Monográficos: Turismo

7/30/2019 Monogrficos: Turismo

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luoker~c ~urk|f` ?5/5/1: 39=19 Qjkgc 3


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Cjeglkc E|qc`dc ne L``qerclkg Kg~ergclk`gcd

Fkgk|~erk` ne C|ug~`| Ey~erk`re| { ne L``qerclkg

^urk|f`$ lud~urc

{ ne|crr`dd`

Ncfkg F`rcjue| L`r~cnc

?118


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Cjrcnelkfkeg~`|

C ~`n`| d`| cfkj`| ned LE_L ne dc Nkqu~clkg ne Ocrled`gc$ n`gne icle f|

ne xekg~e c`| {c kfqud|cf`| neoc~e| { |efkgcrk`| |òre ûrk|f` { Lud~urc' C

M`rnk Qcrn` q`r |u e|~fud` { cq`{`' C _`fkgc Suercd~ q`r |u ehklc} l`dco`rc&

lkg eg dc o|suenc { lcq~urc ne n`lufeg~`| { c fk| ikm`|$ ~cfokg qr`he|k`gc&

de| ned ~urk|f`$ l`g sukege| ie fcg~egkn` fd~kqde| { eg `lc|k`ge| clcd`rc&

n`| neoc~e| |òre e|~`| ~efc|'


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gnkle

Qre|eg~clkg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' :

Qrd`j` ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 33

Kg~r`nullkg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 35

Ed ~urk|f` '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 3;Dc| nehkgklk`ge| ld|klc| ne ~urk|f` ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?3

Dc cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc { dc cnfkgk|~rclkg ned ~errk~`rk` ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?>Ed ~urk|f` ned |kjd` YYK ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >:

Dc kgnu|~rkc ~ur|~klc ned |kjd` YYK'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5?

Ed ~urk|f` eg lkhrc|''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5:

Ed ~urk|f` lud~urcd' Ed ~urk|f` '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 8:

Ugc nehkgklkg nkhlkd '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 8;

Dc kg|~k~ulk`gcdk}clkg ned ~urk|f` lud~urcd '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' :3

Ed fcrl` ned ne|crr`dd` '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9

Eyqerkeglkc| ~ur|~klc| `rkeg~cnc| cd cdkxk` ne dc q`ore}c''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;8


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Lud~urc { ne|crr`dd`'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 31

Ug hu~ur` fem`r { f| |`dkncrk` ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 398

_ehereglkc| okodk`jrhklc|''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 39:


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Qre|eg~clkg


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L`dellkg Lud~urc { Ne|crr`dd`

Dc qre|eg~e enklkg |e kg|lrkoe eg ed qr`{el~` enk~`rkcd ne dc Cjeglkc E|qc`dc ne L``qerclkg Kg~ergclk`gcd |`&ore Lud~urc { Ne|crr`dd`$ hru~` ne dc x`dug~cn ne qr`hugnk}cr eg e|~c dgec qr`jrcf~klc ned Qdcg Nkrel~`r ?115 &

?119 ne dc L``qerclkg cd Ne|crr`dd`'

Ed cufeg~` ne cl~uclk`ge| { qr`{el~`| ned |el~`r lud~urcd$ l`g ugc x`dug~cn ne kglknkr eg qr`le|`| ne ne|crr`dd`$

reldcfc ugc rehdeykg { l`gleq~ucdk}clkg ne eyqerkeglkc| { qrl~klc| sue g`| qerfk~cg l`glre~cr dc kfqre|lkgnk&

ode cq`r~clkg ne dc lud~urc c d`| @ome~kx`| ned Fkdegk`' E|~c| cl~uclk`ge| { q`|kokdkncne| g` eglueg~rcg e|qclk`|

qcrc |u l`g`lkfkeg~` { nkhu|kg$ q`r d` lucd e|~c| quodklclk`ge| |e queneg l`gxer~kr eg fc~erkcde| ne ~rcocm` { re&hdeykg qcrc d`| cl~`re| ne dc l``qerclkg cd ne|crr`dd`

C qcr~kr ne dc nehkgklkg sue nkerc Uge|l` eg 3;9? Dc lud~urc quene l`g|knercr|e l`f` ed l`gmug~` ne d`| rc|j`|

nk|~kg~kx`|$ e|qkrk~ucde| { fc~erkcde|$ kg~edel~ucde| { chel~kx`| sue lcrcl~erk}cg ugc |`lkencn ` ug jruq` |`lkcd' Eddc

egjdòc$ cnef| ne dc| cr~e| { dc| de~rc|$ d`| f`n`| ne xknc$ d`| nereli`| hugncfeg~cde| cd |er iufcg`$ d`| |k|~e&

fc| ne xcd`re|$ dc| ~rcnklk`ge| { dc| lreeglkc|$ kg~eg~cf`| `hreler ug cgdk|k| { qr`que|~c| ne|ne nkhereg~e| nk|&

lkqdkgc| redclk`gcnc| l`g dc lud~urc$ c| l`f` rel`qkdcr eyqerkeglkc| eyk~`|c| sue g`| hclkdk~eg dc |eg|kokdk}clkg

|òre dc gele|kncn ne dc qer|qel~kxc lud~urcd eg dc| q`d~klc| ne ne|crr`dd`'

D`| l`g~egkn`| { cu~`re| ne e|~c l`dellkg |`g fu{ xcrkcn`| { ne qr`leneglkc fu{ nkxer|c l`g dc x`dug~cn ne

l`gxer~kr e|~c l`dellkg eg ugc qdc~ch`rfc ne nkxudjclkg ne nkhereg~e| fc~erkcde| |òre dc cllkg lud~urcd l`f`

hcl~`r ne ne|crr`dd` { dulic l`g~rc dc qòre}c' \u| ~~ud`| xcg nkrkjkn`| c dc| qer|`gc| kg~ere|cnc| eg e|~e ~efc$ c

d`| cjeg~e| |`lkcde| sue kg~erxkegeg eg dc| q`d~klc| ne ne|crr`dd` { ugc cq`r~clkg |òre dc xk|kg ne e|~e ~efc

ne|ne dc qrl~klc sue |e e|~ recdk}cgn` eg E|qcc'

E|~c l`dellkg |e kg|lrkoe eg ed òme~kx` ne nkxudjclkg ne dc E|~rc~ejkc \el~`rkcd Lud~urc { Ne|crr`dd` ne dc L``&

qerclkg E|qc`dc e kgxk~c c |u nkhu|kg { qcr~klkqclkg ne dc| qer|`gc| { `rjcgk}clk`ge| sue e|~g ~rcocmcgn` eg

e|~e fok~` ne dc l``qerclkg cd ne|crr`dd`'

;

Q_E\EG^CLKG


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Qrd`j`


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Ed ûrk|f` ic |kn` ug` ne d`| |el~`re| ne fc{`r lrelkfkeg~` e kfqcl~` eg ed |kjd` YY$ ~egneglkc sue |e l`g|`&

dknc eg ed cl~ucd' Dc| lkhrc| ne efqde`$ ne guexc| kghrce|~rul~urc|$ ne lrelkfkeg~` jdòcd sue qre|eg~c e|~e |el&

~`r$ { d`| kfqcl~`| )g` ~`n`| q`|k~kx`|+ icg l`g|ejukn` sue |e l`gxker~c eg ugc lueg~c hugncfeg~cd { eg ug q`&

~eglkcd ned lrelkfkeg~` ne fuli`| qc|e|' Q`r ~`n` edd`$ ed òme~kx` ne sue ed ~urk|f` |e l`gxker~c eg ugedefeg~` ne esukncn$ nk|~rkoulkg ne rksue}c { clerlcfkeg~` ne lud~urc|$ l`f` fenk` ne l`g`lkfkeg~` fu~u`$

l`kglkne ne ddeg` l`g d`| òme~kx`| ne ne|crr`dd`$ ne dc dulic l`g~rc dc qòre}c { dc eyldu|kg |`lkcd'

L`f` g`| |ecdc ed cu~`r$ ed ~urk|f` e| cdj` sue |kefqre eyk|~k$ ne ugc u `~rc h`rfc' _e|q`gne c ugc gele|kncn

ne ne|luorkr guex`| e|qclk`| {$ cd fk|f` ~kefq`$ ne egl`g~rcr nkhereg~e| f`n`| ne xknc' E|~c quodklclkg g`|

c{unc c ncr ug reqc|` ik|~rkl` c |u ex`dulkg ddexgn`g`| ne d`| xkcmer`| r`fg~kl`| c d`| ~urk|~c| ned |kjd` YYK2

f`|~rcgn` d`| lcfok`| hugncfeg~cde| eg d`| iok~`| ned l`g|ufkn`r { cqug~cgn` d`| q`|kode| ehel~`| sue que&neg nenulkr|e ne|qu| ne |u cgdk|k|'

^rc| ~`n` edd` g`| kg~r`nule eg ug l`gleq~` kfqre|lkgnkode qcrc l`fqregner |u lrelkfkeg~` l`f` e| ed kgnu|&

~rkcd' Dc kgnu|~rkc ~ur|~klc ic lrelkn` eg ug qcg`rcfc ne ~kq`d`jc| nkhereg~e|$ sue icg kn` cncq~gn`|e c d`| eg&

~`rg`| eg d`| sue |e ne|crr`ddcoc |u ~rcocm`' Ed lrelkfkeg~` suenc ldcr` eg ed lcqk~ud` nenklcn` c dc| lkhrc|$ qcrc

ne|efo`lcr l`g ug jrcg clker~` eg ed f`ned` ne ~urk|f` lud~urcd sue e|~c òrc g`| qre|eg~c'

Cd hkgcdk}cr e|~e rel`rrkn` ed cu~`r e|lrkoe sue = \erc e|~rkd$ eg ed fcrl` ne e|~c quodklclkg $ lucdsuker rehdeykg

|òre ~urk|f` { lud~urc |k g` g`| ddexcrc cd fok~` ned ne|crr`dd` )+ l`gxer~kr d`| cl~kx`| ne dc lud~urc eg oegehk&

lk`| ~cgjkode| qcrc d`| feg`| hcx`relkn`|$ q`r dc xc ned ~urk|f`$ nemcgn` nkhcg` l`g e|~c òrc sue ed òme~kx`

ne e|~c l`dellkg e| qre|eg~cr nkhereg~e| qer|qel~kxc| ne lf` dc lud~urc l`g~rkou{e c dc fem`rc ne dc lcdkncn ne

xknc ne dc| qer|`gc| { l`g~rkou{e c dc lìe|kg |`lkcd c ~rcx| ne dc qr`{ellkg re|qe~u`|c ne dc| l`fugkncne|'

Fem`rcgn`$ c ~rcx| ned kg~erlcfok`$ dc q`|kokdkncn ne ugc kjucdncn eg~re e~gkc|$ jger`|$ redkjk`ge|$ ` q`rsu g`$

c dc qrexeglkg ne l`ghdkl~`| q`r fenk` ne ug u|` qclhkl` ne d`| e|qclk`| |u|leq~kode| ne dk~kjk`|' Ed re|qe~` lud&

~urcd l`g~rkou{e cd cufeg~` ne dc cu~è|~kfc$ h`feg~cgn` kneg~kncne| kgldu|kxc| { h`r~cdelkegn` dc lcqclkncn ne

eyqcg|kg ned ~emkn` qr`nul~kx`$ ne dc| q`~eglkcdkncne| lrec~kxc| { ned ne|crr`dd` efqre|crkcd'

Ed dkor` sue ~kegeg u|~ene| eg~re |u| fcg`| fue|~rc ~cfokg eyqerkeglkc| eyk~`|c|$ { g` edune eg~rcr eg ~erreg`|

f| l`fqdem`| l`f` ed ne d`| nereli`| lud~urcde| sue icg ne |er re|qe~cn`| |kefqre { eg ~`n` f`feg~`' Qcrc

sue ~`n` edd` quenc |er cqdklcode$ ief`| ne kg~r`nulkr ugc feg~cdkncn ne qdcgkhklclkg sue g`| n`~e ne ierrc&fkeg~c| { felcgk|f`| ne excduclkg$ kforklcgn` { l`gel~cgn` ugc je|~kg lud~urcd l`g ugc je|~kg ~ur|~klc'

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Q_D@J@


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Kg~r`nullkg


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Co`rncr dc redclkg eg~re ~urk|f`$ lud~urc { ne|crr`dd` g` e| cdj` sue quenc icler|e |kg gkgjg cqrk`rk|f`$ |kg

gkgjugc kg~eglk`gcdkncn qrexkc' Dc cfqdk~un ne lcnc ug` ne d`| l`gleq~`|$ |u ~rcg|xer|cdkncn { dc eg`rfe lcg~k&

ncn ne c|qel~`| fcrjkgcde| sue l`g|knercr g`| ddexcrcg$ |kg nunc$ c ugc| nkfeg|k`ge| sue g` |e qre~egneg eg

e|~c quodklclkg { sue cnef| ed cu~`r e| kglcqc} ne ~rc~cr eg ~`nc |u ey~eg|kg'

Ne|ne icle fuli`| c`|$ e|~c redclkg eg~re ed ~urk|f`$ dc lud~urc { ed ne|crr`dd` fu{ exkneg~e ic |kn` ~rc~c&

nc eg cr~lud`|$ dkor`| { quodklclk`ge| ne|ne fulic| qer|qel~kxc|$ dc fc{`rc$ |kg efocrj`$ eg ed l`g~ey~` ne dc

|kfqde rehdeykg clcnfklc' Ed l`gleq~` ~urk|f` lud~urcd$ sue qcrele icoer|e l`gxer~kn`$ kfqr`xk|cnc { qrelkqk~c&

ncfeg~e$ eg dc l`glrelkg qrl~klc ne ~`nc| dc| nk|suk|klk`ge| ~erklc|$ ~kege ugc cfqdkc dk~erc~urc e kghkgkncn ne

c|`lkclk`ge| { eg~kncne| sue$ l`g fc{`r ` feg`r h`r~ugc$ nk|lurreg q`r ug cfqdk` lcfq` ne cl~uclkg$ kfqrelk&

|` eg `lc|k`ge| { ey~refcncfeg~e e|qelhkl` eg `~rc|' E|~c cleq~clkg ned~urk|f` lud~urcdl`f` dc |ufc co|`&du~c ned l`fqegnk` ne dc| redclk`ge| eg~re ~urk|f`$ lud~urc { ne|crr`dd` quene l`g|knercr|e$ eg ~`n` lc|`$ l`f`

re|~rkl~kxc ne dc| q`~eglkcdkncne| sue kfqdklc dc kg~ercllkg eg~re e|~`| ~re| fok~`| { ~cfokg l`f` crrke|jcnc

q`r ug lker~` e|~kd` edk~k|~c' Dc cqdklclkg qrl~klc ned ddcfcn` ~urk|f` lud~urcdg` ic kn` f| cdd$ eg dc fc{`rc ne

d`| lc|`|$ ne ugc qesuec qcrledc |edel~kxc ne ug jrcg ferlcn` ~ur|~kl` sue nk|q`ge {c jdòcdfeg~e ne ne~er&

fkgcn`| l`g~egkn`| lud~urcde| ` qcrclud~urcde|$ qer` g` eg ed l`g~ey~` ne d` sue cdjug`| nehkgeg l`f` Lud~urc$

l`g fc{|ludc'

\ eyk|~e$ que|$ ugc kg~eglkg' \e qre~egne csu ncr ug qc|` f| cdd ned ~urk|f` lud~urcd eg~egnkn` eg d`| ~r&

fkg`| f| l`fuge| qcrc corkr dc qer|qel~kxc c ug guex` e|qclk` ne redclk`ge| f| ehklc}$ suk}| feg`| `r~`&

n`y`$ qer` nehkgk~kxcfeg~e c|eg~cn` eg dc o|suenc ne ug fcrl` ne oegehklk`| |`lkèl`gfkl`| qrelk|cfeg~e

qcrc dc| l`fugkncne| feg`| hcx`relknc| { sue gele|k~cg ne kg|~rufeg~`| ne nkgcfk}clkg eg |u ex`dulkg el`&

gfklc { |`lkcd'

Eg e|~c l`ghe|cnc xk|kg cqrk`r|~klc g` lcoe nunc ne sue |e c|kjgc ug qcqed c lcnc ug` ne d`| fok~`|' Qcrele

q`l` nk|lu~kode sue ed ne|crr`dd` e| ed òme~kx`$ ed jrcg òme~kx` sue ic ne qerfk~kr fem`rcr dc lcdkncn ne xknc { dc|

eyqel~c~kxc| |`lkcde| ne jrcgne| lcqc| ne qòdclkg |ufknc| eg ed |uone|crr`dd` `$ |kfqdefeg~e$ fkgkfk}cr ed

ne|esukdkork` eg~re }`gc| urocgc| { rurcde| ` eg~re }`gc| l`|~erc| { ed kg~erk`r' Dc lud~urc e| ed jrcg cl~kx`$ dc rk&

sue}c ~cgjkode e kg~cgjkode ne dc sue |`g$ òme~kxcfeg~e$ qr`qke~crk`| kgnk|lu~kode| |u| qr`qk`| cl~`re| { je|~`re|'

Q`r d~kf`$ ed ~urk|f`$ eg~egnkn` eg |u nkfeg|kg ne hegfeg` |`lkèl`gfkl` ne jrcg fcjgk~un$ e| ed fenk`

sue ic ne l`glre~cr d`| cl~kx`| eg ne|crr`dd`$ dc| q`~eglkcdkncne| eg recdkncne| ~cgjkode| { lucg~khklcode| sue |e&

cg qerlkoknc| q`r dc qòdclkg qr`~cj`gk|~c ne dc kfqdefeg~clkg ne qr`{el~`| { qr`jrcfc|'

KG^_@NULLKG


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3:

L`kglkne e|~c quodklclkg l`g ugc e~cqc eg dc sue dc| Gclk`ge| Ugknc|$ l`g |u qr`ldcfclkg ne d`| @ome~kx`| ned

