35
Arch. Soco aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA POR EL METODO DE L AS POST-IMAGENES POR ¡OSE l. BARRAQUER M. , M. D. E l\TRIQUE ARI ZA H ., M. D. SALOMON REINOSO A. , M. D. Bogotá. Colombia Ente ndernos por ambliopía la reducción m{¡s o men os importante de la visión macular sin causa orgánica aparente que la justifique. Decimos apa- rente, porque suponemos que existen ambliopías por alteracion es orgánicas qu e escapan a l os actuales medios de exploración. Desde un punto de vista funcional y terapéutico las ambliopías deben clasificarse de acuerdo con el tipo de fijación, dividiéndolas en amblio as con "f ij ación central" y ambliopías "s in fijación central". La ambliopía con f ij ación central puede ser por falta de uso o de causa desconocida (primitiva o id iopática) en las qu e las hipótesis et io lógicas no admiten confirmación sistemática. La ambliopía por falta de uso es el resultado de la falta de impulsos adecuados que es ti m ul en la mácula o de que la función macular se haya in hibido para evitar confusión. L'Is ambli opías con fijación central por fal ta de uso pUl .. --den encontrarse en easps por ortotropia y hete rotropia siendo la ambliopía secundar ia a ésta, mientras q ue en las ambli opías idioticas, que también pueden encontrarse en casos con or totropia o heterotropia, és ta última, cuando existe, es gene- ralmente secundaria a la ambliopía. J9 ,

NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

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Page 1: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

Arch Soco ~Ille r oft~1 aplom (1958) 1 middot39

NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO

DE LA AMBLIOPIA POR EL METODO DE LAS

POST-IMAGENES

POR

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ElTRIQUE ARIZA H M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Entendernos por ambliopiacutea la reduccioacuten miexcls o menos importante de la visioacuten macu lar sin causa orgaacutenica aparente q ue la justifique Decimos apashyrente porque suponemos q ue existen ambliopiacuteas por alteraciones orgaacutenicas que esca pan a los actuales medios de exploracioacuten

Desde un pu nto de vista funcional y terapeacuteutico las ambliopiacuteas deben clasi ficarse de acuerdo con el tipo de fijacioacuten dividieacutendolas en ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten centra l y ambliopiacuteas sin fijacioacuten central

La ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten central puede ser por falta de uso o de causa desconocida (primitiva o id iopaacutetica) en las que las hipoacutetesis etioloacutegicas no admiten confirmacioacuten sistemaacutetica

La ambliopiacutea por falta de uso es el resultado de la falta de impulsos adecuados q ue estimulen la maacutecula o de q ue la funcioacuten macular se haya inhibido para evitar confusioacuten

LIs ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten cen tral por fal ta de uso pUl--den encontrarse en easps por ortotropia y heterotropia siendo la ambliopiacutea secundaria a eacutesta mientras que en las ambliopiacuteas idiopaacuteticas q ue tambieacuten pueden encontrarse en casos con ortotropia o heterotropia eacutesta uacuteltima cuando existe es geneshyral mente secundaria a la ambliopiacutea

J9

BAIIIIAQUEH ~ AH IZA - IlE INOSO bull

La ambl iopiacutea sin fijacioacuten cenhmiddotal puede ser con fijacioacuten parafoveal para macular o exceacutentrica Colocamos en es te uacuteltimo grupo la forma maacutes semiddot vera de fijacioacuten exceacutentrica la ausencia de fijacioacuten

Cliacutenicamente la exploracioacuten del tipo de fijacioacuten se realizl por medio de un oftalmoscopio eSiexclxdll l (Visuskope) que proyecta una pequeiiacutea estrella negra sobre el fonclo ocular Se pide al paciente minlr fiacutejamen te a la estrclk y el observador podraacute apreciar sobre la reti na el lugar en que se forma la imagen proyectada Si eacutesta se fo rma en el centro mismo de la fovea la fija cioacuten es cen tral Parafoveal si se fo rma en la periferia de la maacutecula Paramiddot macular si se forma siempre en un misma aacuterea inmed iatamen te por fuera dB la maacutecu la Si se forma en una zona constan te pero imprecisa hablamos de fijacioacuten exceacutentrica verdadera Existe falta de fijacioacuten cuando el ojo rea liza movimien tos desordenados al intentar fijar

