Manganeso y Soja

8/12/2019 Manganeso y Soja

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MANGANESO Y SOJA

Soy Baby Formula Linked to Behavioral ProblemsThe American Academy of Pediatrics recommendsthat breastfeeding continue for at least 1months and then as long after that !eriod as it is mutually desirable" #o$e%er& that is not al$aysthe reality" A study by Yale researchers last year found that most $omen in under!ri%eleged!o!ulations do not continue breastfeeding after four months because they lac' the confidence

they $ill be able to do so and thin' their infants !refer formula" Of the () $omen $ho!artici!ated in the study& *+ had sto!!ed breastfeeding their infants after one $ee', -*+ aftert$o $ee's, *.+ after t$o months& and /0+ by four months"These figures ha%e s!ecial im!ortance due to the recently released study on manganese ininfant formula and !ossible lin's to beha%ioral !roblems in children" n the study& theresearchers found that ne$born rats fed a mineral found in higher le%els in infant formula 22es!ecially soy formula 22 than in breast mil' may ha%e attention2related changes in a brainchemical" The !reliminary findings need to be confirmed in larger studies before it is 'no$n ifmanganese is definitely lin'ed to beha%ioral !roblems"The reason manganese is such a concern is that it can be to3ic in %ery high le%els& e%en thoughit is essential for life& as it hel!s cells gather energy" The le%els of manganese differ

considerably in different infant foods4 5reast mil' contains )2( micrograms !er liter 6mcg789

Mil'2based infant formula contains about -.2:. mcg78

Some soy formula contain ..2-.. mcg78The study included - ne$born rats that $ere fed . to :.. micrograms of manganese daily"The amounts gi%en to rats $ere designed to mimic the amounts in breast2fed and formula2fedinfants"Those rats $ho recei%ed no or %ery lo$ doses of manganese didn;t sho$ any chemicalirregularities& but those on the highest le%el of manganese dose $ere associated $ith lo$erle%els of do!amine& a brain chemical that hel!s in !roblem2sol%ing tas's"The researchers chose manganese because !ast research on miners $ho $ere e3!osed to%ery high doses of the mineral de%elo!ed serious health !roblems a'in to Par'inson;s disease"They are $orried about soy formula because it contains a!!ro3imately /. times the manganeseof human breast mil'& but they caution that other minerals in the formula could offset the effectsof the manganese" ron and mil' calcium are 'no$n to !rotect against manganese to3icity"T$o !rominent manufacturers of soy2based formulas are


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&any 5eo5le associate soy 6ith 1sians7 good healthy and longevity- :o6ever the/hinese did not eat un4ermented soybeans as they did other legumes such as lentilsbecause the soybean contains large 3uantities o4 natural toxins or =anti$nutrients=- Firstamong them are 5otent en>yme inhibitors that block the action o4 try5sin and otheren>ymes needed 4or 5rotein digestion-These inhibitors are large7 tightly 4olded 5roteins that are not com5letely deactivatedduring ordinary cooking- They can 5roduce serious gastric distress7 reduced 5rotein

digestion and chronic de4iciencies in amino acid u5take- ?n test animals7 diets high intry5sin inhibitors cause enlargement and 5athological conditions o4 the 5ancreas7including cancerSoy also contains goitrogens $ substances that de5ress thyroid 4unction- Since it is likelythat over "0 million 6omen have im5aired thyryoid 4unction7 this is a signi4icant issue-1dditionally @@9 $$ a very large 5ercentage o4 soy $$ is genetically modi4ied and it alsohas one o4 the highest 5ercentages o4 contamination by 5esticides o4 any o4 our 4oods-Soybeans are high in 5hytic acid7 5resent in the bran or hulls o4 all seeds- ?ts asubstance that can block the u5take o4 essential minerals $ calcium7 magnesium7 co55er7iron and es5ecially >inc $ in the intestinal tract-1lthough not a household 6ord7 5hytic acid has been extensively studied; there are

literally hundreds o4 articles on the e44ects o4 5hytic acid in the current scienti4icliterature-


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The melodrama@no& the tragedy@of to3ic manganese in infant formula begins in 10/. $henthe ?ederal Go%ernmentBs ?ood and Nutrition 5oard established safe and acce!table %alues formanganese in adults& toddlers and infants" Permissible le%els for the three age ranges $ere setat ":2-". mg7day in adults& 1". to 1": mg7day in toddlers and .": to 1". mg7day in infants" TheFsafe le%el for infants soon translated into soy formula !roducts !urchased by millions ofmothers">es!ite go%ernment assurances& Philli! Dolli!!& a !ediatric !hysician at Nassau Dounty Medical

