Manual para proyectos de Conservación - Programa de Liderazgo de la Conservación

8/14/2019 Manual para proyectos de Conservacin - Programa de Liderazgo de la Conservacin

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Imhwml `g Zvaygcpas `gCahsgvumcoh


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Eapakvmems `g lm zavpm`m4 Iwvvmy Caazgv .sglum/, Zgpgv Scnm .hom cah vmhm/, Lwos G`wmvà Wvwgm.Egspouml `gl Zmwdol/, Zvakvmim `g Lo gvmtka `g lm Cahsgvumcoh .pmllgv/, Bmpog Nmizsah .kghpg y pavpwkm/(

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Pmflm `g Cahpghoà

Mkvm`gcoioghpas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (uooo

Sgccoh =4 Zav }w zlmhoeocmv1=(= Ohpva`wccoh ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (==(6 Mlcmhcg ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (6=(3 Gl cocla `gl zvaygcpa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (0=(0 ]w sokhoeocm zlmhoeocmv wh zvaygcpa1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (5=(7 Zav }w zlmhoeocmv1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (?

Sgccoh 64 Smfoghà àh`g ghcmdmh6(= Ghcahpvmhà sw hocna `ghpva `gl mizloa cahpg~pa `g lmcahsgvumcoh ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (==

6(=(= Gspmflgcoghà sw kvwza `g pvmfmda ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=66(=(6 Mhmlotmhà lms nmfolo`m`gs y las vogskas `g sw g}woza `gpvmfmda ) gl mhlosos EA@M ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=7

6(6 Pvmfmdmhà cah apvas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=?6(3 Iovmhà nmcom wh cahpavha is mizloa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (63

6(3(= Lm Cahughcoh safvg @ougvso`m` Foalkocm ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (606(3(6 Gspvmpgkoms Hmcoahmlgs safvg lm Foaòugvso`m` y Zlmhgs `gMccoh ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (606(3(3 Zlmhgs `g Mccoh gh Impgvom `g Foaòugvso`m` Lacml gOhocompoums g lm Mkgh`m 6= ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (656(3(0 Uhcwlas cah apvms cahughcoahgs ohpgvhmcoahmlgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (6;

6(0 Mzvaugcnmhà `g lm igdav eavim la }wg aevgcgh apvas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (6>kvwzas y avkmhotmcoahgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (6>

6(0(= Apvms ewghpgs g oheavimcoh ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (6?

Sgccoh 34 Zlmhoeocmhà wh zvaygcpa3(= Ohpva`wccoh ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (3=

3(=(= +@g mfmda nmcom mvvofm+ ugvsws +`g mvvofm nmcom mfmda+4 las àsg~pvgias g lm zlmhoeocmcoh ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (3=

3(6 Zmvpocozmcoh `g las mcpavgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (303(6(= ]w oizavpmhcom poghgh las mcpavgs1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (30

3(6(6 Caia o`ghpoeocmv m las ougvsas mcpavgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (353(6(3 Caia o`ghpoeocmv m las ougvsas mcpavgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (3;

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3(3 Mhlosos gl zvaflgim ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (063(3(= Gl &vfal `g zvaflgims& ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (03

3(0 Afdgpouas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (0>

3(0(= Gl &vfal `g afdgpouas& ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (0?3(7 Gspvmpgkom `gl zvaygcpa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (7>3(5 Mhlosos g imvca lkoca `g pvmfmda ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (56

3(5(= Lm Calwihm `g Afdgpouas .Calwihm =/ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (503(5(6 Lm Calwihm `g Zvgswhcoahgs .Calwihm 0/ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (573(5(3 Ohòcmàvgs swscgzpoflgs `g sgv ugvoeocmàs `g imhgvmafdgpoum .Calwihm 6/ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (;=3(5(0 Igòas `g Ugvoeocmcoh .Calwihm 3/ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (;=

3(5(7 Ugvoeocmhà lm lkocm ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (;63(; Vgcwvsas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (>:3(> Valgs y vgszahsmfolo`m`gs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (>3

Sgccoh 04 Zvohcozoas `g lm Vgcmw`mcoh `g Eahàs0(= Zav }w lm kghpg àhm òhgva1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (>70(6 Caizvghòghà m las oegvghpgs pozas g àhmhpg ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (>70(3 Gl cvopgvoa `g las ahmhpgs clmug ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (>>

0(0 Apvas zwhpas gh las }wg `gfg zghsmvsg ml iaighpa `g vgcmw`mveahàs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (?=0(7 Cia g~pvmgv oheavimcoh oizavpmhpg ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (?60(5 Glmfavmcoh `g whm zvazwgspm zmvm afpghgv eohmhcomioghpa ( ( ( ( (?30(; Cahpghoà `g whm zvazwgspm pzocm zmvm salocopmv eahàs ( ( ( ( ( ( (?70(> Zvgswzwgspas y cmlgh`mvoa `g pogizas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (?>0(? @mv whm zvoigvm fwghm oizvgsoh ) lwcgh caia }wogvgh lwcov1 =::0(=: Saigpgv zvazwgspms ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=:6

0(== Cahpvmpas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=:00(=6 Vglmcoahgs cah gl àhmhpg ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=:00(=3 Cahcgzpas fsocas `g lm vgcmw`mcoh `g eahàs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=:7

Sgccoh 74 Oizlgighpmcoh `gl zvaygcpa7(= Mìohospvmhà gl òhgva ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=:;

7(=(= Cia llgkm gl òhgva4 `gsgifalsas }wg nmcg gl àhmhpg ( ( (=:;7(=(6 Fmhcm ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (==:

7(=(3 M`}wosocoh y imhgda `g foghgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (==3

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7(=(0 Cwmhà gl òhgva gs ohugvpoà ) mwòpavom y zvgzmvmcoh `goheavigs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (==07(=(7 Vgcwvsas esocas y sgvuocoas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (==5

7(=(5 Vgcwvsas esocas y sgvuocoas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (==>7(6 Vgcwvsas nwimhas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=6:7(6(= ]woh nmv gl pvmfmda1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=6:7(6(6 Cahpvmpmcoh y mhwhcoas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=657(6(3 @geohocoh `g valgs y vgszahsmfolo`m`gs `gl kvwza`g pvmfmda ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=6;7(6(0 Kghpg, òhgva y vgcwvsas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=6>7(6(7 Apvas kmspas g cahpvmpmcoh ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=33

7(3 Smlw` y sgkwvo`m` ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=377(3(= Gumlwmcoh `g vogskas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=357(3(6 Imhgda `g vogskas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=3;7(3(3 Caia vg`wcov lms zvafmfolo`m`gs g ghevghpmv zglokva ( ( ( ( (=3>7(3(7 Oizlgighpmcoh `gl zlmh `g smlw` y sgkwvo`m` ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=067(3(5 Imhgda azgvmpoua `gl zvaygcpa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=06

7(0( Vgszahsmfol o`m`gs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=037(0(= Caiwhocmcoahgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=00

7(0(6 Lo`gvmtka ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=007(0(3 Eohmlotmcoh `gl zvaygcpa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=07

Sgccoh 54 Iahopavga y gumlwmcoh5(= Zav }w gs hgcgsmvoa gl iahopavga1 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=0;

5(=(= @geohocoh `g iahopavga, ohòcmàvgs y gumlwmcoh ( ( ( ( ( ( (=0>5(6 Ohòcmàvgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=0>

5(6(= Ohòcmàvgs }wg zwg`g ugvoeocmvsg `g imhgvm afdgpoum

.AUOs, zav sws soklms gh ohkls/ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=0?5(6(6 Zvazog`m gs g las fwghas ohòcmàvgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=765(6(3 Imhgda `gl pogiza ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=73

5(3 Iahopavga ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=705(3(= Iahopavga `g sws vgcwvsas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=705(3(6 Iahopavga `g mcpouo`m`gs y imhgda `g pogiza ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=775(3(3 Iahopavga `gl oizmcpa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=755(3(0 Iahopavga `g lms zvgswhcoahgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=7;

5(0 Gumlwmcoh ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=7;5(7 Zvgzmvmcoh `g Oheavigs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=7>

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5(7(= Pozas g oheavigs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=7?5(7(6 Mvimv gl oheavig ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=5=5(7(3 Gumlwmcoh `gl zvaygcpa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=53

Sgccoh ;4 Ewghpgs ewpwvms `g oheavimcoh;(= Vgcwvsas zmvm gl imhgda `g zvaygcpas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=57;(6 Ohugspokmcoh kghgvml ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=57;(3 Avkmhotmcoahgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=55;(0 @ovgcpavoas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=5;

Mhg~a =4 Lm zlmhoeocmcoh `g wh pmllgv ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=5?

Mhg~a 64 Uoswmlotmcoh ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=;3

Mhg~a 34 Klasmvoa `g pviohas pchocas a vglmcoahmàs

cah zvaygcpas }wg sg wsm gh gl pg~pa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=;;

Avkmhotmcoahgs }wg sg nmh ohualwcvmà gh lm glmfavmcoh

`g gspg imhwml ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=>5

Fov`Loeg Ohpgvhmpoahml ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=>5Lm Sacog`m` Vgml zmvm lm Zvapgccoh `g lms Mugs.VSZF, zav sws soklms gh ohkls/ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=>5FZ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=>;Emwhm % Elavm Ohpgvhmpoahml .EEO/ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=>;

Pmflm `g Eokwvms

Eokwvm =4 Zvacgsa m pvmus `gl cwml lg kwm gspg lofva ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (5

Eokwvm 6( Wh gdgizla `g wh mhlosos EA@M soizlg zmvm wh kvwzazg}wga `g pvmfmda }wg zoghsm gh cah`wcov wh zvaygcpa zg}wga }wgohualwcvg lm cahsgvumcoh `g lms pavpwkms, wh gspwòa `g lmfoaòugvso`m` y g`wcmcoh( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=;

Eokwvm 34 Pozas `g vglmcoh }wg sg gspmflgcgv cah apvms

avkmhotmcoahgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (6=

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Eokwvm 0( Caizmvmcoh `g lms ughpmdms y `gsughpmdms `g las zvacgsas`g zlmhoeocmcoh +`g mfmda nmcom mvvofm+ y +`g mvvofm nmcom mfmda+ ( ( (33

Eokwvm 74 Zmvpg sglgccoahm`m `g wh mhlosos `g mcpavgs }wg sgvglmcoahm cah wh zvaygcpa cwya eoh gs `gsmvvallmv wh zlmh `g mccohzmvm whm zaflmcoh `g fwopvgs }wg gsp `gclohmhà ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (0:

Eokwvm 54 &vfal `g zvaflgims&4 cm`m zvaflgim cahspopwyg pmhpa cmwsmcaia gegcpa gh vglmcoh cah las zvaflgims ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (07

EOkwvm ;( Wh gdgizla `g wh vfal `g zvaflgims gh zvgzmvmcoh ( ( ( (76

Eokwvm >( vfal `g afdgpouas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (70

Eokwvm ?( Wh gdgizla `g wh vfal `g afdgpouas gh zvgzmvmcoh ( ( ( ( ( (75

Eokwvm =:( Gumlwmhà @ougvsms Gspvmpgkoms g Zvaygcpa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (5:

Eokwvm ==4 Caia azgvmh lms zvgswhcoahgs `ghpva `g wh imvca

lkoca `g pvmfmda ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (55

Eokwvm =64 Gumlwmcoh `g emcpavgs g~pgvhas paihàlas caiazvgswhcoahgs ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (5?

Eokwvm =34 Imvca lkoca `g pvmfmda ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (;:

Eokwvm =04 Gdgizla `g wh imvca lkoca `g pvmfmda }wg nm soha llghmà

gh sw papmlo`m`4 mugs imvohms gh lm Oslm `gl Pgsava ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (;0

Eokwvm =74 Gdgizla `g wh zvgswzwgspa `g zvaygcpa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (??

Eokwvm =54 @oegvghpgs pozas y `gsgifalsas g eahàs zmvm zvaygcpas =:>

Eokwvm =;4 Zmvpocozmcoh `g zgvsahml lacml gh g}wozas `g pvmfmda ohpgvhm)coahmlgs .uosopmhpgs/ ) @oeocwlpm`gs zapghcomlgs y sws salwcoahgs ( ( ( (=66

Eokwvm =>4 Avkmhokvmim `g whm avkmhotmcoh gspvwcpwvm`m `g

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imhgvm pzocm ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=6>

Eokwvm =?4 Zghsmhà gh lm zvafmfolo`m` y gl oizmcpa `g lms sopwmcoahgs

`g zglokva ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=3;

Eokwvm 6:( Gdgizla `g whm gumlwmcoh `g vogskas ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=3?

Eokwvm 6=4 Ohòcmàvgs y igòas `g ugvoeocmcoh zmvm sgcpavgssglgccoahmàs `g wh imvca lkoca safvg lm vgspmwvmcoh `g whmug vmvm }wg sg vgzva`wcg gh gl Vgoha Whoà ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (=7=

uoo


10/199

Mkvm`gcoioghpas

Gspg lofva gs gl vgswlpmà `g wh gsewgvta `g calmfavmcoh( Hwgspva mkvm)`gcoioghpa um òvokoà m iwcnms zgvsahms }wg zvgspmvah sw myw`m`gs`g gl iaighpa `g cahcgfov gl imhwml nmspm afpghgv gl zva`wcpa}wg lgs gs zvgsghpmà m cahpohwmcoh(

Lwgka `g }wg Vafoh Iopcngll cahcofogvm ohocomlighpg lm o`gm `g zwflo)cmv gspg lofva, sg eavi wh caiop gdgcwpoua caizwgspa zav @ogpgvNaeeimhh y Imvpoh @muogs `g VSZF2 Imvpoh Nallmh`s y Poi Eloh`gvs `gEEO2 Vafoh y, zaspgvoavighpg, ya, `gl Zvakvmim `g Lo`gvmtka `g lmCahsgvumcoh( Gspg kvwza o`ghpoeoc gl mlcmhcg y lm imkhopw` `gl lofvams caia lms vgms àh`g sg zgvcofm lm hgcgso`m` `g afpghgv kwm zmvmlm zlmhoeocmcoh `g zvaygcpas gh gl ifopa `g lm cahsgvumcoh(

Gl pvmfmda llgumà m cmfa zav las mwpavgs g ohclwoà gh gspg lofva hazwg`g sgv msokhmà m cmzpwlas gszgceocas y sg nmllm òszgvsa y caifo)hmà m pvmus `g paà gl pg~pa( Wh kvmh ualwigh `g pvmfmda ewg cah`w)coà `wvmhpg gl zvacgsa `g gòcoh zmvm msgkwvmv m cm`m wha `g lasmwpavgs }wg sws cahpvofwcoahgs sg nmllgh vgzvgsghpm`ms gh eavim clmvm yelwymh m pvmus g lm `gscvozcoh `gl zvacgsa `g zlmhoeocmcoh( Lmohighsm zmcoghcom y gl ghavig cahacoioghpa `g Caloh Foffy cahpvofw)ygvah gh eavim umloasm ml zvacgsa( @gfgias mkvm`gcgv, okwmlighpg, mpaàs }woghgs cah sw cahpvofwcoh has zgviopogvah y myw`mvah m òewh)òv gh gspm eavim sw pvmfmda(

@gfgias g~zvgsmv pmifoh hwgspvm kvmpopw`, m mhpokwas kmhmàvgs `gzvgioas apavkmàs zav gl Zvakvmim `g Lo`gvmtka `g lm Cahsgvumcohcwyms g~zgvoghcoms olwspvmh iwcnas `g las cmzpwlas, y, `g imhgvm zmvpo)cwlmv m Uw @ohn Pnahk, Ng`gluy Kwm`m, Smhpomka @+Mlgssoa, FvmhàhMhpnahy y Dmoig Zapg( Pafy Kmv`hgv y Gioly Eosngvfgvps, cahsgvumcoa)hospms `g lm Whougvso`m` `g Gmsp Mhklom, cahpvofwygvah ms iosia cahvgpvamloighpmcoh umloasm safvg gl cahpghoà y gl mlcmhcg `gl imhwml,fmshàsg safvg sw g~zgvoghcom gh lm zlmhoeocmcoh `g zvaygcpas zmvmgspwòmhpgs whougvsopmvoas gh Fglocg(

