I will at tempt to re-in tro -duce Luis Muñoz Marín to an Eng lish-speak ing pub lic who vaguely re mem -bers him as the quiet and som ber-eyed pol i ti cian who twice made the cover ofTime magazine and who cur rently ap pears on five cent stamps.
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín. Luis Muñoz Marín: 100 Years [CD ROM] SanJuan, Puerto Rico: Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín, 2000.
This in ter ac tive CD-ROM of fers a wide ar ray of in for ma tion on LuisMuñoz Marín, his life and his ten ure as Puerto Rico’s first elected gov er nor.The CD-ROM pro vides an in for ma tive look into the ca reer of Puerto Rico’sfore most po lit i cal fig ure and his ef forts to cre ate a new form of po lit i cal as so ci -a tion be tween the United States and Puerto Rico. It in cludes pic tures,speeches, au dio clips, as well as his tor i cal films. The CD-ROM is the first ofits kind and is avail able for both PC and Macintosh.
Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín. Luis Muñoz Marín: Un Hom bre, Un Pueblo Un Propósito. Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín, 1983.
This thirty-five min ute doc u men tary sum ma rizes Luis Muñoz Marín’s po -lit i cal ca reer from 1938 to his death in 1980. The film cov ers the re mark ablerise of Muñoz Marín from bo he mian poet and writer to po lit i cal icon. Thepiece also doc u ments the re mark able eco nomic and so cial turn around ex pe ri -
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enced by Puerto Rico dur ing the hey days of Muñoz Marín. It is avail able onlyon VHS for mat.
Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín. Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín [on line] SanJuan, Puerto Rico: Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín, 2000 [cited Oc to ber 18,2000]. Avail able from World Wide Web: (http://www.muñoz-marín.org).
The Luis Muñoz Marín Foun da tion is en gaged in col lect ing, pre serv ing and mak ing ac ces si ble to schol ars and the gen eral pub lic Luis Muñoz Marín’s pa -pers and other his tor i cal doc u men ta tion. Its of fi cial Web site gives ac cess to awealth of in for ma tion in clud ing an ever-grow ing list of full text speeches. This site is also an ex cel lent cur rent aware ness tool for those in ter ested in the Foun -da tion’s lat est pub li ca tions and events and serves as a vir tual front door to theLuis Muñoz Marín Ar chives and Li brary.
PRINTED REFERENCE SOURCES
Corporación De Servicios Bibliotecarios. Los Gobernadores Electos dePuerto Rico: Luis Muñoz Marín (1949-1952). Río Piedras, Puerto Rico:COSEBI, 1973.
An im por tant and use ful vol ume that pres ents a com pi la tion of MuñozMarín of fi cial speeches be tween 1949 and 1952. This three year pe riod is cru -cial to those seek ing a deeper un der stand ing of how Muñoz Marín laid downthe po lit i cal and ideo log i cal ground work that cul mi nated in the cre ation of theEstado Li bre Asociado or Com mon wealth in 1952. The mas sive work is chro -no log i cally or ga nized, fully in dexed and in cludes a short bi og ra phy of the for -mer gov er nor. Its ap pen dixes sum ma rize key is sues, im por tant sta tis tics, andsome se lected quo ta tions from his speeches.
Moráles Flores, Margarita. Citas del Último Prócer: Luis Muñoz Marín. SanJuan, Puerto Rico: Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín, 1999.
Citas is an ex ten sive com pi la tion of quo ta tions by Luis Muñoz Marín. Thework is or ga nized into 130 cat e go ries and pro vides use ful and easy ac cess tonearly 1,300 quo ta tions. The top ics in cluded range from arts, cap i tal ism andre li gion to tech nol ogy, pol i tics and mu sic. The source of each quote is in -cluded in ev ery en try. An ex ten sive bib li og ra phy ac com pa nies the book.
Ortíz Salich, Ana. Luis Muñoz Marín: Bibliografía Mínima. Ponce, PuertoRico: Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños, Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1991.
The clos est schol ars have to a Muñocista bib li og ra phy, this mono graphgath ers un der one cover the hold ings of the Centro de Estudios
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Puertorriqueños at the Uni ver sity of Puerto Rico in Ponce. Un anno tat ed ci ta -tions are al pha bet i cally or ga nized and con sist pri mar ily of news pa per ar ti clesand a hand ful of mono graphs. What makes Bibliografía Mínima im por tant isthe nearly twenty pages de voted to hard-to-track ma te ri als such as MuñozMarín’s speeches, opin ion pieces, and lit er ary works.
Santini, Teresa. Citas, Pensamientos y Anécdotas de Luis Muñoz Marín.Bogotá, Co lom bia: T. Santini, 1998.
A pri vately pub lished col lec tion of quo ta tions and an ec dotes at trib uted toMuñoz Marín. The work is or ga nized into four broad sec tions (Quo ta tions andThoughts, Speeches, Quo ta tions about Muñoz Marín and An ec dotes), andaims at col lect ing phrases and thoughts that re flect the man’s life phi los o phy.