Fkdegk`$ icg nelknkn` qc|cr ned nk|lur|` ~erkl` ne dc l`g|~c~clkg ne d`| ne|esukdkork`| { dc| ne|kjucdncne| c dc|

cllk`ge| l`glre~c| sue ~rcg|h`rfeg gue|~rc |`lkencn' Dc @rjcgk}clkg Fugnkcd ned ûrk|f` )@F^+$ l`g |u|

cq`r~clk`ge| eg ed ~efc ûrk|f` { qòre}c$ ic coker~` ~cfokg dc| quer~c| c guex`| ckre| reg`xcn`re| sue ic&

jcg ehklc}$ eg e|~e e|qclk` ne qr`jre|` |`lkcd$ dc| kgklkc~kxc| ne ug |el~`r sue |e ic ncn` eg ne~erfkgcr l`f` ed

ne fc{`re| q`~eglkcdkncne| eg dc |uqerclkg ne dc| ne|kjucdncne| { eg dc nkgcfk}clkg el`gfklc ne dc| }`gc|

f| ne|hcx`relknc|'

E|$ que|$ ed f`feg~` `q`r~ug` qcrc sue sukege| ~rcocmcg eg ed fugn` ned ~urk|f`$ dc lud~urc ` ed ne|crr`dd`

c|ufcg |u ~rc|legneglkc { qdc|feg eg kgklkc~kxc| qrl~klc| dc kg~ercllkg q`|k~kxc eg~re d`| ~re| fok~`|' L`f`

qr`he|k`gcde|$ je|~`re| ` re|q`g|code| ne ~errk~`rk`| kfqdklcn`| eg e|~e qr`le|`$ g` lcoe nunc ne sue ~ege&f`| ugc guexc re|q`g|cokdkncn$ sue òdkjc c |uqercr dc ~rc{el~`rkc kgerlkcd ned ~urk|f` cl~ucd { ne dc je|~kg ic&

ok~ucd ne d`| cl~kx`| ne dc lud~urc eg crc| ne ug l`fqr`fk|` l`g ed ne|crr`dd` |`lkcd { el`gfkl` ne ugc jrcg

qcr~e ned qdcge~c sue xe dkfk~cnc| |u| q`|kokdkncne| q`r dc fenkc~k}clkg ne |u| cl~kxkncne| qr`nul~kxc| ~rcnk&

lk`gcde|'

E|~c| qjkgc| e|~g e|lrk~c| q`r cdjukeg e|~relicfeg~e xkgludcn` cd |el~`r ~ur|~kl`' Gc~urcdfeg~e$ cug lucgn`

ne|ne ed qug~` ne xk|~c clcnfkl` fulic| ne dc| l`g|knerclk`ge| |òre c|qel~`| ne dc lud~urc ` ned ne|crr`dd`

quencg |er nk|lu~kode|$ |uo{cle eg ed h`gn` ne ~`n` ed ~rcocm` dc x`dug~cn ne ug l`del~kx` ne qr`he|k`gcde| ned ~u&

rk|f`$ jegercdfeg~e l`g|knercn`| eg |u qer|qel~kxc f| ocgcd$ sue |e kfqdklcg { l`fqr`fe~eg eg nef`|~rcr

sue ed ~urk|f` quene |er cdj` f| sue ug hegfeg` l`g|ufk|~c$ l`fqud|kx` { e|~cgncrk}cg~e sue c|`dc ~errk~`&

rk`| { lud~urc|' Ed ~urk|f` quene { neoe |er$ eg |u l`gmuglkg l`g dc lud~urc$ ugc xc ne nkgcfk}clkg |`lkcd { el`&

gfklc$ ug hcl~`r ne l`g|erxclkg ne dc| fd~kqde| cu~eg~klkncne| ne gue|~r` fugn` { ug qug~` ne eglueg~r` {

cnklkg ne lud~urc| nkxer|c| { egrksuelen`rc|'

\e ic qre~egnkn` eg e|~c| qjkgc| ncr ugc qer|qel~kxc jegercd ne d`| l`gleq~`| { ne dc| nk|~kg~c| edco`rclk`&

ge| ~erklc| ne qer|`gc| { eg~kncne| qr`leneg~e| ned ~urk|f` ` ne dc lud~urc$ qcrc$ eg dc qcr~e hkgcd$ co`rncr dc

lc|u|~klc ne dc kfqdefeg~clkg eg ed ~errk~`rk` ne qr`que|~c| { qr`jrcfc| sue re|ud~eg recdfeg~e ehklcle| eg

ed fcrl` ne ug ne|crr`dd` |`|~egkode' G` |e ~rc~c ~cg~` ne ug fcgucd ne ouegc| qrl~klc| l`f` ne ug l`fqeg&

nk` ne rehdeyk`ge| sue$ l`g dc djklc ned |eg~kn` l`fg$ |krxcg c sukege| ~kegeg re|q`g|cokdkncne| nkrel~c| eg

dc je|~kg ned ~errk~`rk` { c sukege|$ ne cdjg f`n`$ l``qercg eg ed nk|e` e kfqdefeg~clkg ne qr`jrcfc| ne

ne|crr`dd`'

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Ed ~urk|f`


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22/193

Ed ~urk|f` e| cdj` sue$ ne ugc u `~rc fcgerc$ |kefqre |e ik}`' Dc lurk`|kncn$ dc gele|kncn ne ne|luorkr guex`|

e|qclk`|$ ne kg~ercllk`gcr l`g `~rc| jeg~e|$ h`rfc qcr~e ne gue|~rc fk|fc l`gnklkg' G` qre~egnef`| egl`g&

~rcr$ gk |k|~efc~k}cr$ ~`nc| dc| nehkgklk`ge| sue ne|ne nkxer|c| qer|qel~kxc| |`lk`djklc| cg~r`q`djklc| |e icg

ncn` ne e|~e hegfeg` c d` dcrj` ne dc ik|~`rkc$ |kg` sue g`| lkrlug|lrkokf`| c dc nehkgklkg ned ~urk|f` lucgn`

e|~e efqke}c c cnsukrkr dc ~rc|legneglkc |`lkcd { el`gfklc sue kfqdklc sue h`rfe qcr~e ne dc| cl~kxkncne| icok&

~ucde| eg dc| |`lkencne| cxcg}cnc|'

Gc~urcdfeg~e$ ~`nc| dc| nehkgklk`ge| ne ~urk|f`$ kgldu|` dc| f| cg~kjuc|$ g`| queneg qr`q`rlk`gcr qk|~c| |òre

c|qel~`| redexcg~e| ne |u redclkg l`g dc lud~urc' Eg recdkncn$ qcrele kgnk|`lkcode ed ~urk|f` ne dc lud~urc {$ eg

~`n` lc|`$ g` |e eg~egnerc dc fk|fc jge|k| ned ~urk|f` |kg kfqdklclk`ge| lud~urcde| |kjgkhklc~kxc|'

Ex`dulk`gcf`|$ { q`r ~cg~` gue|~rc| f`~kxclk`ge| { gue|~r`| l`fq`r~cfkeg~`| xcg xcrkcgn` ic|~c l`gxer~kr ed ~urk|&

f` eg ug` ne gue|~r`| l`g|uf`| l`~knkcg`|' Cug c|$ |uo{cleg eg gue|~r` kgl`g|lkeg~e rc}`ge| fu{ qrkfk~kxc| sue

g`| kfqud|cg c ne|luorkr su ic{ ne~r| ne dc f`g~cc { c l`g~rc|~cr gue|~r` f`n` ne xknc l`g ed ne `~rc| |`lkenc&

ne| l`g ex`dulk`ge| lud~urcde| fu{ nk|~kg~c|' Eg lker~c fcgerc$ ou|lcf`| |ejurkncn$ dc l`gxkllkg ne sue d` sue ic&

lef`| e| fem`r sue d` sue xef`|$ ` ne sue q`nef`| fem`rcr gue|~rc xknc cl~ucd l`g d` sue cqregnef`|' Ugc xe}

ne~r| ne dc f`g~cc$ `q~cf`| q`r |ufcr ` q`r l`fqcrcr$ eg huglkg ne gue|~rc qr`qkc oc|e ~klc { lud~urcd' Dc cl~k&

~un re|ud~cg~e xc c |er nehkgk~kxc eg dc qr`{ellkg ne gue|~rc qrl~klc ~ur|~klc |òre ed ~errk~`rk` sue xk|k~cf`|' Dc |u&fc e| ed qrkglkqk` ne ugc kfqdklclkg sue kfqud|c ed ne|crr`dd`' Dc l`fqcrclkg$ ne|ne dc q~klc ne xk|k~cg~e| q`ne&

r`|`| { xk|k~cn`| efqòrelkn`|$ cleg~c$ eg jegercd$ dc| ne|kjucdncne| { dc kfqerfecokdkncn c dc kg~ercllkg lud~urcd'

F| cdd ne e|~c| `qlk`ge|$ qr`qkc| ne sukege| xkcmcg cl~kxcfeg~e$ cqcrele ed ne|lcg|` l`f` l`fq`geg~e ned

l`g|uf` ~ur|~kl` eg dc| |`lkencne| cxcg}cnc|' Ed ne|lcg|`$ l`f` ome~kx` hkgcdk|~c$ kfqdklc ed u|` ne ug ~errk~`&

rk` |kg f| l`g|knerclk`ge|' Gk |e |ufc gk |e l`fqcrc$ q`r lucg~`$ ne|ch`r~ugcncfeg~e$ dc| l`gnklk`ge| ned du&

jcr$ kgldu|` dc| lud~urcde|$ g` ~kegeg f| ~rc|legneglkc sue dc ne ug fcrl` ldkf~kl` { e|~~kl` kghkgk~cfeg~ereqr`nulkode sue hcx`re}lc ed n`dle hcr gkeg~e'

DC\ NEHKGKLK@GE\ LD\KLC\ NE Û_K\F@

\k l`gxegkf`| eg sue ed ~urk|f`$ eg |u |eg~kn` cl~ucd$ |e kgklkc eg ed |kjd` YY$ q`nef`| rel`jer cdjugc| ne dc|

f| redexcg~e| nehkgklk`ge| sue |e icg ncn` ne d ne|ne 3;11' Dc |ufc ~`~cd ne `qercn`re|$ qrkglkqcdfeg~e ne

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lcrk} el`gfkl`$ nkrel~cfeg~e redclk`gcn`| l`g dc ddejcnc$ dc e|~cglkc { ed f`xkfkeg~` ne h`rc|~er`| eg ug ne&

~erfkgcn` qc|$ lkuncn ` rejkg )I' X`g \liuddcrn$3;31+'E| g`~code sue {c eg e|~c qrkferc cqr`ykfclkg cd ~u&

rk|f` f`nerg` ed l`fq`geg~e el`gfkl` ~egjc ug qe|` ~rc|legneg~cd' Ed ~urk|f` e|$ que|$ ug hegfeg` el`&

gfkl`$ sue qr`nule oegehklk`| c qcr~kr ne d`| hdum`| ~ur|~kl`| sue jegercg d`| c~rcl~kx`| ne ug ~errk~`rk`'

Dc Dkjc ne dc| Gclk`ge| )3; i`rc|' D`| xkcme| ne feg`| ne ?> i`rc| |e nehkgeg

l`f` eylur|k`ge|' E|~c nk|~kglkg eg~re ~urk|f` { eylur|kg |kjue i`{ eg nc$ c ehel~`| e|~cn|~kl`|$ ~`ncxc xk&

jeg~e' \e kg~r`nule csu ed xkcme q`r qdcler$ nehkgk~`rk` ned ~urk|f` nurcg~e fuli` ~kefq` { cug eg dc cl~ucdkncn$

|ejg fcg~kegeg fuli`| eyqer~`|' Ed ~kefq` { dc recdkncn òme~kxc ne d`| l`g|uf`| ~ur|~kl`| icg nef`|~rcn`

sue ed l`gleq~` ~urk|f` xc f| cdd ned e|qclk` ne `lk` { sue kg~erxkege eg `~r`| fok~`| ne dc| cl~kxkncne| iu&

fcgc|$ ~cde| l`f`$ q`r emefqd`$ dc| qencjjklc|$ dc| redkjk`|c| dc| qr`he|k`gcde|' Kgldu|` |e quene icodcr eg dc

cl~ucdkncn ne hdum`| ~ur|~kl`| xkgludcn`| c qr`{el~`| ne l``qerclkg ` ne |kfqde |`dkncrkncn |`lkcd ` q`d~klc'

Ed ~urk|f` e| dc ~`~cdkncn ne dc| redclk`ge| { hegfeg`| jegercn`| q`r ed xkcme { dc e|~cglkc ne h`rc|~er`|$ |kef&

qre { lucgn` dc e|~cglkc g` kfqdksue ed e|~codelkfkeg~` ne ugc re|kneglkc qerfcgeg~e { g` e|~ redclk`gcnc l`g

cl~kxkncne| refugercnc| )Iug}kber { Brcqh$ 3;>?+' \e cl`~cg csu dc| lcrcl~er|~klc| ned ~urk|f`$ dkfk~cgn` ed

~kefq` { dc| lcrcl~er|~klc| ne dc e|~cglkc' E| fu{ lurk`|`lf`$ suk}| |kg qeg|crd` ne~egkncfeg~e$ eg 3;>? {c|e qre|ufc ed nexegkr ned ~urk|f` ne fc|c| { |u| l`g|elueglkc| |òre ed urocgk|f` ned |kjd` YYK' D`| cu~`re|

ne dc nehkgklkg e|~crcg i`{ eg nc eghreg~cn`| c sukege| |`|~kegeg ne|ch`r~ugcncfeg~e ed fcd ddcfcn` ~u&

rk|f` re|kneglkcd$ sue l`g|k|~e$ o|klcfeg~e$ eg dc l`g|~rullk`g kgnk|lrkfkgcnc {dc xeg~c ne licde~| { cqcr~c&

feg~`| eg }`gc| ne l`|~c' E|~c guexc `qlkg$ sue |e qre~egne kgldukr eg dc nkgfklc ~ur|~klc$ e|~ fu{ cdkfeg&

~cnc q`r dc| eyqel~c~kxc| ne d`| lkuncncg`| ne dc| |`lkencne| cxcg}cnc| sue ou|lcg$ eg }`gc| f| ocrc~c| {

ldknc|$|u dujcr ne re|kneglkc ~efq`rcd ` qerfcgeg~e qcrc |u e~cqc ne muokdclkg' \e |uq`ge ugc nkgfklc ~ur|&

~klc sue$ qrelk|cfeg~e$ d`| cu~`re| ne dc nehkgklkg gejcr`g {c eg |u f`feg~`'

ûrk|f` e| ed ne|qdc}cfkeg~` l`r~` { ~efq`rcd ne qer|`gc| iclkc ne|~kg`| nk|~kg~`| c |u| dujcre| ne re|kneglkc

` ~rcocm` icok~ucd$ c| l`f` dc| cl~kxkncne| sue recdk}cg nurcg~e |u e|~cglkc eg ed ne|~kg`' \e kgldu{eg d`| ne|&

qdc}cfkeg~`| q`r lucdsuker f`~kxclkg )^ùrk|f \`lke~{ `h Egjdcgn$ 3;:8+' Cqcreleg eg e|~c nehkgklkg edefeg&

~`| fu{ lcrcl~er|~kl`| ned ~urk|f` f`nerg`$ ug` ne edd`| dc| cl~kxkncne|2 e| nelkr$ ~urk|f` g` e| |`d` ne|qdc}cr&

|e { e|~cr eg ug dujcr$ |kg` sue e| icler cdjugc l`|c cdd n`gne |e e|~' @~r` c|qel~` sue cqcrele eg dc

nehkgklkg e| dc rehereglkc c dc| f`~kxclk`ge|$ sue suenc nehkgk~kxcfeg~e cfqdkcnc' ^rc|legneglkc el`gfklc$

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~efq`rcdkncn$ òme~kx`|$ cl~kxkncne| { f`~kxclk`ge| xcg qerhkdcgn` dc| lcrcl~er|~klc| ne d` sue i`{ l`g`lef`|

q`r ~urk|f`'

Dc @F^$ eg 3;;>$ d` nehkgk l`f`$ ed l`gmug~` ne cl~kxkncne| sue recdk}cg dc| qer|`gc| nurcg~e |u| xkcme| c du&

jcre| nk|~kg~`| ne |u l`g~ey~` icok~ucd$ q`r ug qer`n` kgherk`r c ug c`$ l`g qr`q|k~`| ne lk`$ gej`lk`| { ~r`|

f`~kx`|' Q`|~erk`rfeg~e$ dc @F^ qrelk| sue$ c ehel~`| ne l`g~cokdk}clkg ne ~urk|~c|$ |`d` l`g|knercrc c csue&

dd`| sue e|~uxkercg l`f` fgkf` ugc g`lie eg ed ne|~kg` edejkn`' Edd` ic ddexcn` c l`ghu|k`ge| eg cdjug`| lc&

|`|$ que| dc| eylur|k`ge| { xk|k~c| ne ug nc$ ~cg kfq`r~cg~e| eg dc el`g`fc { qcrc dc| q`~eglkcdkncne| ne }`gc|

neqrkfknc|$ qcrelcg suencr eylduknc| ned hegfeg` ~ur|~kl`' Cug lucgn` g` |e l`g~cokdkleg eg d`| :81 fkdd`ge|

ne ~urk|~c| sue leg| dc @F^ eg ed ?11>$ d`| eylur|k`gk|~c|$ xk|k~cg~e| ne ug nc$ h`rfcg qcr~e ~cfokg ne e|~c

cl~kxkncn |el~`r'

DC CL^KXKNCN Û_\^KLC [ DC CNFKGK\^_CLKG NED Ê__K^@_K@

Lcoe ne|~clcr dc eg`rfe cfqdk~un ned l`gleq~` {$ q`r ~cg~`$ dc| nkhklud~cne| `qerc~kxc| c dc i`rc ne dc cqdklclkg

qrl~klc$ eg ed ~erreg` ne dc kg~ercllkg l`g dc lud~urc { ed ne|crr`dd`' Eg recdkncn$ dc ~rcg|xer|cdkncn ned ~urk|f` ic

ddexcn` c cdjug`| c chkrfcr sue g` |e ~rc~c recdfeg~e ne ug |el~`r el`gfkl`$ ~cd lucd |e qerlkoe g`rfcdfeg~e$|kg` sue |e ~rc~c ne ugc cl~kxkncn sue chel~c c kggufercode|$ c lc|k ~`n`| d`| |el~`re| |`lkcde| { el`gfkl`| ne

ug qc|$ lkuncn ` rejkg' ^cg~` e| c| sue ugc ne dc| nkhklud~cne| ned ~urk|f` e| dc ne |u uoklclkg eg d`| eg~rc&

fcn`| cnfkgk|~rc~kx`|' Nkhlkdfeg~e |e egl`g~rcrg cnfkgk|~rclk`ge| qodklc| sue ~egjcg dc l`fqe~eglkc eg fc&