(o Impultos adecuados no eStlmulan la maculo

1) Por lalta de uso b) La luncioacuten macular se

ha inhibido o eXlinguido

Can Ijiexclacloacuten para evitar confudoacuten

centro

2) Idiopaacutelica Causa desconocida o Primitivo

bull Ambliopia

1) Paraloveal

2) Poramacuar Sin fi jaciOacuten 3) Exceacutentrico

central

~) Ausencia de fijacioacuten

0 bull

bull

POST - 1IACENES

Correspondencia retinal anoacutema la verdadera aberracioacuten sensoria l excepshy

cional (T K Lyle y J Foley b hallan solamente cn 16 casos (8) sobre 213 casos) no la hemos hlIJado en casos de ambliopiacutea monocular La fij lshycioacuten parafoveal permite agudezas visuales relativamentc altas (030) y con ella es posible ha lla r fus ioacuten perifeacuterica elemental y auacuten visioacuten macular si mul shyttn ltil sin quc podamos hablar de corrcspondcncia retinal anoacutemala venlashytlern Los caso~ de ambliopiacutea sin funcioacuten binocular elemental han sido en nues tra ex pel iencia de falta de correspondencia retinal y no de corresponshydencia anoacutema la

En el mecanismo de la visioacuten debemos considerar dos e tapas sucesivas

] Percepcioacuten y transmisioacuten por la viacutea oacuteptica de puntos proacuteximos Es el concepto cl aacutesico del miacutenimun separabile

2 I ntc rpretacioacuten cortical de los impulsos recibidos

El tratamiento deberaacute conducirse seguacuten la alteracioacuten encon trada En el primer caso o re-educacioacuten de la percepcioacuten se emplea en [os nintildeos la oclusioacuten del ojo sano siempre que ex iste fijacioacuten central del ojo ambliacuteopl ) s i no se obtiene mejoriacutea o la fijacioacuten es exceacuten trica se recurre al meacutetodo de Cuppers En el segundo caso o educlcioacuten de la interpretacioacuten cortical se utiliza la pleoacutep tica procedimiento de complejas teacutecnicas actualizado p OI

BANCE HTEH

En este traba jo nos referimos excl usivamente a nuestra experiencia soshybre la re-educacioacuten de la percepcioacuten visual en la ambliopiacutea por el Eu thyscope de C uppcrs

En nuestros casos hemos ohservado la siguiente eonducta

lt a) Refraccioacuten si precisa bajo C)cloplegia

b) Control en midriasis de la fijacioacuten con Visuskope

1) Si el caso es de fij acioacuten ecntra l

a) Se prescribe la correccioacuten

b) Oclusioacuten permanente del ojo con mejor agudeza durante linos meses (en general tres) ha8ta lograr una agudeza visual del ojo ambliacuteope por enmiddot eima de O 4

6

BARHAQUER - AIUZA - REINOSO

c) Cuando la oclusioacuten permanente del ojo con mejor agudeza no pershymite mejoriacutea o si el paciente es mayor de 6 antildeos se inicia tratamiento con post-imaacutegenes Debe usarse correccioacuten oacuteptica total durante los ejercicios

E l tratamiento con post-imaacutegenes se continuacutea hasta obtener si es posishyble seguacuten Cuppers una agudeza visual superior a 050 en cuyo caso se ocluye el ojo director hasta que la recuperacioacuten del ojo ambliacuteope se detenga

Hemos hallado que cuando el paciente alcanza una agudeza visual d) 033 la fijacioacuten es foveal y en la mayoriacutea de los casos basta la oclusioacuten del ojo director para que se obtenga una pronta recu peracioacuten funcional del ojo ambliacuteope

Consideramos que la recupcraclOn funcional mediante oclusioacuten del ojo director se ha detenido cuando exaacutemenes practicados con 15 diacuteas de intershyvalo dan la misma agudez1 visual

A continuacioacuten se intenta la obtencioacuten de visioacuten binocular suspendienshydo la oclusioacuten La ortoacuteptica en los casos con ortotropia o de aacutengulo pequentildeo capaces de compensar el deacuteficit muscular es uacutetil para desarrollar la fusioacuten y aumentar su amplitud

Cuando no se ha logrado amplitud de fusioacuten suficientemente buena y existe un elemento motor debe corregirse quiruacutergicamente el aacutengulo exisshytente para evitar la tendencia a inhibirse de nuevo que prcsenta el ojo dlshysambliopizado