GENERAL WORKS
Acosta, Ivonne. La Mordaza: Puerto Rico, 1948-1957. Río Piedras, PuertoRico: Ed i to rial Edíl, 1987.
In a fas ci nat ing ac count, the au thor res ur rects a for got ten ep i sode in mod ern Puerto Ri can his tory. La Mordaza (the gag) re fers to a se ries of leg is la tivemea sures used by Luis Muñoz Marín’s gov ern ment to ha rass and jail thosewho openly sup ported Puerto Ri can in de pend ence. Acosta ar gues that the gaglaw of 1948 must be per ceived as part of a care fully or ches trated gov ern mentef fort to si lence the op po si tion and fa cil i tate the cre ation and adop tion of theEstado Li bre Asociado or Com mon wealth. What makes this work so im por -tant is its abil ity to place these events at the cen ter of a power strug gle be tweenPuerto Rico and the United States and its im plicit rec og ni tion that con trary topop u lar be lief Muñoz Marín’s po lit i cal and eco nom i cal rev o lu tion was nei therpeace ful nor blood less.
Alonso, María M. Muñoz Marín vs. the Bishops: an Ap proach to Church andState . Hato Rey, Puerto Rico: Publicaciones Puertorriqueñas, 1998.
In the 1960s, Luis Muñoz Marín’s lead er ship was chal lenged by con ser va -tive el e ments within the Cath o lic Church. The Church, dis pleased with Muñoz Marín’s lib eral stance on is sues such as abor tion, con tra cep tion and women’srights, flexed its po lit i cal mus cle and reg is tered the Partido Acción Cristiana or Chris tian Ac tion Party. Alonso’s mono graph tells the story of this clash, thepro found so cial and re li gious is sues con fronted by Puerto Ri cans and MuñozMarín’s ef forts to pre serve the sec u lar na ture of the Puerto Ri can state.
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Ameringer, Charles A. The Dem o cratic Left in Ex ile: The AntidictatorialStrug gle in the Ca rib bean, 1945-1959. Coral Ga bles, Florida: Uni ver sity ofMi ami Press, 1974.
Here is an in ter est ing and rare glance into Luis Muñoz Marín’s ca reer asdip lo mat and in ter na tional fig ure. The book tells the story of the so-calledDem o cratic Left, a group of po lit i cal groups and par ties who strug gled to ridthe Ca rib bean re gion of re pres sive dic ta tor ships. Its mem ber ship in cludedgroups from Ven e zuela, Cuba, Nic a ra gua, the Do min i can Re pub lic, CostaRica, Hon du ras, and Puerto Rico. Muñoz Marín (who shared the group’s ba sicgoals) and his Pop u lar Dem o cratic Party served as friends and al lies to thegroup and of ten pro vided a place of ref uge. Ac cord ing to Ameringer, it wasMuñoz Marín’s abil ity to move be tween North and Latin Amer ica that madehim an im por tant player in Ca rib bean pol i tics. The au thor con cludes that thestudy of the Dem o cratic left, be tween the end of World War I and Fi del Cas -tro’s com mu nist take over in Cuba, of fers an ex cel lent way of un der stand ingthe de vel op ment of Ca rib bean po lit i cal af fairs.
Andreu Iglesias, Cesar. Luis Muñoz Marín: Un Hom bre Acorralado por laHistoria. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Puerto, 1972.
Andreu Iglesias’s work is a col lec tion of news pa per ar ti cles orig i nally pub -lished in 1962 in the now de funct news pa per, El Imparcial. Andreu Iglesias, astrong ad vo cate of Puerto Rico’s in de pend ence, at tacks the for mer Gov er nor’s ideo log i cal views and blames him for most of Puerto Rico’s prob lems. The au -thor strongly be lieves that Muñoz Marín’s po lit i cal skills have been grosslyex ag ger ated and that his im age must be thor oughly re vised. A brief re view ofthese ar ti cles of fer the reader an idea of the key po lit i cal is sues con front ing thePuerto Ri can peo ple in the early 1960s. But most im por tantly they re veal someof the po lit i cal op po si tion that chal lenged Muñoz Marín’s po lit i cal and eco -nomic pro grams and shed some light on the philo soph i cal ten ets of the PuertoRi can in de pend ence move ment.
Bernier, R. Elfrén. Anecdotário Mumário I. Coamo, Puerto Rico: R. E.Bernier, 1988.____Anecdotário Mumário II. San Juan Puerto Rico: Fundación Luis MuñozMarín, 1999.