Imvomhhg @whh, Mìohospvmàvm `gl Zvakvmim `g Lo`gvmtka `g lmCahsgvumcoh

uooo


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Sgccoh =4 Zav }w zlmhoeocmv1

=(= Ohpva`wccoh

Sg nm cvgmà gspg imhwml gh vgszwgspm m whm hgcgso`m` o`ghpoeocm`m zavlas sacoas y zav gl zgvsahml `g Fov`Loeg Ohpgvhmpoahml y `g Emwhm % ElavmOhpgvhmpoahml( Sg vgcahaco }wg iwcnm `g lm kghpg }wg poghg m sw cmvkalm vgszahsmfolo`m` `g zlmhoeocmv y imhgdmv zvaygcpas `g cahsgvumcoh, mpvmus `g paà gl iwhà, ha nm pghoà lm eavpwhm `g vgcofov cmzmcopmcohgszgceocm gh gspm vgm(

Lm igpm zvohcozml `g gspg lofva gs myw`mv m lm kghpg m igdavmv wh zvacg)sa }wg lg zgviopm zlmhoeocmv y imhgdmv sws zvaygcpas( Sg ewh`mighpm gh

lm cvgghcom `g }wg wh fwgh zlmh emcolopm lm oizlgighpmcoh y gl imhgda`g wh zvaygcpa, mwkwvmhà imyavgs zvafmfolo`m`gs `g ~opa(

Gl imhwml zgviopov m las wswmvoas glmfavmv sws zvazoas cahcgzpas ycvgmv wh zlmh `g zvaygcpa, gizlgmhà umvoas ipaàs y gdgizlas olws)pvmpouas, pvmpmàs y zvafmàs zvguomighpg(

Mlkwhas kvwzas `g wswmvoas ghcahpvmvh }wg cogvpms sgccoahgs `glimhwml lgs sah polgs gh òugvsms sopwmcoahgs hgcgsopmhà, m ugcgs,

m`ghpvmvsg gh gllms m imyav a ighav zvaewhò`m`2 apvms, soizlgighpgswigvkohàsg gh lm sgccoh mzvazom`m ioghpvms sokwgh lms igpaàla)kms( Soh gifmvka, gl imhwml sg nmllm òsgmà `g imhgvm }wg m}wgllaswswmvoas }wg nmymh cmzpmà las zvohcozoas kghgvmlgs nmfvh ghpghòàpaàs las glgighpas `g wh zvacgsa `g zlmhoeocmcoh g~opasa(

Mhoimias m las wswmvoas m ugv m cahso`gvmv m gspg imhwml caia whmkwm y ha caia wh lofva `g pg~pa vkoà, y m }wg m`mzpgh pchocms cwmh)à lms cahso`gvgh polgs(

Wh zwhpa eohml g oizavpmhpg gs lm swspghpmfolo`m`( Caia cahsgvumcoa)hospms, paàs pvmfmdmias nmcom lm afpghcoh `g lm igpm caih `g lakvmvwhm vglmcoh saspghoflg ghpvg gl naifvg y lm foaòugvso`m`( Soh gifmv)ka, `gfoà m loiopmcoahgs g pogiza y ml umlav `gl òhgva, las zvaygcpas`g cahsgvumcoh sah, m ighwà, òsgmàs zmvm cwfvov lms hgcgso`m`gsmìohospvmpoums `g }woghgs las eohmhcomh y ha zmvm salwcoahmv zvaflgimsoizavpmhpgs g cahsgvumcoh( Hgcgsopmias gspmv cahcoghpgs g lm soi)zlg pghpmcoh `g +ov salmighpg `gpvs `gl òhgva+ y zahgv gizga gh

msgkwvmv }wg hwgspvas zvaygcpas sgmh òsgmàs y llgumàs m cmfapghoghà gh ighpg afdgpouas `g cahsgvumcoh m lmvka zlmta(


12/199

Mfav`hàlas `g imhgvm elg~oflg, wsmhà igcmhosias `g vgpva)mloigh)pmcoh y zahoghà gizga gh afpghgv gl cmifoa, las zvaygcpas }wgughkmh `gszws `gfgvmh gspmv gh cmzmco`m` `g mlcmhtmv salwcoahgs`wvm`gvms(

Zav la kghgvml, lm òegvghcom is hapavom ghpvg òugvsms zvazwgspms `gzvaygcpas sg nmcg guo`ghpg gh lm clmvo`m` `g sw zlmhoeocmcoh(

Las zvohcozoas }wg kwmh m gspg imhwml sah las glgighpas `g wh zlmhg~opasa2 spas sah4

`gclmvmcoh clmvm `gl afdgpoua kghgvmlafdgpouas ighavgs vgmlospms y afpghoflgs, gheacmàs nmcom lm cahsgcw)coh `gl afdgpoua kghgvmlafdgpouas gszgceocas }wg zwg`mh sgv pmhpa iahopavgmàs caia gum)lwmàscaizvghsoh mcpwml `g lm oheavimcoh is m`gcwm`m safvg mccoahgsvglgumhpgs zvguomsohkvgsa gh lm vg `g pvmfmda g~ospghpg m hougl lacml, hmcoahml g ohpgv)hmcoahml, `ghpva `gl imvca `g pvmfmda `gl ifopa `g lm cahsgvumcoh(elg~ofolo`m` zmvm mfav`mv mszgcpas y sopwmcoahgscaizvghsoh papml `g paàs las zvaflgims y lms salwcoahgs }wg sgzvazahg `mvlgso`ghpoeocmcoh `g las emcpavgs g~pgvhas cvpocas }wg llgumvh ml ~opa aml evmcmsacaizvghsoh caih `g paàs las ohualwcvmàs vgszgcpa ml zlmh y msw vglgumhcom

=(6 MlcmhcgGspg imhwml gs òvokoà `g imhgvm gszgceocm m }woghgs lo`gvmh zvaygc)pas `g cahsgvumcoh y m sws g}wozas `g pvmfmda, y sg vgszahsmfolotmh zavlm cah`wccoh `g lm zlmhoeocmcoh y lm zwgspm gh imvcnm `g wh zvaygc)pa( Nm soà gscvo pa zmvm zgvsahms ha gszgcomlotm`ms y, `g imhgvm zmvpo )cwlmv, zmvm }woghgs ha nmh vgcofoà cmzmcopmcoh gh pchocms safvg lmzlmhoeocmcoh `g zvaygcpas( Gl gspola `gl imhwml zvgpgh`g sgv pol zmvmm}wgllas }wg zlmhoeocmh zvaygcpas zg}wgas a igòmhas( So fogh gs òe)col `geohov gl pmima `g wh zvaygcpa, spg sg nmllm `gpgviohmà gh ewh)coh `g sw caizlgdo`m`, `wvmcoh y zvgswzwgspa( M kvmh`gs vmskas,gszgvmias }wg cwml}wogvm }wg sg zvazahkm imhgdmv is `g WS$=7:(::: cahpmv cah lm sweocoghpg g~zgvoghcom y vgcwvvov m lopgvmpwvmmòcoahml( Sg zvgu }wg las wswmvoas acwzgh whm kvmh umvog`m` `g zwgs)

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pas, pghkmh òugvsas mhpgcg`ghpgs zvaegsoahmlgs, y zvaughkmh `g paà gliwhà( Gs zvafmflg }wg sgmh gspwòmhpgs whougvsopmvoas, a pvmfmdghzmvm avkmhotmcoahgs ha kwfgvhmighpmlgs, aeocohms `g kafogvha, a ohspo)pwpas(

Gl imhwml sokwg gl cocla `g uo`m `g zvaygcpas `g cahsgvumcoh }wg umh`gs`g zg}wgas nmspm igòmhas, `gs`g gl iaighpa gh }wg sg cahcofglms o`gms, nmspm lm zvgzmvmcoh `gl oheavig eohml y lms covcwhspmhcomszaspgvoavgs ml zvaygcpa( Gsp gheacmà zvohcozmlighpg nmcom caia zlm)hoeocmv lms mcpouo`m`gs y iahopavgmv las vgswlpmàs `g wh zvaygcpa g~opa)sa( Ohclwyg m gis fvgugs kwms safvg lm glmfavmcoh `g zvazwgspmsgscvopms, lm afpghcoh `g eohmhcomioghpa, gl imhgda eohmhcogva, gl imhg)da `g las vgcwvsas nwimhas, y lm zvgzmvmcoh `g oheavigs(

Sg vg}wogvg zgvocom oizavpmhpg zmvm zlmhoeocmv y imhgdmv g~opasmighpgwh zvaygcpa y spm um is mll `gl mlcmhcg `g gspg imhwml, pml caia glgspmflgcoioghpa `g wh g}woza `g pvmfmda, pchocms zmvm gl imhgda `gvgcwvsas nwimhas, y emcolopmcoh( @g okwml imhgvm, whm ugt }wg gl zva)ygcpa gsp gh imvcnm, lm uo`m gh gl cmiza ha gs sogizvg ecol y mighwà lms sopwmcoahgs is ohgszgvm`ms zwg`gh cahspopwov wh vgpa zmvmcm`m wha `g las iogifvas `g wh g}woza `g pvmfmda(

Gspg imhwml cahspopwyg wh lofva `g pvmfmda mwpa ò`cpoca }wg cahpoghgcmsas `g gspwòa caia whm eavim `g zvgsghpmv gdgizlas( Gl gs}wgim nmsoà òsgmà `g imhgvm }wg las zvohcozomhpgs zwg`mh cmzpmv las cah)cgzpas cghpvmlgs y gscakgv so mzlocmh m whm umvog`m` `g zvaygcpas `gcahsgvumcoh paàs a mlkwhas `g las ipaàs `g mzaya( Gl lghkwmdg }wgsg gizlgm gs la ighas pchoca zasoflg mwh}wg sg m`nogvg m lms pchocmsvgcahaco`ms y wsm`ms m hougl ohpgvhmcoahml( Gh lm igò`m `g la zasoflg,sg nm wsmà lghkwmdg clmva }wg emcolopg sw pvm`wccoh( Cahpoghg wh kla)smvoa .zkohms =;; m =>7/ gh gl }wg sg `geohg mlkwhms `g lms zmlmfvmsis pchocms gizlgm`ms m pvmus `g paà gl lofva(

Gl imhwml sg cmvmcpgvotm zav}wg4sg gheacm gh zvaygcpas `g cahsgvumcoh zg}wgas y igòmhasgsp gscvopa zmvm zgvsahms }wg ha sah gszgcomlospmsvgszah`g m whm hgcgso`m` gh gl ifopa `g lm cahsgvumcoh gh lwkmv`g avoghpmvsg nmcom gl cwizloioghpa `g las vg}wosopas `g wh `gpgvio)hmà ghpg eohmhcogva(

3


14/199

=(3 Gl cocla `gl zvaygcpa

Wh zvaygcpa gs wh kvwza `g mcpouo`m`gs y vgswlpmàs vglmcoahmàsghpvg s }wg poghgh wh zvazsopa whoeocmà, y cwghpm, m`gis, cah lasvgcwvsas y gl lmzsa `g pogiza hgcgsmvoas zmvm lakvmv vgmlotmv gspmsmcpouo`m`gs y afpghgv las vgswlpmàs gszgvmàs(

Cm`m zvaygcpa gs òegvghpg y lms ngvvmioghpms y igpaàlakms }wg `gs)cvofg gspg lofva `g pvmfmda `gfgvh sgv mzlocm`ms gh eavim elg~oflg(Zlmhoeocmv wh zvaygcpa zg}wga za`vm sgv wh zvacgsa òvgcpa, sgkh glcwml wh g}woza zg}wga `g pvmfmda, `g às a pvgs zgvsahms, `geohovm ghwh `m las afdgpouas, lm `wvmcoh y gl zvgswzwgspa( Ioghpvms is cai)zlgda sgm gl zvaygcpa y ighas cahacoioghpa pghkmh `g lm sopwmcoh }wgumh m mfav`mv gh sw zvaygcpa, is pogiza hgcgsopmvh zmvm vgwhov lmoheavimcoh zmvm mhmlotmv m las mcpavgs .ugm lm sgccoh 3(6/ y zmvm mhmlo)tmv las zvaflgims .ugm lm sgccoh 3(3/( Gs oizgvmpoua, zav la iosia,cah`wcov gspwòas y cahswlpms zmvm msgkwvmvsg `g }wg caizvgh`gh clm)vmighpg lms cmvmcpgvspocms `g lms covcwhspmhcoms }wg va`gmh ml zvaygcpay sws zvaflgims, ms caia lms hgcgso`m`gs y g~zgcpmpoums `g umvoasmcpavgs( hocmighpg zvaygcpas iwy zg}wgas a m}wgllas }wg cmgh`ghpva `g vgms }wg lgs sah iwy emiolomvgs ml kvwza zwg`gh sgv `gsmvva)llmàs `g eavim vgmlospm soh vgcwvvov ml ghea}wg òvgcpa `g sw mlcmhcg(

Mwh}wg òugvsms avkmhotmcoahgs za`vmh gizlgmv òegvghpgs pviohas mm}wgllas }wg mzmvgcgh is m`glmhpg, vgcaigh`mias }wg las zvaygcpassgmh zlmhoeocmàs, gh kghgvml, `g mcwgvà cah lm sgcwghcom }wg sg `gs)cvofg m cahpohwmcoh4

o`gms cahcgzpa mhlosos `g mcpavgs mhlosos `g zvaflgimsmhlosos `g afdgpouas gspvmpgkom `gl zvaygcpa imvca lkoca `g pvm)

fmda valgs y vgszahsmfolo`m`gs ghpvm`m `g vgcwvsas vgcmw`m)coh `g eahàs zwgspm gh imvcnm iahopavga y gumlwmcoh zvgzmvmcoh `g oheavigs(

Zvaygcpas `g òegvghpgs gscmlms za`vmh òegvov cahso`gvmflgighpg ghcwmhpa m sw caizlgdo`m` gh impgvom `g zlmhoeocmcoh, zgva paàs laszvaygcpas sokwgh lm iosim lkocm( Zmvm lm zlmhoeocmcoh `g zg}wgaszvaygcpas }wg ohualwcvgh vglmpoumighpg m zacms zgvsahms y zgvsokmhafdgpouas y mccoahgs soizlgs, sgvm zasoflg mcavpmv gl zvacgsa, zmsmhà,

zav gdgizla, `gl mhlosos `g zvaflgims òvgcpmighpg ml imvca lkoca `gpvmfmda .ugv sgccoh 3/( Soh gifmvka, ha oizavpm cwmh caizlgda a soi)

0



15/199

zlg sgm sw zvaygcpa, las zmsas lkocas }wg `gfgvh sgkwov sokwgh soghàlas iosias, y salmighpg òeogvg lm gscmlm(

Cm`m zvaygcpa ohclwyg wh cahdwhpa `g afdgpouas gspvmpkocas y lmsmccoahgs }wg sg vg}wogvg zmvm cahsgkwovlas( Gl zvaygcpa nm soà eaviw)lmà, zav la kghgvml, caia wh igòa `g cmifomv `g lm sopwmcoh vgmlmcpwml .paimhà gh cwghpm paàs las emcpavgs }wg lg nmh cah`wcoà mgllm/ m whm sopwmcoh `gsgmflg }wg za`vm `geohovsg gh mlkh iaighpagh gl ewpwva( Whm ugt zlmhoeocmà, gl zvaygcpa gs zwgspa gh imvcnm yiahopavgmà, las vgswlpmàs sah gumlwmàs y so sg nm llgkmà m lm sopwm)coh `gsgm`m, gl zvaygcpm pgviohm( So ha sg nm llgkmà `gl paà m gspmsopwmcoh, zmvm lakvmvla za`vm vg}wgvovsg vgcavvgv whm ugt is .a umvoms/lms gpmzms `gl cocla `gl zvaygcpa gh cwmhpa m zlmhoeocmcoh, zwgspm ghimvcnm, iahopavga y gumlwmcoh(