Denter in 10/- tested for the manganese in !o!ular soy brands a%ailable locally& includingsomil& ProSoybee and Nursoy" They contained from ." to 1". mg of manganese !er Huart ofinfant formula" 8ater that year& 5o 8Innerdal and Darl 8" een& of the >e!artment of Nutrition ofCD >a%is& tested baby formula ta'en from !harmacy shel%es in eight countries" Themanganese concentrations they found in soy formulas $ere higher& ranging from .") to " mg,the mean %alue of 1" mg %astly e3ceeded the infinitesimal ."..: mg found in human breastmil'"Nutritional scientists ha%e re!orted ho$ ne$born babies absorb manganese from breast mil'"Tiny amounts suc'led daily a doen times by the baby su!!ly an adeHuate Huantity ofmanganese to catalye :. biochemical reactions" The ne$bornBs digesti%e system seemssu!erbly attuned to absorb the scanty amounts of manganese it needs from its motherBs mil'"

#o$e%er& soy formula& containing u! to .. times the manganese of breast mil'& o%erloads thelittle body" The babyBs immature li%er cannot handle the load" =ith each s$allo$ increasing themanganese content in its digesti%e trac'& $hat does the baby do to dis!ose of the e3cessK 5o8Innerdal& a researcher from CD >a%is& e3!lained that in ne$borns& ingested manganese risesto high le%els in the blood !lasma and red blood cells and then !ermeates the li%er& 'idneys andother soft tissues of the body& including the brain" Only later& at the time of $eaning& can theinfant metabolie such large amounts of manganese"?rancis Drinella calculated that by eight months& an infant fed soy formula daily absorbsa!!ro3imately 1"1 mg of manganese abo%e metabolic need" FA significant amount& about /!ercent& is de!osited in a brain region %ulnerable to threat of manganese attac'"Neurology te3tboo's identify manganese as a neuroto3ic metal" n 1/-*& an English !hysician

noted that some $or'ers in a manganese mill a!!eared lethargic and their faces une3!ressi%e"5y the turn of the century& the disease of Fmanganism had been described in medical ournals"The disease struc' miners e3!osed to to3ic dust& and a!!eared to cause emotional lability&irrationality& hallucinations and im!ulsi%ity" Dhronic e3!osure !roduced more se%ere sym!toms&including muscular $ea'ness& difficulty in $al'ing& tremor& immobile facial e3!ression& ands!eech disturbances@sym!toms reminiscent of Par'insonBs >isease" Sufferers of thePar'insonBs2li'e neurological disease secondary to chronic !oisoning accumulate large amountsof manganese in a circumscribed region of the brain"The !rimary site of manganese to3icity regardless of the route of e3!osure@by mouth&inhalation or inection by intra%enous tube@in humans& mon'eys& rabbits and rats& is a mass of

ner%ous tissue buried dee! $ithin the cerebral hemis!heres" This is the basal ganglia& !art ofthe e3tra!yramidal system controlling body mo%ement" The neuronal damage caused by themanganese tends to be more e3tensi%e in young& immature animals than in adults"Si3 years ago& tragic incidents in t$o 8ondon hos!itals alerted the medical community to the%ulnerability of sic' babies to manganese attac'" Suffering li%er disease& the babies recei%ednutrient solutions containing small amounts of manganese through intra%enous tube feeding"Although the manganese concentration $as no greater than that in soy formula& and consideredsafe by go%ernment standards& it caused brain damage after feeding !eriods lasting a fe$months to t$o years" Of :* babies recei%ing Fsafe amounts of manganese& t$o fell ill $ithmo%ement disorders and si3 suffered damage to their basal ganglia"John >onaldson& to3icologist and s!ea'er on >ay T$o at the CD r%ine conference& described

ho$ manganese could cause a biochemical lesion in the basal ganglia" #e re!orted ho$manganese o%erload can ste! u! the brainBs electric charge& increase its %irulence tenfold& andattac' %ulnerable do!aminergic neurons"