Anecdotário Mumário is an in ter est ing col lec tion of pre vi ously pub lishednews pa per col umns and per sonal an ec dotes. It is not a bi og ra phy and it claimsno de sire to pass judg ment on Muñoz Marín’s role in Puerto Rico’s his tory.Rather, it con sists of an ar ray of short ac counts deal ing with a va ri ety of as -pects of Luis Muñoz Marín’s ten ure at the helm of Puerto Rico’s af fairs. Most
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of the sto ries were writ ten from 1952 to 1955, when the au thor func tioned asone of Don Luis’s spe cial as sis tants. The first vol ume con sists of fifty-one sto -ries deal ing with top ics rang ing from the po lit i cal (e.g., the par don granted tona tion al ist leader Pedro Albizu Cam pos and Muñoz Marín’s re la tions with theleg is la ture) to the per sonal (Muñoz Marín’s mar riage). The sec ond vol umefol lows the same for mat and con sists of eighty-six short vi gnettes. The sto riesare care fully writ ten and well-or ga nized but fol low no chro no log i cal se -quence. Of par tic u lar in ter est is the wide ar ray of his tor i cal pho to graphs in -cluded in vol ume two.
Badillo, Sam uel. Para la Historia: La Historia de la Separación delGobernador Sánchez Vilella del Partido Pop u lar y de Luis Muñoz Marín . RíoPiedras, Puerto Rico: S. Badillo, 1968.
In 1968 the Puerto Ri can elec tor ate handed Luis Muñoz Marín and his Pop -u lar Dem o cratic Party their first elec toral set back in twenty years. This im por -tant com pi la tion of news pa per clip pings doc u ments the po lit i cal events thatled to the Populares de feat. The work fo cuses on the po lit i cal breakup be tween Luis Muñoz Marín and his heir ap par ent Roberto Sánchez Vilella. The split led Sánchez Vilella to cre ate a ri val po lit i cal party (the Peo ple’s Party). Pub lishedin 1968 in El Mundo, a San Juan daily, these sev en teen ar ti cles pro vide an ex -cel lent day-by-day ac count of the cir cum stances that sealed the fate of the Pop -u lar Dem o cratic Party, helped a pro-state hood party reach power and for everchanged the Puerto Ri can po lit i cal land scape.
Canino Salgado, Marcelino J., ed. La Obra Literaria de Luis Muñoz Marín:poesía y prosa, 1915-1968. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Fundación Luis MuñozMarín: Municipio de San Juan, 1999.
In ad di tion to his con sid er able po lit i cal skills Luis Muñoz Marín was agifted writer and poet. This work brings to gether the best com pi la tion yetavail able of Luis Muñoz Marín’s lit er ary works. It in cludes some pre vi ouslypub lished po ems, es says and other lit er ary works. This piece re veals the lesserknown side of Muñoz Marín and shows why among friends and col leagues hewas known sim ply as El Vate (the Bard).
Delano, Jack. El Día que el Pueblo se Despidió de Muñoz. San Juan, PuertoRico: Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín, 1987.
In this re mark able pic to rial work Jack Delano, the coun try’s fore most pho -to jour nal ist, cap tured the mas sive show of pub lic emo tion and grief that fol -lowed Muñoz Marín’s death. It con sists of sixty black and white pho to graphsthat con vey the pro found sad ness and mass hys te ria that char ac ter ized the
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fallen leader’s fu neral cer e mo nies. The textless work closely fol lows theevents of that re mark able day and poi gnantly shows how Puerto Ri cans fromall walks of life paid trib ute and bid fare well to their coun try’s most im por tantpo lit i cal fig ure.
Delgado Figueroa, J. The Rhet o ric of Change: Met a phor and Pol i tics in theCom mon wealth of Puerto Rico. Co lum bia, South Carolina: His panic Ca rib -bean Press, 1994.
This mono graph looks into the role played by Luis Muñoz Marín’s pow er -ful rhet o ric in shap ing Puerto Rico into a Com mon wealth of the United States.The work’s main fo cus is Muñoz Marín’s rhe tor i cal vi sions. How Luis MuñozMarín’s rhet o ric be tween 1948 and 1952 was suc cess ful in per suad ing thePuerto Ri can elec tor ate of the ad van tages of the com mon wealth op tion overin de pend ence or state hood. Ac cord ing to Delgado Figueroa, Muñoz Marínstruc tured the com mon wealth con cept through met a phor i cal terms that wereal ready pres ent in the coun try’s socio-his tor i cal con text. His clever use of theex o dus theme and other tra di tional Latin Amer i can myths fa cil i tated the ac -cep tance of this new form of po lit i cal as so ci a tion over other rhe tor i cal vi sionssuch as state hood and or in de pend ence.
Farr, Ken neth. Personalism and Party Pol i tics: Institutionalization of the Pop -u lar Dem o cratic Party of Puerto Rico. Hato Rey, PR: Inter-Amer i can Uni ver -sity Press, 1973.
Farr’s ground break ing work is a case study of the prob lems in volved in theinstitutionalization of a po lit i cal party. This book is also a short his tory of thePartido Pop u lar Democrático (PPD). It pro vides in ter est ing in sights on thePPD’s institutionalization ef forts from 1960 to 1964, its at tempts at re solv ingthe lead er ship ques tion, the emer gence of for mer Gov er nor Roberto SánchezVilella as a po lit i cal force, the Uni ver sity Re form laws, and the in ter nal partystrife (1966-1968). Farr ar gues that the PPD’s de feat was due to MuñozMarín’s and his party’s fail ure to achieve the goal of institutionalization and afail ure to se cure a smooth trans fer of lead er ship. He con cludes by com par ingthe Puerto Ri can ex pe ri ence (its prob lems of po lit i cal de vel op ment and thePPD’s fail ure at institutionalization) with that of its Ca rib bean neigh bors.
Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín. Perpectivas sobre Puerto Rico en Homenaje aMuñoz Rivera y Muñoz Marín. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Fundación Luis MuñozMarín, 1997.
Ev ery year Puerto Ri cans pay trib ute to Luis Muñoz Marín and to his fa therLuis Muñoz Rivera. The oc ca sion is cel e brated with a for mal lec ture on the life
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and times of this for mi da ble fa ther and son com bi na tion. This mono graphgath ers these speeches un der one cover. It pro vides the en tire texts of thespeeches be gin ning with Muñoz Marín’s own speech hon or ing his fa ther in1973 speech and end ing in 1997.
García Passalacqua, Juan Manuel. Los Secretos del Patriarca: Guerra Civíl en la Conciencia de Luis Muñoz Marín. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Ed i to rial Cul tural, 1996.
A highly con tro ver sial vol ume that takes a look at some of the most mo -men tous is sues con fronted by Luis Muñoz Marín dur ing his po lit i cal ca reer. Its au thor was one of the Gov er nor’s for mer spe cial as sis tants and pur ports to in -clude in the book pre vi ously un known de tails about Muñoz Marín. The work is a good source of in for ma tion for some his tor i cal events. For ex am ple the strug -gle be tween Muñoz Marín and the Cath o lic Church in the 1960s, the re la tion -ship be tween Muñoz Marín and co lo nial gov er nor Rexford Tugwell, the U.S.Navy’s role in Puerto Rico’s sta tus de lib er a tions and Wash ing ton’s se cret of -fer to grant Puerto Rico in de pend ence and name Muñoz Marín the coun try’sPres i dent. Among the book’s more con tro ver sial as ser tions are Pres i dent Ken -nedy’s be trayal of Muñoz Marín’s sta tus ini tia tive, the launch ing of a smearcam paign against for mer Gov er nor Roberto Sánchez Vilella and his fol low ers, and the role of U.S. in tel li gence agents dur ing the 1967 pleb i scite.
García Passalacqua, Juan Manuel, ed. Vate, de la Cuna a la Crípta: ElNacionalismo Cul tural de Luis Muñoz Marín . San Juan, Puerto Rico; Ed i to rial Lea, 1998.
A solid col lec tion of es says deal ing with Muñoz Marín’s views on na tion al -ism and cul ture. The es says, writ ten mostly by doc toral stu dents, are chro no -log i cally ar ranged (from the 1930s to the 1980s) and delve into the po lit i cal,so cial and per sonal forces that shaped Muñoz Marín’s na tion al ism in the oryand prac tice. Thus the es says in clude a va ri ety of top ics such as na tional cul -ture, mi gra tion, sta tus and the women in Muñoz Marín’s life. These arewell-re searched es says writ ten with the aid of pri mary sources. They bring to -gether a healthy blend of post-mod ern ist anal y sis, old fash ion ar chi val workand tex tual de cons truc tion.
López Rojas, Luis Alfredo. Luis Muñoz Marín y las estratégias del poder1936-1946. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Isla Negra, 1998.
This mono graph ex am ines Luis Muñoz Marín’s rise to power and the po lit i -cal tac tics that made him the coun try’s most for mi da ble po lit i cal force. Dur ingthis pe riod the re la tion ship be tween the United States and Puerto Rico reached
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cri sis pro por tions. Acting at the be hest of the Amer i can sugar in dus try, Wash -ing ton pau per ized the Is land and its peo ple. Into the breach stepped LuisMuñoz Marín. His strat e gies to gain and re tain power con sisted of the cre ationof a new pow er ful state, the institutionalization of so cial jus tice and the im ple -men ta tion of an am bi tious pro gram of land re dis tri bu tion. These strat e giescame with a hefty price tag: to tal and com plete loy alty to the Amer i can au thor -i ties. Ac cord ing to López Rojas, the Puerto Rico that emerged from these years looked at Amer i can so ci ety as the ideal model and fo cused its en er gies on theval ues of pro duc tion and prog ress.
Lluch Vélez, Amalia. Luis Muñoz Marín: Poesía, Periodismo y Revolución1915-1939. Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín, 1999.
This book is a study of Muñoz Marín’s rev o lu tion ary, lit er ary and jour nal is -tic ca reer dur ing the de cade of the 1920s. The work de picts his in volve ment inthe in ter na tional la bor move ment, his rev o lu tion ary lean ings, and his ef forts atover throw ing the ty ran ni cal gov ern ment of Ven e zuela’s dic ta tor Juan VicenteGomez. The book also pres ents some of the po lit i cal and so cial ten den cies thatnour ished Muñoz Marín’s ide ol ogy. But per haps more im por tantly it dem on -strates that Muñoz Marín’s so cial ist and rev o lu tion ary ide als never fully dis ap -peared. In fact, his pop u list ten den cies, his search for so cial jus tice and hisdis like for dic ta tors were per ma nent fea tures of his po lit i cal phi los o phy.