Cocla `gl Zvaygcpa

7

Sopwmcoh G~ospghpgSopwmcoh @gsgm`m

Zlmh `gl Zvaygcpa

Iahopavga

Zwgspm gh ImvcnmGumlwmcoh


16/199

Eokwvm =4 Zvacgsa m pvmus `gl cwml lg kwm gspg lofva

=(0 ]w sokhoeocm zlmhoeocmv wh zvaygcpa1Zlmhoeocmv wh zvaygcpa oizlocm wh zvacgsa `g zghsmioghpa gspvwcpwvmày lkoca `g mcwgvà cah gl cwml lm igpm zvohcozml gs caavòhmv `gcosoa)hgs }wg ohelwghcomvh, òvokovh y cahpvalmvh gl ewpwva y myw`mvh mlakvmv las afdgpouas gl zvaygcpa( Lm zlmhoeocmcoh `g wh zvaygcpa gs gligòa }wg cah`wcg ml eoh ha gl eoh gh s iosia(

5

Cahpg~pa g~pgvha Cahacohàsg mwspg`gs iosias

Mswhpa `gl zvaygcpa

Mhlosos g zvaflgims@geohocoh g afdgpouas

Gspvmpgkom `gl zvaygcpaImvca lkoca `g pvmfmdaValgs y vgszahsmfolo`m`gs

Ghpvm`m `g vgcwvsas

Vgcmw`mcoh`g eahàs

Zwgspm gh imvcnm

Iaho pavga ! gumlwmcoh

Zvgzmvmcoh `gOheavigs

Sgccoh 6

Sgccoh 0

Sgccoh 3

Sgccoh 7

Sgccoh 5



17/199

;

Ghcahpvmvh }wg gh lwkmv `g soizlgighpg zahgv gh zvcpocm sws zlmhgsavokohmlgs, m ighwà lms casms cmifomh y `gfgvh cahpohwmv m`mzpmhàsw zlmh m la lmvka `g lm cah`wccoh `gl zvaygcpa(

Lm zlmhoeocmcoh fvoh`m whm ngvvmioghpm zmvm iahopavgmv y gumlwmv glzvakvgsa `gl zvaygcpa(

M pvmus `g whm fwghm zlmhoeocmcoh, iwcnas sah las fghgeocoas }wg llg)kmv m cahacgv gl g}woza }wg pvmfmdm gh gl zvaygcpa4

lgs mclmvmv la }wg gsph pvmpmhà `g lakvmvlgs cahegvov caheomhtm, lgs iapoumv y mizlomv sw sghpoioghpa `gzasgsohlgs zgviopov o`ghpoeocmv cwmlgs sah las zwhpas ewgvpgs `g sw g}woza `gpvmfmda, `gl zvaygcpa, y `gl mifoghpg `g pvmfmdalgs guopmv caizvaigpgvsg `gimsomàlgs mnavvmv pogiza y gsewgvta m lmvka zlmtalgs zgviopov o`ghpoeocmv lms igdavgs salwcoahgs cwmhà sg mclmvgh lasemcpavgs cmwsmlgslm zvafmfolo`m` `g mpvmgv eohmhcomioghpa sgv imyav

Lm zlmhoeocmcoh poghg vglmcoh cah `gcosoahgs oheavim`ms safvg la }wgsg nmv gh gl ewpwva, las vgcwvsas }wg sg vg}wogvg y lm caizvghsoh `gcia smfvh wspg`gs }wg nmh lakvmà sws afdgpouas(

Lm zlmhoeocmcoh cahspopwyg whm eavim gspvwcpwvm`m `g vgszah`gv m zvg)kwhpms ewh`mighpmlgs safvg cwml}wogv zvaygcpa(

Zav }w hgcgsopmias wh zvaygcpa1 .mhlosos `g zvaflgims y mcpavgs/]w gspmias pvmpmhà `g lakvmv1 .afdgpouas/Cia umias m lakvmv hwgspvas afdgpouas1 .gspvmpgkom `gl zvaygcpa/]w hgcgsopmias zmvm lakvmv hwgspvas afdgpouas1 .calmfavmcoahgs/Cia smfvgias gh }wg iaighpa la ngias lakvmà1 .ohòcmàvgs yiahopavga, y gumlwmcoh/]woh la gsp nmcoghà1 .valgs y vgszahsmfolo`m`gs/

Zav la kghgvml, wh zvaygcpa megcpm m umvoas kvwzas `g zgvsahms, ohclw)yghà ml zgvsahml }wg la imhgdm y }wg zvauoghg `g umvoms avkmhotmcoa)hgs, mkghcoms }wg zvauggh eohmhcomioghpa, zgvsahms }wg sg vgszahsmfo)lotmh zav lm paim `g `gcosoahgs, y, `gimsomà m ighwà, lm kghpg ohua)lwcvm`m zgvcofg ml zvaygcpa `g imhgvms oegvghpgs( Zav gdgizla, lmcaiwho`m` lacml gh wh vgm `g fmdas ohkvgsas gcahiocas za`vm gszg)

vmv whm igdavm gh sws cahòcoahgs `g uo`m, gh pmhpa }wg lm zvgacwzm)coh zvoiavòml `g mlkwhms avkmhotmcoahgs `g cahsgvumcoh za`vm cgh)


18/199

pvmvsg gh gl imhpghoioghpa a ohcvgighpa `g lm foaòugvso`m` `glmifoghpg }wg va`gm ml zvaygcpa( Gs g uopml oizavpmhcom zmvm gl ~opa`gl zvaygcpa }wg paàs las mcpavgs lacmlgs pghkmh wh cahacoioghpaclmva `g las fghgeocoas }wg gszgvmh afpghgv y `g sws vgszgcpouas valgs yvgszahsmfolo`m`gs(

Lm zlmhoeocmcoh poghg vglmcoh cah gl gspmflgcoioghpa `g wh caizva)iosa ghpvg paàs }woghgs gsph ohualwcvmàs, y gh myw`mv m `gsmvva)llmv whm caizvghsoh caih `gl zvaygcpa(

Zmvm afpghgv ~opa, `gfgh caizvgh`gv ha salmighpg lms g~zgcpmpoums `gpaàs }woghgs sg nmllmh ohualwcvmàs soha pmifoh sws cmzmco`m`gs( Gshgcgsmvoa }wg mugvokgh so paàs }woghgs gsph ohualwcvmàs zasggh glcahacoioghpa y lm zgvocom }wg lgs zgviopov zahgv gh imvcnm lms mcpouo)`m`gs }wg sg zvazahgh cah`wcov( @g ha sgv ms, za`vmh hgcgsopmv iskghpg, mlka `g cmzmcopmcoh, a cmifomv sws afdgpouas(

Las àhmhpgs y lms mkghcoms gdgcwpavms poghgh zav la kghgvml kwms clmvms`g sws afdgpouas y `gl poza y gl pmima `g las zvaygcpas m las }wg umh mfvoh`mv mzaya( @gfg paimvsg gh cwghpm gspms kwms so sg zlmhoeocm glzvaygcpa pghoghà gh ighpg m mkghcoms gszgceocms(

@wvmhpg gl pogiza }wg `wvg gl zvaygcpa, }woghgs la imhgdmh, lasàhmhpgs y las mcpavgs }wgvvh smfgv so gl zvaygcpa gsp yghà gh lmòvgccoh cavvgcpm, nmcoghà zvgkwhpms `g gspg poza(

Gsph soghà gdgcwpm`ms lms mcpouo`m`gs `g mcwgvà cah gl zlmh1Gsph pghoghà lms mcpouo`m`gs gl gegcpa `gsgmà1Gsp soghà wsmà gh eavim mzvazom`m gl zvgswzwgspa1G~ospgh covcwhspmhcoms oizvguospms }wg za`vmh ohcoòv gh gl ~opa `glzvaygcpa1

Ml eohmlotmv gl zvaygcpa, paàs las mcpavgs }wgvvh cahacgv lm vgszwgspmm lms sokwoghpgs zvgkwhpms(

Ngias lakvmàs hwgspvas afdgpouas1Nm pvmà gl zvaygcpa cahsoka gl cmifoa `gsgmà1]w lgccoahgs ngias mzvghòà zmvm ewpwvas zvaygcpas1Nm gspmflgcoà gl zvaygcpa azavpwho`m`gs zmvm pvmfmda caizlgigh)pmvoa mòcoahml1

Wh fwgh zlmh ohclwov ohòcmàvgs }wg zgviopmh igòv y }wg zwg`mh

sgv gizlgmàs zmvm ugvoeocmv so sg nm lakvmà las afdgpouas `gl zvaygcpa(

>



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Paimhà gh cwghpm paàs las zwhpas `g uospm, zwg`gh caightmv m `gs)mvvallmv whm caizvghsoh caih `g4

lm sopwmcoh mcpwmlla }wg `gsgmh }wg lakvg gl zvaygcpacaia }wogvgh lakmv sws afdgpouas}wogh nmv }wg y cwmhà .gl zlmh `g mccoh zmvm zahgv gh imvcnm lmgspvmpgkom `gl zvaygcpa }wg nm soà sglgccoahm`m/}wg vgcwvsas eohmhcogvas y nwimhas sg vg}wogvg zmvm zahgv gh imv)cnm gl zlmh `g mccohcaia iahopavgmv gl zvakvgsa y gl oizmcpa `gl zvaygcpa(

=(7 Zav }w zlmhoeocmv1Zlmhoeocmv mhpgs `g caightmv wh zvaygcpa zwg`g m ighwà zmvgcgv òe)col g ohpoio`mhpg( Cwmhà caightmias m zlmhoeocmv wh zvaygcpa gscw)cnmias m ighwà caighpmvoas caia +zgva gs }wg gs oizasoflg smfgvla }wg zmsmv gh gl ewpwva, zav la pmhpa cia zwg`g wha zlmhoeocmvmcpouo`m`gs }wg pgh`vh lwkmv gh pvgs mas1+ a +gs guo`ghpg }wg lm sopwm)coh um m cmifomv, y ha }wgvgias mpmvhas m wh zlmh eoda+(

?

Cahso`gvgh las sokwoghpgs gscghmvoas ) lgs `mvmh wspg`gs òhgva1=( Whm avkmhotmcoh sg zahg gh cahpmcpa cah wspg`gs salocophàlgsWS$=::(::: zmvm lm cahsgvumcoh `gl fas}wg(6( Wh gspwòmhpg vg}wogvg WS$=(::: zmvm llgumv m cmfa +mlkh pvmfmdaoizavpmhpg zmvm smlumv m whm gszgcog mighmtm`m+(

Gs guo`ghpg }wg lgs kwspmvm pghgv imyav oheavimcoh mhpgs `g `gcoòv lmmsokhmcoh `g swims `g òhgva, kvmh`gs a zg}wgms, `g las gscmsasvgcwvsas `g }wg òszahgh( Lgs kwspmvm smfgv4m/ cwmh oizavpmhpg gs gl fas}wg a lm gszgcog mighmtm`m

f/ cwml gs gl zvaflgim }wg ghevghpmhc/ }wg `gsgmh nmcgv cah sw òhgva`/ so lm avkmhotmcoh a gl ohòuo`wa poghgh lm cmzmco`m` zmvm llgumv mcmfa lm pmvgmg/ so sg hgcgsopmv WS$=::(:::, so WS$6:(::: sgvmh sweocoghpgs, a so sghgcgsopmvm WS$6::(:::(

Pgh`vmh pa`m lm vmth `g zvgacwzmvsg so sg ghpgvmh `g }wg glòhgva um m sgv gizlgmà gh cahsgvumv wh sopoa }wg ym nmfm

soà zvguomighpg `gsokhmà zmvm lm pmlm `gl fas}wg y àh`glm msokhmcoh `g eahàs ha pgh`vm ohelwghcom mlkwhm(


20/199

Ml eohmlotmv gl zvaygcpa, }woghgs la eohmhcomh }wosogvmh za`gv `gcov4 +Sgnm lakvmà gspg vgswlpmà cah hwgspva òhgva, y paàs ngias cahpvofwo)à vgmlighpg m lm cahsgvumcoh `g gspm gszgcog a nfopmp+(

Lms zvazwgspms fogh zlmhoeocm`ms poghgh imyav zvafmfolo`m` `g sgveohmhcom`ms y `g afpghgv ~opa(

=:


Sgvm okwmlighpg zvgacwzmhpg ghpgvmvsg `g }wg lm caiwho`m` lacml sgazahg ml zvaygcpa zav}wg sg zvazahm cgvcmv wh vgm zmvm oizgòv glzmspavga `gl kmhmà gh gl fas}wg, zgva gl zvaygcpa ha nmfm ngcna hm`m

zmvm cahso`gvmv azcoahgs }wg zgviopogvmh ghcahpvmv wh sopoa mlpgvha zmvmgl zmspavga( Ha lgs smposemvm pmizaca whm zvazwgspm zmvm cah)`wcov wh gspwòa `g ohugspokmcoh gh wh vgm cwym g~pghsohha za`vm `g iaà mlkwha sgv cwfogvpm zav gl zg}wga hig)

va `g kghpg `g }wg sg òszahg(


21/199

Sgccoh 64 Smfoghà àh`g ghcmdmh

6(= Ghcahpvmhà sw hocna `ghpva `gl mizloa cahpg~pa `g

lm cahsgvumcohNmy wh ghavig ualwigh `g pvmfmda zav nmcgv so }wgvgias imhpghgv lmfoaòugvso`m` `gl iwhà y ioghpvms is pavhmias las adas nmcom whzvaflgim is cmgias gh cwghpm `g la iwcna }wg hgcgsopm nmcgvsg(Cah gspg mhpgcg`ghpg y `mà gl ghpwsomsia hmpwvml }wg vgohm gh lmimyav zmvpg `g las avkmhosias `g cahsgvumcoh, gs ecol cmgv gh lm pgh)pmcoh `g zghsmv }wg `gfgias lmhtmvhas y nmcgvla paà ym ) y zav sosalas(

Soh gifmvka, hohkh ohòuo`wa, kvwza w avkmhotmcoh zwg`g nmcgvlapaà( Gs zav la iosia iwy oizavpmhpg }wg cahso`gvgias ha salmighpgla }wg sg hgcgsopm nmcgv, y caia nmcgvla, soha }wogh `gfgvm nmcgv }wg(Cm`m ohòuo`wa, kvwza w avkmhotmcoh hgcgsopm `gsgizgmv wh val polmfav`mhà gh eavim caavòhm`m lm salwcoh `g zvaflgims, y mcgzpmv glvgpa zmvm nmcgv m}wglla zmvm la }wg gsp igdav àpmà(

Poghgh imyav zvafmfolo`m` `g afpghgv ~opa so, zmvg gizgtmv, gscakghwh zvaygcpa ia`gspa, pghoghà gh cwghpm lms nmfolo`m` `g }woghgs cah)

eavimh sw g}woza `g pvmfmda( So poghgh ~opa, sogizvg nmfv lm azavpwho)`m` `g g~zmhòv sws mcpouo`m`gs gh gl ewpwva( Whm `g lms cmwsms iscaiwhgs }wg llgum m wh zvaygcpa ml evmcmsa gs, zvafmflgighpg, whmmifocoh zaca vgmlospm( So pvmpmh `g nmcgv iwcna is g la }wg ghvgmlo`m` zwg`gh lakvmv `g mcwgvà cah gl pogiza y lm zgvocom `g }wgòszahgh, cavvgh gl vogska `g pgviohmv mlcmhtmhà wh lakva iwy loiopm)à( Gl pvwca cahsospg gh `gcoòv las mszgcpas zmvm las }wg gsph igdavàpmàs ) gh lwkmv `g cahcghpvmvsg gh las mszgcpas }wg lgs zmvgcgh isohpgvgsmhpgs(