~erkc ne ~urk|f` eg ed fk|f` fkgk|~erk`$ neqcr~cfeg~` ` l`g|emerc' Dc ~cg neoc~knc eyk|~eglkc ne ug Fkgk|~erk`

ne ûrk|f` eg d`| qc|e| eg sue e|~e ~kege ` quene ~eger ugc ~rc|legneglkc kfq`r~cg~e quene xer|e ne|ne n`|

qer|qel~kxc|$ cfoc| rc}`gcode|$ sue kdu|~rcg dc nkhklud~cn ned ~rc~cfkeg~` ~rcg|xer|cd ne dc cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc' Q`r

ugc qcr~e$ dc eyk|~eglkc ne ug fkgk|~erk` quene ncr redexcglkc c dc cl~kxkncn { l`gxer~krdc eg òme~kx` ne ne|crr`dd`ne qrkferc fcjgk~un' Q`r ~rc$ dc fk|fc eyk|~eglkc ne ug fkgk|~erk` ne e|~c| lcrcl~er|~klc| kfqdklcrc sue ed re|&

~` ne dc Cnfkgk|~rclkg Qodklc g` ~uxkerc sue `luqcr|e ned ~urk|f` eg |u e|suefc ne huglk`gcfkeg~`' G~eg|e

d`| rke|j`| ne e|~c |ejugnc `qlkg lucgn` icodcf`| ne kg~ercllkg eg~re ~urk|f`$ lud~urc { ne|crr`dd`' E| hre&

lueg~e$ q`r ne|jrclkc$ dc eyk|~eglkc eg ed |eg` ne ug fk|f` Jòkerg` ` kg|~k~ulkg qodklc ne q`d~klc| ~ur|&

~klc| nk|~kg~c| ne|ne nk|~kg~`| e|~cfeg~`| ne dc fk|fc Cnfkgk|~rclkg' Eg fd~kqde| lc|k`ge| eyk|~e ugc q`d~klc

~ur|~klc$ fc{`rk~crkcfeg~e leg~rcnc eg dc qr`f`lkg ne d`| c~rcl~kx`| jegrkl`| ned ~errk~`rk` { ed l`g~r`d ne dc kg&

nu|~rkc ~ur|~klc$ ocm` dc oc~u~c ne ugc eg~kncn juoergcfeg~cd sue |e |uq`ge re|q`g|code ned ~urk|f` eg |u jd`&

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Cug lucgn` ed ~urk|f` ~kege dc jrcg q`|kokdkncn ne cl`f`ncr|e qcrc |er l`fqc~kode l`g ugc kggufercode lcg~k&

ncn ne ~rc| cl~kxkncne|$ |uo{cle csu ug qcrcnkjfc o|kl` eg ed ne|crr`dd` ~ur|~kl`$sue |e re|ufe eg dc |uo`r&

nkgclkg ne `~rc| q`d~klc| c dc| q`d~klc| ~ur|~klc| ` xklexer|c' Eg re|ufeg$ g` |e ~rc~c ~cg~` ne dc nehkgklkg ne

kg|~k~ulk`ge| sue rkmcg dc q`d~klc ~ur|~klc$ |kg` ned `rneg merrsukl` q`r ed sue d`| nk|~kg~`| e|~cfeg~`| ne ug J`&

okerg` )c dc e|lcdc sue |ec+ ne~erfkgcg dc kfq`r~cglkc ned ~urk|f` eg e|c }`gc' Edd` ~kege sue xer$ kgedunkodefeg&

~e$ g` ~cg |`d` l`g ed ~urk|f`$ |kg` ~cfokg$ l`f` |e chkrfcoc cg~erk`rfeg~e$ l`g dc xk|kg jegercd$ ed f`ned` ne

ne|crr`dd` sue |e qrex qcrc e|e ~errk~`rk`'

Suene ldcr`$ |kg efocrj`$ sue g` |e ~rc~c csu ne icler ugc neheg|c ned ddcfcn`f`g`lud~kx` ~ur|~kl`$ e| nelkr$

dc nenklclkg gklc { eyldu|kxc c e|~c cl~kxkncn$ qre|lkgnkegn` ne `~rc| cl~kxkncne| ~rcnklk`gcde| ` eyldu{egn`

`~rc| q`~eglkcdkncne|' \e qerhkdc$ eg ~`n` lc|`$ dc knec ne sue$ |k dc `qlkg ne ne|crr`dd` eg dc qr`q`rlkg sue

|ec qc|c q`r ed ~urk|f`$ e| gele|crk` cl`f`ncr ~cfokg qr`q`rlk`gcdfeg~e ed ~errk~`rk` c e|~c qer|qel~k&

xc' Eg re|ufeg$ |e ~rc~c ne e|~codeler oc|e| rc}`gcode| qcrc ed ne|crr`dd` ~ur|~kl` |`|~egkode$ ne fcgerc cl`rne

l`g d`| ome~kx`| jegercde| ned ~errk~`rk` { eg l`gmuglkg crfgklc l`g ~r`| |el~`re| el`gfkl`| { |`lkcde|$ eg&

~re edd`| dc lud~urc$ l`f` edefeg~` ne qrkferc fcjgk~un'

ED Û_K\F@ L@F@ KG\^_UFEG^@

Eg dc eyqd`rclkg ne d`| l`gleq~`| ne ~urk|f` { ne dc| l`g|elueglkc| ne e|~`| |òre dc |`lkencn$ cnsukereg e|&

qelkcd xcd`r$ eg ugc qer|qel~kxc ne hu~ur` { fu{ e|qelkcdfeg~e eg |u redclkg l`g dc lud~urc { ed ne|crr`dd`$ nehk&

gklk`ge| cl~ucde| l`f` dc ne Oer~rcf F' J`rn`g )Fkdd| L`ddcje$ Lcdkh`rgkc+= Dc eyqre|kg ne dc lurk`|kncn' Lurk`&

|kncn eg f`xkfkeg~`' \e xkgludc e|~c nehkgklkg c xcd`re| e|~~kl`| { c ugc h`rfc ` eyqre|kg ne e|~~klc

cqdklcnc' Q`nrcf`| ncr f| xcd`r c dc| q`~eglkcde| f`~kxclk`ge| e|~~klc| ned ~urk|~c cl~ucd |k dc krruqlkg ne

`~r`| xcd`re| )f`nc$ l`g|ufk|f`$ qre|~kjk $ ~cfokg |`dkncrkncn$ e~l'+ g` g`| nef`|~rcrcg sue dc lurk`|kncn egf`xkfkeg~` g` ~kege |`dcfeg~e l`fq`geg~e| dnkl`| ` e|~~kl`|' Ferele e|qelkcd c~eglkg dc cqr`ykfclkg ne

dc knec ned ~urk|f` c dc gele|kncn ne l`g`ler$ ne ne|luorkr' Eg ug fugn` eg ed sue ed x`dufeg { dc lcdkncn ne dc|

kgh`rfclk`ge| e| qrl~klcfeg~e c|k|~efc~k}code e kgl`g~rc|~code$ cnsukere e|qelkcd kfq`r~cglkc csuedd` sue$ l`g

lurk`|kncn$ sueref`| l`g`ler q`r g`|`~r`| fk|f`|$ |kg fenkc~k}clk`ge|' Edd` g`| ddexc$ |kg jrcgne| eduluorclk`&

ge|$ c dc lcdkncn nekg|~rufeg~` ned ~urk|f` cl~ucd' E|~cf`|$ eg recdkncn$ cg~e ug jrcg fenk` ne l`fugklclkg

sue$ eg dujcr ne clerlcr dc g`~klkc$ dc g`xencn$ ed l`g`lkfkeg~` q`|kodefeg~e fenkc~k}cn` c gue|~rc l`f`nk&

ncn l`~knkcgc$ g`| qr`q`rlk`gc dc `q`r~ugkncn ne |c~k|hcler gue|~rc lurk`|kncn$ gue|~r` ne|e` ne cqregner$ eg

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nkrel~`$ eg eddujcr ne d`| ieli`| ${ l`g~rc|~crd`| l`g gue|~r` ocjcme lud~urcd { gue|~rc eyqerkeglkc xkxeglkcd' Eg

e|~e emerlklk`$ cnef| ne |c~k|hcler gue|~rc lurk`|kncn$ cocgn`gcf`| ed lf`n` eg~`rg` ne gue|~rc |`lkencn

ned okege|~cr qcrc eghreg~crg`| c guexc| nkfeg|k`ge| |`lkcde| { lud~urcde|$ cdjugc| feg`| l`gh`r~code|$ d` sue

g`| qr`q`rlk`gc dc `qlkg ne eyqerkfeg~cr gue|~rc| lcqclkncne| qer|`gcde| cg~e d` ey~rc`$ cg~e d` cmeg`' Ne

ci ed eg`rfe cou|` ne dc qcdcorccxeg~urc cg~~e|k| ned l`fq`r~cfkeg~` ne dc kgnu|~rkc ~ur|~klc eg ~`nc dcqcrchergcdkc ne dc quodklkncn ~ur|~klc'

Fenk` ne l`fugklclkg$ que|$ qcrc |c~k|hcler gue|~rc lurk`|kncn { q`gerg`|$ eg ug re~` qer|`gcd$ cg~e `~rc| re&

cdkncne| nk|~kg~c|' \k cleq~cf`| e|~e l`g~egkn` qrkglkqcd$ eg ug l`gleq~` f`nerg` ned ~urk|f`$ ne lurk`|kncn {

ne kg|~rufeg~` ne l`fugklclkg$ g`| clerlcf`| fuli` f| c dc xcd`rclkg ne dc lud~urc$ eg ug |eg~kn` cfqdk`$

l`f` edefeg~` ldcxe eg dc| f`~kxclk`ge| ne d`| xkcmer`| { qr`q`rlk`gcf`| ugc ierrcfkeg~c ~rc|legneg~cd qcrc

ed ne|crr`dd` eg csuedd`| dujcre| l`g l`g~egkn`| lud~urcde| lcqcle| ne c~rcer dc lurk`|kncn ned xkcmer` f`nerg`'

Lker~` e| sue dc l`g~rcq`|klkg ned ocjcme lud~urcd ned xkcmer`$ fu{ eg e|qelkcd lucgn` e|~e qr`xkege ne |`lkenc&

ne| el`gfklcfeg~e cxcg}cnc|$ l`g dc lud~urc cu~l~`gc d`lcd$ eg dujcre| |uqenk~cn`| el`gfklcfeg~e c d`|

ferlcn`| efk|`re|$ quene |uq`ger$ { ne ieli` {c d` |uq`ge eg fuli`| dujcre| ned fugn`$ rke|j`| fu{ g`~c&

ode| sue |`dcfeg~e queneg fkgkfk}cr|e eg ugc qer|qel~kxc ne |`|~egkokdkncn$ qer|qel~kxc sue |e qre~egne ~rc~cr

eg lcq~ud`| q`|~erk`re|'

Ed fcrl` l`gleq~ucd ned ~urk|f` f`nerg` suencrc kndklcfeg~e nehkgkn` eg e|~c dgec ne fenk` ne l`fugklclkg

lud~urcd |k g` ~uxkrcf`| sue cnfk~kr sue jrcg qcr~e$ suk}| dc fc{`rk~crkc$ ned ~urk|f` ne i`{ eg nc |e fuexe eg

~`rg` cd u|` ocgcdne ug ~errk~`rk`' \k okeg e|~` e| exkneg~e$ { qermunklkcd eg ugc xk|kg |`|~egkode ned ne|crr`dd`$

ic{ sue cleq~cr sue g` |e icle eg ~urk|f` ugc l`|c nk|~kg~c ne dc icok~ucd eg dc fc{`rc ne d`| fenk`| ne l`&

fugklclkg fc|kx`|' ^cfokg eg dc cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc$ dc| lu`~c| ne cunkeglkc qrexcdeleg |`ore `~r`| fuli`|

xcd`re| ne fc{`r redexcglkc lucdk~c~kxc$ cug lucgn` e|~`| d~kf`| |ecg rek~ercncfeg~e rekxkgnklcn`| q`r d`| qr`&

he|k`gcde| ne d`| fk|f`| fenk`|'

?8

ED ^U_\F@


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Ex`dulkgik|~rklcned ~urk|f`


29/193


30/193

NE D@\ XKCME_@\ _@FG^KL@\ CD Û_K\F@ NED \KJD@ YY

Eg recdkncn$ lucgn` ~rc~cf`| ne ik|~`rkc ned ~urk|f` g` q`nef`| ref`g~crg`| c fuli` ~kefq` c~r|' Ed ~urk|f`$

eg~egnkn` eg dc| nkfeg|k`ge| |`lkcde| { el`gfklc| icok~ucde| i`{ eg nc$ e| ug hegfeg` relkeg~e { l`g ug

|uo|~rc~` ik|~rkl` sue q`nef`| re|ufkr eg ugc| q`lc| nlcnc|' Okeg e| lker~` sue ik|~`rkcn`re| e kgxe|~kjcn`&

re| icg qr`hugnk}cn` eg dc| rcle| ik|~rklc| ned ~urk|f` { sue$ ne ugc u `~rc fcgerc$ ~cd l`f` |e nkm` cg~e|$

|kefqre |e ik}` ~urk|f`' Cug c|$ g` ic{ sue `dxkncr sue mu|~` c qrkglkqk`| ned |kjd` YY dc qrl~klc ne e|e ~urk|f`

e|~coc ~`ncxc re|erxcnc c ug`| q`l`| { |edellk`gcn`| icok~cg~e| ned qdcge~c'

D`| cg~eleneg~e| ne e|~c recdkncn$ qerleq~kode |kjgkhklc~kxcfeg~e c qcr~kr ne d`| qrkfer`| c`| ned |kjd` YY$ ic{

sue ou|lcrd`| eg d`| f`xkfkeg~`| |`lkcde| { el`gfkl`| ned |kjd` YXKKK' Dc rex`dulkg kgnu|~rkcd$ q`r ugc qcr~e$ {

dc| ~egneglkc| kg~edel~ucde| iclkc ed rene|luorkfkeg~` { l`g~efqdclkg ne dc gc~urcde}c$ fcr { f`g~cc$ q`r ~rc$

lrecg ed lcdn` ne lud~kx` qcrc ne|qdc}cfkeg~`| dnkl`| { e|~~kl`| sue l`ghkjurcg d`| qrkfer`| f`xkfkeg~`| ~u&

r|~kl`|' D`| ocdgecrk`|$ ed ~erfcdk|f`$ qrl~klc cg~ksu|kfc$ xuedxeg c e|~cr ne f`nc$ { eg |u eg~`rg` |e qr`nu&

leg cu~g~kl`| hdum`| ~ur|~kl`|'

L`g cg~erk`rkncn |kjd` YXKK$ icorc sue ou|lcr cdjugc refkgk|leglkc ~ur|~klc eg edjrcgn ~ùrne d`| gòde|

eur`qe`|$ ne lcrcl~er|~klc| dnklc| { enulc~kxc|$ ne dcrjc nurclkg ic|~c ~re| c`| { sue l`fqde~coc dc h`r&fclkg |`lkcd$ cr~|~klc e kg~edel~ucd ne d`| mxege| ne dc q`lc' Q`|~erk`rfeg~e$ eg ed YXKKK$ edjrcgn ~ùr|e ey~eg&

nk$ l`g `~rc| lcrcl~er|~klc| f| |kfqde|$ c dc qumcg~e ourjue|c ned f`feg~`'

L`kglkne cqr`ykfcncfeg~e e|~c q`lc l`g dc eyqd`|kg ned cdqkgk|f`$ lucgn` mxege| crk|~lrc~c| eur`qe`|$

fc{`rk~crkcfeg~e kgjde|e|$ ne|luoreg ed qdcler { ed re~` ne e|lcdcr dc| f| cd~c| f`g~cc| ne d`| Cdqe|' Licf`&

gky |e l`gxker~e eg ug leg~r` ~ur|~kl` xkgludcn` c e|~c qrl~klc neq`r~kxc' \uk}c efqke}c c enkhklcr eg d`| c`|

xekg~e ned |kjd` YKY d`| qrkfer`| i`~ede| qcrc cd`mcr c e|~`| qunkeg~e| xkcmer`| { neq`r~k|~c|' J`~~hrken Eoed quodklcdc sue |e quene l`g|knercr dc qrkferc juc ne xkcme$ ~cd l`f` i`{ |e l`glkoe ugc juc ne xkcme|$ sue |e lkrlug|&

lrkoe c \uk}c'

C qrkglkqk`| ned YKY { eg ug l`g~ey~` r`fg~kl`$ d`| oc`| ne fcr |e q`geg ne f`nc eg~re ~`nc dc crk|~`lrclkc {

dc| jeg~e| ned cr~e { dc lud~urc' D`| ~rege|$ relkeg~e { g`xen`|` fenk` ne l`fugklclkg$ hclkdk~cg ed clle|` ne e|&

~`|qr`~`~urk|~c| c dc| }`gc| ne l`|~c$ e|qelkcdfeg~e ned Fenk~errge`' Eg e|~e qer`n` q`nrcf`| chkrfcr sue

cqcreleg d`| qrkfer`||ec&|kne re|`r~| ne dc ik|~`rkc ~ur|~klc'

?;

EX@DULKG IK\^_KLC NED Û_K\F@


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Dc| ~rcg|h`rfclk`ge| el`gfklc| nerkxcnc| ne dc rex`dulkg kgnu|~rkcd kgl`rq`rcg cd xkcme c |el~`re| ne dc our&

jue|c sue g` |`g {c kfk~cn`re| nedjrcgn ~ùrcrk|~`lr~kl`$ ne lcrl~er h`rfc~kx`$ |kg` sue xkcmcg f`~kxcn`|

q`r dc gele|kncn ne ò~egerkgh`rfclkg$ eg dujcr ne h`rfclkg' Dc| guexc| qr`que|~c| ne qr`nullkg { d`| qr`&

le|`| ne l`ferlkcdk}clkg |e l`gxker~eg$ que|$ eg c~rcl~kx`| ~ur|~kl`|$ eg dc jge|k|$ eg nehkgk~kxc$ ned f`nerg`

~urk|f` ne gej`lk`|'

C d` dcrj` ned |kjd` YKY |e xc cleg~ucgn`$ cnef|$ dc xk|kg ne dc gc~urcde}c demcgc { ned cr~e h`rge` l`f` c~rcl~k&

x` f`~kxcn`r ne d`| xkcme|$ ~`ncxc renulkn`| cd fok~` ne dc| ldc|e| |`lkcde| f| q`ner`|c|' Dc| ~egneglkc| l`g&

|erxclk`gk|~c| |e qdc|fcg {c eg recdkncne| l`glre~c|$ l`f` dc neldcrclkg eg 39:: ned qrkfer qcrsue gclk`gcd

)[edd`z|~`ge$ E|~cn`| Ugkn`|+' Eg 3;1: dc Cnfkgk|~rclkg L`d`gkcd Cdefcgc neldcrc ~cfokg e|qclk` qr`~ejkn` ed

Qcrsue Gclk`gcd ne E~`|ic )eg dc cl~ucd Gcfkokc+$ qrkferc eyqerkeglkc ne qr`~ellkg ddexcnc c lco` eg hrklc'

E| eg e|~`| c`| lucgn` |urjeg jrcgne| qr`{el~`| ne eyqd`rclkg$ f`~kxcn`| ~cg~` q`r c|qel~`| ned l`g`lk&

fkeg~` { dc kgg`xclkg l`f` q`r dc eyqcg|kg l`d`gkcd ne dc| jrcgne| q`~eglkc| { |u gele|kncn ne ò~eger oege&

hklk`| ne |u| q`|e|k`ge| eg `~r`| l`g~kgeg~e|' Gcleg eg~kncne| sue ~egnrg$ c d` dcrj` ne dc ik|~`rkc$ ug redexcg~e

qcqed eg dc f`~kxclkg xkcmerc ne lucdsuker qer|`gc fgkfcfeg~e kgh`rfcnc'

Eg 39


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?