López Spring field, Consuelo. “The Memorias of Luis Muñoz Marín: AnIntertextual Read ing of Au to bi og ra phy,” Ca rib bean Quar terly 37 (De cem -ber): 23-29.
“The Memorias of Luis Muñoz Marín” is an in ter est ing and in sight ful ar ti -cle that of fers a rare look into the cre ation of Luis Muñoz Marín’s au to bi og ra -phy. Ac cord ing to Lopez-Spring field, the de vel op ment of Muñoz Marín’sMemorias re sulted from a se ries of drafts com piled through the years and leftun fin ished by the au thor. Dur ing the sum mer of 1980, Muñoz Marín’s widow,aided by friends and col leagues, pieced to gether a fi nal draft. López-Spring -field an a lyzes the nu mer ous drafts that pre ceded the pub li ca tion of Memoriasand con cludes that Muñoz Marín’s au to bi og ra phy is a “text within texts,” a se -lec tive col lec tion of speeches, news pa per ar ti cles, books, and in ter viewspasted to gether. Ac cord ing to the au thor, Muñoz Marín’s at tempts to trans -form his life story into a tes ta ment to be read by gen er a tions of Puerto Ri cansbrings his au to bi og ra phy closer to pro pa ganda than to the realm of art. Fur ther -more, cer tain changes and omis sions leave out pas sages that “re veal the depthof his cre ative imag i na tion and his sense of hu mor.” Memorias, López-Spring -field con cludes, “fails to cap ture the es sence of the man, the com plex na ture of
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his bi-culturalism, and the spirit of the com mon folks who helped to turn a man of sub stance and great char ac ter into a po lit i cal myth.”
Muñoz Marín, Luis. Diaro 1972-1974 . San Juan, Puerto Rico: Fundación LuisMuñoz Marín, 1999.
On Oc to ber 6, 1972 Luis Muñoz Marín re turned to Puerto Rico af ter twoyears of self-im posed ex ile in Eu rope. Upon his re turn he be gan to com pile adi ary of his ex pe ri ences. The re sult was a two-year chron i cle of how MuñozMarín viewed and judged the main po lit i cal events and the key per son al i ties ofthe mid 1970s. Diario of fers re veal ing in sights into Muñoz Marín’s views onis sues as di verse as so cial ism and re li gion and his no-non sense view on the pe -ren nial is sue of Puerto Rico’s po lit i cal sta tus. Diario is packed with un an tic i -pated and re fresh ing ob ser va tions (e.g., “the sta tus ques tion seems to con cernthe po lit i cal elite more than the masses”; “the pov erty of the coun try’s pub licdis course”). What makes Diario such an im por tant source is the fact that thework con sists of the un hin dered words of the for mer Gov er nor and his un so lic -ited views as a po lit i cal ob server and pri vate cit i zen.
Picó, Fernando, ed. Luis Muñoz Marín: Ensayos del Centenario. San Juan,Puerto Rico: Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín, 1999.
An eclec tic col lec tion of es says pub lished to com mem o rate the cen te nary of Muñoz Marín’s birth. It brings un der one cover eleven schol arly es says deal -ing with Luis Muñoz Marín’s ten ure as Puerto Rico’s lead ing pol i ti cians with20th cen tury Puerto Ri can so cial his tory. The con tri bu tors, mostly uni ver sitypro fes sors, write on top ics such as con sum er ism, pub lic ad min is tra tion, andthe sugar in dus try in the 1940s. Three of the es says en gage in dis course anal y -sis and take a closer look at Muñoz Marín’s views on women, war, eco nomicde vel op ment, and cul ture.
Rivera, José A. Meditaciones Muñocistas: Ensayos en Filosofía Política. SanJuan, Puerto Rico. Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín, 1998.
Meditaciones Muñocistas is one of the few mono graphs that at tempts tolook at Muñoz Marín as a po lit i cal thinker and phi los o pher. In eight sep a ratees says Pro fes sor Rivera ex plores Muñoz Marín’s views on lib erty (or au ton -omy), de moc racy, na tion (which ac cord ing to the au thor rests on Ar is totle’sprin ci ple of the com mon good), and po lit i cal and moral val ues. Muñoz Marínthought that the Com mon wealth–as a new form of po lit i cal as so ci a tion withthe United States based on equal dig nity, en rich ing not only Amer i can con sti -tu tional thought but also the prin ci ples of fed er al ism and de moc racy–shouldcul ti vate as much au ton omy as is com pat i ble with Amer i can cit i zen ship.
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Rivera, José A. El Pensamiento Político de Luis Muñoz Marín. San Juan,Puerto Rico. Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín, 1996.