2) En caso sin fijacioacuten ccntrol

a) Correccioacuten oacuteptica total del ojo ambliacuteope para usar uacutenicamente dushyrante los ejercicios

b) Correccioacuten quifIacutelrgica del estrabismo si es de aacutengulo grande pues la posicioacuten viciosa del gloho dificulta o imposibilita el tratamiento

e) Tratamiento con post-imaacutegenes

En casos sin fijacioacuten central el tratamiento tiene como primer objetishyvo la obtencioacuten de fij acioacuten central y una vez obtenida eacutesta se continuacutea C(shy

roo en el caso anterior

bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - IlE INOSO bull

Si la fijacioacuten paramacular o exceacutentrica no permite mantener cubierta el

aacuterea macular durante el ejercicio p rocedemos a desvalorizar el aacuterea fijashydora La desvalorizacioacuten puede realizarse activa o pasivamente En el prishymer caso debe deslumbrarse especiacuteficamente la pseudo-maacutecula con un poshytente haz luminoso seguacuten teacutecnica de BANGERTER En el segundo caso se ocluye en forma permanente el ojo ambliacuteope durante varios meses (5 o 6) al cabo de los cuales se reanuda el tratamiento

Para el tratamiento por las post-imaacutegenes seguacuten Cuppees se emplea un oftalmoscopio especial (EuthyscopeJ fabricado por la casa Oculus (Fig 1)

lt

Fig l- Euthyscopc de Ciippers

E l aparato proyecta un potente y amplio haz (de 309) de rayos luminoshysos sobre la retina perifeacuterica y un punto negro sobre la maacutecula de (3Q o de S9)

La iluminacioacuten de la retina perifeacuterica provoca su deslumbramiento en tanto que la maacutecula queda protegida por el punto negro Esta condicioacuten

bull

IOST- IMACfNES

deja fu ncional mente uacutetil la maacutecula e inuacutetil la periferia y permite una estishyIflulaciuacuten macular adecuada

La teacutecnica es la sigui ente

1) i1idrias is del ojo ambliacuteope mediante instilacioacuten de una solucioacuten de atropina al 1 Y midriasis del ojo director con ciclopleacutegico de accioacuten breve (cycl0b)j) panl realizar el e jercicio en primer lugar en eacutel y que el paciente aprencliexcl a ver la post-imagen La midriasis iexclltropiacutenica del ojo ambliacuteope se mantendraacute todo el tiempo que dure el tratam iento Ll midriasis del ojo diwctor solamente se practica el d iacutea del primer e jercicio

2) Con el Euthyscope se proyecta el punto negro central (5Q) sobre la maacutecula durante medio a lIn minuto con las siguientes condiciones

a) La maacutecula debe estar completamente cubierta por el punto negro

b) No debe salir del aacuterea oscura en ninguacuten momento

e) La pseudomaacutecula debe pe rmanecer en la zonl iluminada y si esta estaacute proacutexima a b fovea deheraacute emplearse el punto de tamantildeo menor

3) Se ocluye el ojo no tratado

4) Acto seguido se estimula la re tina enccndiendo y apagando las luces de la habitacioacuten en forma intermitente hasta que el paciente vea sohre una pltlred blanca o una pltlntalla 11 post-imagen positiva del foco luminoso proshyyectado en su retinll (Es decir un punto negro central sobre fondo luminoshyso circular) se contin l la intermitencia luminosa hasta q ue eacutesta post-imashygen se conviertH en negativa (es decir un punto transparente central rodeashydo por una aacuterea circular oscura) (Fig 2) Entonces y duran te el tiempo que vea la post-ima~en negativa se le presentan optotipos iluminados en fonna intermitente mediante ull sistema de control automaacutetico (intervalometer) Si la ambliopiacutea es muy intensa debe iniciarse el tratam iellto estimulando la maacutecula con un fO(o lnminnso

Entre los intervalos de cada sesioacuten el ojo ambliacuteopc debe permanecer ocluido

bull

bull

BARRAQ UER - AHIZA - HEINOSO bull

bull Fig 2-A Post-imagen pusitiva

B Po~t -illlagcll llcgaliv

Hemos modificado la teacutecnica descrita mediante el empleo del Troposshycopio El Troposcopio elimina los estiacutemulos perifeacutericos) permite el empleo exclusivo de la maacutecula durante todo el ejercicio Procedemos como sigue

l Se apaga la luz en la habitacioacuten

2 Deslumbramiento de la retina perifeacuterica con Euthyscope Coneluklo eacuteste colocamos al paciente frente al Troposcopio sin colocar en eacutel optotipo alguno A continuacioacuten realizamos intermitencia luminosa por control mashynual hasta que el paciente vea la post-imagen positiva y posteriormente la post-imagen negativa en el Troposeapiacutea Colocamos en el aparato optotishypos especiales y los presentamos durante el tiempo que el pacient~ percibl la post-imagen negativa sin suspender la intermitencia luminosa