Mhpgs `g gscakgv wh zvaygcpa a vgm gh zmvpocwlmv zmvm cah`wcov glpvmfmda, gs hgcgsmvoa }wg pghkmh wh mwpa o`ghpo`m` clmvm( Gs `gcov,}wg caizvgh`mh m`gcwm`mighpg lm cwlpwvm y las cmvmcpgvgs òspohpo)uas `g sw kvwza, y, gh zmvpocwlmv, sws eavpmlgtms y `gfolo`m`gs(Ml `gsmvvallmv cwml}wogv zvaygcpa, pghkmh gh ighpg ml zgvsahml y lmzgvocom `g }wg òszahgh(

==


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6(=(= Gspmflgcoghà sw kvwza `g pvmfmdaCwmhà sg pvmpm `g zvaygcpas m ighav gscmlm .zav gdgizla, zvaygcpasòsgmàs zav gspwòmhpgs/, sg dwhpm m las caizahghpgs `gl kvwza `g pvm)fmda gh lm emsg ohocoml, mhpgs `g }wg lm imyav zmvpg `g lm zlmhoeocmcohnmym pghoà lwkmv( Gh gspg cmsa, gl g}woza `g pvmfmda }wg zlmhoeocm glzvaygcpa cahsospg `g kghpg }wg, m`gis, llgumv m cmfa gl pvmfmda( @gimhgvm }wg nmcg sghpoà zghsmv safvg las cvopgvoas clmug `gs`g gl oho)coa( Gh paàs las `gis cmsas .zav gdgizla, zvaygcpas }wg paimh mcmvka avkmhotmcoahgs kvmh`gs/, gs hgcgsmvoa }wg las zvaygcpas nmymhmpvmugsmà zav lms gpmzms `g zlmhoeocmcoh mhpgs `g }wg gl g}woza `gpvmfmda sgm cahspopwoà(

G~ospg m òszasocoh whm kvmh cmhpo`m` `g lopgvmpwvm safvg lm mkvwzmcoh`g zgvocoms y lm sglgccoh `g cvopgvoas gh cwmhpa m g}wozas `g pvmfmda,zgva nmy mlkwhas zvohcozoas mizloas }wg `gfgh sgv paimàs gh cwmhpaml iaighpa `g zlmhoeocmv sw zvaygcpa( Gspas ohclwygh lm cahso`gvmcohsafvg }wogh sgvm lm igdav zgvsahm zmvm lo`gvmv gl zvaygcpa, cwml sgvm glpmima zpoia `g sw g}woza `g pvmfmda, lm o`ghpoeocmcoh y las valgs `glas iogifvas `gl g}woza `g pvmfmda, y gl gspmflgcoioghpa `g wh sghpo)ioghpa `g zasgsoh y caheomhtm ghpvg las iogifvas `gl g}woza(

Gl l`gv `gl zvaygcpaM ighwà mswig gl lo`gvmtka lm zgvsahm }wg cahcofo lm o`gm `gl zva)ygcpa zav}wg poghg vgmlighpg gizwdg y soghpg ghpwsomsia zav cahsgkwovsw ~opa( Nmy, soh gifmvka, apvas emcpavgs }wg `gfgh sgv paimàs ghcwghpm ml iaighpa `g `gcoòv }wogh sgvm gl l`gv m`gcwmà( Wh l`gv`g zvaygcpa g~opasa vg}wogvg wh sohhigva `g nmfolo`m`gs }wg ohclwyghzgvocom y cahacoioghpas pchocas, nmfolo`m` zmvm caiwhocmvsg, fwghdwocoa, cvgmpouo`m`, elg~ofolo`m`, nmfolo`m` zmvm salwcoahmv zvaflgims ywhm kvmh àsos `g ghgvkm( Sg gszgvm }wg gl l`gv sg vgszahsmfolocg `gpaàs las mszgcpas `gl zvaygcpa zmvm lakvmv sws afdgpouas, gspmflgcgv glg}woza `g pvmfmda .y imhpghgv sw cangsoh/, ms caia zmvm `gsmvvallmvlm cmzmco`m` `g las ohòuo`was ohualwcvmàs gh l( So wspg` gs gl l`gv`gl zvaygcpa ha `gdg }wg gspas vmskas m`}wovoàs lg ohpoio`gh `gimsom)à( Lm imyav zmvpg `g lms zgvsahms zasgg, gh cogvpa kvmà, gspms cwmlo)`m`gs }wg, gh sw papmlo`m`, gsph swdgpms m `gsmvvalla, sogizvg y cwmhàsg caizvaigpmh zav ghpgva y zahkm gizga(

Cwh kvmh`g `gfgvm sgv sw g}woza `g pvmfmda1@gfgvm cahso`gvmvsg gspg zwhpa `g imhgvm afdgpoum .gh lwkmv `g mpvmgvm paà m}wgl }wg lgs cmg fogh y }wg }wogvg m`ngvovsg/( Gl pmima `glg}woza `g pvmfmda `gfgv hgcgsmvomighpg vglmcoahmvsg cah gl pmima

=6



23/199

=3

`gl zvaygcpa( M igò`m }wg cvgtcm gl pmima `gl zvaygcpa, ms la nmvgl g}woza `g pvmfmda, nmspm }wg gigvdm sw gspvwcpwvm zpoim( Las zwhpas}wg `gfgvh pghgv gh cwghpm cwmhà cahso`gvgh gl pmima `gl g}woza`g pvmfmda sah las sokwoghpgs4

Zgvocom!cahacoioghpas( Gs guo`ghpg }wg hgcgsopmvh cahpmv cah gl zgv)sahml sweocoghpg }wg pghkm las cahacoioghpas m`gcwmàs zmvm smposem)cgv sws afdgpouas( Zav gl cahpvmvoa, la }wg ha }wogvgh pghgv gs `gim)som`m kghpg cah zgvocom a cahacoioghpas soiolmvgs(Lakspocm( So cwghpmh cah wh g}woza zg}wga `g pvmfmda, mszgcpaspmlgs caia gl pvmhszavpg m vgms vgiapms y lm zvauosoh `g mloighpassah, zav la kghgvml, is ecolgs `g mvvgklmv( Zav apva lmà, so sg òspvo)fwyg lms pmvgms `g lakspocm ghpvg las iogifvas `g wh kvwza iskvmh`g, sg vg`wcg lm vgszahsmfolo`m` ohòuo`wml(Gscmlm( So `gsgmh, zav gdgizla, cah`wcov gspwòas gh wh vgm kvmh`g`wvmhpg wh zgvaà loiopmà `g pogiza, za`vmh hgcgsopmv is kghpgzmvm }wg sg acwzg `gl pvmfmda }wg so sg pvmpm `g cwfvov wh vgm iszg}wgm .a poghgh is pogiza zmvm nmcgvla/( Caia apvm mlpgvhmpoum,za`vmh }wgvgv iohoiotmv las gegcpas sacomlgs y gcahiocas }wg cah)llgug sw zvaygcpa, `g imhgvm }wg wh g}woza `g pvmfmda is zg}wgaza`vm sgv is mzvazomà(Cahso`gvmcoahgs vglmcoahm`ms cah lm sgkwvo`m`( Lm sgkwvo`m` `gimh)`m m ighwà pvmfmdmv gh zmvgdms, y `gfgvm `mvsg cahso`gvmcoh mgspg zwhpa gh lm zlmhoeocmcoh `gl pogiza y `gl pmima `gl g}woza `gpvmfmda(Caspas( Gs guo`ghpg }wg gl higva `g zgvsahms }wg cahspopwym glg}woza `g pvmfmda sgv òcpmà, nmspm cogvpa zwhpa, zav lm cmhpo`m` `geahàs `g }wg òszahkmh( So sw kvwza `g pvmfmda gsp caizwgspa zavwh kvmh higva `g zgvsahms, las caspas mwighpmvh .zvauosoahgs,gpc(/( Zgva so las caspas eodas `gl zvaygcpa sah glgumàs .zav gdgizla,ml mvvoghà `g wh ugncwla a `g whm cmsm/, sg vg`wcov gl caspa zavzgvsahm la }wg za`vm zgviopovlgs cahso`gvmv lm ohclwsoh `g is zgv)sahms(@ohiocm `gl g}woza `g pvmfmda( G}wozas `g pvmfmda kvmh`gs vg}wog)vgh imyav avkmhotmcoh y gspvwcpwvmcoh }wg las zg}wgas( Sah mighwà ighas cangvghpgs, y zwg`gh gigvkgv swf)kvwzas(

Cia o`ghpoeocmv m sw kvwza `g pvmfmda1Zwg`gh màzpmv òugvsas ipaàs zmvm ghcahpvmv m }woghgs eavimvhzmvpg `g sw g}woza `g pvmfmda( Gspas ohclwygh mhwhcomv }wg sg hgcgsopmcmhò`mpas m pvmus `g meocngs, cah`wcov ghpvguospms, y afpghgv cahsgdas

y swkgvghcoms `g calgkms, miokas y zgvsahms `g imyav g`m` a isg~zgvoighpm`ms( @gfgh cahso`gvmv, m`gis, ohualwcvmv m lm cahpvmzmvpg


24/199

lacml, la }wg gs gszgcomlighpg umloasa cwmhà ohcwvsoahgh gh wh vgmmdghm ml cmiza `g g~zgvoghcom `g las apvas iogifvas `g sw g}woza `gpvmfmda(

Las vg}wosopas oizvgscohòflgs }wg `gfgh pghgv las iogifvas `g whg}woza `g pvmfmda }wg cah`wcg zvaygcpas sah wh sghpoioghpa sgvoa `gcaizvaiosa, cvggv gh lms igpms `gl zvaygcpa, y whm caifohmcohcavvgcpm `g las cahacoioghpas y zgvocom pchocas }wg sg vg}wogvg zmvm`gsgizgmv gl pvmfmda( Soh gifmvka, g~ospgh apvas glgighpas `g oizav)pmhcom( @wvmhpg lm cah`wccoh `gl zvaygcpa, `gzgh`gvh `g gspms zgvsa)hms zmvm pvmfmdmv cahdwhpmighpg nmcom lm cahsgcwcoh `g whm igpmcaih, zav la }wg paàs `gfgvh llgumvsg fogh( Zav la iosia, `gfgpghgvsg gh cwghpm mpvofwpas pmlgs caia sghpoà `gl nwiav, ghpwsomsia,caheomfol o`m`, ohocompoum, elg~ofo lo`m` y g~zgvoghcom(

So wspg`gs sah las l`gvgs `gl zvaygcpa, ha salmighpg gscakgvh m lasiogifvas `g wh g}woza `g pvmfmda, soha }wg pmifoh gllas las gscakg)vh m wspg`gs ) `g imhgvm }wg msgkvghsg `g sgv nahgspas safvg paà la}wg ohualwcvm gl zvaygcpa( So gl zvaygcpa zvazwgspa `gimh`m ghgvkmesocm a vg}wogvg iwcnms navms g~pvms `g pvmfmda lwgka `g pgviohm`m lmgpmzm `g pvmfmda gh gl cmiza, `kmhla( Sgmh okwmlighpg clmvas safvg glngcna `g }wg lms pmvgms paimh m ighwà is pogiza `g la }wg sgzoghsm, gszgcomlighpg cwmhà lm lakspocm, lm fwvacvmcom y gl cloimvg`wcgh iwcna gl pogiza }wg sg zlmhoeoc avokohmlighpg zmvm gl pvmfmda`g cmiza( Las ghpwsomspms .y zav la pmhpa lms zgvsahms m`gcwm`ms/, ghlwkmv `g sghpovsg ialgspas zav gspms covcwhspmhcoms, sghpovh `gsgas `gohualwcvmvsg mh is(

Valgs `gl g}woza `g pvmfmdaNmspm cogvpa zwhpa, las valgs }wg `gsgizggh las iogifvas `gl g}woza`g pvmfmda gualwcoahmvh m igò`m }wg gl zlmh `gl zvaygcpa sg uwglumis `gpmllmà( Ha afspmhpg, m ighwà sovug `g myw`m gspmflgcgv mlkw)hms vgms `g pvmfmda ohocomlgs .zav gdgizla, whm zgvsahm }wg mcpgcaia ghlmcg cah lm caiwho`m`, apvm }wg cahatcm `g zvoigvas mw~oloas,wh eapkvmea, wh gszgcomlospm gh coghcoms, gpc(/( Msokhgh pmvgms ghpvg lasiogifvas `g sw g}woza `g pvmfmda `g mcwgvà cah sw nmfolo`m` y g~zg)voghcom( Gspm msokhmcoh `g pmvgms `gfg sgv papmlighpg g~zlcopm y pvmhs)zmvghpg zmvm ha `mv m hmòg lm oizvgsoh gvvm`m safvg cwml sgv sw vgs)zahsmfolo`m`( Gspg zwhpa gs cvwcoml zmvm guopmv }wg sg `gdg zmvm gl lpo)ia iohwpa a sg aluo`g caizlgpmighpg lm gdgcwcoh `g wh pvmfmda

oizavpmhpg zav}wg paàs zvgswimh }wg ha gvm `g sw ohcwifghcom(

=0



25/199

=7

@gfgh vgcahacgv }wg gs cmso sgkwva }wg lwgka `g lm gumlwmcoh ohocoml,`g whm eavim w apvm, dwtkwgh gvvm`mighpg lms eavpmlgtms y lms `gfolo`m)`gs `g lms zgvsahms( Zav la iosia gs oizavpmhpg sgv elg~oflgs y imhpg)hgv wh sospgim evgcwghpg `g vg)gumlwmcoh `gl gspmpws `g msokhmcoh `gpmvgms m igò`m }wg zvakvgsm lm zlmhoeocmcoh y gdgcwcoh `gl zvaygcpa(Eohmlighpg, umlg lm zghm vgcav`mv }wg ioghpvms ighas `gzgh`m gl zva)ygcpa `g whm zgvsahm zmvm }wg llgug m cmfa lm imyav zmvpg `gl pvmfmda,is gspmfolo`m` sg cahsgkwov gh lm gughpwmlo`m` `g }wg mlka smlkm imla `g }wg mlkwogh cmokm ghegvia( Gs cvpoca }wg sg zgviopm m las iogi)fvas `gl g}woza `g pvmfmda `mv sws azohoahgs y ha soizlgighpg `glgkmv)lgs pmvgms `g mcwgvà cah whm mkgh`m zvg`gpgviohm`m ) imhgvm sgkwvm,gspm lpoim, `g cvgmv vgsghpoioghpas(

Lm òhiocm `g wh g}woza `g pvmfmda gsp cahspopwo`m zav las sghpo)ioghpas y lms mcpopw`gs ohòuo`wmlgs `g sws iogifvas, y gs cvpocm zmvmgl ~opa `gl zvaygcpa(

Gh gl cmsa `g zvaygcpas kvmh`gs sg cahpvmpm, zav la kghgvml, m mìohos)pvmàvgs zmvm }wg las `gsmvvallgh( Gh whm gpmzm zaspgvoav sg cahpvmpm mlzgvsahml `gszws `g }wg gl zvaygcpa nm soà zlmhoeocmà .ugv sgccoh7/( Gh gl cmsa `g zvaygcpas zg}wgas, za`vm acwvvov }wg sg eavig zvo)igva gl g}woza `g pvmfmda, cwmhà wh kvwza `g zgvsahms `gco`m }wg lgkwspmvm llgumv m cmfa whm mcpouo`m` `gpgviohm`m gh eavim cahdwhpm(