This vol ume con sists of six es says that out line the po lit i cal thought of LuisMuñoz Marín. The idea be hind this col lec tion is to of fer read ers the op por tu -nity to un der stand why Muñoz Marín elected to con struct a new form of po lit i -cal as so ci a tion, the Estado Li bre Asociado or Com mon wealth while by pass ing the more es tab lished and uni ver sally rec og nized al ter na tives of State hood orIn de pend ence. The au thor con cludes that Muñoz Marín cre ated a “new form of po lit i cal lib erty” be cause full in de pend ence meant the so cial and eco nomic de -struc tion of the coun try while state hood would have led to eco nomic and cul -tural as sim i la tion. Muñoz Marín’s model was ori ented to the com mon anduni ver sal good.
Rodríguez Juliá, Edgardo. Las Tribulaciones de Jonas. Río Piedras. PuertoRico: Ediciones Huracán, 1981.
Las Tribulaciones de Jonas is a fas ci nat ing, pow er ful, and beau ti fully writ -ten book that should be re quired read ing for those seek ing a deeper un der -stand ing of Luis Muñoz Marín and his re la tion ship with the Puerto Ri canpeo ple. Las Tribulaciones de Jonas or Jo nah’s Trib u la tions is as much a mem -oir of Luis Muñoz Marín as it is a por trait of the Puerto Ri can peo ple. This is aunique work. No other book co mes closer to re veal ing the com plex re la tion -ship be tween Muñoz Marín and his coun try men. No other per sonal mem oir of -fers a more in for ma tive and bal anced as sess ment of what Muñoz Marín meantto Puerto Ri cans. The work con sists of a lengthy nar ra tive in which the au thorchron i cles his own child hood, re con structs his 1979 in ter view with MuñozMarín, and fi nally, de scribes his fu neral. Through it all Rodríguez Juliá con -veys a sense of what it was like to grow up dur ing the hey day of Luis MuñozMarín’s po lit i cal ca reer, the bat tles over the po lit i cal sta tus, and the pow er fulemo tions Muñoz Marín evoked among friends and foes alike. The book closeswith an un usual and pow er fully writ ten ico nog ra phy of the fallen leader.
Rosario Natál, Carmelo. La Juventud de Luis Muñoz Marín: Vida yPensamiento, 1898-1932 . Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ed i to rial Edil, 1990.
This work of fers read ers a care fully re searched piece that fo cuses on Muñoz Marín’s early years. Pro fes sor Rosario Natál takes a de cid edly schol arly ap -proach to his re search. His point of de par ture is the my thol ogy that sur roundsthe early years of Luis Muñoz Marín, years that the fu ture gov er nor spent inGreen wich Vil lage and Wash ing ton, DC. Muñoz Marín, like many po lit i calfig ures, has been sur rounded by myth and leg end. The au thor con tends that hispo lit i cal tra jec tory can not be judged with out a clear un der stand ing of his for -
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ma tive years. What do we know about his bicultural de vel op ment? Who werethe ma jor in flu ences dur ing these cru cial years? What role, if any, did CarlSandburg’s po etry play in his lit er ary and spir i tual de vel op ment? Where canwe trace the or i gins of his so cial ist ide als; to Edwin Markham’s The Man withthe Hoe , to San ti ago Iglesias Pantín’s la bor move ment or to Luis MuñozRivera’s re peated calls for po lit i cal au ton omy? These and other ques tions arecare fully an a lyzed in this vol ume. In ad di tion, this work pro vides read ers witha va ri ety of ex tremely in for ma tive ap pen dixes that in clude nu mer ous ex am -ples of Muñoz Marín’s po lit i cal and lit er ary writ ings as well as a use ful bib lio -graph i cal es say.
Rosario Natál, Carmelo, ed. Luis Muñoz Marín: Juicios Sobre Su SignificadoHistórico. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín, 1990.
Rosario Natál’s vol ume pres ents an ex cel lent com pi la tion of es says andnews pa per ar ti cles in mem ory of Luis Muñoz Marín. This re mark able vol umeof fers read ers the unique op por tu nity to lis ten to Don Luis’s de trac tors andsup port ers from ev ery cor ner of the Puerto Ri can po lit i cal spec trum. Most ofthe nine teen es says were writ ten shortly af ter the leader’s death, and they of fera unique view into the wide ar ray of opin ions and the va ri ety of emo tions thatMuñoz Marín elic ited among schol ars and pol i ti cians. Some es says are writ ten in Eng lish by well-known stu dents of the Puerto Ri can ex pe ri ence (e.g., Rob -ert An der son, Gordon K. Lewis); oth ers in Span ish by jour nal ists and lo calpol i ti cians who, while hon or ing Muñoz Marín’s mem ory, felt com pelled tolace their re marks with sharp crit i cism of his leg acy and po lit i cal tra jec tory.
Rosario Natál, Carmelo, ed. Luis Muñoz Marín: Servidor Público y Humanista (Cartas en su Centenario 1898-1998). San Juan, Puerto Rico: ProducccionesHistóricas, 1998.