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Ar%id Darlsson& last yearBs Nobel Prie $inner in medicine& has sho$n that damage to thesebasal ganglia do!amine cells is sym!tomatic of Par'insonBs >isease" At the conference&>onaldson $arned that $hen Fincredible amounts of manganese are fed to infant mammals&the metal is ca!able of Frunning amo' in the basal ganglia do!amine ner%e cells" FAfter chronicearly e3!osure& they can be brain2damaged later in life& he said"=hen ?rancis M" Drinella& Dlinical Professor of Pediatrics at the Cni%ersity of Dalifornia atr%ine& s!o'e& he described the effects of manganese o%erload in adolescents" #is research had

detected relati%ely high le%els of manganese in the scal! hair of hy!eracti%e children com!aredto matched controls" This re!licated earlier studies by CD r%ine !sychiatrist 8ouis Gottschal'&$ho detected ele%ated manganese in scal! hair of youths detained for felony crimes andincarcerated in four Southern Dalifornia !risons" These findings& $holly une3!ected& !ersuadedDrinella to launch inHuiry into the most li'ely source of manganese in the hair& then to as'$hether this had anything to do $ith hy!eracti%ity in children& a syndrome attributed to adisturbance in the basal ganglia" To Drinella& the lo$ le%els of manganese in Dalifornia soil& airand $ater meant the !rimary inta'e had to be through diet" Since adolescents are able tometabolie at least 0* !ercent of manganese ingested& e3!osure had to occur earlier in life&!ossibly during infancy" This hy!othesis $as first stated by Dolli!! in 10/- $ho had tested hairsam!les of babies fed soy2based infant formula and found them high in manganese" Drinella

s!eculated that soy infant formula might !ro%ide one e3!lanation for the current e!idemic ofadolescent %iolence s$ee!ing the nation"Drinella contacted his colleague 5o 8Innerdal at CD >a%is to ta'e a further loo' at the effects ofmanganese on the brain& !articularly its to3icity to do!amine neurons in the basal ganglia"8Innerdal and a graduate student Trinh Tran tested for beha%ioral and brain disorders in rat!u!s" ?or 1/ days& four grou!s of rat !u!s suc'led on the motherBs breast and recei%ed bymicro!i!ette an additional dose of manganese salt dissol%ed in $ater" The doses corres!ondedto the amounts of manganese found in rat breast mil' 6.".: mg9 and se%eral brands of soy2based infant formula 6.": mg and .":. mg9 found on !harmacy shel%es today" The controlgrou! recei%ed ust sugar $ater 6.". mg9" After 1/ days of controlled feeding& the rat !u!s $erereturned to their cages and left undisturbed until :. days of age" Then through >ay () they

$ere gi%en beha%ior tests for e%idence of disability" The animals gi%en high amounts ofmanganese did less $ell on mae and shoc' a%oidance than those gi%en lesser amounts"The audience no$ turned their attention to the ne3t !a!er& by ?rancis Drinella& on le%els ofbasal ganglia do!amine" DrinellaBs data $ere clear2cut& unmista'able and re!lete $ithim!lications"


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beha%ioral !atterns during late childhood and early adolescence may be diagnosed ashy!eracti%ity $ith attention deficit disorder"Or !erha!s as a Fmanganese to3icity syndrome" DrinellaBs !resentation !ro%o'ed muchdiscussion" s the manganese ingested in soy formula at infancy a source for beha%ioraldisorders later onK 5o 8Innerdal and Darl een $ere im!ressed by the findings but $arnedagainst !remature generaliation" Young rats a!!ear more susce!tible than human babies tomanganese to3icity" They absorb /.2/: !ercent of the manganese they ingest& $hile the figures

for human infants at si3 months old are closer to -: !ercent" t is in !ro%iding the $orst2casescenario of $hat can ha!!en to human infants fed manganese that the rodent research may!ro%e most instructi%e"A dissenting o!inion about soy dangers came from John 8ase'an& a !ediatric nutritionist ati%ision of Abbott 8aboratories" #is !ublished research claims that manganeseis a trace metal absolutely essential for life and that !remature and lo$ birth $eight infants maybe at ris' for de%elo!ing a deficiency in manganese" #e claims that the soy2based formulassu!!ort normal gro$th and normal !lasma biochemistry& com!arable to infants fed human mil'during at least t$o months of life" Mardi Mountford& s!o'esman for the nternational ?ormulaDouncil adds4 FThere are no re!orts of manganese to3icity in healthy infants fed soy formula"Parents can be assured that infant soy formulas are safe and nutritious feeding o!tions for their