6(=(6 Mhmlotmhà lms nmfolo`m`gs y las vogskas `g sw g}woza `g pvm)

fmda ) gl mhlosos EA@M .S[AP, zav sws soklms gh ohkls/Mlkwhas kvwzas `gsmvvallmh y mzvgh`gh m pvmfmdmv `g imhgvm ohpwopoum,gizlgmhà lms eavpmlgtms y `gfolo`m`gs `g sws iogifvas2 gh apvascmsas, }wots uml`vm lm zghm llgumv m cmfa whm gumlwmcoh is eaviml(Wh gdgvcocoa g~pvgim`mighpg pol, zvmcpocmà ym sgm m hougl `g ohòuo)`wa, kvwza, w avkmhotmcoh, gs gl `ghaiohmà mhlosos +EA@M+ ) }wggheacm lms Eavpmlgtms, lms @gfolo`m`gs, y lms Azavpwho`m`gs }wg sg lgszvgsghpm, ms caia lms Mighmtms }wg za`vmh ghevghpmv wspg`gs y sw pvm)fmda(

Caia kvwza, lm imhgvm o`gml `g nmcgvla sgvm, sghphàsg evghpg m whkveoca EA@M .ugv eokwvm 6/ glmfavmà gh wh zmzglkvmea kvmh`g a ghwh pmflgva flmhca, `gfmpov, y mhapmv sws cmvmcpgvspocms fmda las cwmpvapgims( Gspa za`vm nmcgvsg ym sgm cahso`gvmhà las mpvofwpas kghgvmlgsa lms hgcgso`m`gs zmvpocwlmvgs `g whm pmvgm, zgva msgkvghsg mhpgs `gcaightmv gspg gdgvcocoa `g }wg paàs las iogifvas `gl kvwza caizvgh)


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`mh y cahughkmh gh gl mswhpa zvgcosa safvg gl }wg gheacmvh gl mhlososEA@M( Gscvofmh gl mswhpa ml caioghta `g sw kveoca `g imhgvm }wgpaàs la ugmh cah clmvo`m` ml iaighpa `g aevgcgv sws swkgvghcoms(Wsgh gl kveoca caia wh imvca `g pvmfmda ) lwgka, la }wg cwghpg sgvpmhpa gl `gfmpg caia lms vgszwgspms(

Lm igdav eavim `g afpghgv lms o`gms `g paàs gs `mhà m lms zgvsahmswhas zacas iohwpas zmvm }wg zoghsgh y nmkmh mlkwhms mhapmcoahgs ghwhm nadm `g zmzgl( Lwgka gizogcgh m zgòv }wg sg lgs òkm gh }wg zgh)smvah y mhapgh gspms o`gms gh gl kveoca( Lm ughpmdm `g cah`wcov gl gdgv)cocoa gh gspm eavim gs }wg paàs pgh`vh mlka }wg `gcov( So gizogtmhzoòghà o`gms y gscvofohàlms ohigòmpmighpg gh gl kveoca sg cavvggl vogska `g }wg lm zgvsahm }wg sg g~zvgsg cah imyav `gsghualpwvm,solghcog m las `gis acmsoahmhà }wg mlkwhas umcolgh gh nmflmv(M}wgllas }wg ha zmvpocozgh ml caioghta ghcahpvmvh is òeocwlpm` ghnmcgvla lwgka, y pgh`gvh m vgpvmgvsg( Sla zav}wg mlkwhms zgvsahmssgmh is cmllm`ms a ighas sgkwvms gh zfloca }wg apvms spa ha sokhoeo)cm }wg ha pghkmh o`gms umloasms(

Gs igdav cahsgkwov }wg smlkm m elapg whm fwghm kmim `g o`gms soh pghgv}wg ghpvmv m `gfmpov safvg hohkwhm `g gllms g~cgzpa zmvm msgkwvmvsg `g}wg paàs caizvgh`mh la }wg sg }wogvg `gcov( So gizogtmh `gfmpoghàsafvg lms zvoigvms o`gms, gs ecol zgv`gv lm zospm `gl zmhavmim kghgvml}wg gsph pvmpmhà `g cvgmv( M`gis, gl elwda `g o`gms }wg sg mhapg ghgl kveoca za`vm cahpvofwov m }wg hwgums o`gms ughkmh m lm ighpg `g lmszgvsahms( Ha sg zvgacwzgh so mlkwhms `g gspms o`gms sah wh pmhpa cwvoa)sms( O`gms `g gspm hmpwvmlgtm cah`wcgh m ighwà m zghsmioghpas ycahugvsmcoahgs is ohpgvgsmhpgs( Ha gs hgcgsmvoas }wg gscvofmh avmcoa)hgs glmfavm`ms ) gs sweocoghpg cah }wg paàs sgzmh cwml gs gl pgim }wgsg gsp pvmpmhà(

Gs igdav mfav`mv cm`m whm `g lms cgl`ms `gl kveoca EA@M zav sgzmvm)à y gh av`gh, cm`m whm m sw pwvha, `mhà cmfo`m m wh fwgh higva`g o`gms, y zmsmv m lm sokwoghpg cgl`m cwmhà mcmfgh `g ohclwov pa`mslms o`gms }wg gl kvwza swkogvm fmda whm cmpgkavm `m`m( Ml cahso`gvmvcm`m cgl`m, umlg lm zghm pghgv gh ighpg }wg lms Eavpmlgtms y lms@gfolo`m`gs pogh`gh cah evgcwghcom m sgv ohpvaszgcpoums .g~miohmh mlkvwza w avkmhotmcoh/, gh pmhpa }wg lms Azavpwho`m`gs y Mighmtmspogh`gh m gheacmv mszgcpas g~pgvhas .cahso`gvmh lm sopwmcoh a ohelwgh)coms g~pgvhms }wg za`vm megcpmvlas/(

=5



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Eokwvm 6( Wh gdgizla `g wh mhlosos EA@M soizlg zmvm wh kvwzazg}wga `g pvmfmda }wg zoghsm gh cah`wcov wh zvaygcpa zg}wga }wgohualwcvg lm cahsgvumcoh `g lms pavpwkms, wh gspwòa `g lm foaòugvso)`m`, y g`wcmcoh(

=;

EavpmlgtmsPghgias sgos iogifvas ghpwsomspms }wgpvmfmdmvh gh gl zvaygcpa `wvmhpg pvgsigsgs@as `g hwgspvas iogifvas sah imgs)pvasPaàs saias zgvsahms `g vgcwvsas-@as `g hasapvas nmflmias gl oòaimhmcoahml

Uosopmias gl sopoa gl ma zmsmà

@gfolo`m`gsHa pghgias za`gv zalpocaCahpmias cah wh sala avhoplaka y cahhohkh faphocaHohkwha `g hwgspvas iogifvas zvauog)hg `gl vgm ohigòmpm a nmflm gl oòa)im lacmlLm imyav zmvpg `g lms pavpwkms gspmvmwsghpg gh gl sopoa `wvmhpg lm gspmcoh

cwmhà za`vmias uosopmv gl sopoa

Azavpwho`m`gsNmy wh vgm zvapgko`m fogh gspmflgco`mFwghas cahpmcpas cah gl vgm mifogh)pml `gl kafogvhaLm g wcmcoh cahspopwyg whm fwghmzmvpg `gl zlmh `g `gsmvvalla vgkoahmlGl ngvimha `g wh mioka gs `wga `g

wh mlimch `g imscapms

MighmtmsPaimv m cmvka is `g la }wg za`giaszva`wcovMcco`ghpg a ghegvig`m`Ngias vgcmw`mà salmighpg wh 7' `ghwgspva zvgswzwgspa y `gfgias caigh)tmv gl pvmfmda gh sgos sgimhms

Whm AHK ohpgvhmcoahml kvmh`g gspcaightmhà wh zvaygcpa `g cahsgvum)coh gh lm vgkoh

Gh gl gdgizla `gl mhlosos EA@M }wg mzmvgcg gh lm eokwvm 6, gl ngcna `g}wg nmym às imgspvas swkogvg }wg gl caizahghpg g`wcmpoua `gl zvaygc)

pa za`vm sgv g~zlapmà m`gcwm`mighpg( Cah wh sala avhoplaka y hoh)kh faphoca, }wots lm o`gm `g llgumv m cmfa wh gspwòa foalkoca kghg)vml gs g~cgsoumighpg mifocoasm zav}wg ha sg cahpmv ho cah gl pogizasweocoghpg ho cah lm zgvocom m`gcwm`m zmvm lakvmv mlka iwy sokhoeocmpoua(

]w `gcov `gl `wga `gl mlimch `g imscapms1 Sg zvgswig }wg hag~ospg lm azavpwho`m` `g caigvcomv zgva gspm covcwhspmhcom za`vm }wots

pvmgv cahsoka wh caizahghpg gh gl ifopa g`wcmcoahml( ]wotslm kvmh avkmhotmcoh `g cahsgvumcoh ha cahspopwym whm mig)

hmtm gh mfsalwpa( M la igdav za`vmh aevgcgvlgs mzaya .a mh

òhgva/ so sws zlmhgs cahcwgv`mh cah las `g gllas(


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=>

Ghcahpvmvh, m`gis, }wg mlkwhms cmvmcpgvspocms cmwsmh lmvkas `gfmpgszav}wg la }wg mlkwhas ugh caia whm `gfolo`m`, apvas ohsospgh gh ugvlacaia whm eavpmlgtm( Zav gdgizla, gl pmima zg}wga `g wh kvwzaza`vm cahspopwov whm `gfolo`m` zav}wg sg pvmpm `g whm ewgvtm mcpoumzg}wgm }wg `gfgv cwfvov iwcnms pmvgms, zgva za`vm cahspopwov pmi)foh whm eavpmlgtm zwgs la cahuogvpg gh wh kvwza }wg vgszah`g zav}wgsw paim `g `gcosoahgs y sws caiwhocmcoahgs sgvh vzo`ms y ecolgs(Gspas +`gslotmàvgs+, }wg zwg`gh pvmslm`mv lms eavpmlgtms m `gfolo`m`gs, alms mighmtms m azavpwho`m`gs, sah m ighwà zwhpas clmug safvg las

}wg nmy }wg vgcmzmcopmv, `g imhgvm }wg poghgh }wg msgkwvmvsg `g }wgsgmh imhgdmàs caia eavpmlgtms w azavpwho`m`gs y ha caia `gfolo`m)`gs y mighmtms( Ghcahpvmvh m ighwà }wg mlkwhms `g lms eavpmlgtms wazavpwho`m`gs }wg o`ghpoeo}wgh vgelgdmvh `gfolo`m`gs a mighmtms(

Gl mhlosos EA@M lgs myw`m m o`ghpoeocmv mszgcpas2 hgcgsopmh cahso`gvmvlms sokwoghpgs zvgkwhpms(

Cia zoghsmh smcmv zmvpoà `g sws eavpmlgtms1Cia zoghsmh `gsmvvallmv sws `gfolo`m`gs mcpwmlgs nmspm cahugvpovlms

gh eavpmlgtms1]w nmvh zmvm cahsgkwov }wg lms `gfolo`m`gs `gdgh `g pghgv oizav)pmhcom1Cia smcmvh ughpmdm `g lms azavpwho`m`gs }wg sg lg zvgsghpg1]w zoghsmh nmcgv zmvm guopmv lms mighmtms1

Ml vguosmv las zwhpas }wg smlkmh `gl `gfmpg safvg gl mhlosos EA@M, gsigdav }wg cahughkmh gh y vgswimh las zwhpas `g imyav oizavpmhcom msgv ohclwoàs gh gl mhlosos( Ha gs `g iwcnm myw`m pgviohmv cah whm

lospm lmvkm `g zmvigpvas }wg gsph ewgvm `gl mlcmhcg a `g lm ohelwghcom`gl zvaygcpa gh zapghcom( Gs zasoflg }wg gl vgswigh nmym `gspmcmà `g


Cwh sgvoa gs gl ngcna `g }wg ha za`vh gspmv zvgsghpgs `wvmhpg lmzacm `g mho`mcoh cwmhà nmfv gscmsa ohpgvs lacml gh lms zlmyms

àh`g gsph lms pavpwkms1 Gspa za`vm sgv fmspmhpg cvwcoml y `gfgvmh }wo)ts pvmpmv `g vgcpoeocmv sw cmlgh`mvoa( Lm emlpm `g calmfavmcoh lacml y `gcahacoioghpa `gl oòaim lacml za`vm cahspopwov wh sgvoa oizgòighpa(

Pml ugt hgcgsopgh cahpvmpmv m wh zmv `g gspwòmhpgs lacmlgs zmvm}wg lgs myw`gh m caizvgh`gv igdav lm cwlpwvm1 Zgva, gs zaso)

flg }wg lm g`wcmcoh sgm cah`wco`m gh gl oòaim hmcoahml yzav la pmhpa gl zvaflgim sgm ighav(


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pvgs m cohca mszgcpas `g zvoavo`m` zav cgl`m( Zoghsgh ghpahcgs }wotsgh pvgs casms }wg za`vmh nmcgv gh vgszwgspms m gsas zwhpas `g imyavoizavpmhcom( Za`vm sgv pol dwhpmvla paà gh wh zvvmea }wg `gscvofmghpahcgs gl zgveol `gl g}woza `g pvmfmda, sws zgvocoms y eavpmlgtms y glpoza `g pvmfmda }wg za`vm cah`wcovsg `g imhgvm is geocoghpg( Gspamyw`mvm m cahughcgv m }woghgs eohmhcogh gl zvaygcpa y m las calmfavm)àvgs }wg wspg`gs nmh `mà cahso`gvmcoh m gspas mszgcpas( Za`vm myw)`mvlas, m`gis, m imhpghgv gl ghea}wg m`gcwmà cwmhà llgkwgh m lmgpmzm `g zlmhoeocmcoh is `gpmllm`m `gl zvaygcpa(

6(6 Pvmfmdmhà cah apvasWhm ugt }wg sg &cahatcmh m wspg`gs&, zwg`gh ugv `g }wg imhgvm gspgcahacoioghpa cwm`vm `g lm igdav eavim gh la }wg hgcgsopm nmcgvsg( Ghmlkwhas cmsas, zwg`g sgv pol zghsmv safvg lms eavpmlgtms y `gfolo`m`gspmifoh `g apvas kvwzas cah las }wg za`vmh calmfavmv, la }wg lgs nmvmcaizvgh`gv igdav lms ughpmdms vglmpoums }wg cm`m wha `g wspg`gs poghggh sopwmcoahgs òegvghpgs( Paà gspa, zav cogvpa zmvm }wg gsph gh cahò)coahgs `g calmfavmv is ha `g caizgpov `g imhgvm is gegcpoum cahgllas( Whm ugt is, }woghgs zvauggh eahàs soghpgh imyav mkvmà ghfvoh`mv mzaya m m}wgllas }wg nmh `geohoà caia caizlgighpmv gsewgv)tas ym g~ospghpgs }wg m }woghgs ha zmvgcgh gspmv cahcoghpgs `g lm g~os)pghcom `g apvas kvwzas(

M eoh `g }wg las loiopmàs vgcwvsas zmvm lm cahsgvumcoh zwg`mh sgvwsmàs zmvm afpghgv igdavgs vgswlpmàs, gs whm fwghm zvcpocm }wgkvwzas w avkmhotmcoahgs òegvghpgs sg vghmh zmvm, cahdwhpmighpg,vgcazolmv y gumlwmv oheavimcoh, y `gfmpov safvg zvaflgims pgh`ghcomy mighmtms(

Nmy umvoms eavims `g llgumv cmfa lm zlmhoeocmcoh hmcoahml a vgkoahml,pmlgs caia lms Gspvmpgkoms Hmcoahmlgs zmvm lm Foaòugvso`m` y las Zlmhgs`g Mccoh .HFSMZs, zav sws soklms gh ohkls/( Iwcnas `g gllas zvafm)flgighpg ym cahspopwovh zvacgsas zmvpocozmpouas y mfogvpas( Zgva mh`gszws `g eohmlotmàs, cahpohm nmfoghà zvacgsas igòmhpg las cwm)lgs sg uokolm sw zvakvgsa( @gfgvmh pvmpmv `g paimv zmvpg gh gspas zvacg)sas zav}wg glla zgviopov m pa`ms lms avkmhotmcoahgs ov `g la }wg hgcgso)pm nmcgvsg m caia `gfg nmcvsgla, y m zghsmv gh lms zgvocoms y eavpmlg)tms hgcgsmvoms zmvm glla, paà la cwml za`vm ghpahcgs zgviopov }wg sgzvacg`m m caizmvvsgla cah lms eavpmlgtms `g lm avkmhotmcoh y `g laskvwzas }wg }wogvgh ohualwcvms, y zgviopov msokhmv m`gcwm`mighpg lascaizahghpgs(

=?