El deslumbramiento y el posterior ejercicio fre nte al Troposcopio pueshyden realizarse sin que el paciente cambie de asiento bastaraacute rotar g(Q

La intensidad luminosa se controla mediante el reoacutestato del Troposcoshypio (American Optical) Empleamos 15 foot-candles medidos en el ocular que corresponden aproximadamente a la mitad de la intensidad total para proshyvocar la inversioacuten de la post-imagen y estimular la maacutecula 1v1ayores intensishydades determinan el deslumhramiento de la miexclcula

La frecuencia del centelleo puede variarse a voluntad segllD el caso en general empIcamos una frecuencia de 40 por minuto

Los optotipos son diapositivas especiales de 10 x 8 centiacutemetros disentildeashydos por uno de nosotros (E Ariza) Consisten en letras opacas encuadrada~

pOSTshy IMAC E NES

en ciacuterculos transparentes y ligeramente resto de la placa es totalmente opaca

mayores q ue las letras inscritas el

Se han constrlliacutedo optotipos de las siguientes dimenciones para

agudezas visualcs

varias

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-1 2 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 01 5 4) 2-15 mm 020 Colombia

5)

6)

2 mm

1- 12 mm

0 25

030

papaacute

Bogotaacute

bull

Siempre debe realizarse previamente un ejercIcIo con el ojo director para que el paciente sepa lo que se espera del ejercicio y aprenda a ver la post-imagen negativa

El Ellthyscope debe enfocarse en cada paciente en la primera sesioacuten y anotar la correccioacuten hallada en cada caso con objeto de no deslumbrar inneshycesariamente la retina al buscar el foco durante los ejercicios El filtro verde de que viene provisto el Euthyscope debe colocarse durante el tiempo que e mpleemos en identificar la maacutecula y este tiempo debe ser el miacutenimo pashysible

Varios autores aconsejan realizar el deslumbramiento de la retina peshyrifeacuterica durante uno o tres minutos En nuestra experiencia hemos hallado q ue el deslumbramiento no debe ser mayor de un minuto porque la luz reflejada por la retina iluminada pueacutede a su vez deslumbrar indirectamenshyte la maacutecula y anular el efecto propuesto

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bull

Puesto que los optotipos solo deben presentarse nI paciente durante el t iempo que perciba la post-imagen negativa importa que eacutesta se prolongue el mayor tiempo posible La percepcioacuten de la post-imagen negativa puede prolongarse si el plciente realiza fuertes contracciones del orbicular y con centelleo

-

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BA RRAQUE R - ARIZA - REI NOSO

La mejoriacutea es maacutes raacutepida si el intervalo entre los ejercicios es pequentildeo por esto es aconsejable realizar dos ses iones diarias y en cada una de ellas reshypetir el ejercicios dos veces dejando como intervalo el tiempo que tarde en desaparecer la percepcioacuten de la post-imagen

Si durante el deslumbramiento se ilumina accidentalmente la maacutecula debe suspenderse el ejercicio y esperar por lo menos dos minutos antes de reanudar la sesioacuten para que la post-imagen negativa se perciba con nitidez

DIFICULTADES DE LA TECNICA

Por la relativa complejidad del ejercicio el trata miento tiene mayores posibilidades de eacutexito en sujetos mayores de 10 antildeos

El desarrollo intelectual es importante para el eacutexito puesto que el trashytamiento tiene por objeto educar una facultad intelectual

Pacientes con buen grado de instruccioacuten (universitarios religiosos) no soacuteshylo progresan maacutes raacutepidamente sino que alcanzan agudeza visuales maacutes altas Por esta razoacuten los nintildeos muy pequentildeos y los deacutebiles mentales son poco aptos para este tratamiento

El cubrir la maacutecula y evitar q ue salga del aacuterea obscura durante el ejershycicio es una seria dificultad especialmente en los casos sin fijacioacuten central y eQ los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande

Cuando el estrabismo es de aacutengulo grande resulta poco menos que imshyposible mantener la maacutecula dentro de la sombra central Se han ideado divershysos sistemas para permitir que sea posible el deslumbramiento en el ojo amshybliacuteope punto de fijacioacuten luminoso visible para el ojo director median te espeshyjos o prismas e incluso sistemas de fijacioacuten mecaacutenica del ojo ambliacuteopc (hilos y pinzas)