\ur ne Ocxkerc { kr`d >?

\ur ne Cdefcgkc


33/193

Lcoe$ hkgcdfeg~e$ icler feglkg$ eg e|~e orexe reqc|` c d`| cg~eleneg~e| ik|~rkl`| ned ~urk|f` f`nerg`$ c kgk&

lkc~kxc| c|`lkc~kxc| redclk`gcnc| l`g dc gc~urcde}c$ ed ~kefq` dkore { ed l`g`lkfkeg~`$ |urjknc| ne f`xkfkeg~`|

qr`de~crk`|$ ~cde| l`f` D`| Cfkj`| ne dc Gc~urcde}c$ hugncnc eg Xkegc eg 39;5 q`r mxege| |`lkcdneflrc~c|$ `

dc lreclkg eg Hrcglkc$ eg 3;?;$ ne dc @hhkle nu ^ùrk|fe Ugkxer|k~ckre' E|~c| eg~kncne|$ mug~` l`g `~rc| fulic|

eg ~`nc Eur`qc$ l`glkeglkcnc| q`r d`| guex`| ckre| rekxkgnklc~kx`|$ ~egnrcg$ l`f` xeref`| f| cnedcg~e$ ugcqcqed fu{ |kjgkhklc~kx` eg ed ddcfcn` ~urk|f` ne fc|c|$ c qcr~kr ne d`| c`| ~rekg~c ned |kjd` YY'

Q`nrc qcreler sue ~`n`| e|~`| cg~eleneg~e| ik|~rkl`| ~kegeg q`l` ` gcnc sue xer l`g gue|~r` ~urk|f` f`ner&

g`' Cug c|$ |k qr`hugnk}cf`| eg d`| l`fq`r~cfkeg~`| ne e|~`|qr`~`~urk|~c|$ xcf`| c egl`g~rcr cdjugc| qk|~c|

sue g`| c{uncrg c l`fqregner cl~k~une| { qr`le|`| co|`du~cfeg~e xkjeg~e| eg gue|~r`| ~kefq`|'

Dc e|~~klc$ ed nk|hru~e ned cr~e$ e|qelkcdfeg~e eg K~cdkc$ hue f`~`r ned ne|qdc}cfkeg~ $ ne d`| xkcme| ne dc| ldc|e|

f| q`ner`|c| ne dc Eur`qc ne dc q`lc' Dc Lud~urc$ l`g fc{|ludc$ erc qc~rkf`gk` ne jruq`| |edel~`| { n`fk&

gcg~e|$ sue nedkfk~cocg l`g qrelk|kg d` lud~urcdfeg~e xcdk`|`' E|~e |eg~kn` edk~k|~c ne sukege| |e cqr`qkcg ned

l`gleq~` lud~urc { lrecg |u| qr`qkc| hr`g~erc| nehkgk~`rkc| ~kege fuli` sue xer l`g q`|klk`ge| cl~ucde| ne re&

lic}` c dc q`qudcrk}clkg sue ed ~urk|f` ne fc|c| ic jegercn` eg ed clerlcfkeg~` fc{`rk~crk` c dc| òrc| ne cr&

~e f| efodef~klc|' \e c|ufe$ eg~re dc| dk~e| lud~urcde|$ l`f` fcd feg`r sue dc| i`rnc| ne ~urk|~c| eg lcd}g

l`r~` ~egjcg nereli` c dc l`g~efqdclkg ne f`gufeg~`|$ kjde|kc| { qkgcl`~elc| ne reg`fore kg~ergclk`gcd$ f&ykfe ~egkegn` eg lueg~c sue dc x`rc} kgnu|~rkc ~ur|~klc u~kdk}c e|~`| relur|`| efodef~kl`| l`f` hcl~`r nkhereg&

lkcd ne~erfkgcg~e )Dduk| O`ge~$ ?115+' \kg efocrj`$ ne|ne ed fugn` ne dc lud~urc$ |e q`geg |erkc| ~rcoc| c ncr

ug qc|` f| cdd ne dc fue|~rc ne e|e qc~rkf`gk` fc~erkcd e|qel~cludcr' Dc cqr`ykfclkg f| n`lufeg~cnc `

dnklc suenc re|erxcnc c d`| eyqer~`|$ ne fcgerc sue dc l`g|erxclkg g` |e xec l`fqr`fe~knc q`r d`| rke|j`|

sue dc nkhu|kg |uq`gnrc'

E|~e |uo|~rc~`crk|~`lr~kl` eg dc xk|kg ned ~urk|f` ic qerfcgelkn` eg ed ~kefq`$ qr`q`rlk`gcgn` cd xkcme$ cd ~ùr$lcrcl~er|~klc| ne nkhereglkclkg |`lkcd' U~kdk}cf`| eg gue|~r` degjucme icok~ucd eyqre|k`ge| sue ~kegeg |u oc|e

eg e|e l`gleq~`' C| que|$ nk|~kgjukf`| l`f` cdjukeg l`g ug`| |uque|~`| xcd`re| q`r eglkfc ne dc fenkc c ugc

qer|`gc xkcmcnc' \e eg~kegne$ jegercdfeg~e$ sue sukeg xkcmc nk|q`ge ne nkger` |uqerhdu` qcrc iclerd`$ ic|~c ed

ey~ref` ne sue re|ud~e |`lkcdfeg~e l`fqreg|kode dc |`dklk~un ne ug lrnk~` qcrc dc l`fqrc lcfok` ne ug l`lie

` ugc gexerc$ qer` |e lcdkhksue ne ey~rcxcjcglkc dc fk|fc `qerclkg qcrc dc recdk}clkg ne ug xkcme' Ed xkcmer`$ ~`&

ncxc eg gue|~r`| nc|$ e| ug |er cd sue de |òrc ed nkger` { d` jc|~c |uqerhducfeg~e eg xcjcr ne ug dujcr c `~r`'

Suk}| n`gne f| q`nef`| l`fqròcr e|~c refkgk|leglkccrk|~`lr~klc eg ed l`g~ey~` ned ~urk|f` e| eg dc fc&


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gerc ne xe|~kr ned xkcmer`' Dc |kfqde l`g~efqdclkg nef`nedk~`| eg ug cer`quer~` kg~ergclk`gcd { dc kgxer|kg eg

r`qc cnelucnc$ sue g`| nk|~kgjc ne dc fc{`rc$ eg ed f`feg~` ne qr`{el~cr ug xkcme icleg qeg|cr sue$ eg ugc

jrcg qcr~e ne d`| lc|`|$ ~`ncxc |e eg~kegne ed xkcme l`f` ugc nk|~kglkg |`lkcd' Hkgcdfeg~e$ eg e|~c dgec ne q`g&

nerclkg ned l`fq`geg~e crk|~`lr~kl` ned xkcme ic{ sue icler rehereglkc c dc guexc f`nc ne nk|~kgjukr eg~re ~u&

rk|~c { xkcmer`$ sue qr`xkege$ qrelk|cfeg~e$ ne sukege| ~kegeg fc{`re| xkgludclk`ge| l`g ed fugn` ne dc lud~urc`$ cd feg`|$ ne sukege| eg~kegneg sue |u lcdkncn kg~edel~ucd qer|`gcd e|~ q`r eglkfc ned xudj`' C| que|$ ed ~u&

rk|~c |erc csued |er l`gnulkn` q`r d`| `qercn`re| ~ur|~kl`| |kg lrk~erk` { |kg f| l`g`lkfkeg~` sue ed ne ug h`&

dde~`/qcghde~` qr`f`lk`gcd$ fkeg~rc| sue ed xkcmer` e| cdjukeg sue$ reluqercgn` e|c cg~kjuc ~rcnklkg crk|~`lr~k&

lc$ ~kege |u qr`qk` l`g`lkfkeg~`$ |e `rjcgk}c ne ugc fcgerc f| kgnkxknucd$ |e xk|~e ne ugc h`rfc qcr~kludcr {$ cd

qcreler$ ~kege dc eg`rfe lcqclkncn ne lcq~cr$ eg ed fk|f` ~kefq` sue ug ~urk|~c$ dc| kggufercode| oedde}c| { q`&

~eglkcdkncne| ne ug qc| { |u| jeg~e|' Qr`ocodefeg~e icorc sue nkhugnkr ugc lker~c lud~urc ne iufkdncn eg~re

xkcmer`| qcrc sue c|ufcg sue$ |cdx` sukege| nk|q`geg ne fe|e| ` c`| qcrc qr`hugnk}cr eg dc lud~urc { iok~`|

ne ug qc|$ nkhlkdfeg~e qc|cg ne dc lcdkncn ne ~urk|~c| f| feg`| n`lufeg~cn`|'

@~r` edefeg~` kfq`r~cg~e ne e|~`| kgklk`| ~ur|~kl`| sue |uo{cle eg dc qrl~klc ~ur|~klc cl~ucd e| dc l`gnklkg ne

eyqd`rcn`r' Eyqd`rcr dc lurk`|k~c| ne dc sue |e ~rc~ cg~erk`rfeg~e qcrele |er ugc gele|kncn kggc~c eg ed |er

iufcg`' E| lurk`|` `o|erxcr sue c qcr~kr ne d`| c`| |e|eg~c$ lucgn` qrl~klcfeg~e g` suencoc gkgjg |k~k` eg

ed qdcge~c q`r ne|luorkr$ efqke}cg c qr`dkhercr fcgkhe|~clk`ge| lud~urcde| sue relrecg e|e chg eyqd`rcn`r' Dc dk&~erc~urc ne xkcme|$ eg l`dellk`ge| sue rel`jeg d`| f| cg~kju`| redc~`| xkcmer`|$ {$ fu{ |kjgkhklc~kxcfeg~e$ qed&

ludc| ne jrcg yk~` l`ferlkcd relrecg eyqenklk`ge|$ ne|luorkfkeg~`| { q`lc| ne d`|cxeg~urer`| { eyqd`rcn`re|

ne hkgcde| ned YKY { qrkglkqk`| ned YY' E| nelkr$ {c sue g` q`nef`| ne|luorkr gcnc guex` eg gue|~r` fugn`$ xc&

f`| c xkxkr eg dc hkllkg$ l`f` cu~g~kl`| Kgnkcgc M`ge|$ cxeg~urc| { eyqerkeglkc| sue |kefqre |`cf`|' Ed gclk&

fkeg~` { qr`dkherclkg ne d`| xkcme| cxeg~urc cxeg~urc| l`gh`r~code| { l`g~r`dcnc| e| ug |g~`fc f| ne e|c

~rcnklkg eyqd`rcn`rc'

Dc cnfkrclkg q`r dc gc~urcde}c { |u l`g|erxclkg$ g~kfcfeg~e xkgludcnc| c gue|~rc cl~ucd qerleqlkg l`~knkc&

gc$ ~kegeg ~cfokg |u| rcle| eg e|c q`lc ne rene|luorkfkeg~` ne gue|~r` eg~`rg` gc~urcd { ne dc gele|kncn ne

qre|erxcrd`' Dc l`g|`dknclkg ne e|qclk`| { qcrsue| gc~urcde| qr`~ejkn`|$ sue |e kgklk eg ed YKY$ ~kege i`{ ugc xk&

jeglkc co|`du~c' Cug lucgn` ed redc~kxcfeg~e relkeg~e l`gleq~` ne |`|~egkokdkncn~egjc fuli` sue xer l`g dc|

q`d~klc| { cl~k~une| |`lkcde| ne i`{ eg nc$ dc l`g~efqdclkg { dc qre|erxclkg ne dc gc~urcde}c$ q`|kodefeg~e

l`g ugc rc} f| r`fg~klc sue qrcjf~klc$ huer`g {c edefeg~`| g`~code| ne dc l`gnul~c ~ur|~klc eg e|`| kgk&

lk`| ned ~urk|f`'


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Hkgcdfeg~e$ ~cfokg l`f` iereglkc ne csueddc q`lc qr`~`~ur|~klc$ ic{ sue ne|~clcr sue ed ~urk|f` |e eg&

~kegne {c l`f` cdj` l`del~kx`' \e xkcmcoc ne fcgerc kgnkxknucd$ cugsue {c qrkfcocg d`| fenk`| ne l`fugklc&

lkg l`del~kx`| o|klcfeg~e ed ~reg$ { ug` ne d`| edefeg~`| kfq`r~cg~e| ned xkcme erc$ qrelk|cfeg~e$ eg&

l`g~rcr|e l`g `~r`| xkcmer`| eg dujcre| ne f`nc `$ cd feg`|$ eg dujcre| e|l`jkn`|$ eg d`| sue dc q`|kokdkncn

ne kg~erlcfokcr eyqerkeglkc|$ l`gxer|clk`ge| cjrcncode| { l`fqcr~kr ~kefq` { e|qclk` h`rfcocg qcr~e ne dceyqerkeglkc q`|k~kxc ned xkcme' Q`l` sue xer$ gc~urcdfeg~e$ l`g dc| eg`rfe| cjd`ferclk`ge| ~ur|~klc| ne i`{

eg nc$ qer` fuli` sue xer l`g dc gele|kncn ne l`fqcr~kr dc eyqerkeglkc qer|`gcd l`g dc ne `~r`| xkcmer`| `

~urk|~c|' Dc| ~er~udkc| ne xkcme qr`qkc| ne dc q`lc icg |kn` |uo|~k~uknc| i`{ eg nc q`r ~enk`|c| |e|k`ge| ne

h`~`jrchc| ` xne`| ned d~kf` xkcme$ sue ed eg~`rg` ne dc| cfk|~cne| ic ne |`q`r~cr e|~`klcfeg~e' Dc| lcrcl&

~er|~klc| |`lkcde|$ el`gfklc| { lud~urcde| ned l`del~kx` l`g sukeg |e xc c l`fqcr~kr dc ru~c$ d`| l`fqcer`|

ne xkcme$ |`g ug` ne d`| edefeg~`| sue |e l`g|knercg l`g ne~cdde cg~e| ne `q~cr q`r ugc u `~rc ru~c$ { dc gele&

|kncn ne xkcmcr c dujcre| n`gne ic{$ l`f` fgkf`$ ug lker~` gfer` ne ~urk|~c| l`g ed sue l`kglknkr qcrele

~cfokg |er kfq`r~cg~e'

Ug lcfok` ik|~rkl` ne~erfkgcg~e qcrc l`fqregner ed lrelkfkeg~` ne|fe|urcn` ne dc qrl~klc ~ur|~klc eg ed

fugn` e| dc l`g|elulkg ne dc| xclclk`ge| qcjcnc|' Cug lucgn` |e c~rkou{e lc|k |kefqre cd J`okerg` |`lkcdk|&

~c hrcgl| ne De`g Oduf ed rel`g`lkfkeg~` ne dc| xclclk`ge| qcjcnc| qcrc d`| ~rcocmcn`re|$ eg 3;


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ne dc kne`d`jc gc}k' Q`|~erk`rfeg~e$ d`| rejfege| qcrcded`| cd gc}k|f` cdefg lrecr`g `rjcgk}clk`ge| qcrelk&

nc|$ ~cde| l`f` ed N`qq`dcx`r` ne Fu||`dkgk Enulclkg { Ne|lcg|` eg dc E|qcc ne dc nkl~cnurc ne Hrcgl`' E|

ddcfc~kx` ò|erxcr sue$ eg |u| `rjege|$ e|~c| `rjcgk}clk`ge| e|~uxker`g |kefqre fu{ xkgludcnc| c dc| ~crec| ne

kgh`rfclkg { qr`qcjcgnc ne d`| |k|~efc| hc|lk|~c|' E|~c xkgludclkg nur eg E|qcc fuli`| c`|$ l`g dc eyk|&

~eglkc ne ug gkl` fkgk|~erk` qcrc dc Kgh`rfclkg { ed ûrk|f`$ l`g`lkn` q`qudcrfeg~e l`f` ed Fkgk|~erk` neNeh`rfclkg { Lkgk|f`'

Ugc ne dc| lcrcl~er|~klc| g`~code| ne dc qrl~klc ~ur|~klc ne e|~c| `rjcgk}clk`ge| hue ed|elue|~r` recd ned xkc&

mer` nurcg~e |u| xclclk`ge|$ ne fcgerc sue |u xknc e|~coc ~`~cdfeg~e `rjcgk}cnc eg ~`rg` c d`| kg~ere|e|

n`l~rkgcrk`| ne dc `rjcgk}clkg$ eg ug e|qclk` lerrcn`' E| g`~code sue dc BnH u~kdk}crc fuli|kf`| ocrl`| qc&

rc icler lruler`|$ ne fcgerc sue d`| xkcmer`| g` |e l`g~cfkgcrcg l`g ed l`g~cl~` l`g qer|`gc| ne `~r`| dujc&

re|' Eg E|qcc |ulenk nurcg~e dc e~cqc hrcgsuk|~c cdj` qcrelkn` eg dc| ddcfcnc| _e|kneglkc| ne Enulclkg {