30/199

6:

Soh gifmvka, so ha sg ohualwcvmvah gh gl zvacgsa `g zlmhoeocmcoh, mhgsph gh cahòcoahgs `g vgcwzgvmv lm oheavimcoh zvaughoghpg `g gspgzvacgsa, ym sgm m pvmus `g oheavigs zwflocmàs, a nmflmhà òvgcpm)ighpg cah gl caavòhmàv w apvas ohualwcvmàs(

Pvmpgh `g mugvokwmv4Cwmlgs sah lms zvoavo`m`gs }wg nmh soà o`ghpoeocm`msLms mccoahgs }wg `gfg cah`wcovsg zmvm lakvmvlms]wg ym gsp soghà ngcna y zav }woghCwmlgs sah las umcas }wg hgcgsopm llghmvsg gh cwmhpa m zvoavo`m`gs]wg cahacoioghpas!zgvocom!eavpmlgtms clmug sg hgcgsopmCaia ghcmdmh spms cah las cahacoioghpas!zgvocom `gl kvwza(

Caia sg òda mhpgvoavighpg, gs is zvafmflg }wg kvwzas }wg pvmfmdmhgh calmfavmcoh lakvgh kmhmhcoms gh gl ifopa `g lm cahsgvumcoh zgvaevgcwghpgighpg g~ospgh umvoas igcmhosias zmvm lakvmvla( Cm`m wha `ggspas igcmhosias poghg sws ughpmdms y `gsughpmdms, `gzghòghà `glcahpg~pa y `gl zwhpa `g uospm( Mlkwhas zasoflgs igcmhosias mzmvgcgh mcahpohwmcoh(



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Eokwvm 34 Pozas `g vglmcoh }wg sg gspmflgcgv cah apvms avkmhotmcoahgs

6=

Gspvwcpwvm Fvgug `gscvozcoh

Ughpmdms @gsughpmdms

Vg` `g Pvmfmda Wh mvvgkla oheav)iml zvoiavòml)ighpg zmvmohcvgighpmv lmscaiwhocmcoahgsy gl ohpgvcmifoa`g oheavimcoh )}wg ohclwym fwg)hms zvcpocms(

Zgviopg ohcvgighpmvlm geocoghcom zav}wglm kghpg poghg whmo`gm igdav safvg la}wg las apvas nmhngcna a gsphnmcoghà(Wspg`gs imhpoghghelg~ofolo`m` m houglohòuo`wml(

Vg}wogvg pogiza(Nmy umcas(Ha sg caavòhmmh lms mcpouo`m)`gs(Mh ewhcoahm lmcaizgpghcom(

Caavòhmcoh Wh sospgim iseaviml sgkh glcwml g~ospg whzvacgsa `g paim`g `gcosoahgs(

Mcpouo`m`gsis geocoghpgs(

Vg}wogvg is pogi)za(Las valgs ha sahpmh clmvas caiacwmhà gsph fmdaimhgda(

Mlomhtm Zav la kghgvml,wh mcwgvà vglm)poumighpg oheav)iml ghpvg às ais avkmhotm)coahgs zmvm cah)`wcov pvmfmdacahdwhpa cahiovms m lakvmvafdgpouas cahug)hoàs(

Sg dwhpmh lms eavpmlg)tms `g lms avkmhotm)coahgs zgva cm`mwhm `g gllms imhpog)hg sw oh`gzgh`ghcom(Whm gspvwcpwvm isoheaviml(Las valgs za`vmh hasgv sogizvg clmvas la}wg za`vm `mv lwkmvm }wg sg mswimsopwmcoahgs(

Gl zvacgsa `g`gsmvvalla yimhgda vgspm pogi)za m lm cahsgcw)coh `gl zvakvmim(Lm mccoh gsighas cahpvalm`m}wg fmda whmgspvwcpwvm is eav)iml(Las valgs zwg`ghha sgv sogizvg clm)vas y `mv lwkmv m

}wg sg mswimsopwmcoahgs(

Sacog`m` Wh mvvgkla cahs)popwoà lgkml)ighpg }wg ohua)lwcvm cahpvmpasghpvg às a iszmvpgs(

Sg gspmflgcg clmvm)ighpg valgs y vgs)zahsmfolo`m`gs(Sg cahuoghg y cai)zvgh`g lm gspvwcpwvm`g imhgda(@gfgvm cahspopwovwhm eavim gegcpoum

`g mizlomv lm zgvocomcah }wg sg cwghpm(

Sw gspmflgcoioghpay cah`wccohvg}wogvgh whmohugvsoh imyav(Zwg`g vg`wcov lmelg~ofolo`m` `gcm`m wha `g lasiogifvas(


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Gh igòa `gl ghpwsomsia cah }wg sg `gfmpg gl mszgcpa `g lm calmfavm)coh zwg`g vgswlpmv ecol }wgvgv pvmfmdmv gh calmfavmcoh cah apvas ycaizvaigpgvsg m pvmfmdmv dwhpas zmvm lakvmv gl imyav fogh zasoflg( Sofogh nmy iwcnas mszgcpas zasopouas gh cwmhpa m mfav`mv pvmfmda cah)dwhpa, gs gsghcoml }wg sg mhmlocg cwo`màsmighpg lms cahsgcwghcoms( @ggspg iaà za`v paimvsg cahcoghcom `g lms ughpmdms y za`v o`ghpoeocmv)sg y guopmvsg gscallas(

Paàs }wogvgh iaspvmv gl igdav lmà `g sw avkmhotmcoh y zwg`gh sgh)povsg pghpmàs m nmflmv `gimsomà safvg sws cmzmco`m`gs, la }wg zwg`g,soh gifmvka, cahspopwov wh kvmh zvaflgim so sg la g~zvgsm m calmfavmà)vgs zapghcomlgs }woghgs, lwgka mfvokmvh emlsms g~zgcpmpoums safvg lmcahpvofwcoh }wg za`vmh zvgspmv sws hwguas sacoas( Paà glla `gfoà m}wg hmòg }wgvv }wg`mv iml mìopoghà m sws hwguas sacoas }wg hazwg`gh gh vgmlo`m` cwizlov cah sws `gimh`ms( Pmlgs sopwmcoahgs zwg)`gh cah`wcov ecolighpg m lm `gsolwsoh( Msgkvghsg `g ha cvgmv emlsmsg~zgcpmpoums ) y sgmh cmwpas vgszgcpa m lms meovimcoahgs ha swfspmhcom)`ms `g apvas ) gszgcomlighpg so ha nmh pvmfmdmà cah gllas mhpgs(

Zwg`g pmifoh sgv iwy ecol zmvm paàs las }wg zmvpocozmh gh wh `gfmpgg~zvgsmv whm o`gm lokgvmighpg òegvghpg m lm }wg sg nmfm cahughoà(Paàs iovmias lms casms m pvmus `gl lghpg `g hwgspvas zvazoas cahcgz)coahgs, gszgvmhtms y zvgdwocoas( Gs zav la iosia gsghcoml }wg sg g~zah)km cah clmvo`m` y zav gscvopa las `gpmllgs `g las cahughoas m las }wg sgllgkwg cah apvms avkmhotmcoahgs, sgm m pvmus `g wh cahpvmpa eaviml a,zav la ighas, `g wh Igiavmhà `g Ghpghòioghpa, }wg g~zahkmh clm)vmighpg lms igpms y afdgpouas `gl mvvgkla, las valgs y vgszahsmfolo`m`gs`g pa`ms lms zmvpgs, lms mcpouo`m`gs zlmhoeocm`ms, las mvvgklas safvgimhgda y vguosoh, y whm g~zlocmcoh clmvm safvg eohmhcomioghpa(Mlkwhms vgms }wg sg `gdm soh pvmpmv cah evgcwghcom y zav la iosia cmw)smh zvaflgims is pmv`g sah mvvgklas safvg mszgcpas vglmcoahmàs cahcaiwhocmcoahgs, zwfloco`m`, y cwmlgs}wogvm apvas impgvomlgs }wg sgkghgvg(

Vglmcoahgs `g pvmfmda vgmlgs ghpvg avkmhotmcoahgs ) is }wg ghpvg ohò)uo`was ) paimh pogiza gh `gsmvvallmvsg( Gh lwkmv `g lmhtmvsg òvgcpm)ighpg m whm igkm sacog`m`, `gfgvmh gizgtmv cah zg}wgms ohocompo)ums cahdwhpms y gscmlmv nmcom ohocompoums is kvmh`gs whm ugt }wg sgcaizvgh`mh whas m apvas y cahughkmh gh lm igdav eavim `g pvmfmdmvdwhpas `g imhgvm gegcpoum(

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Gh iwcnms vgms `g azgvmcoh, ohclwyghà m lms sacog`m`gs, iwcnmscasms zwg`gh ov iml( Gs zav la iosia oizavpmhpg }wg ml iaighpa `gnmcgv sw zlmhoeocmcoh sg ohclwym zlmhgs `g cahpohkghcom `g imhgvm}wg so gh wh iaighpa `mà, wspg`gs a sws sacoas `gdmh `g zva`wcov,gspm covcwhspmhcom ha cah`wtcm ohguopmflgighpg ml evmcmsa `g pa`m lmazgvmcoh(

Lm calmfavmcoh gs iwy oizavpmhpg gh gl ifopa `g lm cahsgvumcohzgva nmy }wg pvmfmdmv zmvm cahsgkwovlm ) y sg lm cahsgkwov salmighpgso lm kghpg pvmfmdm gh eavim mfogvpm y pvmhszmvghpg(

6(3 Iovmhà nmcom wh cahpavha is mizloaGl sghpoà caih ohòcm }wg las zvaygcpas sgvh sogizvg is gegcpouasso eavimh zmvpg `g wh imvca `g pvmfmda is mizloa gh lwkmv `g azgvmvgh gl umca( Màzpmhà wh imyav mcgvcmioghpa zwg`gh msgkwvmvsg `g}wg mh wh zvaygcpa zg}wga cahpvofwym m igpms is kvmh`gs `g cah)sgvumcoh, y zwg`m, `g gspm imhgvm, pghgv igdavgs azavpwho`m`gs ghvgms caia lm caiwhocmcoh y gl vgcahacoioghpa, ms caia imyavgszvafmfolo`m`gs `g swspghpmfolo`m` y sgkwoioghpa( Ml òsgmv wh zvaygcpaza`vm cahspopwovsg gh whm pmvgm ohpoio`mhpg lm o`ghpoeocmcoh `g zvaygc)pas }wg cwizlgh cah zvoavo`m`gs `g cahsgvumcoh ym o`ghpoeocm`ms gh glcahpg~pa `g lms hgcgso`m`gs lacmlgs( M ighwà paimv pogiza `geohovcwmlgs sah lms vgms is oizavpmhpgs, y lm g~zgcpmpoum lacml vgszgcpa `gsw cmzmco`m` za`vm sgv iwy kvmh`g(

Gh mlkwhas lwkmvgs, whm gspmcoh `g ohugspokmcoh za`vm, zav gdgizla,pghgv afdgpouas zvazoas gh las }wg za`vmh ghcmdmv wspg`gs( M ighwàg~ospgh pmifoh azavpwho`m`gs }wg lgs zgviopm paimv gh cwghpm zlmhgsg~ospghpgs m hougl lacml, hmcoahml y vgkoahml, y zwg`gh msgkwvmvsg `g }wggl zvacgsa `g zlmhoeocmcoh zgviopm m sw hwgua zvaygcpa cahpvofwov mcwfvov lms hgcgso`m`gs `g apvms ohocompoums }wg ym nmh soà o`ghpoeocm`ms(

Gh wh gdgizla, wh kvwza `g zgvsahms zvazwsa }wg wh g}woza }wg pvmfm)dmfm gh wh zvaygcpa zg}wga `gfm pghgv m sw cmvka gl gspmflgcoioghpa

`g vgsgvums hmpwvmlgs, lm fs}wg`m `g gizlga zmvm paàs caiakwmvòms `g uo`m solugspvg, y gl gspwòa `g lms cmvmcpgvspocms `gl

cogvua `g zmhpmha gh lm @glpm `gl Zmvmh, gh Mvkghpohm( Gspmg~zgcpmpoum pwua ghpahcgs }wg sgv imhgdm`m cah cwo`mà zmvmguopmv g~zgcpmpoums `gsmlghpmàvms(


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6(3(= Lm Cahughcoh safvg @ougvso`m` FoalkocmLm Cahughcoh safvg @ougvso`m` Foalkocm .CF@, zav sws soklms ghohkls/ sg ohmwkwv zav zvoigvm ugt `wvmhpg lm eovim `g lm Cwifvg `g lmPogvvm }wg pwua lwkmv gh Va `g Dmhgova gh =??6( M zmvpov `g ghpahcgs,=>: zmvpgs nmh vmpoeocmà gspm cahughcoh( CF@ g~zahg wh imvca `gpvmfmda }wg zwg`g sgv mzlocmà pmhpa m hougl ohpgvhmcoahml caia hmcoa)hml, g ohclwyg whm sgvog `g mvpcwlas }wg gheacmh igòas zmvm lakvmv lmspvgs igpms }wg zvazahg lm cahughcoh ) cahsgvumcoh `g lm foaòugvso)`m`, wsa swspghpmflg `g las vgcwvsas, y vgzmvpa g}wopmpoua `g las fghgeo)coas }wg sg afpoghg `g las vgcwvsas foalkocas( Las zmsgs }wg sg nmhcahugvpoà gh zmvpgs `g lm cahughcoh gsph aflokmàs m zvauggv oheav)igs cah vgkwlmvo`m` safvg gl gspmà `g sw foaòugvso`m`, ms caiasafvg lms mccoahgs }wg gsph zahoghà gh imvcnm zmvm msgkwvmv whmzvapgccoh imyav `g sws vgcwvsas hmpwvmlgs, gh vglmcoh cah las mvpcw)las }wg cahpoghg lm cahughcoh( Soh gifmvka, lm zvoigvm aflokmcoh `glms zmvpgs `g lm cahughcoh .fmda gl Mvpcwla 5/ gs lm glmfavmcoh `g whGspwòa `g Zms safvg lm Foaòugvso`m` y whm Gspvmpgkom Hmcoahml zmvm lmFoaòugvso`m` y wh Zlmh `g Mccoh .HFSMZ, zav sws soklms gh ohkls/( Glzvacgsa }wg cah`wcg m HFSMA cahpoghg às àcwighpas caizlgigh)pmvoas( Gl Gspwòa `g Zms .a Gumlwmcoh `g lm Foaòugvso`m`/ gspmflgcg whmhlosos `gpmllmà `gl gspmà mcpwml `g lm foaòugvso`m` y emcpavgs }wg lmmegcpmh, y HFSMZ gspmflgcg wh zlmh `g mccoh zmvm fvoh`mv imyav zva)pgccoh m lm foaòugvso`m` `gl zms(

Zwg`gh fmdmv gl pg~pa `g lm Cahughcoh safvg @ougvso`m` Foalkocm ghnppz4!!{{{(foaòu(avk