Cuando la tropia es de aacutengulo grande y la fij acioacuten no es central la maacutecushyla del ojo ambliacuteope sc al eja del aacuterea sombreada y el ojo se coloca en forma tal que no es posible realizar correctamente el ejercicio a pesar de que el ojo dishyrector fije

Los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande deben siempre corregirse q uiruacutergicashymente antes de iniciar el tratamiento por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes y d

IOST- IMACENES

a pesar de ello no se consigue eVItar quc la maacutecula salga del aacuterea oscura desshyvaloritamos la pseudomaacutecula mediante una de las teacutecnicas anteriormente descritas C rccmos que los recursos para inmovilizar el ojo representan un traumatismo no soacutelo fiacutesico si no psiacutequico al crear en el su jeto un estado de alarma nada prop icio piiexclra el buen resuitado del ejercicio

Otra dificultad es la frecuente intolerancia ni estiacutemulo lumi noso aeompashyfiada de hi peremia y lagr imeo Hcmos solucionado satisfactoriamente el proshybl ema mediante la instilacioacuten de una o dos gotas de novesina () pantocaiacutena millutos antes de in iciar el des lu mbram iento

Las miopiacuteas y los astigmatismos iexcllltoS impiden enfocar el pun to negro sobre el aacuterea macu lar y los lentes que el Eutbyscope tiencn p l rl compenshysar las ametropiacuteas no rcslI1tun dc utilidad en los casos seiacutelalados Solucioshyniexcllmos esta diexclfIacutelu ltad mediante el empleo de lentes de contacto apropiados que han resultado tolerados incluso en los niiios

CASUISTICA RECOGIDA DE LA LlTEHATURA

A iexclrLJiflO~ Jluhlicoacute lll ~ a estadiacutestica de 42 CLSOS de amhliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo d e las post-imuacutegenes En siete casos ohtuvo visioacuten dc un entero en nucvc visiones entre 7 y 9 deacutecimas L3 edad promedio de los casos con mejoriacuteas visuales fue de q uince atlos No (Jiexcliacute referencias a la clase de fi jacioacuten

G H Jonkers presentoacute ocho casos dc ambliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo de las post-im aacutegenes

Promedio de mejoriacuteas 5()

Elbd prOm middotd io de las mejoriacuteas 15 - 25 alIacuteas

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 4 mejoraron 4 (100)

Promedio de visiOacuten ganada O 4l

Casos con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 4 mejoraron O (0)

A Clerici y L Lcgorini publicaron observaciones en 9 casos d ambliopiacutea tratados lOn el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes

Promed io de mejoriacuteas 77 7

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 038

bull

bull

bull

bull

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BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - REINOSObull Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 15 1 antildeos

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 2 mejoraron 2 (100)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramaacutecular tratados 5 mejoraron 5 (10000)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 2 mejoraron O (0)

CASUISTICA PERSONAL

Hemos tratado 34 casos de ambliopiacutea con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de C uppers segllll teacutecnica descrita dentro de este trabajo con el siguiente resultado

Casos con fij acioacuten central tratados 18 mejoraron 18 (10010)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramacular tratados 6 mejoraron 2 (33)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 10 mejoraron O (D)

Nuacutemero total de mejoriacuteas 20 casos (5882)

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 0388 (388)

Edad maacutexima de las mejoriacuteas 32 antildeos

Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 21 1 antildeos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los casos con mejoriacutea 273

Edad promedio de los fracasos 11 anos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los fracasos 32

COMENTARIOSbull

EDAD

El tratamiento de las ambliopiacuteas por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacute genes requiere como hemos visto un suficiente grado ele desarrollo intelecmiddot tual y la edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas seglm Jonkers y Clerici es entre 15 y 16 antildeos Nuestra estadiacutestica sentildeala la edad de 21 antildeos como la promedio en las mejoriacuteas visuales con un caso de 32 antildeos como liacutemite de eacutexito si bien hay descritas mejoriacuteas en pacientes de 38 y 40 antildeos

bull 9

7

POST-IMAGENES

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Viin No d Vioion 1IHlotorl 8iorci REFRACCJON bullbullbull OB S ~R V ilCIO N BS _l CLol

-5472 20 bull ~OO Eof 1- 1 00 1001 00

iexclloCIoacuten control S obUeno il lOo bino

eplor coo fu ioo d ~ 1lt10

---Fijodoacuten cllnl1 Cutoi-cml ciexcl rlci 1p 000 _I~ El UIl rovul S obtiene iloacuten binocnlr ton fO l ioacuten d 2bull ado