infants"Yet some remain uncon%inced" FtBs o%er$helming& says E%erett F


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E3cess manganese is to3ic to babies" Darl 8" een belie%es that the original administrati%e!roblem $as that the go%ernment established teenage reHuirements for manganese& thene3tra!olated bac'$ards to determine a le%el they belie%ed to be safe and acce!table fortoddlers and ne$borns" The !roblem of infant e3!osure to e3cessi%e manganese identified 1:years ago still !ersists& but $hat can scientists li'e >rs" een and Drinella do about itKSitting at his des' in the Social Ecology building& Jonathon Ericson !ondered ho$ he couldbring the soy infant formula !roblem to the !ublicBs attention" =hy not& he thought& !ro%ide the

ans$er at the end of the t$o2day conferenceK >ay One $ould fill the audienceBs mind $ithindis!utable e%idence that a lead com!ound of the tetraethyl %ariety& from ince!tion as agasoline additi%e in the 10.s until its remo%al from fuel in the 10/.s& $as causing braindamage in children around the $orld" >ay T$o $ould e3tend the $arning to manganese& both inthe anti'noc' com!ound MMT and as a contaminant in baby formula" =hat he did $as in%itet$o go%ernment !olicy ma'ers&


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of scientists& health and agriculture bureaucrats and most of the media to Huestion a theory thataffects !ublic health once it is acti%e !olicy"One man& Mar' Purdey& has turned himself from organic dairy farmer into an amateur scientistand globe2trotting e!idemiologist to doggedly continue building the maor alternati%e theory"The infectious theory of Mad Do$ disease not only resulted in the !ossibly unnecessarydestruction of hundreds of thousands of co$s& but it di%erted attention from other causes ofhealth !roblems facing li%estoc' and $ildlife" t created a fear of eating beef 6!erha!s not

entirely mis!laced& but for the $rong reasons9 and resulted in the circulation of tons of to3icmaterials from the slaughtered co$s into the atmos!here" t also !re%ented in%estigations intoalternati%e solutions to the e!idemic of disease& e%en though these might be chea!er& moreconstructi%e and far less destructi%e"The dominant belief is that Mad Do$ disease 6also 'no$n as 5o%ine S!ongiformEnce!halo!athy or 5SE9 and the related diseases Scra!ie in Shee! and %DJ> 6%ariantDreutfeldt Ja'ob >isease9 in humans are caused by a !rion& a mutant !rotein" These semi2li%ing beings are thought to be able to $ithstand tem!eratures that $ould 'ill the hardiestbacteria& %iruses and !arasites" t is belie%ed that this allo$ed them to be transmitted fromshee! to co$s through the rendering of shee! brains into M5M 6Meat and 5one Meal9 !roteinsu!!lements for co$s"

An a!!arently unrelated health !roblem in co$s that e3isted before Mad Do$ disease $as$arble fly infestation" These flies lay their eggs in a co$Bs s'in& causing health !roblems andreducing the %alue of co$ hides" To combat this& in the early 10/.Bs the 5ritish go%ernmentmandated the use of hea%y doses of organo!hos!hate insecticides" These $ere !oured in anoil2based liHuid along the s!inal column of co$s" t $as intended that they be systemic&absorbed into the co$Bs body& as it $as belie%ed that this $as necessary to !ro%ide full andenduring !rotection from $arble flies"Mar' Purdey $as one of a handful of farmers $ho refused to use organo!hos!hates 6such asPhosmet9 on their co$s in 10/" #e $as concerned that the high doses $ould damage thehealth of his co$s because the a!!lication $as so close to the s!inal column" #e $as alsoconcerned about the health of !eo!le $ho dran' mil' from his co$s" n 10/)& Purdey $on his

court fight& and gained the right to use less to3ic methods to combat $arble fly"=hen the first cases of neurological !roblems $ere re!orted in co$s in 10/:& Purdey felt thathis a%oidance of these !esticides had been %indicated" #o$e%er& researchers and the 5ritishGo%ernment had a different idea& blaming the ra!idly emerging disease on the recently!ostulated !rion& based on the detection of !rotein !laHues in the brains of sic' co$s"Purdey started to !ublicly argue his theory that organo!hos!hate !esticides $ere actually thecause of neurological !roblems& attracting some attention& and seriously annoying the 5ritishscientific establishment and go%ernment $ho $ere starting to act as if the infectious theory $asfact"Purdey noted many inconsistencies in the !rion theory" Do$s $ere su!!osedly infected by