6(3(6 Gspvmpgkoms Hmcoahmlgs safvg lm Foaòugvso`m` y Zlmhgs `g

Mccoh

Sg `gsmvvallm Gspvmpgkoms Hmcoahmlgs safvg lm Foaòugvso`m` y Zlmhgs `gMccoh .HFSMZs, zav sws soklms gh ohkls/ cah gl eoh `g zvauggv whimvca `g pvmfmda ohpgkvmà zmvm cah`wcov mccoahgs avoghpm`ms m igdavmvgl gspmà `g lm foaòugvso`m` }wg cwfvmh wh vmhka mizloa `g sgcpavgspmhpa m hougl zalpoca caia `g lm sacog`m`( Sg `gsmvvallm HFSMZs m`mz)pmhà lm zlmhoeocmcoh gsph`mv gh impgvom `g foaòugvso`m`, cah glafdgpa `g afpghgv zmvpocozmcoh mizlom m pvmus `g paàs las sgcpavgs, y`g wsmv azohoahgs zvaughoghpgs `g wh vmhka mizloa `g lm sacog`m`safvg gl umlav, gl wsa y lms zvoavo`m`gs ewpwvms gh impgvom `g foaòugvso)`m`( Gl zva`wcpa eohml }wg sg afpoghg m pvmus `gl `gsmvvalla `g HFSMZsgs whm zalpocm safvg foaòugvso`m` }wg gl Iohospgvoa cavvgszahòghpg



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`gfgv màzpmv cah gl mwszocoa mfsalwpa `gl kafogvha( Gspmflgcg zvohco)zoas y gspvmpgkoms zmvm lm zvapgccoh `g lm foaòugvso`m` y zvazahg, m`g)is, cah`wcov mccoahgs gszgceocms, cah wh caspa cmlcwlmà, `wvmhpg whzgvaà `g pogiza gspmflgcoà(

Sg `gsmvvallm HFSMZs m pvmus `g wh zvacgsa `g cahswlpms, mhlosos y msok)hmcoh `g zvoavo`m`gs, sokwoghà, zav la kghgvml, lms gpmzms sokwoghpgs4

`gsokhmv gl g}woza `g pvmfmda y gl caiop òvgcpouacvgmv cahcoghcom .ghpvg gl zfloca y }woghgs paimh `gcosoahgs/cahswlpmv .cah mizloas vmhkas `g mcpavgs y sgcpavgs/vguosmv oheavimcoh .vglmcoahm`m cah foaòugvso`m`, cahsgvumcoh y glcahpg~pa hmcoahml/`gsmvvallmv wh gspwòa `gl zms .}wg àcwighpg gl gspmà mcpwml `g lmcahsgvumcoh `g lm foaòugvso`m`/gspmflgcgv igpms, zvohcozoas y afdgpouas zmvm lm gspvmpgkom`gsmvvallmv azcoahgs zmvm lakvmv las afdgpouaso`ghpoeocmv vgspvoccoahgs y azavpwho`m`gs uos))uos lms mccoahgs }wg sgum m cah`wcovvguosmv mcpouo`m`gs g~ospghpgs g o`ghpoeocmv umcas y swzgvzasocoahgs`mv zvoavo`m` g o`ghpoeocmv mcpouo`m`gs }wg sah hgcgsmvoms`gsmvvallmv wh zlmh `g mccoh cah zvgswzwgspas y lmzsas `g pogizavguosmv wh favvmàv }wg ohclwym m paàs las sgcpavgs y vmcoahmlotmvla`g sgv hgcgsmvoa`gsmvvallmv zvazwgspms .m kafogvhas y àhmhpgs/ zmvm afpghgv eohmhcom)ioghpa, `g sgv gl cmsazwflocmv y òewhòv las HFSMZsafpghgv `gl kafogvha vgszmlà y màzcohgspmflgcgv gl g}woza `g pvmfmda }wg zah`v gh imvcnm gl zvaygcpa,ms caia las igcmhosias `g mzayaiahopavgmv, gumlwmv y vguosmv cah vgkwlmvo`m` las HFSMZs(

@giaspvmhà }wg sw zvaygcpa cahpvofwyg m las HFSMZs, zvafmvhclmvmighpg `g }wg eavim zwg`g sw zvaygcpa msospov ml kafogvha `g swzms zmvm }wg cwizlm cah sws aflokmcoahgs fmda lm Cahughcoh safvglm Foaòugvso`m` Foalkocm .CF@, zav sws soklms gh ohkls/(

Ha pa`ms lms mcpouo`m`gs }wg sg lospm gh wh HFSMZ sah cah`wco`ms mkvmh gscmlm, y wh higva `g gllms za`vm sgv cahso`gvmà caia mccoa)hgs òscvgpms m sgv cah`wco`ms `g imhgvm m`gcwm`m m pvmus `g wh zva)ygcpa zg}wga a igòmha( Cwmhà cahso`gvgh `gsmvvallmv wh hwgua

zvaygcpa, cmfvm }wg ugvoeo}wgh so g~ospg wh HFSMZ safvg gl zms ghcwgspoh(


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Whm lospm `g HFSMZs sg ghcwghpvm m òszasocoh gh4nppz4!!{{{(wh`z(avk!fzsz

Ml vguosmv lm vglmcoh ghpvg sw zvaygcpa y gl HFSCMZ, `gfgh cahso`gvmvha salmighpg }wg nmfv swzgvzasocoh ghpvg lms mccoahgs }wg zoghsmhwspg`gs llgumv m cmfa y lms mccoahgs }wg zvazahg gl HFSMZ, soha pmi)foh `g }wg imhgvm za`vm sw zvaygcpa uohcwlmvsg cah las afdgpouasis mizloas `g lm gspvmpgkom(

6(3(3 Zlmhgs `g Mccoh gh Impgvom `g Foaòugvso`m` Lacml g ohocompo)

ums `g lm Mkgh`m 6=M hougl lacml, lm zlmhoeocmcoh `gl zvacgsa zmvm lm glmfavmcoh `g las

HFSMZs hmcoahmlgs nm cah`wcoà m lm cvgmcoh `g Zlmhgs `g Mccoh ghImpgvom `g Foaòugvso`m`, m hougl vgkoahml a lacml( @ghpva `gl imvca `gpvmfmda `g las HFSMZs, zvauggh ohpgvzvgpmcoh gh wh cahpg~pa islacml, y zgviopgh gl gspmflgcoioghpa `g zvoavo`m`gs lacmlgs vgszgcpa msopoas y m lm zvapgccoh `g gszgcogs, ms caia `gsmvvalla ohspopwcoahml ycvgmcoh `g cahcoghcom( Zlmhgs `g gspm hmpwvmlgtm zwg`gh kghgvmv whhougl mlpa `g sghpoioghpa lacml `g zvazog`m`, y zwg`gh sgv kghwohmigh)pg cmpmlpocas gh pviohas `g mccoh caiwhopmvom( Zlmhgs sgigdmhpgs,cwmhà g~ospgh, zwg`gh cahspopwov whm ngvvmioghpm oizavpmhpg zmvm

myw`mv gh lm sglgccoh `g zvaygcpas y gh gl `gsmvvalla `g mcpouo`m`gszmvmlglms, mpvmyghà wh kvmh hougl `g ghpwsomsia m hougl caiwho`m`(

@g imhgvm soiolmv, lms ohocompoums gh impgvom mifoghpml }wg sg gheacmhgh lm caiwho`m` y }wg nmh soà kghgvm`ms m pvmus `gl zvacgsa lacmlMkgh`m 6=, nmh afpghoà vgswlpmàs soiolmvgs gh pviohas `g zmvpocozm)coh zflocm gh mcpouo`m`gs `g zvaygcpas( Lm Mkgh`m 6= gspmflgcg zmsascahughoàs cah mhpgvoavo`m` }wg cah`wcgh ml `gsmvvalla saspghoflg, ygsp g~zwgspm m hougl ohpgvhmcoahml, hmcoahml y lacml( M hougl lacml, nmh

paimà gl lo`gvmtka òuosoahgs mìohospvmpoums m`gcwm`ms zmvm kghgvmvhwguas igcmhosias( Gspms òuosoahgs myw`mh m lms caiwho`m`gs m o`gh)poeocmv sws zvazoms zvoavo`m`gs gh impgvom mifoghpml y `mh zmsas mcpouaszmvm igdavmv sws cahòcoahgs mifoghpmlgs( Cahspopwygh, zav la iosia,apva imvca `g pvmfmda ml }wg zwg`gh uohcwlmvsg zvaygcpas }wg sg ghea)cmh gh sopoas(

Cah evgcwghcom, gs is òecol wfocmv àcwighpas `g zlmhoeocmcoh mhougl lacml( Whm fs}wg`m gh Ohpgvhgp zwg`g m ugcgs myw`mvlgs m wfocmv

àcwighpas vglgumhpgs( A, zmvm cahacgv las zlmhgs }wg g~ospgh ghimpgvom mifoghpml, za`vm umlgv lm zghm msokhmv pogiza zmvm zahgvsg gh

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6;

cahpmcpa cah las `gzmvpmighpas kwfgvhmighpmlgs }wg sg acwzmh `g lmzlmhoeocmcoh lacml, a cah lms AHKs( Igpms zmvm lm foaòugvso`m` a zmv)pocozmcoh `gl zfloca gh gl vgm mifoghpml kghgvmàs m hougl lacml zwg)`gh m ighwà myw`mv gh gl `gsmvvalla `g wh zvaygcpa }wg cahcwgv`gcah lms zvoavo`m`gs y cahòcoahgs m gsg hougl(

6(3(0 Uhcwlas cah apvms cahughcoahgs ohpgvhmcoahmlgsLm Cahughcoh safvg lm Foaòugvso`m` Foalkocm ha gs lm hocm cahugh)coh ohpgvhmcoahml }wg sg vglmcoahm cah zvaygcpas gh gl ifopa `g lmfoaòugvso`m`( Cwmhà zlmhoeo}wgh sw zvaygcpa, migvopm }wg cahso`gvghgh }wg eavim lms mcpouo`m`gs }wg zoghsmh cah`wcov za`vmh cahpvofwovnmcom a uohcwlmvsg cah lms zvoavo`m`gs y lms igpms `g las sokwoghpgs cah)ughoas ohpgvhmcoahmlgs y vgkoahmlgs4

Cahughcoh safvg gl Imvca `g Pvmfmda `g lms Hmcoahgs Whoàs zmvmgl Cmifoa Cloipoca .WHECC, zav sws soklms gh ohkls/Cahughcoh `g lms Hmcoahgs Who`ms zmvm Caifmpov lm @gsgvpoeocmcoh.WHCC@, zav sws soklms gh ohkls/Cahughcoh Vmismv .safvg Nwig`mlgs `g Oizavpmhcom Ohpgvhmcoahml,gszgcomlighpg Nfopmp `g Mugs Mcwpocms/Cahughcoh `gl Zmpvoiahoa `g lm Nwimho`m` .}wg cahcogvhg lmZvapgccoh `gl Zmpvoiahoa Cwlpwvml y Hmpwvml `gl Iwhà/Cahughcoh `g Emwhm y Elavm Solugspvgs .COPGS, zav sws soklms ghohkls/ safvg gl Caigvcoa Ohpgvhmcoahml `g Gszgcogs Mighmtm`msCahughcoh `g Fahh .safvg lm Cahsgvumcoh `g Gszgcogs Iokvmpavomsy Mhoimlgs Solugspvgs/Cahughcoh `g Fgvhm .safvg lm Cahsgvumcoh `g Nfopmp Gwvazga `gUo`m Solugspvg y Hmpwvml/Cahughcoh `g Mmvnws .safvg Mccgsa m lm Oheavimcoh, ZmvpocozmcohZflocm gh impgvom `g Paim `g @gcosoahgs y Dwspocom, gh gl imvca `gMswhpas safvg gl Mifoghpg/@ovgcpoum `g lm Whoh Gwvazgm safvg +Mugs+ .@ovgcpoum `gl Cahsgda `glm Whoh Gwvazgm safvg lm cahsgvumcoh `g mugs solugspvgs );?!0:?!GGC/@ovgcpoum `g lm Whoh Gwvazgm safvg +Nfopmp+ .@ovgcpoum `gl Cahsgda`g lm Whoh Gwvazgm safvg lm cahsgvumcoh `g nfopmp hmpwvmlgs y `gemwhm y elavm solugspvgs ) ?6!03!GGC(

Cwmhà `gsmvvallgh wh zvaygcpa zav zvoigvm ugt, za`vm sgvlgs pol vguo)smv las cahughoas y cahughcoahgs oizavpmhpgs }wg cwfvgh m gszgcogs avgms mlvg`gàv `g lms }wg mszovmh m `gsmvvallmv sws mcpouo`m`gs( Gspaza`vm ha salmighpg sgvlgs `g myw`m zmvm vg`wcov gl ghea}wg `g sw zva)ygcpa cah gl eoh `g }wg cwfvm zvoavo`m`gs o`ghpoeocm`ms m hougl ohpgvhm)


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coahml, soha }wg lgs zvauggvm, m`gis, oheavimcoh pol safvg apvmsavkmhotmcoahgs a `gzmvpmighpas kwfgvhmighpmlgs cah las }wg za`vmhzahgvsg gh cahpmcpa a uohcwlmvsg( M pvmus `g fs}wg`ms gh Ohpgvhgp, sgghcwghpvm cah evgcwghcom oheavimcoh safvg gl gspmà a lm vmpoeocmcoh ylas zwhpas eacmlgs `g gspms cahughcoahgs, m hougl hmcoahml( Las sgcvgpm)vomàs `g lms cahughcoahgs zva`wcgh wh higva `g àcwighpas }wglospmh sws gszgcogs y vgms eacmlgs y, zav la kghgvml, zwg`gh mccg`gv mgspas àcwighpas m pvmus `g Ohpgvhgp .zkohms =57 ) =5;/(

6(0 Mzvaugcnmhà `g lm igdav eavim la }wg aevgcgh apvas

kvwzas y avkmhotmcoahgs

Lms òugvsms avkmhotmcoahgs gspmflgcgh òegvghpgs zvoavo`m`gs }wg vgelg)dmh sws igpms glgighpmlgs( Nmy azavpwho`m`gs clmvms zmvm }wg gspmflgt)cmh uhcwlas ghpvg sw zvaygcpa y lms zvoavo`m`gs o`ghpoeocm`ms zav pmlgsavkmhotmcoahgs, y zmvm `gsmvvallmv zvaygcpas }wg caizlgighpgh a cah)pvofwymh m lm cah`wccoh `g mcpouo`m`gs gh gspms vgms `g zvoavo`m`(

Lms vgms zvapgko`ms za`vmh cahspopwov whm sglgccoh afuom gh lm }wgza`vmh gheacmv sw pvmfmda( Gh lm imyavm `g zmsgs wh `gzmvpmighpakwfgvhmighpml sg vgszahsmfolotm zav gspms vgms( Gs zvafmflg }wg g~ospm

whm gspvwcpwvm vgkoahml y, zav la kghgvml, nmy zgvsahml gh gl sopoa }wgza`vm mkvm`gcgv wh aevgcoioghpa `g myw`m, zmvm cah`wcov gspwòas yapvms pmvgms `g imhgda( Iwcnms vgms zvapgko`ms vgcofgh gl mzaya `gzvaygcpas }wg cah`wcgh avkmhotmcoahgs `g cahsgvumcoh, hmcoahmlgs aohpgvhmcoahmlgs(

Apva sgcpav }wg zvaugg ewghpgs umloasms `g cahpmcpa sah lms whougvso`m)`gs( Iwcnms `g gllms poghgh ohpgvgsgs gspmflgcoàs gh las cmizas `gohugspokmcoh y ghsgmhtm gh vgms oizavpmhpgs zmvm lm cahsgvumcoh(