- - shy OlO 20 N Rof 000 Filado clnlrol S obliexcl n ~ viioacuten binomiddot

eu l con fu ioacuten ~ Srodo

Flle cloacuten pbullbulla_1 Qu tocono roodo lJJ70 O - 01 Esf (] 50 41)] 00 oobull qu lNu inr s obUeno

-iloacuten bin eulbull bull con ri d 20 iexclnodo --shy

lodoacuten COl L CGroidilio ciiexclrlcia pashy

oro -0JIl Esr 1_100 11lll 0 00 f O ruccl Kolar ID 1 otro oOmiddot

--shy

2927 O bull O ~ Eco f 1middot 0_25 100) O

Pill cion 1t1 Eopmo dol rIcio UII Ior deecho que roo qui uacutelt1iuno S~ obtieno vlol6n blnocu l con fU lloacuten

1- dI 2 grado

40 O Fllocloacuten n l 1 S bti ond bullIioacuten bino

~774 O _ 300 Eof I_O ~ ]001 cutbullbull COn fmo loacuten d ]or grado_

071 Ef I_-IX 101 O Fljoacuten 11 To l 1D1olropla

quo 1lt1 01 con l tlic1u di 5amp14

---Fljacioacute conl OUItoconn bi ltoI1

O _ 100 Er 1-100 ~ ln1 Iodo n qu topllim nolnlo s smpl04 lonll de contacto duntol 101 olelclo

- -shy

1I

Filoc loacuten oont1 Coraiditi cononU elemiddot

46 007 20 bull 215 E f O4~ 1Iclftl prorobullbullbull1 DDotrDccioacuten macnlo on 1 Dlro 0 10

bull

bull

bull

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

---Fllacioacuten cont l Ouoratopl lia por quora

4578 ro 015 21 bull 175 Er ( - 8(0 ~ 25) tocono S QD plooacute lonte contacto du nte lobullbull j~cciobull

--shy--shy

010 bull 375 Eof (_550 x 1m 040 fij cioacuten cnlrl El pocionle no continu~ 01 tratamiento po uoobull bulltrm~diCM

- - shy --shy

W 010 00 100 Sf (-0-00 x IIKlJ 0lt0 fijacioacuten centl S oblian rUlioacuten do l gradu

--shylijacioacuten coolrol VI Ioacuten blnoculor con fu

O bull 225 Bf 040 oioacuten dl grado SUlponde 01t tampmio nto por 100 tramedlcbull bull

- - shy

025 _ LOO Ef (- lID x 1001 0lt0 fijioacuten conlrol Quo ratopltia lomino po Iucoma

--shy- - shy - -shy4400 bull 100 sr - 225 x 51 Pijin p ruol

--shy

61 51 007 125 Er (-125 x 1001 033 fijadon ote1 Obullbullpndiminnto dbull bullbull u no cu do qulrurglcamentbullbull S Innde 01 ttuacuten to po r n extmoacutedi

--shy

25 0 10 Fijac ioacuten contral Oopond imlen lode tina

bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

- -shy

1010 000 bull 27~ ampIr 1-025 x 1001 000 Fi jacion central So po nd o bullbull tbullbull tamiddot miento por ne o dramnic

--shy

11

5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

11

ltnlar co fuoloacuten

Ior grarlo

bull 51

AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

bull

bull

52 bull

bull

---

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

bull 53

BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

bull

pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

55bull

BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

bull

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

bull

5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 2: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BAIIIIAQUEH ~ AH IZA - IlE INOSO bull

La ambl iopiacutea sin fijacioacuten cenhmiddotal puede ser con fijacioacuten parafoveal para macular o exceacutentrica Colocamos en es te uacuteltimo grupo la forma maacutes semiddot vera de fijacioacuten exceacutentrica la ausencia de fijacioacuten

Cliacutenicamente la exploracioacuten del tipo de fijacioacuten se realizl por medio de un oftalmoscopio eSiexclxdll l (Visuskope) que proyecta una pequeiiacutea estrella negra sobre el fonclo ocular Se pide al paciente minlr fiacutejamen te a la estrclk y el observador podraacute apreciar sobre la reti na el lugar en que se forma la imagen proyectada Si eacutesta se fo rma en el centro mismo de la fovea la fija cioacuten es cen tral Parafoveal si se fo rma en la periferia de la maacutecula Paramiddot macular si se forma siempre en un misma aacuterea inmed iatamen te por fuera dB la maacutecu la Si se forma en una zona constan te pero imprecisa hablamos de fijacioacuten exceacutentrica verdadera Existe falta de fijacioacuten cuando el ojo rea liza movimien tos desordenados al intentar fijar