Ne|lcg|` ` Lkuncne| ne Xclclk`ge|$ eg dc| sue |e eglerrcoc dk~ercdfeg~e c dc| qer|`gc| sue qre~egncg nk|&

hru~cr ne ugc| xclclk`ge|' E| lurk`|` ò|erxcr lf` dc |kfkdk~un ne dc| cl~k~une| eg d`| rejfege| ~`~cdk~crk`|

|e fcgkhke|~c eg l`|c| ~cg cqcreg~efeg~e ocgcde| l`f` dc `rjcgk}clkg ne ugc| xclclk`ge|' _elurne|e sue

dc| xclclk`ge| `rjcgk}cnc| qcrc d`| ~rcocmcn`re| eg dc cg~kjuc Ugkg \`xk~klc ~egcg ugc| lcrcl~er|~klc| fu{

qcrelknc| )lruler`| { lkuncne| ne xclclk`ge|+' Ne e|~c| `rjcgk}clk`ge| ic{ refkgk|leglkc| sue icg qernurc&

n` eg gue|~rc |`lkencn { sue ~`ncxc$ |kg ugc eyqdklclkg q`d~klc ` |`lkcd fu{ ldcrc$ |e |kjueg cleq~cgn`kgerlkcdfeg~e' E| ed lc|` ne dc| {c lk~cnc| Lkuncne| ne Xclclk`ge|$ eg xer|kg f| f`nergc$ cq`{cnc| eg

lrk~erk`| ne |ejurkncn { qrelk`| ocrc~`|$ ` ed ne d`| Qcrcn`re| ne ûrk|f` ` enkhklk`| ik|~rkl`| ne qr`qkencn

qodklc l`gxer~kn`| eg dum`|`| i`~ede|' ^`n` edd` ~kege |u qreleneg~e eg dc ~elg`d`jc ~ur|~klc ne d`| rejfe&

ge| ~`~cdk~crk`| )lkuncne| ne xclclk`ge| qcrc d`| ~rcocmcn`re| { lc|~kdd`|&i`~ede| qcrc d`| huglk`gcrk`| { fkef&

or`| ned qcr~kn`+'

^cg relkeg~efeg~e l`f` eg 3;;3 ~`ncxc ed Jòkerg`$ {c kgneqegnkeg~e$ ne \cf Gum`fc$ eg Gcfkokc$ ~egc suencr |`dulkg c dc je|~kg ne lc|k ?111 qdc}c| ne cd`mcfkeg~` eg lkuncne| ne xclclk`ge| { qcrcn`re| ~ur|~kl`|

l`g|~rukn`| q`r ed rjkfeg |unchrklcg` nedcqcr~iekn$ nurcg~e |u n`fkgclkg ned qc|' E|qcc lueg~c i`{ eg nc

l`g ugc jrcg ren ne Lkuncne| ne Xclclk`ge| { _e|kneglkc| ne ^kefq` Dkore$ lenknc| c dc| l`fugkncne| cu~&

g`fc| { ierencnc| ne dc ey~kg~c Enulclkg { Ne|lcg|`$ sue qerfcgeleg cn|lrk~c| c dc Cnfkgk|~rclkg Qodklc

l`g ug l`|~e g`~code$ cugsue cdjugc| ne eddc| |e u~kdkleg l`g hkge| |`lkcde|' Qcrele$ |kg efocrj`$ sue ed l`g&

leq~` ne ~urk|f` |`lkcd{c ic lcnulcn`$ q`r dc nkgfklc ne q`qudcrk}clkg ned xkcme l`f` l`fq`geg~e ned jrcg

l`g|uf`' Ed ~urk|f` |`lkcd~kege |u| rcle| eg dc| eg~kncne|$ c|`lkclk`ge| e kg|~k~ulk`ge| sue |e l`g|~k~u{er`g


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eg Eur`qc eg d`| c`| ~rekg~c { ne|qu| ne dc \ejugnc Juerrc Fugnkcd { sue ~egcg l`f` `ome~kx` je|~k`gcr ed

~kefq` dkore ne d`| ~rcocmcn`re| {$ eg jegercd$ ne dc| ldc|e| q`qudcre|' Jrcg qcr~e ne e|~c| `rjcgk}clk`ge| |kjueg

cjruqcnc| eg ed OK^\ )Ourecu Kg~ergclk`gcd nu ^`urk|fe \`lkcd+$ hugncn` eg Oru|edc| eg 3;8


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E|~e qer`n` eg~re d`| c`| ~rekg~c { d`| |e|eg~c$ lcrcl~erk}cn` q`r dc qr`dkherclkg ne rjcgk}clk`ge| ned ddcfcn`

~urk|f` |`lkcd$ ~kege |u| rcle|$ q`r ugc qcr~e$ eg dc ~`ncxc xkjeg~e l`g|knerclkg ne dc cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc l`f`

cdj` re|erxcn` c d`| q`ner`|`|' Dc| kne`d`jc| { `rjcgk}clk`ge| |urjknc| eg ed nelur|` ne e|`| c`|$ q`d~klc&

feg~e l`gxud|`|$ ~kegneg c ey~egner d`|oegehklk`| ned ~urk|f` c ~`nc| dc| lcqc| |`lkcde|$ e|qelkcdfeg~e c dc|

f| ne|hcx`relknc|' Q`r ~rc qcr~e$ |e eg~kegne dc qrl~klc ~ur|~klc l`f` dc reluqerclkg ne ug e|qclk` nedkoer&

~cnhreg~e c dc| kfq`|klk`ge| ne d`| ~kefq`| { f~`n`| ne ~rcocm` { hreg~e c dc l`gnullkg kne`djklc ned ~kefq`

ne `lk`' Cug c|$ fulic| ne e|~c| `rjcgk}clk`ge| ~uxker`g { ~kegeg |u oc|e eg ug lker~` òme~kx` n`l~rkgcrk`' E|

lurk`|` ò|erxcr sue$ kgfenkc~cfeg~e ne|qu| ne dc hkgcdk}clkg ned rjkfeg hrcgsuk|~c eg E|qcc$ {c eg dc|

q`|~rkferc| ne d`| c`| |e~eg~c$ dc| n`| qrkglkqcde| `rjcgk}clk`ge| |kgnklcde| e|qc`dc| qu|ker`g eg fcrlic

|u| kg|~k~ulk`ge| ne ~urk|f` |`lkcd )ÛD\C&LL@@ { \L^&UJ^+$ eg ugc recllkg ne lcrcl~er|~klc| |kfkdcre| c dc|

cqug~cnc| re|qel~` c ~r`| qc|e| cg~erk`rfeg~e'

Ne e|~e qer`n`$ cnef| ne l`g|~c~cr dc c|kfkdclkg ne dc qrl~klc ned ~urk|f` cd emerlklk` ne ugc ne~erfkgcnc

lu`~c ne dkoer~cn$ ic{ sue ne|~clcr ne fcgerc kfq`r~cg~e sue |e icle {c ~urk|f` qcrcreqcrcrdc fcsukgcrkc l`&

erlk~kxc ne dc| efqre|c|' E| nelkr$ ed ~rcocmcn`r qrelk|c ne ne|lcg|` { ne dc cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc qcrc rejre|cr eg

fem`re| l`gnklk`ge| c |u que|~` ne ~rcocm` icok~ucd { |er$ q`r ~cg~`$ f| qr`nul~kx`' E|~e l`gleq~` e|~coc {c

eg dc jge|k| ne dc BnH gc}k$ sue ddej c f`xkdk}cr c f| ne 5 111 111 ne ~rcocmcn`re| cdefcge|'

G` ~egnrc fc{`r |kjgkhklclkg e|~e c|qel~` |k g` huerc q`r |u ~rc|legneglkc eg f`ned`| ne `rjcgk}clkg ned ~u&

rk|f` q`|~erk`re| sue icg kghdukn` ne fcgerc nehkgk~kxc eg dc e|~rul~urc ne dc| xclclk`ge| { ne d`| ne|~kg`| ~ur|&

~kl`|' Eg ~cg~` sue |ereqcrc dc huer}c ne ~rcocm`$ |e ~rc~c ne qr`q`rlk`gcr ed fc{`r ne|lcg|` q`|kode g` icler

gcnc eg ug eg~`rg` cjrcncode ldkfc| oegkjg`| { l`g ug |~c~u| |`lkcd |uqerk`r cd ne dc xknc icok~ucd eg dc

d`lcdkncn n`gne |e ~rcocmc' Ne csu q`nrcf`| nenulkr dc| lcrcl~er|~klc| ned ~urk|f`cdd kgldu|kxe ne gue|~r`| n&

c|$ sue ic l`fq`r~cn`$ cnef|$ ug jrcg rke|j` qcrc dc kg~ercllkg eg~re ed ~urk|f` { dc lud~urc' \e lrecg e|qc&lk`| cr~khklkcde| ne ne|lcg|`$ cmeg`| co|`du~cfeg~e c dc lud~urc { dc recdkncn d`lcde|$ eg d`| sue |e reqr`nuleg

l`gnklk`ge| ne l`gh`r~ |uqerk`re| c dc| icok~ucde| qer`$ ne|ch`r~ugcncfeg~e$ eg~egnknc| eg d`| ~rfkg`| ned du&

jcr ne `rkjeg' G` |e nk|hru~c ne ugc lud~urc guexc { nk|~kg~c$ |kg` sue |e nk|hru~c ne dc| l`gnklk`ge| ne xknc kg&

ldu|` ne d`| qr`nul~`| ne jrcg l`g|uf` ne dc| ldc|e| qunkeg~e| ne d`| qc|e| ne `rkjeg eg ug eg~`rg` ldkf&

~klcfeg~e f| l`gh`r~code { l`g cdjg ocrgk} ne ey`~k|f`' Eg e|~e l`g~ey~` ne u|` ocgcdne d`| ~errk~`rk`|$ dc|

lcrcl~er|~klc| |`lkcde|$ q`d~klc| { lud~urcde| ned ne|~kg` qkerneg xcd`r eg redclkg l`g hcl~`re| l`f` ed qrelk`$ ed

ldkfc ` dc lcdkncn ned cd`mcfkeg~`'


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Eg ~`n` e|~e qr`le|` ne lrelkfkeg~` ne dc cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc ne dc qrkferc fk~cn ned |kjd` YY$ cqcrele ugckgnu|&

~rkc ~ur|~klc$ e| nelkr$ ~`nc ugc e|~rul~urc cd |erxklk` ne ugc gele|kncn |`lkcd e|qel~cludcrfeg~e lrelkeg~e { sue

e|$ eg nehkgk~kxc$ ugc fu{ l`g|knercode hueg~e ne gej`lk`' [c eg 39>5$ i`fc| L``b$ eg Jrcg Ore~cc$ rjcgk}c&

oc |u| qrkfer`| xkcme| l`del~kx`|' Eg dc fenknc eg sue lrelc ed ~urk|f` { d`| Jòkerg`| qre|~cocg c~eglkg c e|&

~e guex` e kfq`r~cg~e hegfeg` |`lkcd$ |e jegercocg guexc| efqre|c| sue$ qr`jre|kxcfeg~e$ c|ufcg ed qcqedne rjcgk}crug guex` |el~`r ne cl~kxkncn el`gfklc' Ic{ sue rel`g`ler ed qcqed ne xerncnerc| kfqud|`rc| { r&

jcgk}cn`rc| ne dc| qrkferc| cjeglkc| ne xkcme| eg ~`n` ed fugn`$ que| dc| kghrce|~rul~urc| ~ur|~klc| ercg qrelc&

rkc| ` kgeyk|~eg~e| { d`| fenk`| ne l`fugklclkg ne fc|c| e|~cocg eg |u qrkferc hc|e ne ne|crr`dd`' G` eyk|~e

ugc redclkg nkrel~c e kgfenkc~c eg~re dc cqcrklkg ne dc| cjeglkc| ne xkcme| { ed ~urk|f` ne fc|c| cl~ucd$ |kg`

sue ic{ ug dcrj` qer`n` eg ed sue ed ~urk|f` |e eg~kegne ~`ncxc lc|k l`f` ugc cl~kxkncn cr~e|cgcd$ e|` |$ l`g

ugc jrcg qr`{ellkg ne hu~ur`' [c eg d`| c`| ~rekg~c xk|k~cg Qcdfc ne Fcdd`rlc { Ocrled`gc ug l`del~kx` ne

cjeg~e| ne xkcme| kgjde|e| ne î`| L``b ( \`g|$ Necg ( Ncz|`g$ Z' Ne Jr``~$ De`g ( Ic{iè { Hudder ( [ùgj$

sue$ eg ug cg~eleneg~e ik|~rkl` ne d`| cl~ucde| hcf ~rkq| )xkcme| ne hcfkdkcrk}clkg+' |`g c~egnkn`| eg dc lkuncn

l`gncd q`r ed |e`r M`|eq Ddu| Fcr|cg|$ qre|kneg~e ne dc Henerclkg ne Cjeglkc| ne Xkcme| ne E|qcc { q`r n`g

Mucg Jc|qcr~$ qre|kneg~e ne I'U'\'C { reqre|eg~cg~e ne dc Henerclkg ne ûrk|f` ne Lc~cduc' Dc| nkfeg|k`ge|

ned ~urk|f` ne csueddc q`lc g` ercg$ gc~urcdfeg~e$ l`fqcrcode| c dc| cl~ucde|' \kg efocrj`$ e|~e e|~kd` ne re&

dclkg$ ne xkcme| ne hcfkdkcrk}clkg$ ne `rjcgk}clkg ne exeg~`| qcrc dc qr`f`lkg ~ur|~klc$ ne lreclkg ne `rjc&

gk}clk`ge| fky~c| quodkl`&qrkxcnc| ic qernurcn` eg ed ~kefq`'

Cd lrelkfkeg~` ne nklic kgnu|~rkc ~ur|~klc |e |ufc ed kg~er| ne dc| cnfkgk|~rclk`ge| qodklc| q`r e|~e |el~`r

eferjeg~e$ { |`g fd~kqde|$ eg e|~`| c`| qrexk`| cdo``f ~ur|~kl`$ dc eg~kncne| nenklcnc| c dc qr`f`lkg ne dc

cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc' Xcg gclkegn` guexc| efqre|c|$ |e h`rfcg c|`lkclk`ge| { eg~kncne| ne qr`f`lkg qrkxcnc| {

d`| Jòkerg`| lrecg ~cfokg kg|~k~ulk`ge| ne |`q`r~e cd guex` |el~`r' Eg Hrcglkc |e hugnc$ {c eg 3;>$ ^ùrk|fe e~ ^rcxckd2 eg 3;51 cqcreleg dc| qrkferc| lkuncne|

ne xclclk`ge| ned Lduo Fenk~ercge2 eg 3;5;$ ed L`fk~ Kg~erfkgk|~erkcd nu ^ùrk|fe$ { eg 3;8?$ ed L`ffk|crkc~cu ùrk|fe' \e lrec eg F`gcl`$ eg 3;51$ dClcnfke Kg~ergc~k`gcd ne ùrk|fe' Eg Cdefcgkc dc NE_ )Neu~|lieg

_ek|eor`$ 3;>5+ e| dc gklc eg~kncn cu~`rk}cnc qcrc dc xeg~c ne okdde~e| ne herr`lcrrkd huerc ne dc| e|~clk`ge|' Dc

NE_ e|~coc qcr~klkqcnc q`r `~rc ~rcnklk`gcd { hcf`|c cjeglkc ne xkcme|$ dc Icqcj Dd`{n _ek|eor`' C qcr~kr ne

3;>9 d`| |kgnklc~`| cdefcge| )dc NJO+ ~`fcg lcr~c| eg ed ~urk|f` q`qudcr {$ eg ugc hrfudc ne relic}` c dc cg~k&

juc BnH ne Ik~der$ reguglkcg c `rjcgk}cr nkrel~cfeg~e xkcme|$ qcrc cq`|~cr q`r dc hrfudc ned xkcme q`r ed ci`rr`$

sue {c icoc ~egkn` cg~eleneg~e| eg ed qc| eg d`| c`| ~rekg~c' L`f` re|ud~cn` ne edd` |e egl`fkegnc c ug ~u&

r`qercn`r qrkxcn`$ ^ùr`qc$ dc `rjcgk}clkg ne dc| xclclk`ge| ci`rrcnc| q`r d`| ~rcocmcn`re|' Eg ~`nc Eur`qc


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|urjeg \`lkencne| ne C~rcllkg ne Xk|k~cg~e|$ \kgnklc~`| ne Kgklkc~kxc| ^ur|~klc| { `~r`| ~kq`| ne eg~kncne| l`g

huglk`ge| |kfkdcre| c dc| nehkgknc| cg~erk`rfeg~e'

E|~c x`rjkge ~ur|~klc ne dc qrkferc fk~cn ned |kjd` YY |e qrelkqk~c eg ugc eyqd`|kg l`g|ufkn`rc ne xkcme| { xc&

lclk`ge| eg d`| c`| |e|eg~c { |e~eg~c { efqke}c c cnsukrkr dc| nkfeg|k`ge| ned ~urk|f` sue i`{ l`g`lef`|'E|~eo``f ~kege ugc| lcrcl~er|~klc|$ `rkjkgcnc| eg |u ik|~`rkc qreleneg~e$ sue l`gxkege refcrlcr=

E|~ ~`ncxc huer~efeg~e kghdueglkcn` q`r ed lcrl~ercrk|~`lr~kl` ne d`| qrkfer`| xkcmer`| { e|$ q`r ~cg~`$ ug

|fo`d` ne qre|~kjk` |`lkcd' Ne ci dc kfqerk`|c gele|kncn ne d`| reluern`| ne xkcme )ed |`uxegkr+$ ed egx` ne

q`|~cde| c cfkj`|$ l`g`lkn`| { hcfkdkcre| { dc kgfeg|c l`dellkg ne h`~`jrchc| sue fue|~rcg { nefue|~rcg ed

guex`|~c~u| ~efq`rcd sue |e cnsukrk nurcg~e dc| xclclk`ge|'

Dc| `rjcgk}clk`ge| ned ddcfcn` ~urk|f` |`lkcd$ eg huglkg ne ugc reocmc eg d`| l`|~e| ne xkcme qcrc hcx`reler ed

clle|` ne dc| ldc|e| q`qudcre|$ lrecg dc| l`gnklk`ge| ned ~urk|f` ne fc|c|$ l`g xkcme| l`del~kx`| e kghrce|&