Gspmv cahcoghpgs `g lms zvoavo`m`gs clmug `g apvms avkmhotmcoahgs m gscm)lm lacml, hmcoahml g ohpgvhmcoahml za`vm sgvlgs pol( Gs ecol pghgv mccgsam oheavimcoh safvg lms avkmhotmcoahgs y sws vgms `g mcpouo`m` `gimyav zvoavo`m` m pvmus `g Ohpgvhgp, ms caia m pvmus `g impgvoml yzwflocmcoahgs `g zvaiacoh( Soh gifmvka, so `gsgmh oheavimcoh isgszgceocm, sgvm igdav }wg paigh cahpmcpa òvgcpmighpg cah lms avkmho)tmcoahgs gh cwgspoh( Mfav`mhà `g imhgvm is zgvsahml m lms avkmho)tmcoahgs clmug, pmhpa lacmlgs caia hmcoahmlgs, zwg`gh m ighwà msg)

kwvmv }wg g~ospm whm igdav caizvghsoh ha salmighpg `g lms mcpouo`m)`gs }wg `g mcwgvà cah gspms avkmhotmcoahgs hgcgsopmh mpghcoh zvoavo)pmvom, soha pmifoh cwmlgs o`gms }wg kghgvgh sw zvaygcpa za`vmh uohcw)

6>



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6?

lmvsg cah lms mcpouo`m`gs }wg ym gsph soghà cah`wco`ms( Soh gifmvka,caia sogizvg, gsph cahcoghpgs `g las ualighgs `g pvmfmda }wg imhg)dm lm imyav zmvpg `g lms avkmhotmcoahgs }wg sg acwzmh `g lm cahsgvum)coh, y msgkvghsg `g }wg sws zgòàs `g oheavimcoh sgmh clmvas ygszgceocas y zwg`mh sgv mpghòàs `g lm imhgvm is vzo`m y ecolzasoflg(

Zvoigva nmkmh sw pmvgm( Lm kghpg ghcwghpvm iwcna is mpvmcpouamcgzpmv aegvpms `g myw`m so spms zmvgcgh zvaughov `g mlkwogh }wg`giwgspvm }wg ym nm zwgspa mlkh gizga gh iaspvmv }wg za`vmnmcgv whm cahpvofwcoh kghwohm(

6(0(= Apvms ewghpgs `g oheavimcoh

Umvoms avkmhotmcoahgs cwghpmh cah oheavimcoh àcwighpm`m gh impg)vom `g cahsgvumcoh }wg sg fmsm gh nfopmp, sopoas a gszgcogs( Lm kmim`g zvoavo`m`gs }wg gspmflgcgh òugvsms avkmhotmcoahgs zwg`g sgv mlkacahewsm y ha sogizvg iwpwmighpg caizlgighpmvom( Soh gifmvka, ml`gsmvvallmv wh zvaygcpa }wg za`vm vglmcoahmvsg cah whm `g gspms cmpg)kavms, gs oizavpmhpg pghgv gh cwghpm gspms zvoavo`m`gs, gh lm igò`m `gla zasoflg, y gspmflgcgv uhcwlas cah gllms(

[[E .nppz4!!{{{(zmh`m(avk!/ nm òuoòà m pa`m lm swzgveocog `g lm pog)vvm gh umvoas coghpas `g gca)vgkoahgs y nm llgumà m cmfa gumlwmcoahgssafvg cwmlgs sah lms gszgcogs `g ugvpgfvmàs }wg nmfopmh gh cm`m whm`g gllms ms caia gl kvmà gh gl }wg las nfopmp nmh soà iaòeocmàs anmh `gsmzmvgcoà(

Cahsgvumcoh Ohpgvhmcoahml .nppz4!!{{{(cahsgvumpoah(avk!/ nm sglgccoa)hmà wh higva zg}wga `g vgkoahgs fmspmhpg kvmh`gs }wg sah hasalmighpg ohwswmlighpg vocms gh gszgcogs ghìocms soha }wg gsphpmifoh mighmtm`ms gh cwmhà m zvò`m `gl nfopmp( Sg mcpwmlotm yigdavm cahpohwmighpg lm oheavimcoh safvg gspms às gumlwmcoahgs }wgpoghgh lwkmv m hougl klafml(

Gh cwmhpa m gszgcogs `g mugs, Fov`Loeg Ohpgvhmpoahml sg nmllm gh gl zva)cgsa `g o`ghpoeocmv las sopoas `g imyav oizavpmhcom, m hougl klafml, zmvmlm cahsgvumcoh `g lms mugs( Sg cahacg m gspas sopoas caia vgmsOizavpmhpgs zmvm lm Cahsgvumcoh `g lms Mugs( Gh lm imyav zmvpg `g laszmsgs g~ospgh, m hougl lacml, kvwzas `g avhoplakas y cahsgvumcoahospms}wg cah`wcgh gspg zvakvmim( Whm ugt is, ohkvgsgh m lm zkohm {gf `gFov`Loeg .nppz4!!{{{(fov`loeg(avk/ àh`g ghcahpvmvh lm oheavimcoh ismcpwmlotm`m }wg nm soà ym zwflocm`m ms caia oheavimcoh safvg zvakvg)


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3:

sas afpghoàs( [[E y WOCH nmh o`ghpoeocmà pmifoh vgms `g oizavpmh)com zmvm lms zlmhpms gh wh zvaygcpa `ghaiohmà Cghpvas `g @ougvso`m``g Zlmhpms(

Gh la vglmpoua m gszgcogs, WOCH zwflocm lm Lospm Vadm aeocoml, m hougl kla)fml( Gspm lospm àcwighpm m}wgllms gszgcogs }wg sg nmllmh gh imyav vogs)ka `g g~pohcoh, `g mcwgvà cah cvopgvoas iwhòmlighpg cahughoàs( LmLospm Vadm sg ghcwghpvm òszahoflg gh {gf .nppz4!!{{{(vg`losp(avk/ ypoghg caia sazavpg g~pghsm lopgvmpwvm, gh zmzgl, cwyms vgegvghcoms zwg)`gh ghcahpvmv gh lm zkohm {gf( Kvwzas `g gszgcomlospms `g WOCHohclwygh m vgzvgsghpmhpgs `g òugvsas zmsgs }wg sg gszgcomlotmh ghòugvsas pm~ahgs a pgims( Vguosmhà gspg impgvoml, za`vmh o`ghpoeocmv mlms gszgcogs }wg hgcgsopmh imyav mpghcoh y ghcahpvmv las haifvgs `gzgvsahms y avkmhotmcoahgs }wg sg ohpgvgsmh gh gspms gszgcogs(

Lm zlmhoeocmcoh ohpgkvm`m gegcpoum `gzgh`g `gl mccgsa m, gl imhgda, ylm òewsoh `g lm oheavimcoh( Zav la kghgvml, `wvmhpg gl `gsmvvalla `gsw zvaygcpa gs oizavpmhpg }wg cah`wtcmh whm vguosoh zvalodm `g zva)kvmims y zlmhgs g~ospghpgs gh gl cmiza gh gl }wg `gsmvvallmh sw mcpo)uo`m`( Wswmlighpg, ml caioghta `gl zvaygcpa, cahspopwyg whm ohugv)soh oizavpmhpg gl pogiza }wg `gò}wgh m cahswlpms cah wh mizloahigva `g avkmhotmcoahgs g ohòuo`was vglgumhpgs( Poghgh imyavazavpwho`m` `g cahpvofwov ml ~opa `g lm cahsgvumcoh gh whm gscmlmis mizlom, so lakvmh }wg sw zvaygcpa ghpvg m eavimv zmvpg `g lm vg``g mcpouo`m`gs }wg gsph soghà cah`wco`ms, g o`ghpoeocmh uhcwlas yazavpwho`m`gs cah gl eoh `g ohcvgighpmv gl umlav `g lms mcpouo`m`gscaizlgighpmvoms(



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Sgccoh 34 Zlmhoeocmhà wh zvaygcpa

3(= Ohpva`wccoh

Gh lms zkohms }wg sokwgh `gscvofoias las òugvsas zmsas m sgkwov zmvmzlmhoeocmv wh zvaygcpa, y aevgcgias whm g~zlocmcoh safvg lms ngvvm)ioghpms is wsm`ms }wg zwg`gh sgvlgs `g myw`m( Mwh}wg gl pogiza }wgpaim `mv cm`m zmsa òeogvg sokhoeocmpoumighpg `gzghòghà `gl pmimavgml `gl zvaygcpa, las zmsas m sgkwovsg sah mcgzmàs m hougl iwhòml yzwg`gh sgv mzlocmàs m pa`m sopwmcoh(

Wh kvwza iwy zg}wga .a wh sala ohòuo`wa/ zwg`g `gsmvvallmv ecol)ighpg zvaygcpas( Soh gifmvka, zvaygcpas is kvmh`gs .y m}wgllas }wg

za`vmh megcpmv m lm zaflmcoh/ hgcgsopmh g~pghsm zvgzmvmcoh m pvmus`g uosopms ml cmiza, gspwòas g ohualwcvmv m mcpavgs clmug( Cah evgcwgh)com, lm zlmhoeocmcoh zwg`g llgumvsg gh wh pmllgv zmvm zlmhoeocmcoh `gzvaygcpas .ugv Mhg~a =, zkohm =5?/( Ngias `gscvopa las zmsas is glm)favmàs `gl zvacgsa y caheomias gh }wg lm kghpg mzvgh`gv sw lkocmmh so, gh lm zvcpocm, lm pmvgm zwg`g sgv llgum`m m cmfa gh eavim issoizlg(

Lm zlmhoeocmcoh ha gs gsppocm y }woghgs lm llgumh m cmfa `gfgh `mv

kvmh oizavpmhcom m lm lmfav `g cwgspoahmv cahpohwmighpg las zlmhgs }wgglmfavmvah ml caioghta, whm ugt }wg gizogcgh m cahpmv cah hwgumoheavimcoh, a cah lms cahsgcwghcoms `g cahclwsoahgs m lms }wg sgllgk gh las zmsas zvguoas( So, zav gdgizla, gl kvwza zlmhoeocmàv nm`gcoòà cah`wcov wh zvaygcpa cah afdgpouas y mcpouo`m`gs y lwgka `gs)cwfvg }wg gl zvgswzwgspa vg}wgvoà gs pmh mlpa }wg safvgzmsm lm vgmlo)`m` .zgva gs oizasoflg vg`wcov las caspas `g lms mcpouo`m`gs zlmhoeocm)`ms/ gs oizavpmhpg }wg sg `g imvcnm mpvs y sg vgcahso`gvg gl zlmh avo)kohml( Gs zasoflg vg`wcov lms mcpouo`m`gs y mh ms lakmv las afdgpouas

`gsgmàs1 So ha la gs, ha }wg`m apvm mlpgvhmpoum }wg nmcgv mdwspgs gh lmgspvmpgkom `gl zvaygcpa vg`wcoghà gl mlcmhcg `g las afdgpouas(

3(=(= +@g mfmda nmcom mvvofm+ ugvsws +`g mvvofm nmcom mfmda+4 las às

g~pvgias `g lm zlmhoeocmcohZav la kghgvml, za`gias òspohkwov às eavims g~pvgims `g mfav`mv lmzlmhoeocmcoh( Gh impgvom `g cahsgvumcoh, lm zlmhoeocmcoh sg llgum mcmfa, m ighwà, +`g mvvofm nmcom mfmda+, so fogh caia ugvgias lwgka,gspg zvacgsa ha sogizvg cahspopwyg, hgcgsmvomighpg, lm igdav imhgvm

`g mfav`mvlm(

3=


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36

+@g mvvofm nmcom mfmda+Las zlmhgs sah eaviwlmàs zav }woghgs imhgdmh gl zvacgsa y zmsmhlwgka m imhas `g las swfavòhmàs zmvm sgv zwgspas gh imvcnm(Ipaà }wg sg wsm m ighwà gh zlmhgs `g `gsmvvalla m kvmh gscmlm azmvm `geohov lm avoghpmcoh gspvmpkocm `g lms avkmhotmcoahgs(Sg fmsm gh wh higva `g gszgcomlospms }wg cahuoghg gh zvoavo`m`gs.pmlgs caia gszgcogs mighmtm`ms m hougl iwhòml/ y gspmflgcg afdgpo)uas y zvazsopas m mlpa hougl(

+@g mfmda nmcom mvvofm+ .la }wg sg cahacg m ighwà caia zlmhoeocm)coh zmvpocozmpoum/

Sg glmfavm las zlmhgs ohualwcvmhà lm zmvpocozmcoh mcpoum `g lasmcpavgsSg wsm gspg zvacgsa, zav la kghgvml, gh zvaygcpas caiwhopmvoas àh`glm zmvpocozmcoh `g lm caiwho`m` lacml gs cvwcoml zmvm gl ~opa `glzvaygcpa(

Gh lm zvcpocm, cm`m zvaygcpa ohualwcvm lms às eavims `g mfav`mv lmzlmhoeocmcoh( Lm `gcosoh `g zlmhoeocmv wsmhà gh imyav a ighav kvmàwhm w apvm eavim `gzgh`g `g lms covcwhspmhcoms `gl zvaygcpa gh cwgs)poh y `gl pogiza y `g las vgcwvsas `g }wg sg òszahg( Sg zvgsghpm mcahpohwmcoh mlkwhms `g lms ughpmdms y `gsughpmdms }wg zvgsghpm lm zlm)hoeocmcoh +`g mfmda nmcom mvvofm+(

Las igdavgs zlmhgs ohclwygh, zav la kghgvml, whm caifohmcoh `gmifas zvacgsas, y sg caifohm lm uosoh `g lm gspvmpgkom kghgvml cahzvacgsas papmlighpg zmvpocozmpouas cah gl eoh `g afpghgv vgswlpmàssafvg gl pgvvgha( Cwml}wogvm sgm lm eavim gh }wg sg zlmhoeo}wg, gs haafspmhpg uopml msgkwvmv }wg paàs }woghgs gsph ohualwcvmàs soghpmh}wg whoàs zwg`gh llgkmv m àh`g }wogvmh llgkmv gh lm cah`wccoh `gsw zvaygcpa(

Sgccoh 34 Zlmhoeocmhà wh zvaygcpa


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Eokwvm 0( Caizmvmcoh `g lms ughpmdms y `gsughpmdms `g las zvacgsas `gzlmhoeocmcoh +`g mfmda nmcom mvvofm+ y +`g mvvofm nmcom mfmda+

33

Ughpmdms `g lm zlmhoeocmcoh +`g

mfmda nmcom mvvofm+sg caizvgh`g igdav lm sopwmcoh vgmlgl zlmh gs `g zvazog`m` lacmlnmy imyav azavpwho`m` `g mfav`mv zva)flgims lacmlgslas mcpavgs zvohcozmlgs caizvgh`gh lasvalgs }wg `gsgizgmhlas mcpavgs zvohcozmlgs caizvgh`gh lasafdgpouas `gl zvaygcpanmy caizvaiosa ghpvg umvoas mcpavgs

@gsughpmdms `g lm zlmhoeocmcoh +`g

mfmda nmcom mvvofm+paim pogizags caspasmnmy zapghcoml zmvm cvgmv g~zgcpmpoumsha vgmlospmslm eavim `g mfav`mv `gzgh`g gh kvmhgscmlm `g las ohòuo`was impgvom `gcahswlpmzvgsghpm gl vogska `g ohclohmvsg nmcomm}wgllas ohòuo`was a `gcoàvgs }wgmàzpmh lm zasocoh `g uacgvas

Ughpmdms `g lm zlmhoeocmcoh +`gmvvofm nmcom mfmda+

gs zav la kghgvml is vzo`mgs ighas caspasmza`vm sgv sweocoghpg zmvm mlcmhtmvafdgpouas m mlpa hougl

@gsughpmdms `g lm zlmhoeocmcoh +`gmvvofm nmcom mfmda+

lm cmlo`m` `gl zlmh `gzgh`g gh kvmhzmvpg `g lm g~zgvoghcom `g zacas ohò)uo`waslas mcpavgs za`vmh ha caizvgh`gv swsvalgs y vgszahsmfolo`m`gslas mcpavgs zvohcozmlgs za`vm ha }wg)

vgv caizmvpov a caizvgh`gv gl afdgpoua`gl zvaygcpaza`vm zmsmvsg zav mlpa las ohpgvgsgs,las zvaflgims y gl zapghcoml `g lasmcpavgs

8/14/2019

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Manual para proyectos de Conservación - Programa de Liderazgo de la Conservación