(o Impultos adecuados no eStlmulan la maculo

1) Por lalta de uso b) La luncioacuten macular se

ha inhibido o eXlinguido

Can Ijiexclacloacuten para evitar confudoacuten

centro

2) Idiopaacutelica Causa desconocida o Primitivo

bull Ambliopia

1) Paraloveal

2) Poramacuar Sin fi jaciOacuten 3) Exceacutentrico

central

~) Ausencia de fijacioacuten

0 bull

bull

POST - 1IACENES

Correspondencia retinal anoacutema la verdadera aberracioacuten sensoria l excepshy

cional (T K Lyle y J Foley b hallan solamente cn 16 casos (8) sobre 213 casos) no la hemos hlIJado en casos de ambliopiacutea monocular La fij lshycioacuten parafoveal permite agudezas visuales relativamentc altas (030) y con ella es posible ha lla r fus ioacuten perifeacuterica elemental y auacuten visioacuten macular si mul shyttn ltil sin quc podamos hablar de corrcspondcncia retinal anoacutemala venlashytlern Los caso~ de ambliopiacutea sin funcioacuten binocular elemental han sido en nues tra ex pel iencia de falta de correspondencia retinal y no de corresponshydencia anoacutema la

En el mecanismo de la visioacuten debemos considerar dos e tapas sucesivas

] Percepcioacuten y transmisioacuten por la viacutea oacuteptica de puntos proacuteximos Es el concepto cl aacutesico del miacutenimun separabile

2 I ntc rpretacioacuten cortical de los impulsos recibidos

El tratamiento deberaacute conducirse seguacuten la alteracioacuten encon trada En el primer caso o re-educacioacuten de la percepcioacuten se emplea en [os nintildeos la oclusioacuten del ojo sano siempre que ex iste fijacioacuten central del ojo ambliacuteopl ) s i no se obtiene mejoriacutea o la fijacioacuten es exceacuten trica se recurre al meacutetodo de Cuppers En el segundo caso o educlcioacuten de la interpretacioacuten cortical se utiliza la pleoacutep tica procedimiento de complejas teacutecnicas actualizado p OI

BANCE HTEH

En este traba jo nos referimos excl usivamente a nuestra experiencia soshybre la re-educacioacuten de la percepcioacuten visual en la ambliopiacutea por el Eu thyscope de C uppcrs

En nuestros casos hemos ohservado la siguiente eonducta

lt a) Refraccioacuten si precisa bajo C)cloplegia

b) Control en midriasis de la fijacioacuten con Visuskope

1) Si el caso es de fij acioacuten ecntra l

a) Se prescribe la correccioacuten

b) Oclusioacuten permanente del ojo con mejor agudeza durante linos meses (en general tres) ha8ta lograr una agudeza visual del ojo ambliacuteope por enmiddot eima de O 4

6

BARHAQUER - AIUZA - REINOSO

c) Cuando la oclusioacuten permanente del ojo con mejor agudeza no pershymite mejoriacutea o si el paciente es mayor de 6 antildeos se inicia tratamiento con post-imaacutegenes Debe usarse correccioacuten oacuteptica total durante los ejercicios

E l tratamiento con post-imaacutegenes se continuacutea hasta obtener si es posishyble seguacuten Cuppers una agudeza visual superior a 050 en cuyo caso se ocluye el ojo director hasta que la recuperacioacuten del ojo ambliacuteope se detenga

Hemos hallado que cuando el paciente alcanza una agudeza visual d) 033 la fijacioacuten es foveal y en la mayoriacutea de los casos basta la oclusioacuten del ojo director para que se obtenga una pronta recu peracioacuten funcional del ojo ambliacuteope

Consideramos que la recupcraclOn funcional mediante oclusioacuten del ojo director se ha detenido cuando exaacutemenes practicados con 15 diacuteas de intershyvalo dan la misma agudez1 visual

A continuacioacuten se intenta la obtencioacuten de visioacuten binocular suspendienshydo la oclusioacuten La ortoacuteptica en los casos con ortotropia o de aacutengulo pequentildeo capaces de compensar el deacuteficit muscular es uacutetil para desarrollar la fusioacuten y aumentar su amplitud

Cuando no se ha logrado amplitud de fusioacuten suficientemente buena y existe un elemento motor debe corregirse quiruacutergicamente el aacutengulo exisshytente para evitar la tendencia a inhibirse de nuevo que prcsenta el ojo dlshysambliopizado