feeding on su!!lements containing the brains of shee! $ith Scra!ie& yet Shetland slanders hadbeen eating !otted shee! brains for centuries $ithout similar diseases occurring" #e also notedthat 5ritish by!roducts $ere e3!orted around the $orld& yet the 1*.&... 5ritish cases of 5SE faroutnumbered the total in the rest of the $orld" Dases of 5SE had been found on organic farms$ith co$s brought in from outside& but not on those raised from birth on the organic farms& e%enthough organic farming rules allo$ restricted amounts of the sus!ect M5M feeds" Otherruminants& such as goats and shee!& $ere not affected by Mad Do$2li'e diseases in England&e%en though they $ere fed M5M su!!lements" Don%ersely& se%eral antelo!es at the 8ondonRoo and cattle at the 8iscombe e3!erimental farm de%elo!ed 5SE& but had ne%er been fedM5M su!!lements"=hen 5SE $as found in other countries it $as in !laces li'e 5retagne in north$est ?rance

$here organo!hos!hate !esticides $ere first encouraged by the ?rench go%ernment" As in theC& 5SE cases first occurred a fe$ years after the !esticide !rogram $as initiated" The lo$ernumber of cases may be due to the lo$er doses used& the use of annual treatments 6aso!!osed to t$ice a year in the C9 and because the !rogram $as not mandatory"


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As further e%idence& the decline in 5SE cases in the C began about the same time the $arblefly eradication !rogram ended"5ritish cases of %DJ> in humans also fit the en%ironmental theory" The disease $as found insome long2term %egetarians and in humans $ho had ne%er eaten co$ brains" There is no goode3!lanation of $hy co$s could only get 5SE from eating shee! brains& but humans could get itfrom eating only other !arts of co$s"Although there $as a great deal of !anic& there $ere actually fe$ cases in humans" Purdey

noted that about /.+ of the / cases $ere in rural areas& e%en though more than /.+ of5ritons li%e in urban areas" One cluster in the =eald district of ent is in a ho!s gro$ing area$here organo!hos!hate !esticides are used at 1.. times a%erage le%els for all cro!s"Purdey lobbied for go%ernment funding to test his research" E%entually& he did get a smallamount& and >r" Ste!hen =hatley of the Cni%ersity of 8ondon $as able to sho$ in a test tubethat organo!hos!hates $ere found to !roduce - of the ) !rotein transformations reHuired tocreate the mutant !rion !rotein" A %ictory& but also a maor defeat" The C 5SE inHuiry admittedthat the door is not yet closed on the !ossibility that OPs organo!hos!hatesU !layed a role inrendering cattle susce!tible to 5SE infecti%ity& but the infectious theory $as still cast in the!rimary role because of the inability of =hatley to sho$ all four transformations"Purdey $as not about to gi%e u!" #e felt that there must be a co2factor that he had missed" To

find it he $ent on a tour of !laces in the $orld $here s!ongiform ence!alo!athies had e3isted inanimals or humans for some time& collecting sam!les of soil and feed" n these !laces& $hereorgano!hos!hates had little or no use& he found e3tremely high Manganese le%els and lo$Do!!er& Selenium& Rinc and ron" #e did not find this in geogra!hically similar areas $here noillness $as found" The causes of this mineral imbalance %aried& including acid rain& %olcanicemissions& lead2free gasoline !roduction& emissions from steel& glass& ceramic& dye andmunitions manufacturing and the ta'e2off ones of maor air!orts"5SE2li'e diseases $ere found in Dolorado among deer and el' in an area of the front ranges$here o%er!o!ulation often forced star%ing animals to grae on !ine needles" These sho$ed%ery high le%els of Manganese& !erha!s due to acid rain from u!$ind smelters" n celand&Purdey found Scra!ie associated $ith similar high Manganese7lo$ Do!!er soil conditions" n

Slo%a'ia the t$o clusters of DJ> are close to ferromanganese factories and glass$or's 6hea%yusers of Manganese9" These cases may $ell be related to the almost eradicated occu!ationaldisease 'no$n as Manganese Madness $hich occurred among miners e3!osed to !oorly%entilated $or'ing conditions" ts sym!toms and brain !athology are similar to s!ongiformence!halo!athies"Purdey $as not ust randomly testing for mineral abnormalities" Do!!er is a constituent of thenormal !rion !rotein& and Manganese could be a re!lacement $hen Do!!er is deficient& or$hen Manganese is !resent at high le%els& such as in many mineral su!!lements for cattle" t isat this !oint that Organo!hos!hates re2enter the theory" They can remo%e co!!er from thebody& lea%ing the door o!en for Manganese 6or other similar metals9 to re!lace it in the !rion