~rul~urc| ne cd`mcfkeg~` ne jrcgne| nkfeg|k`ge|' Efqke}c c qc|cr|e ned ~urk|f` qcrc ~`n`| cd ~urk|f` qcrc

nefc|kcn`|''' { cqre~cn`|' Ic{ sue l`g~cokdk}cr eg d` q`|k~kx` ne e|~c| `rjcgk}clk`ge| nenklcnc| cd ~kefq` dk&

ore ne d`| ~rcocmcn`re| dc jge|k| ne cl~kxkncne| ~ur|~klc| )|egnerk|f`$ ~urk|f` rurcd$ k~kgercrk`| lud~urcde|$

e~l'+ co|`du~cfeg~e xkjeg~e| eg ed l`g~ey~` ned ~urk|f` cl~ucd'

Dc Eur`qc ne dc q`|juerrc ic qc|cn`$ { dc el`g`fc ned lkuncncg` fenk` de qerfk~e {c nk|q`ger ne nkger`

qr`leneg~e ne |u ~rcocm` qcrc nenklcrd` c xclclk`ge|$ q`r l`g~rcq`|klkg c d`| cg~eleneg~e| ned YXKKK { YKY eg

d`| sue dc el`g`fc ned ~urk|f` |e oc|coc eg dc|reg~c| ne dc| ldc|e| f| cl`f`ncnc|'

Ed l`lie qrkxcn` |e q`qudcrk}c$ { ed lkuncncg` j`}c ne ugc guexc cu~`g`fc$ sue kfqud|c g` ~cg |`d` d`|

jrcgne| ne|qdc}cfkeg~`| ne xclclk`ge|$ |kg` ~cfokg ed gclkfkeg~` ne ugc guexc her~c ~ur|~klc$ leg~rcnc eg

d`| hkge| ne |efcgc$ eg dc| hke|~c| q`qudcre| { eg dc| xclclk`ge| ne l`r~c nurclkg cdrenen`r ne dc| jrcgne|

l`gleg~rclk`ge| urocgc|' Gcle ed zeebegn$ sue ~cg~` ic c{uncn` c nkgcfk}cr el`gfklcfeg~e }`gc| rurcde|

ne kg~erk`r qrykfc| c dc| jrcgne| lkuncne|' Dc ~elg`d`jc cer`gu~klc cxcg}c c qc|`| jkjcg~e|l`|$ { ed cxkg |e q`qudcrk}c l`f` fenk` ne ~rcg|q`r~e fc&

|kx`' Dc qcdcorc licr~er|e l`gxker~e eg ed |fo`d` ne ug guex` l`gleq~` ne xclclk`ge| l`del~kxc|$ c qrelk`|

f`nercn`|$ sue qerfk~e ed clle|` c dc| qdc{c| fenk~errgec| ne kgjeg~e| jruq`| ne ~urk|~c| qr`leneg~e| ne

dc Eur`qc hrc { geoud`|c'

Ed |uo|~rc~` ned ~urk|f` l`f`reqcrclkg ned ~kefq` ne ~rcocm` |e icle exkneg~e eg dc l`gleqlkg { ed nk|e&

` ne dc| `her~c| ~ur|~klc|' Gcle ed ~urk|f` l`g`lkn` l`f` ne dc| ~re| e|e| )|ec$ |cgn cgn |ey+' Ug ~kefq`

reqcrcn`r eg ed sue |e quene icler ~`n` csuedd` sue g` e| icok~ucd eg dc nkgfklc ne d`| nc| ne ~rcocm` gk


41/193

eg dc xknc |`lkcd l`~knkcgc' Dc| lcrcl~er|~klc| |`lkcde| { lud~urcde| ned ne|~kg` qc|cg c |er ug c|qel~` ne |e&

jugn` rneg'

Dc e|~rul~urc i`~ederc |uhre lcfok`| fu{ |kjgkhklc~kx`|' Dc ~rcnklkg eur`qec qre|~kjk`|c ne d`| oueg`|

i`~ede| urocg`| { ne d`| qesue`| i`~ede| eg qck|cme| kndkl`| ned fugn` rurcd |e ~rcg|h`rfc$ ncgn` qc|`

c i`~ede|$ fc{`rk~crkcfeg~e eg }`gc| ne l`|~c$ sue icg ne co|`roer dc lcqclkncn eg`rfe ne d`| guex`|~rcg|q`r~e| { ne dc guexc nefcgnc fc|kxc' Dc ne|qer|`gcdk}clkg |e cnuec ne dc l`g|~rullkg { dc je|&

~kg i`~ederc$ eg crc| ne dc qr`nul~kxkncn { ne d`| ocm`| l`|~e| qcrc lener c dc qre|kg ne d`| qrelk`| ede&

feg~` ldcxe ne dc| jrcgne| l`fqcc| sue je|~k`gcg d`| hdum`| ~ur|~kl`|' E|~c guexc l`gleqlkg ne dc

`her~c i`~ederc ~kege ug kfqcl~` ey~rc`rnkgcrk` eg ed nk|e` urocg|~kl` ne qesuec| q`odclk`ge| ne l`|~c$

sue |e xeg ~rcg|h`rfcnc|$ ne dc g`lie c dc fccgc$ eg l`fqdem`| ~ur|~kl`| fc|kx`|' Dc| kghrce|~rul~urc| {

|erxklk`| g` e|~g qreqcrcn`| qcrc edd`$ { dc e|qeludclkg urocg|~klc efqke}c c |er ugc ne dc| lcrcl~er|~k&

lc| c|`lkcnc| kgnk|`duodefeg~e cd lrelkfkeg~` ne dc cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc' Cg i`{ eg nc |e quene l`g|~c~cr$

eg h`~`jrchc| crec|$ dc xed`lkncn ne l`g|~rullkg ne d`| guex`| i`~ede|$ sue |uqerc eg fuli` lucdsuker

qdcg~ecfkeg~` ne qdcgkhklclkg urocg|~klc$ que| |e ne~el~c ldcrcfeg~e dc e|~rul~urc ne d`| cg~kju`| lcf&

q`| ne lud~kx` ne dc| q`odclk`ge| l`|~erc|' Eg lcnc lcfq` l`fqrcn` c ug qrelk` kglreode qcrc dc el`&

g`fc ne dc q`lc |urje ug guex` i`~ed$ eg ug eg~rcfcn` lucnrkludcr qr`qk` ne ugc nk|~rkoulkg cjrl`&

dc ned ~errk~`rk`'

Cnef| ne dc qre|kg ned ~kefq` ne ~rcocm`$ ed lkuncncg` fenk` eur`qe` efqke}c c g`~cr dc qre|kg$ ~cfokg$

ne dc| jrcgne| l`gleg~rclk`ge| urocgc| eg dc| sue icok~c' Dc e|lcqcnc |e icle kfqre|lkgnkode$ { e|~c qre|kg

urocgc e| nkrel~cfeg~e qr`q`rlk`gcd cd l`g|uf` ne xkcme| cd ey~erk`r ne d`| guex`| urocgk~c|' Ug emefqd`$ cd&

j` q`|~erk`r$ ne e|~e hegfeg` |e eglueg~rc eg ed Oerdg r`necn` ne fur`|$ sue |e l`gxkr~k eg dc qrkferc lku&

ncn efk|`rc ne ~urk|~c| ne Eur`qc' D`|fur`|$ h|kl`| ` |`lkcde|$ ne dc| jrcgne| lkuncne| neocg |er |uqerc&

n`| ne cdjugc fcgerc' Dc e|lcqcnc ~ur|~klc hue ugc ouegc |`dulkg'

Ed ~urk|f` g` e| {c ug gej`lk` ne hu~ur`$ |kg` ugc recdkncn el`gfklc l`g jkde| { jrcgne| `q`r~ugkncne|'

Lreleg jrcgne| rene| ne nk|~rkoulkg )cjeglkc| ne xkcme| fkg`rk|~c|+ sue icleg ddejcr cd jrcg qodkl` dc|`her~c| ne d`| jrcgne| ~ur`qercn`re|$ fc{`rk|~c| ne xkcme|$ ne relkeg~e cqcrklkg' Eg ed _ekg` Ugkn` { Cde&

fcgkc$ qrkglkqcde| qc|e| efk|`re|$ qr`dkhercg dc| qesuec| nk|~rkoukn`rc| ne xkcme| ic|~c ey~ref`| kfqr`&

qk`| ne csued ~kefq`$ que| |e xegneg xkcme| eg qesuec| ~kegnc| e kgldu|` eg d`| jrcgne| cdfclege| )Bcuh&

i`h$ q' em'+' Eg Hrcglkc$ ~cfokg ug kfq`r~cg~e ferlcn` efk|`r$ ed hegfeg` e| qcrelkn`$ cugsue eyk|~e ugc

~rcnklkg ne ~urk|f` c|`lkc~kx` { ne kg|~k~ulk`ge| lud~urcde| { |`lkcde| l`g fc{`r eg~kncn sue eg d`| `~r`|

qc|e| sue icle qr`dkhercr `her~c| l`g l`g~egkn`| feg`| ocgcde| { f| lukncn`| ne|ne ed qug~` ne xk|~c

lud~urcd'

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42/193

E| eg e|~e qug~` ned gclkfkeg~` ned ddcfcnò``f ~ur|~kl` n`gne egl`g~rcf`| cdjugc| ldcxe| sue xcg c ne~er&

fkgcr dc redclkg eg~re ~urk|f`$ lud~urc { ne|crr`dd`' G` |e quene gejcr$ |kg nunc$ sue e| ug qer`n` clkcj` ne|&

ne dc qer|qel~kxc lud~urcd' Dc lud~urc g` `luqc ug dujcr qreefkgeg~e eg dc l`g|knerclkg ne d`| ne|~kg`| ~ur|~k&

l`|$ |kg` sue$ cd l`g~rcrk`$ e| dk~ercdfeg~e edkfkgcnc ` ~rcg|h`rfcnc nr|~klcfeg~e q`r dc fc|khklclkg ~ur|~klc'

\e kfq`geg f`ned`| lud~urcde| ey~erg`| c dc| qòdclk`ge| releq~`rc| ne d`| hdum`| ~ur|~kl`|$ |e òxkc dc lud~urcd`lcd { |e {uy~cq`ge ug ey`~k|f` lud~urcd|uqerhklkcd$ sue ic ne cl`fqccr { l`fqdefeg~cr ed l`gmug~` ne dc

`her~c ~ur|~klc' E| ed ~kefq` eg sue dc l`|~c fenk~errgec ne E|qcc ~kege f| hdcfegl` { l`rrknc| ne ~`r`| sue

`~rc| qcr~e| ned qc| l`g fc{`r ~rcnklkg eg e|~`| exeg~`|' Eg K~cdkc ic{ sue icler|e ugc h`~` xe|~kn` nefchk`&

|`$ { eg Jrelkc$ `~rc ockdcgn` |kr~cbk$ |ec lucd huere ed ~kq` ne eyqenklkg ~ur|~klc' D`| jrcgne| ~qkl`| ~`fcg

luerq` nehkgk~kx` { xcg c |er dc oc|e$ ic|~c gue|~r`| nc|$ ne dc| lcfqcc| quodklk~crkc| nenklcnc| cd l`g|uf`

fc|kx` ne xclclk`ge| { xkcme|'

D`| qr`le|`| nerkxcn`| ne e|~c qrkferc e~cqcclud~urcd` ~rcg|lud~urcdicg fcrlcn` nehkgk~kxcfeg~e jrcgne| e|&

qclk`| ne d`| ne|~kg`| ~ur|~kl`| ne qrkfer `rneg ic|~c dc cl~ucdkncn$ ddejcgn` kgldu|` cd ey~ref` ne qr`nulkr ugc

l`gxer|kg h`rfcd ne d` sue huer`g qesue`| queod`| ne qe|lcn`re| eg cu~g~klc| lkuncne| ne |erxklk`|$ eg dc|

sue |e icle { |e ~kege sue icler ug jrcg e|huer}` qcrc reluqercr cdjugc|$ cd feg`|$ ne |u| cg~kjuc| ~rcnklk`ge|

{ rcle| lud~urcde|'

Suk}| |ec u~qkl` qeg|cr eg ed rejre|` c dc |k~uclkg `rkjkgcd$ {$ gc~urcdfeg~e$ dc ex`dulkg lud~urcd e| ug qr`le&

|` q`|k~kx`' Dc lue|~kg e|~ eg sue dc| nkfeg|k`ge| ne dc cjre|kg c dc recdkncn lud~urcd cu~l~`gc huer`g ~cg kf&

q`r~cg~e| sue |e icle kfqeg|code ug qr`le|` cl~ucd sue uoksue c dc| qòdclk`ge| ne d`| ne|~kg`| ~ur|~kl`| fc&

|kx`| eg d`| gkxede| eg sue ugc rc}`gcode ex`dulkg lud~urcd d`| iuokerc |k~ucn`' G` |e ~rc~c$ que|$ ne ugc

|k~uclkgclud~urcd~rcg|k~`rkc$ qr`nul~` ne ugc ne~erfkgcnc e~cqc ik|~rklc$ |kg` ne ugc ~rcg|h`rfclkg krrexer|k&

ode$ sue |e re|uedxe eg ug guex` l`gleq~` ne |`lkencn$ l`g xcd`re|$ lud~urc { qr`le|`| |`lkèl`gfkl`| gue&

x`| { nehkgk~kxcfeg~e l`g|`dkncn`|'

Eg `~rc nkfeg|kg$ dc ned ne|crr`dd`$ q`nrc chkrfcr|e$ l`f` |e icle eg ne~erfkgcn`| lrlud`|$ sue dc eyqd`|kg

~ur|~klc ne d`| |e|eg~c&|e~eg~c hue cdj` co|`du~cfeg~e oegnelkode' G` |e xc c nk|lu~kr csu ed lrelkfkeg~` eg ~r&

fkg`| lucg~k~c~kx`| ne dc lkhrc ne gej`lk`| { ne |u| ehel~`| fud~kqdklcn`re| |òre dc el`g`fc ne fulic| }`gc|'

\kg efocrj`$ | e| co|`du~cfeg~e nk|lu~kode dc lcdkncn ne ~cd lrelkfkeg~`$ eg ~cg~` sue$ f| cdd ne dc| ey~ergcdk&

ncne| gejc~kxc| sue cl`fqccg lucdsuker qr`le|` el`gfkl`$ |e qr`nule ug xerncner` ne|c|~re fenk`cf&

okeg~cd { urocg|~kl` eg dc| }`gc| ne fc{`r neg|kncn ~ur|~klc' \e ~rc~c ne ug lrelkfkeg~` oc|cn` eg dc l`gleg&

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43/193

~rclkg$ sue qernurcr l`f` f`ned` ne ne|crr`dd` ~ur|~kl` ic|~c dc cl~ucdkncn eg fulic| }`gc| ne l`|~c ned

qdcge~c'

Ic{ sue ccnkr$ cnef|$ `~r`| c|qel~`| c e|~c xcd`rclkg gejc~kxc ned ne|crr`dd` qr`nulkn` q`r ed lrelkfkeg~`

~ur|~kl`' Q`r ugc qcr~e$ dc jge|k| ne ug f`ned` ey~rcl~kx` fenkcg~e ed sue d`| qc|e| efk|`re| ne ~urk|~c| o~ke&geg dc fc{`r qcr~e ned oegehklk` ned l`gmug~` ne dc `qerclkg ~ur|~klc' Q`r `~rc$ dc l`g|`dknclkg nehkgk~kxc ne dc

xkgludclkg ned ne|crr`dd` ~ur|~kl` c dc e|qeludclkg kgfòkdkcrkc$ eg ug qr`le|` sue ~cg |`d` |e dkfk~cr$ qcrlkcd&

feg~e$ fuli`| c`| f| ~crne { sue |kjue ~`ncxc xkjeg~e eg fuli`| qc|e| eg xc| ne ne|crr`dd`' Lcoe ne|~c&

lcr sue ed f`ned` ey~rcl~kx` cd sue |e icle rehereglkc ic qernurcn` eg ed ~kefq`$ kglrefeg~cgn` |u ~elg`d`jc$

ne ~cd fcgerc sue |e quene chkrfcr$ l`f` d` icg nef`|~rcn` nkxer|`| e|~unk`| sue$ cqr`ykfcncfeg~e$ ne lcnc

311 qcjcn`| q`r ug l`g|ufkn`r ~ur|~kl` eg |u qc| efk|`r$ |`dcfeg~e eg~re 5 { 31 suencg eg ed qc| ne ne|~kg`$

sue e| eg recdkncn sukeg qre|~c |u eg~`rg` e kghrce|~rul~urc| qcrc ed ne|crr`dd` ne dc cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc' Qr`q`r&

lk`ge| ne lcrcl~er|~klc| |kfkdcre|$ cugsue g` ~cg clu|cnc|$ |e ncrcg$ ~cfokg$ eg ed kg~erlcfok` ~ur|~kl` eg~re

}`gc| urocgc| { rurcde| ne fuli`| qc|e| cxcg}cn`| ` eg~re }`gc| ne l`|~c e kg~erk`r'

Qre~egner xkgludcr$ eg e|~e qer`n`$ ed ~urk|f` l`g dc lud~urc { ed ne|crr`dd` ne ugc fcgerc rc}`gcode qcrele ned

~`n` kfq`|kode' Ic gclkn` {$ cnef| |e l`g|`dkncr qcrc fuli`| c`|$ ug e|~kd` ne ~urk|f` sue$ cug eg~egnkg&

n`d` l`f` ug fcd feg`r$ ocgcdk}c ` |uo|~k~u{e dc| lud~urc| d`lcde|$ kfq`ge f`nc| |`lkcde| ~egneg~e| c g` kg~e&

rcllk`gcr l`g d`| icok~cg~e| ned ne|~kg` {$ dkfk~cgn` ed ne|crr`dd` c |u qer|qel~kxc el`gfklc f| ey~rcl~kxc$ ic&

le ug reqcr~` kgmu|~` ne d`| oegehklk`| nerkxcn`| ne dc cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc' Cugsue qunkerc ~clicr|e ne

cq`lcdq~klc e|~c l`g|knerclkg |òre d`| re|ud~cn`| nedo``f ~ur|~kl`$ g` ic{ f| sue ncr ug orexe reqc|` c

dc| kgklkc~kxc| qodklc| cl~ucde| |òre e|`| ne|~kg`| ~ur|~kl`| ~rcnklk`gcde|' ^`nc| eddc|$ d`lcde|$ e|~c~cde| ` kg&