This book is the first vol ume of Muñoz Marín’s cor re spon dence ever pub -lished. The ed i tor has di vided the cor re spon dence into two sec tions: pub lic ser -vice and the hu man i ties. The for mer sec tion con cerns it self with the eth ics ofpub lic ser vice while the lat ter deals with arts and hu man i ties. Par tic u larly use fulis the ed i tor’s “reader’s guide,” which pro vide a list of the per sons Muñoz Maríncor re sponded with as well as a brief de scrip tion of the sub ject of the com mu ni -ca tion. The vol ume in cludes let ters to such no ta bles as Ac tor José Ferrer, hu -man ist Al bert Schweitzer and Ven e zue lan states man Rómulo Betancourt.
Rosario Natál, Carmelo. Luis Muñoz Marín y la Independencia de Puerto Rico (1907-1946). San Juan: Producciones Históricas, 1994.
Rosario Natál’s work is his third in a se ries of books about Luis MuñozMarín. This par tic u lar vol ume deals with Muñoz Marín’s highly con tro ver sial
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de ci sion to put aside the search for a fully in de pend ent Puerto Rico and to pur -sue in stead the po lit i cal au ton omy that cul mi nated in the cre ation of the Estado Li bre Asociado or Com mon wealth. The au thor traces Muñoz Marín’s years ofself-im posed ex ile in the United States, the po lit i cal and ideo log i cal de vel op -ments that re sulted in the for ma tion of the Pop u lar Dem o cratic Party, his ideo -log i cal rup ture with the pro-in de pend ence forces, and the in tel lec tual andspir i tual strug gle that con vinced him that an au ton o mous and not an in de pend -ent Puerto Rico would se cure the so cial and eco nomic prog ress the coun trybadly needed. Muñoz Marín, ac cord ing to Rosario Natál, rec og nized that thecoun try’s dis mal eco nomic sit u a tion would only get worse un der an in de pend -ent Puerto Rico. Thus he was forced to “adapt his rhet o ric to the re al i ties hecould nei ther change nor con trol” (p. 215) and to con vince his fol low ers thatthe strug gle for in de pend ence should give way to a strug gle for more lo calpow ers and lim ited home rule. This new strat egy fos tered the birth of theEstado Li bre Asociado and la beled Muñoz Marín as the man who be trayed thein de pend ence move ment.
Santini, Teresa. Luis Muñoz Marín 1898-1998. San Juan, Puerto Rico:Universidad InterAmericana de Puerto Rico: Fundación Fran cisco Carvajal,1998.
This is the most com plete pic to rial work ever pub lished about the life andtimes of Luis Muñoz Marín. As the ti tle in di cates the vol ume’s cov er age ex -tends from his birth in 1898 to his death in 1980. Ev ery cru cial event in MuñozMarín’s (and Puerto Rico’s) life is in cluded in this hand somely bound vol ume.Ex cel lent cov er age is given to the Na tion al ist as sault against the House ofRep re sen ta tives, to the cre ation of the Estado Li bre Asociado and to MuñozMarín’s death.
Tugwell, Rexford G. The Art of Pol i tics as Prac ticed by Three Great Amer i -cans: Frank lin Delano Roo se velt, Luis Muñoz Marín and Fiorello H. LaGuardia. Gar den City, New York: Doubleday & Com pany, 1958.
Written by a for mer mem ber of Pres i dent Roo se velt’s brain trust, thisunique and in ter est ing vol ume com pares and con trasts the ca reers and po lit i cal style of three key po lit i cal fig ures in Amer i can his tory. Tugwell glances intothe lives and ca reers of Frank lin Delano Roo se velt, Fiorello H. La Guardia,and Luis Muñoz Marín by high light ing their po lit i cal strug gles and ac com -plish ments while dis cuss ing what their ac tions tell us about their pop u lar ity,states man ship, will ing ness to com pro mise, po lit i cal agenda and abil ity to getthings done. Al though a wide ar ray of is sues are cov ered, Tugwell fo cuses onRoo se velt’s New Deal and So cial Se cu rity Leg is la tion, Muñoz Marín’s Estado Li bre Asociado or Com mon wealth, and La Guardia’s ten ure as New YorkCity’s mayor and his in volve ment with the City Char ter of 1936. The book’s
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con clud ing chap ters con sist of an imag i nary con ver sa tion among the threelead ers in which they ex change po lit i cal barbs while chal leng ing each other’sideas and po lit i cal as sump tions.
BIOGRAPHIES
Aitken, Thomas. Poet in the For tress: the Story of Luis Muñoz Marín. NewYork: Sig net Books, 1965.
Al though pub lished nearly 30 years ago this bi og ra phy re mains the bestone-vol ume ac count of Luis Muñoz Marín’s life and times. While of ten bi asedand clearly sym pa thetic to its sub ject, this book of fers an in ter est ing and in for -ma tive ac count of 20th cen tury Puerto Ri can po lit i cal his tory, from the Amer i -can in va sion of 1898 to Luis Muñoz Marín’s last term as Gov er nor in the early1960s. The work chron i cles Muñoz Marín’s rise to prom i nence, from poet andjour nal ist for a com mu nist news pa per to ar chi tect of Puerto Rico’s mod ern po -lit i cal in sti tu tions and cofounder of Latin Amer ica’s Dem o cratic Left. Aiken’swork fo cuses on three land marks in Muñoz Marín’s po lit i cal life: the cre ationof the Pop u lar Dem o cratic Party (which gov erned the is land vir tu ally un op -posed for twenty years), the ex ten sion of New Deal leg is la tion to Puerto Rico(which trans formed Puerto Rico’s eco nomic base from ag ri cul ture to man u -fac ture), and the birth of a newly-de vel oped sta tus for mula, the Estado Li breAsociado or Com mon wealth (the law of the land since 1952).