!rotein" This results in a non2functional conformation of the molecule& !articularly $henManganese is from the V form to the o3idati%e -V and )V forms"


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re!roduce all four !rotein changes in %itro& thus !ro%iding full laboratory confirmation thatPurdey;s theory is at least !lausible"At the height of the Mad Do$ freny& the 5ritish go%ernment in%ited Purdey to ma'e a detailed!ro!osal for research funding" Predictably& after sitting on the !ro!osal for more than a year&they reected it& and then funded t$o of its re%ie$ers for some of the studies suggested by it" Acynic might conclude that they had as'ed for a grant !ro!osal solely to ha%e Purdey re%eal hisarguments and thoughts in full detail& so that they could then fund some reliableB researchers to

debun' them& $ithout gi%ing Purdey resources that might strengthen his arguments"nterest in PurdeyBs ideas is still gro$ing in a grass roots fashion& although slo$ly& and usuallybeneath the radar of maor media outlets" Purdey has a small grant from the CS ?ats andProtein r" 8arry 5erger of the Animal Science 8ab inCrbana& llinois" Purdey recently ga%e 1) lectures in Ja!an& some Slo%a'ian researchers arestudying the influence of Manganese and Do!!er on familial and s!oradic cases of DJ>" Some5ritish uni%ersities are also Huietly in%estigating in this area"Purdey is attem!ting to obtain brain sam!les from Groote Eylandt to test for manganese andco!!er le%els& and has !ersuaded one local GP there to see $hether a chelating drug thatremo%es Manganese $ill ha%e beneficial effects"Purdey is no$ in%estigating $hether ultra2%iolet light is an additional factor in the de%elo!ment

of SE diseases& !erha!s in concert $ith a hae of ter!ines from the !ine trees that often gro$ atthese ele%ations" #e hy!othesies that the eyes could act as a trigger& because of theirconcentration of ner%es e3!osed to light"Purdey and other researchers ha%e turned u! many !otential factors that could stimulate thede%elo!ment of s!ongiform ence!halo!athies and chronic $asting diseases" f some or allcom!onents of this theory !ro%e to be %alid& the solutions to these de%astating diseases couldbe incredibly sim!le" t may also o!en ne$ a%enues of research into mental illness"Su!!lementation of cattle feeds $ith minute amounts of co!!er and regulation of themanganese le%els could $or' near miracles& at minimal cost" Dhelation could be used to reducethe le%els found in !eo!le or animals suffering from these illnesses" Yet& it is li'ely thatgo%ernments and the scientific establishment $ill continue to concentrate their efforts almost

e3clusi%ely on infectious agents and genetic defects& su!!ressing anybody bra%e enough toargue against them on this or other health issues"WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWMar' Purdey can be reached %ia his $ebsite4 htt!477$$$"mar'!urdey"comor by email toMadDo$PurdeyXaol"com"?urther in the Cnited ingdom4 htt!477$$$"bse"org"u'"...Purdey M" Ecosystems su!!orting clusters of s!oradic TSEs demonstrate e3cesses of theradical2generating di%alent cation manganese and deficiencies of antio3idant cofactors Du& Se&?e& Rn" Medical #y!otheses& ..., :)69& */2-.(

5ro$n >< et al" DonseHuences of Manganese re!lacement of Do!!er for !rion !rotein functionand !roteinase resistance" EM5O J& ... Mar 1:, 106(94 11/.2("Purdey M" The Purdey En%ironmental #ome Page4 htt!477$$$"mar'!urdey"comWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW+avid /ro6e $rites on medical and telecommunications to!ics and is a regular contributor toredflags$ee'ly"com" #e has a degree in biology and mathematics and has !eer2re%ie$ed!a!ers !ublished in the areas of biosystematics and com!uter science"
http://www.markpurdey.com/mailto:[email protected]://www.bse.org.uk.2000/http://www.markpurdey.com/http://www.markpurdey.com/mailto:[email protected]://www.bse.org.uk.2000/http://www.markpurdey.com/

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Manganeso y Soja