~ergclk`gcde|$ ~kegneg c qcdkcr$ fenkcg~e qdcge| ne eyledeglkc$ ne nkgcfk}clkg ne rel`gxer|kg$ d`| re|ud~cn`|

gejc~kx`| ned qr`le|` ~reqkncg~e sue |uhrker`g eg dc |ejugnc fk~cn ned |kjd` YY' Eg fuli`| lc|`| |e ~rc~c |kf&

qdefeg~e ne c|ejurcr dc |uqerxkxeglkc el`gfklc ne }`gc| co`lcnc| kgedunkodefeg~e cdf`g`lud~kx` ~ur|~kl`'

G` |e quene e|~codeler ugc helicfjklc eg dc sue cdj` efqke}c c lcfokcr eg ed |el~`r ~ur|~kl` { eg dc qerleqlkg

ne dc cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc q`r qcr~e ne dc |`lkencn' Dc fcsukgcrkc leg~rcd ne dc cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc |kjue cgldcnc eg ed

e|~kd` ey~rcl~kx` qr`qk` ne dc q`lc nedo``f'Cug c|$ |urjeg guexc| cl~k~une| { qr que|~c| sue xcg ~`fcgn` luer&

q` eg ed ~urk|f` { sue icleg |uq`ger ug qr`jre|kx` lcfok` eg dc qer|qel~kxc ned ne|crr`dd` hu~ur` ne e|~e |el~`r' Eg

~rfkg`| ne lu`~c| ne ferlcn`$ d`| lcfok`| |`g kfqerleq~kode| ` fu{ q`l` |kjgkhklc~kx`|$ fkeg~rc| sue eg ~rfk&

g`| ne qerleqlkg |`lkcd ne ugguex` ~urk|f`$ e|~c| guexc| qr`que|~c| { cl~k~une| cnsukereg fc{`r ~rc|legneglkc'

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44/193

Dc| rcle| ne e|~e lcfok` sue xc lcrcl~erk}cgn` ed ~urk|f` ne hkgcd ned |kjd` YY { qrkglkqk`| ned YYK ~egnrcf`| sue

ou|lcrdc| fu{ qròcodefeg~e eg d`| lcfok`| kne`djkl`| ne hkgcde| ne d`| |e|eg~c$ ed hcf`|` fc{` ned 89$ c rc&

} ne d`| lucde|$ eg ugc nef`|~rclkg f| ne sue ed l`g|uf` ~ur|~kl` rehdemc dc recdkncn lud~urcd ne dc |`lkencn

eg sue |e ne|crr`ddc$ cnsukere feg`r kfq`r~cglkc ed|~c~u| |`lkcd ne dc| xclclk`ge| )lcdkncn ne d`| i`~ede|$ fe&

nk`| ne ~rcg|q`r~e$ e~l'+ qcrc sue dc jcge ed l`g~egkn`kg~edel~ucdned xkcme' C| que|$ cqcreleg guex`| ne|~kg`|$fuli`| ne qc|e| eg xc| ne ne|crr`dd`$ eg d`| sue |e ne|luoreg guexc| lud~urc| {$ d` sue e| f| kfq`r~cg~e$

qrkfc eg fuli`| ne d`| qr`jrcfc| ne xkcme dc q`|kokdkncn ne l`g~cl~` l`g dc| jeg~e| ned dujcr ne ne|~kg`' Cqc&

releg edefeg~`| ne|`dkncrkncneg dc lreclkg ne qr`jrcfc| ~ur|~kl`| { |e jegercg guexc| efqre|c| l`g ug e|&

~kd` nk|~kg~` cd ~rcnklk`gcd$ ic|~c eg~`gle|$ eg ed |el~`r ~ur|~kl`' Eg Hrcglkc cqcreleg efqre|c| l`f` Gùxedde|

Hr`g~kre| ` Ugkldcf$ sue |uqercg {c ed fcrl` ned ~urk|f`|`lkcd ` q`qudcrqcrc eg~rcr eg ug e|qclk` ne ~urk|f`

cd~ergc~kx`$ f| cl~kx` {$ |òre ~`n` f| qcr~klkqc~kx ' Ed ldkeg~e {c g` e| ug |ume~` qc|kx` cd sue |e de fue|~rcg

dc| oedde}c| ey~klc| ne ug dujcr ref`~`$ eglerrcn` eg |u urgc ne lrk|~cd$ |kg` sue e| ug |ume~` cl~kx` sue kg~e&

rcllk`gc l`g dc| jeg~e| ned dujcr$ qcr~klkqc ne |u lud~urc l`~knkcgc { |clrkhklc ~efq`rcdfeg~e ed l`gh`r~ cd sue e|&

~ icok~ucn`' Eg ~`nc Eur`qc gcleg cjeglkc| ne xkcme| ne lcrcl~er|~klc| |kfkdcre|' Cdjugc|$ l`f` dc| ork~gklc|$

f| e|qelkcdk}cnc| eg d` sue |e xkege eg ddcfcr eyqenklk`ge|$ c~rcxke|cg hrklc ne g`r~e c |ur l`g fenk`| ne

~rcg|q`r~e oc|~cg~e qrelcrk`| )lcfk`ge| fkdk~cre| ne |ejugnc fcg`+' Ed ddcfcn` ~urk|f` cd~ergc~kx` ic ~`fcn` {c

lcr~c ne gc~urcde}c eg d`| ferlcn`| ~ur|~kl`| eg d`| c`| `lieg~c$ cugsue |u kfqcl~` ne gej`lk`$ eg l`fqcrc&

lkg l`g ed ~urk|f` ~rcnklk`gcd$ |ec ne e|lc|c eg~kncn' Eg ed fcrl` ne e|e ~urk|f` cd~ergc~kx` |e jegercg guexc|qr`que|~c| l`g l`g~egkn`| lud~urcde| f| rkjur`|`| { |`hk|~klcn`|$ ne fcgerc sue ed ddcfcn` ~urk|f` lud~urcd|e

l`g|`dknc ~cfokg l`f` ugc ~kq`d`jc ~ur|~klc ~rc|legneg~e$ cugsue fu{ leg~rcnceg ugc xk|kg fu{ eur`lg&

~rklc eg d`| c~rcl~kx`| ne dc| jrcgne| lkuncne| eur`qec|'

\kfud~gecfeg~e$ eg d`| qc|e| cxcg}cn`| |e ~`fc l`glkeglkc l`del~kxc ne dc gele|kncn ne qre|erxcr ed fenk`

cfokeg~e' Dc|`|~egkokdkncnic cqcrelkn` l`f` qcrcnkjfc ugkxer|cd$ { edd` xc c kfqrejgcr ~cfokg dc qrl~klc ~u&

r|~klc' Cqcreleg {c dc| qrkferc| lr~klc| g`~code| { l`g el` |`lkcd cd lcrl~er neqrencn`r ned ~urk|f` l`gxeglk`&

gcd' [c c hkgcde| ne d`| c`| |e~eg~c |`g fd~kqde| d`| e|qclk`| ne neoc~e eg d`| sue |e cgcdk}cg dc| l`g|elueg&

lkc| ne dc l`g|~rullkg kdkfk~cnc { ne|`rnegcnc$ ne dc e|qeludclkg kgfòkdkcrkc { ned e|lc|` oegehklk`$ qcrc

ne~erfkgcn`| ne|~kg`| fc|kx |$ ne dc kgnu|~rkc ~ur|~klc' \e icodc {c ne|uoxeglkg c d`| ~urk|~c|' E| nelkr$ ed x`&

dufeg ne |erxklk`| sue qre|~c ed dujcr ne ne|~kg` e| |uqerk`r$ eg l`|~e recd$ cd oegehklk` el`gfkl` sue jegerc dc

cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc' ^`n` edd`$ |kfqdefeg~e$ ~rc~cgn` ned ~efc el`gfkl`$ |kg ~eger eg lueg~c cnef| dc| kfqdk&

lclk`ge| sue ~kege ne|ne ed qug~` ne xk|~c |`lkcd ` lud~urcd'

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46/193

kg~er|$ djklcfeg~e cqr`xelicnc| q`r dc kgnu|~rkc ne dc l`fugklclkg' C|kfk|f`$ ed ~urk|f` ex`dulk`gc eg qcrc&

ded` l`g d`| qr`le|`| |`lkcde| { lud~urcde| { rehdemc ~cfokg ed gkxed { dc lcdkncn ne dc oc|e enulc~kxc ne gue|~rc

|`lkencn' E| òxk` sue ug lkuncncg` ~kege fc{`r lrk~erk` { e|$ q`r ~cg~`$ f| |edel~kx` eg dc edellkg ne |u|

l`g|uf`| ~ur|~kl`| eg dc fenknc eg sue ~kege fc{`r h`rfclkg$ f| kgh`rfclkg { e|~ |eg|kokdk}cn` q`r c|qel&

~`| |`lkcde|$ l`f` dc l`g|erxclkg ned fenk` cfokeg~e { dc |`|~egkokdkncn' Cug c|$ g` |e quene cxeg~urcr sue~`n`| d`| l`g|uf`| ~ur|~kl`| ne ug fk|f` kgnkxknu` re|q`gncg c ug lrk~erk` ugkh`rfe$ que|$ cd kjucd sue eg fu&

li`| c|qel~`| lud~urcde|$ ic{ e|qclk`| { f`feg~`| eg d`| sue |e re|q`gne c gele|kncne| nk|~kg~c|' E| nelkr$

sue ed fk|f` l`g|ufkn`r sue$ f`~kxcn` q`r |u| kgsuke~une| lud~urcde|$ kgxker~e ug hkg ne |efcgc eg dc xk|k~c c

ugc }`gc ik|~rklc { xk|k~c ~`n`| |u| fu|e`| { f`gufeg~`| efodef~kl`| quene$ eg `~r` f`feg~` { lkrlug|&

~cglkc$ |er ug l`g|ufkn`r ~qkl` ne ugc |efcgc ne|`d { qdc{c eg ed Lcrkoe'

L`gxkege ne|~clcr csu sue eg cdjug`| fok~`| lud~urcde| |e ~rc~c ne nehkgkr cd ~urk|~c lud~urcdl`f` cdjukeg neugc| lcrcl~er|~klc| e|qelkcde|$ ug |ejfeg~` ne ferlcn` nef`jrhklcfeg~e fu{ cl`~cn`$ sue re|ud~crc nk|~kg&

~` ` cd~ergc~kx` cd ~urk|~c l`gxeglk`gcd' Eg recdkncn$ dc fk|fc cleqlkg ne ~urk|f` lud~urcde| kgnehkgknc { nk|lu~k&

ode {$ q`r ~cg~`$ e| f| djkl` qeg|cr eg qer|`gc| sue$ eg lkrlug|~cglkc| nk|~kg~c| { l`g f`~kxclk`ge| nkxer|c|$

recdk}cg xkcme| l`g fc{`r ` feg`r l`g~egkn` lud~urcd'

\e ic ~rc~cn` {c ne dc| f`~kxclk`ge| { d`| e|~kd`| ne xkcme ne d`| qrkfer`| ~urk|~c|$ qcrc ~rc~cr$ ~cfokg$ ned qerhkd

ned ~urk|~c ne dc |ejugnc fk~cn ned |kjd` YY$ eg dc sue ed l`g|uf` ~ur|~kl` cnsukere lcrcl~er|~klc| fc|kxc|' F|

relkeg~efeg~e$ cqcreleg lcfok`| eg ed l`fq`r~cfkeg~` ned l`g|ufkn`r ~ur|~kl`$ sue xcg c l`gnklk`gcr$ |kg nu&

nc$ dc ex`dulkg ned |el~`r eg ed hu~ur`$ qròcodefeg~e l`ghkrkegn` fc{`r ~rc|legneglkc c dc redclkg eg~re ~urk|&

f`$ lud~urc { ne|crr`dd`'

Cqcrele ug guex` ~kq` ne l`g|ufkn`r$ f| re|qe~u`|` l`g ed eg~`rg`$ qre`luqcn` q`r d`| qròdefc| |`lkcde|$

cg|k`|` ne kg~ercllk`gcr l`g lud~urc| nk|~kg~c| c dc |u{c { l`gxeglkn` ne sue$ cnef| ne ug e|qclk` ne `lk`$ edxkcme e| ~cfokg ug fok~` ne ne|luorkfkeg~` kg~edel~ucd { ne egrksuelkfkeg~` iufcg`'

L`f` l`g|elueglkc ne e|~c ex`dulkg ned l`g|ufkn r ~ur|~kl`$ |e ic ncn` eg ~rc~cr$ eg d`| d~kf`| ~kefq`|$ |`&

ore ugguex` ldkeg~e ~ur|~kl`$ l`g ugc| lcrcl~er|~klc| sue d` nehkgeg=

E| kfqclkeg~e' Dc| guexc| ~elg d`jc|$ c| l`f` dc cjkdkncn eg d`| qr`le|`| ne l`ferlkcdk}clkg$ icg uoklcn`

eg ed ferlcn` ugc ~lgklc ne re|que|~c kgfenkc~c ` lc|k kgfenkc~c c dc nefcgnc ned l`g|ufkn`r' Ed guex` ~u&

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rk|~c e|$ que|$ cdjukeg sue qrelk|c ne re|que|~c| kg|~cg~gec| c |u| resuerkfkeg~`| ne kgh`rfclkg ` ne qre|&

~clkg ne |erxklk`|'

Ou|lc eyqerkeglkc|' Dc| f`~kxclk`ge| sue jegercr`g d`| jrcgne| ne|luorkfkeg~`| ne hkgcde| ned |kjd` YKY { |u

l`fq`geg~e r`fg~kl` icg ne|cqcrelkn` qrl~klcfeg~e$ cd e|~cr ~`n` ed qdcge~c ne|luoker~` { |k|~efc~k}cn`'

Dc gele|kncn ne eyqre|cr e|c o|suenc ne d` ne|l`g`lkn` kfqdklc dc eykjeglkc ne eyqerkeglkc| eg ed ~kefq`nenklcn` c d`| xkcme|' C|kfk|f`$ dc qre|kg ne dc| jrcgne| uroe|$ l`g |u ugkh`rfk}clkg$ jegerc dc gele|kncn

ne guexc| eyqerkeglkc| sue egrksue}lcg ed ocjcme qer|`gcd ne lcnc ug`' @~r`| qcrfe~r`|$ l`f` dc e|~cgnc&

rk}clkg ne d`| f`ned`| ne xknc { ne `lk`$ c| l`f` dc kgl`rq`rclkg ne guex`| xcd`re| )|`dkncrkncn$ |`|~egkok&

dkncn$ e~l'+ c dc l`glkeglkc l`del~kxc$ icg f`~kxcn` ~cfokg sue ed ~urk|~c cl~ucd ou|sue xkxkr eyqerkeglkc| kgg`&

xcn`rc| eg |u qerkqd`'

E|~ okeg kgh`rfcn` { e| eykjeg~e' Ed x`dufeg ne kgh`rfclkg ~ur|~klc cl~ucd$ e|qelkcdfeg~e jrclkc| c Kg~erge~$

e| fu{ kfq`r~cg~e$ q`r d` sue ed ~urk|~c cl~ucd nk|q`ge ne relur|`| clle|kode| qcrc `o~eger dc| kgh`rfclk`ge|sue qrelk|c' E|~e x`dufeg ne kgh`rfclkg$ ccnkn` c dc x`dug~cn ne qer|`gcdk}cr |u qr`qk` xkcme$ de l`ghkere

ugc lcrcl~er|~klc ne eykjeglkc hreg~e c dc kgnu|~rkc ~ur|~klc' E| nelkr$ ed xkcmer` cl~ucd cleq~c feg`| dc nkgfk&

lc ~rcnklk`gcd ne ug xkcme `rjcgk}cn`$ q`rsue l`ghc f| eg |u qr`qk` lrk~erk` { ~kegeg n`lufeg~clkg qcrc edd`'

Q`r `~rc qcr~e$ ~kegne c nk|ecr |u qr`qk` k~kgercrk` `$ cd feg`|$ c kgldukr eg d`| qcsue~e| qre`rjcgk}cn`| |u|

qr`qk`| kg~ere|e| kgsuke~une|'

Ou|lc ugc ouegc redclkg lcdkncn/qrelk`' Ed ~urk|~c cl~ucd |e fuexe feg`| q`r |fo`d`| ne qre|~kjk`$ cugsue

ed xkcme eg | fk|f` |ec ug` ne edd`|$ { |edellk`gc dc lcdkncn { ed qrelk` ne d`| |erxklk`| sue xc c relkokr' Ugc

lcrcl~er|~klc fu{ kfq`r~cg~e qcrc ed ne|crr`dd` hu~ur` ne qr`nul~`| e| sue ed guex` ~urk|~c e|~ nk|que|~` c

qcjcr f| q`r dc kgl`rq`rclkg ne xcd`re| kg~cgjkode| c |u eyqerkeglkc ne xkcme' Dc lcdkncn cnsukere eg ed ~urk|&

f` ne i`{ eg nc ug xcd`r co|`du~cfeg~e redexcg~e$ q`r d` sue eyk|~e ugc qre`luqclkg ned |el~`r { ug qr`le&

|` cledercn` eg dc cqdklclkg ne |k|~efc| ne lcdkncn$ sue$ ne f`feg~` |e lkrlug|lrkoe cd gkxed ne d`| |erxklk`|

f| o|kl`| ne dc nkgfklc ~ur|~klc'

Nc xcd`r c d`| l`g~egkn`| lud~urcde| ned xkcme { |edellk`gc eg huglkg g` |`d` ne dc| qre|~clk ge| ne |erxklk`|sue xc c relkokr$ |kg` ~cfokg ne dc| l`fqeg|clk`ge| kg~edel~ucde| { |`lkcde| sue |u qerkqd` de xc c qr`q`r&

lk`gcr'

Ed guex` l`g|ufkn`r ~ur|~kl` e|~ nk|que|~` c xkcmcr f|$ {c sue ed ~urk|f` h`rfc qcr~e ne |u| qc~r`ge| ne

l`g|uf`'

E| efkgeg~efeg~eq`dkl`g|ufkn`r' E| nelkr$ g` re|q`gne c ug |`d` qcrfe~r` eg dc edellkg ne |u| xkc&

me|$ |kg` sue$ eg huglkg ne f`~kxclk`ge| { lkrlug|~cglkc| nk|~kg~c|$ recdk}c l`g|uf`| ne lcrcl~er|~ klc|

nkxer|c|'