Mathews, Thomas. Luis Muñoz Marín: A Con cise Bi og ra phy. New York:Amer i can RDM Cor po ra tion, 1967.
Mathews’ flat ter ing bi og ra phy is a good point of de par ture for those seek -ing a broad out line of the life and ac com plish ments of Luis Muñoz Marín.Con sisting of eleven brief chap ters the vol ume high lights the piv otal roleplayed by Puerto Rico’s first elected gov er nor in the eco nomic, so cial, and po -lit i cal rev o lu tion that re sulted in the birth of the Com mon wealth of Puerto Rico in 1952. Par tic u larly in for ma tive are chap ters eight (The Pop u lar Rev o lu tion),nine (The Sta tus of Puerto Rico), and ten (Op er a tion Boot strap). Chap ter two(The Is land of Puerto Rico) of fers a con cise look into the is land’s his tory priorto the Amer i can in va sion of 1898.
DISSERTATIONS
Barkley, Jo anne C. Church-State Re la tions in Puerto Rico dur ing the LuisMuñoz Marín Ad min is tra tion. New Or leans, Lou i si ana: Tulane Uni ver sity,1966.
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Bernabe, Rafael Alberto. Pre his tory of the “Partido Pop u lar Democratico”:Luis Muñoz Marín, the Partido Lib eral and the Cri sis of Sugar in PuertoRico, 1930-35 . New York: State Uni ver sity of New York at Binghamton,1989. 271 p.
Davey, Wil liam George. Luis Muñoz Marín: A Rhe tor i cal Anal y sis of Po lit i cal and Eco nomic Mod ern iza tion in Puerto Rico . Bloomington, In di ana: In di anaUni ver sity, 1974. 261 p.
Delgado Figueroa, Joséph. The Methaphorical Con struc tion of Po lit i cal Re al -ity: Luis Muñoz Marín’s Pub lic Per sona and the Ex o dus Fan tasy of the Com -mon wealth Rhe tor i cal Vi sion. Min ne ap o lis, Min ne sota: Uni ver sity ofMin ne sota, 1985. 291 p.
Farr, Ken neth Ray mond. Luis Muñoz Marín: His Role in the De vel op ment,Lead er ship and In flu ence of the Pop u lar Dem o cratic Party. Gainesville,Florida: Uni ver sity of Florida, 1965. 121 p.
Gaudet, Joséph. The First 1,000 days of the Gov er nor ship of Luis MuñozMarín. Ja maica, New York: St. John’s Uni ver sity, 1971. 409 p.
Jameson, Howard Owen. A Rhe tor i cal Study of Luis Muñoz Marín and thePuerto Ri can Pop u lar Dem o cratic Party. Phil a del phia, Penn syl va nia: Tem pleUni ver sity, 1972. 384 p.
Leveness, Frank Paul. The Com mon wealth of Puerto Rico: De moc racy Thrivesin the Ca rib bean. Ja maica, New York: St. John Uni ver sity, 1967. 367 p.
Rivera, José An to nio. Po lit i cal Au ton omy and the Good in the Thought of YvesR. Si mon and Luis Muñoz Marín. Wash ing ton, D.C.: The Cath o lic Uni ver sityof Amer ica. 257 p.
Rodríguez Berrios, Luis G. Na tion al ism, So cial ism, and Mod ern iza tion inPuerto Rico Dur ing the Muñoz Marín Era 1898-1980. New York: New School of So cial Re search, 1982. 290 p.
Vázquez Andino, María Belén. Luis Muñoz Marín and the Pop u list Ex per i -ment in Puerto Rico, 1930-1960 . Al bu quer que, New Mex ico: Uni ver sity ofNew Mex ico, 1991. 333 p.
Rodríguez, Neysa. TheTransformation of the Po lit i cal Ide ol ogy of Luis Muñoz Marín. Ox ford, Mis sis sippi: Uni ver sity of Mis sis sippi, 1992.
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CONCLUSION
The works in cluded in this bib li og ra phy are a small sam ple of the ex tant lit -er a ture by and about Luis Muñoz Marín. As it stands to day the lit er a ture onthis re mark able man is in need of a mod ern and un bi ased bi og ra phy and a book length bib li og ra phy.
NOTE
Heine, Jorge, ed. Time for De ci sion: The United States and Puerto Rico . Lanham,Mary land: North-South Pub lishers, 1984. p. 281.
Re ceived: 12/12/00Ac cepted: 01/03/01
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