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\ejg dc| rehereglkc| ne dc Z`rdn ^rcxed F`gk~`r$ dc| qrexk|k`ge| ne dc ex`dulkg hu~urc ned l`g|ufkn`r ~ur|~kl`

|e q`nrcg |kg~e~k}cr eg ed |kjukeg~e od`sue=

L`g~kguclkg { q`|kode cufeg~` ne dc qre`luqclkg q`r dc |ejurkncn'

Qer`n`| xclclk`gcde| f| l r~`| { f| hrelueg~e|$ l`g feg`| ne|lcg|`| l`r~`|/hkg ne |efcgc$ ne ugc c~re| g`lie| ne nurclkg'

Lcfok`| iclkc ed ~urk|f` n`f|~kl` rejk`gcd'

_e~rc|` eg dc h`rfudclkg ne re|erxc| e kglrefeg~` ned u|` ne Kg~erge~'

Cufeg~` ne dc nefcgnc ne qcsue~e| qcrlkcde| ` c dc fenknc hreg~e c d`| qcsue~e| ~rcnklk`gcde|'

Fc{`r kg~er| eg xclclk`ge| sue `hre}lcg ugc eyqerkeglkc$ hreg~e cd kg~er| q`r ed ne|~kg` ` ed ~kq` ne qr`nul~ '

Nefcgnc ne xclclk`ge| l`f` xkxeglkc ne eyqerkeglkc|$ kglduknc dc kgfer|kg eg dc lud~urc d`lcd { dc qr`ykfk&

ncn c dc gc~urcde}c' Qr`nul~`| g`xen`|`| { cd`mcfkeg~` g` l`gxeglk`gcd'

ED Û_K\F@ NED \KJD@ YYK

D`| lcfok`| l`g|~c~cn`| ne dc| qer|`gc| cg~e ed ieli` ~ur|~kl`$ sue ne~erfkgcg qcrlkcdfeg~e dc recdkncn ned ~u&

rk|f` cl~ucd$ |e xeg cl`fqccn`| q`r ug l`gmug~` ne hcl~`re| sue q`nrcf`| uoklcr eg dc| n`| d~kfc| nlcnc|

{ sue l`ghkjurcg d`| ~rc}`| f| lcrcl~er|~kl`| ned ~urk|f` f`nerg`=

Dc |uqerclkg qcrlkcd ne dc| ocrrerc| knk`f~klc|' Ed kgjd|$ sue |e ic l`gxer~kn` eg ug knk`fc ugkxer|cd$ e|qe&

lkcdfeg~e eg dc| rec| ~ur|~klc|$ e| l`g`lkn` fc{`rk~crkcfeg~e q`r d`| mxege| ne i`{ eg nc ne dc| |`lkenc&

ne| cxcg}cnc|' Dc ocrrerc sue ed knk`fc |uq`gc qcrc jegerclk`ge| cg~erk`re| suenc edkfkgcnc$ { |e core ug

guex` e|qclk` ne q`|kokdkncne| ne kgh`rfclkg e kg~ercllkg' Ed xeilud` qrkxcn` ~kege fem`re| qre|~clk`ge| { l`gh`r~$ { dc| xc| ne l`fugklclkg icg fem rcn` |eg|kode&

feg~e' \e queneg icler ne|qdc}cfkeg~`| f| dcrj`| { eg fem`re| l`gnklk`ge|' Edd` ic qr`nulkn`$ qcrcnmklc&

feg~e$ qròdefc| g`~code| c }`gc| ~ur|~klc| ned eg~`rg` ne dc| jrcgne| l`gleg~rclk`ge| urocgc| sue icocg

gclkn` l`f` ne|~kg`| ne qr`ykfkncn eg d`| kgklk`| ned u|` fc|kx` ned xeilud` qrkxcn`$ que|$ eg dc| l`gnklk`&

ge| cl~ucde|$ e|~c| }`gc| suencg nefc|kcn` qrykfc| c dc| jrcgne| uroe| {$ q`r ~cg~`$ |`g|òreqc|cnc| q`r

d`| l`g|ufkn`re| q`~eglkcde|$ sue xcg i`{ f| cdd eg |u| ne|qdc}cfkeg~`| ne xclclk`ge| l`r~c| ` hkge| ne

|efcgc' Eg d`| c`| |e|eg~c$ d` |k~ucn` eg ug rcnk` ne 51 bf' cdrenen`r ne ugc jrcg lkuncn eur`qec erc ug

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ne|~kg` ~ur|~kl` qr`ocode qcrc dc fc{`rc ne d`| u|ucrk`|$ fkeg~rc| sue i`{ eg nc e|~e rcnk` |e ic cfqdkcn` c

351 ` 9



50/193

chel~c ~cfokg$ neg~r` ne d`| fk|f`| qc|e| el`gfklcfeg~e f| ne|crr`ddcn`|$ c dc |`dulkg ne d`| jrcgne|

ne|esukdkork`| |`lkèl`gfkl`| kg~erg`| eg~re }`gc| urocgc| e kgnu|~rkcde| { }`gc| qren`fkgcg~efeg~e rurc&

de|' Qcrcnmklcfeg~e$ dc ~elg`d`jc ~ur|~klc hcx`relen`rc ned ne|crr`dd` |e ic f`|~rcn` fuli` f| ehklc} eg

ed ~rc~cfkeg~` ne d`| ne|esukdkork`| kg~erg`| ne d`| qc|e| f| cxcg}cn`| sue eg ed ne dc |`dulkg ne d`| ne|e&

sukdkork`| kg~ergclk`gcde|$ fu{ |ume~`| e|~`| d~kf`| c qr`le|`| x`dug~crk|~c|$ o|klcfeg~e ne @GJ| $ ` c qr`&le|`| |`q`r~cn`| q`r kg|~k~ulk`ge| kg~ergclk`gcde|$ ne jrcg ey~eg|kg ~errk~`rkcd { q`lc l`glrelkg eg dc recdk&

}clkg ne qr`{el~`| e|qelhkl`| { |`|~egkode|'

Ugc ~egneglkc jegercd iclkc ed re~ rg` c dc| lud~urc| `rkjkgcde|$ l`f` re|que|~c c dc ne|qer|`gcdk}clkg { dc

e|~cgncrk}clkg qr`x`lcnc| q`r dc qre|kg ne dc xknc urocgc { ne dc| lkrlug|~cglkc| ne ~rcocm` icok~ucde| i`{

eg nc' Ed lrelkfkeg~`$ q`r emefqd`$ ne dc `her~c ~ur|~klcge`rurcdg` |e l`rre|q`gne ~cg |`d` l`g hcl~`re| dnk&

l`| ` e|~~kl`|$ |kg` sue eyqre|c ~cfokg$ { hugncfeg~cdfeg~e$ dc gele|kncn ne reluqercr l`g~egkn`| kneg~k&

~crk`| { |ufkr|e ne guex` eg ed l`g~ey~` ne dc lud~urc `rkjkgcd cu~l~`gc' Dc eyqd`|kg ned hegfeg` Kg~erge~$ sue ic lrecn` ug guex` e|qclk` kg~ergclk gcd ne kgh`rfclkg e kg~erlcf&

ok`$ cd ~kefq` sue ic hclkdk~cn` guexc| qr`que|~c| ne l`ferlkcdk}clkg qrelk|cfeg~e qcrc sukege| ~egcg fc&

{`re| nkhklud~cne| ne clle|` c d`| ferlcn`| ~ur|~kl`| kg~ergclk`gcde|' Ed x`dufeg ne kgh`rfclkg ~ur|~klc eg

dc ren e| ne d`| fc{`re|$ |`dcfeg~e |uqercn` q`r dc| qjkgc| ne l`g~egkn` |eyucd' Kg~erge~ ic qerfk~kn` |uqe&

rcr ugc jrcg ocrrerc ne kg~erfenkcrk`| eg dc `qerclkg ~ur|~klc$ d` sue core ugc kfq`r~cg~e quer~c c dc uoklc&

lkg eg d`| ferlcn`| efk|`re| ne qr`que|~c| lud~urcde| ne qesue` h`rfc~` sue ne `~rc fcgerc g` iuokercg

ddejcn` mcf| cd l`g|ufkn`r q`~eglkcd hkgcd'

Guexc| ~egneglkc| eg d`| l`g~egkn`| kne`djkl`| { lud~urcde| ne d`| mxege| cl~ucde|$ eg~re d`| sue l`gxkege

ne|~clcr$ eg e|~e l`g~ey~`$ dc|`dkncrkncn$ dc |eg|kokdk}clkg eg hcx`r ne dc|`|~egkokdkncn{$ eg nehkgk~kxc$ dc lr~k&

lc cd f`ned` ne ne|crr`dd` |`lkèl`gfkl` kfqercg~e eg dc| |`lkencne| cxcg}cnc|' Dc| l`rrkeg~e| oc|cnc|

eg sue ug guex` fugn` e| q`|kode ~kegeg ~cfokg |u ~rc|dclkg c dc redclkg eg~re ~urk|f`$ lud~urc { ne|crr`&

dd` l`g dc jegerclkg ne guexc| qer|qel~kxc| |òre d`| ehel~`| ned ~urk|f` { |u| l`g|elueglkc| eg dc| |`lke&

ncne| eg sue e|~e |e ddexc c lco`' Dc nk|~rkoulkg ne d`| oegehklk`| ne dc cl~kxkncn ~ur|~klc { ne d`| nereli`|ne dc| l`fugkncne| cu~l~`gc| c |u je|~kg h`rfc qcr~e ned neoc~e |òre hrfudc|cd~ergc~kxc| cd ~urk|f` l`g&

xeglk`gcd' \e ic clucn` dc neg`fkgclkg el`~urk|f`$ sue cd qcreler qre~egne cocrlcr ~`nc e|~c guexc h`r&

fudclkg cd~ergc~kxc$ cug lucgn`$ l`f` eg ed lc|` ned ~urk|f` lud~urcd$ |e l`rre ed rke|j` ne lkrlug|lrkokr c `q&

lk`ge| fcrjkgcde|$ ne qesue` h`rfc~`$ d`| kg~eg~`| ne ~rcg|h`rfclkg ned ~urk|f` jdòcd$ lu{c nkgfklc

|uqerc l`g lrele| kgklkc~kxc| ~cg e|qelhklc| { re|~rkl~kxc|'

Ed qe|` ne dc kgnu|~rkc kgfòkdkcrkc c|`lkcnc cd lrelkfkeg~` ~ur|~kl` cnsukere qr`jre|kxcfeg~e fc{ r nkfeg&

|kg$ { cqcrele ugc nkgfklc eferjeg~e ne l`g|~rullkg kgnk|lrkfkgcnc ne |ejugnc| re|kneglkc| eg dc| rec|

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f| neqrkfknc|$ l`f` l`g|elueglkc ne dc l`g|`dknclkg ned e|~cn` ned okege|~creg fulic| |`lkencne|

cxcg}cnc|' Jrcgne| lcg~kncne| ne lkuncncg`| ne d`| qc|e| l`g fem`re| l`gnklk`ge| |`lkcde| { el`gfklc|

ò|erxcg l`g lker~c qre`luqclkg ed hu~ur` ne |u| qeg|k`ge| ne muokdclkg { ~efeg sue e|~c|$ c fenk` { dcrj`

qdc}`$ de| |uq`gjcg ug gkxed ne xknc qrelcrk` eg |u qr`qk` qc|' Nk|q`ger$ que|$ ne ug dujcr$ ~efq`rcd ` qer&

fcgeg~e l`g ugc| l`gnklk`ge| el`gfklc| f| hcx`rcode| eg ed sue xkxkr |e ic l`gxer~kn` eg ug f`~`r ne e|&~c guexc e~cqc l`g|~rul~`rc$ sue |òreqc|c {c ne~erfkgcnc| }`gc| ne d`| qc|e| f| rkl`| qcrc ey~egner|e

q`r qc|e| eg xc| ne ne|crr`dd`' E| g`~code ed lrelkfkeg~` ne e|~e chg l`g|~rul~kx` eg qc|e| l`f` ûrsuc$

qrykf` c dc UE$ ` dc| l`|~c| ne Orc|kd Leg~r`cfrklc$ f| qrykfc| c G`r~ecfrklc' Ic gclkn` d` sue |e ic

ncn` eg ddcfcr ed ~urk|f` re|kneglkcd$ l`gleq~` co|`du~cfeg~e nk|lu~kode$ {c sue ~kege fu{ q`l` sue xer l`g

dc nkgfklc { l`fq`r~cfkeg~` ~ur|~kl` { fuli` sue xer l`g dc kgnu|~rkc kgfòkdkcrkc' E|~c h`rfudclkg l`fq`r&

~c ug eg`rfe rke|j` qcrc d`| qc|e| eg xc| ne ne|crr`dd`$ sue queneg$ eg ed hu~ur`$ ~eger jrcgne| }`gc| ne |u|

qc|e| l`gxer~knc| eg kgfeg|`| jerk~rkl`|$ l`g jrcg nefcgnc ne |erxklk`| { e|lc||kf` gkxed ne qr`nullkgel`gfklc' C edd` ic{ sue ccnkr sue$ eg ed l`g~ey~` ne dc| `qerclk`ge| sue |e ddexcg c lco` cl~ucdfeg~e eg

e|~e fok~`$ g` e| qrelk|cfeg~e ed qc| releq~`r sukeg o~kege ed fc{`r oegehklk` ne e|~c ~kq`d`jc ne gej`lk`'

Ug hcl~`r sue ne~erfkgc ed guex` ~urk|f` e|$ |kg nunc$ dc |eg|kokdkncn ned ~urk|~c q`~eglkcd q`r dc qr`~ellkg ned

fenk` cfokeg~e' Ed xcd`r eg~`rg` qr`~ejkn` e| ug edefeg~` cqrelkcn` q`r ed l`g|ufkn`r ~ur|~kl`' Edd`$ cnef|$

~kege {c ugc oc|e |dknc$ nerkxcnc ne ~`n` ed qr`le|` g`rfc~kx` sue$ l`f` l`g|elueglkc ne dc |eg|kokdk}clkg

|`lkcd$ icg ddexcn` c lco` dc| cnfkgk|~rclk`ge| qodklc|' G` |e ~rc~c |`d` ne ug qr`le|` x`dug~crk`$ nerkxcn` ne

dc eyqel~c~kxc ne d`| l`g|ufkn`re|$ |kg` sue |e ~rc~c$ cnef|$ ne lufqdkr ugc| g`rfc~kxc| sue queneg { neoeg

ncr dujcr c |cglk`ge| eg lc|` ne kglufqdkfkeg~`' Dc qr`~ellkg ned eg~`rg` h`rfc qcr~e ne dc e|~rc~ejkc ne fu&

lic| efqre|c| { ne |u| l`|~`| huglk`gcde|' E|$ q`r ~cg~`$ ug edefeg~` ne l`fqe~k~kxkncn {$ ne ugc u `~rc fcge&

rc$ ~kegne c l`gxer~kr|e eg ug hcl~`r ne~erfkgcg~e ne dc lcdkncn { c~rcl~kx` ne ug ne|~kg` ~ur|~kl`' Eg e|~e qug~`$

{ l`g dc fkrc que|~c eg c|qel~`| lud~urcde|$ ic{ sue l`gxegkr eg sue gue|~rc |`lkencn ic ex`dulk`gcn` l`fqc&

rc~kxcfeg~e q`l` eg dc qr`~ellkg { |`|~egkokdkncn ne dc| lud~urc| d`lcde|' \k okeg$ l`f` |e chkrfcoc cg~erk`r&

feg~e$ eyk|~e ugc qr`jre|kxc |eg|kokdk}clkg q`r |u l`g|erxclkg { nkgcfk}clkg l`f` cl~kx` |`lkèl`gfkl`$~cfokg e| lker~` sue g` |e ic ddejcn` c ug e|~cnk` g`rfc~kx`$ l`f` eg ed fok~` fenk`cfokeg~cd$ sue òdkjue

ne fcgerc ehklc} c d`| je|~`re| qodkl`| { qrkxcn`| ne ug ~errk~`rk`' C| que|$ fkeg~rc| dc qr`~ellkg ne dc gc~u&

rcde}c e| cdj` òdkjcn`$ dc qr`~ellkg ne dc lud~urc d`lcd |kjue f`xkgn`|e eg ed e|qclk` ne dc x`dug~crkencn '

@~rc ne dc| lcrcl~er|~klc| hugncfeg~cde| ne e|~e guex` qer`n` ~ur|~kl` e| dc redc~kxc c d`| qrelk`| ne d`| |er&

xklk`| ~ur|~kl`|' Dc kgl`rq`rclkg fc|kxc ne guex`| l`g|ufkn`re| ~ur|~kl`|$ dc fem`rc ~elg`djklc ne ~rcg|&

q`r~e| { cd`mcfkeg~`| { dc q`qudcrk}clkg fc|kxc ned xkcme l`f` kg|~rufeg~` g` ~cg |`d` ne qre|~kjk` |`lkcd$ |k&

g` ~cfokg ne kg~erlcfok` lud~urcd { ne l`g`lkfkeg~`$ icg qr`x`lcn` sue ed l`g|uf` ne xkcme| |ec$ eg

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l`fqcrclkg l`g e~cqc| cg~erk`re|$ recdfeg~e el`gfkl`' C| que|$ dc rekxkgnklclkg ne ~urk|f` qcrc ~`n`| ne

dc| qrkferc| `rjcgk}clk`ge| ne ~urk|f` |`lkcd$ sue qre~egncg icler clle|kode dc qrl~klc ned ~urk|f` c ~`nc|

dc| lcqc| ne dc q`odclkg$ ic |kn` |`dulk`gcnc q`r ed fk|f` ferlcn`$ ne fcgerc sue i`{ eg nc$ eg d`| qc|e|

cxcg}cn`|$ nkhlkdfeg~e ~kege lcoknc ugc rekxkgnklclkg el`g`fklk|~c |`ore ed qrelk` ne ugc| xclclk`ge| ` ne

ug xkcme' Gc~urcdfeg~e$ edd` g` e| c| eg ~`n` ed fugn`$ neokn` c d`| ne|esukdkork`| el`gfkl`| kg~ergclk`gc&de|$ d` sue nkhklud~c eg jrcg fcgerc ed ne|crr`dd` ned ~urk|f` rejk`gcd$ sue |uq`gnrc ug jrcg edefeg~

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