2) En caso sin fijacioacuten ccntrol

a) Correccioacuten oacuteptica total del ojo ambliacuteope para usar uacutenicamente dushyrante los ejercicios

b) Correccioacuten quifIacutelrgica del estrabismo si es de aacutengulo grande pues la posicioacuten viciosa del gloho dificulta o imposibilita el tratamiento

e) Tratamiento con post-imaacutegenes

En casos sin fijacioacuten central el tratamiento tiene como primer objetishyvo la obtencioacuten de fij acioacuten central y una vez obtenida eacutesta se continuacutea C(shy

roo en el caso anterior

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - IlE INOSO bull

Si la fijacioacuten paramacular o exceacutentrica no permite mantener cubierta el

aacuterea macular durante el ejercicio p rocedemos a desvalorizar el aacuterea fijashydora La desvalorizacioacuten puede realizarse activa o pasivamente En el prishymer caso debe deslumbrarse especiacuteficamente la pseudo-maacutecula con un poshytente haz luminoso seguacuten teacutecnica de BANGERTER En el segundo caso se ocluye en forma permanente el ojo ambliacuteope durante varios meses (5 o 6) al cabo de los cuales se reanuda el tratamiento

Para el tratamiento por las post-imaacutegenes seguacuten Cuppees se emplea un oftalmoscopio especial (EuthyscopeJ fabricado por la casa Oculus (Fig 1)

lt

Fig l- Euthyscopc de Ciippers

E l aparato proyecta un potente y amplio haz (de 309) de rayos luminoshysos sobre la retina perifeacuterica y un punto negro sobre la maacutecula de (3Q o de S9)

La iluminacioacuten de la retina perifeacuterica provoca su deslumbramiento en tanto que la maacutecula queda protegida por el punto negro Esta condicioacuten

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IOST- IMACfNES

deja fu ncional mente uacutetil la maacutecula e inuacutetil la periferia y permite una estishyIflulaciuacuten macular adecuada

La teacutecnica es la sigui ente

1) i1idrias is del ojo ambliacuteope mediante instilacioacuten de una solucioacuten de atropina al 1 Y midriasis del ojo director con ciclopleacutegico de accioacuten breve (cycl0b)j) panl realizar el e jercicio en primer lugar en eacutel y que el paciente aprencliexcl a ver la post-imagen La midriasis iexclltropiacutenica del ojo ambliacuteope se mantendraacute todo el tiempo que dure el tratam iento Ll midriasis del ojo diwctor solamente se practica el d iacutea del primer e jercicio

2) Con el Euthyscope se proyecta el punto negro central (5Q) sobre la maacutecula durante medio a lIn minuto con las siguientes condiciones

a) La maacutecula debe estar completamente cubierta por el punto negro

b) No debe salir del aacuterea oscura en ninguacuten momento

e) La pseudomaacutecula debe pe rmanecer en la zonl iluminada y si esta estaacute proacutexima a b fovea deheraacute emplearse el punto de tamantildeo menor

3) Se ocluye el ojo no tratado

4) Acto seguido se estimula la re tina enccndiendo y apagando las luces de la habitacioacuten en forma intermitente hasta que el paciente vea sohre una pltlred blanca o una pltlntalla 11 post-imagen positiva del foco luminoso proshyyectado en su retinll (Es decir un punto negro central sobre fondo luminoshyso circular) se contin l la intermitencia luminosa hasta q ue eacutesta post-imashygen se conviertH en negativa (es decir un punto transparente central rodeashydo por una aacuterea circular oscura) (Fig 2) Entonces y duran te el tiempo que vea la post-ima~en negativa se le presentan optotipos iluminados en fonna intermitente mediante ull sistema de control automaacutetico (intervalometer) Si la ambliopiacutea es muy intensa debe iniciarse el tratam iellto estimulando la maacutecula con un fO(o lnminnso

Entre los intervalos de cada sesioacuten el ojo ambliacuteopc debe permanecer ocluido

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BARRAQ UER - AHIZA - HEINOSO bull

bull Fig 2-A Post-imagen pusitiva

B Po~t -illlagcll llcgaliv

Hemos modificado la teacutecnica descrita mediante el empleo del Troposshycopio El Troposcopio elimina los estiacutemulos perifeacutericos) permite el empleo exclusivo de la maacutecula durante todo el ejercicio Procedemos como sigue

l Se apaga la luz en la habitacioacuten

2 Deslumbramiento de la retina perifeacuterica con Euthyscope Coneluklo eacuteste colocamos al paciente frente al Troposcopio sin colocar en eacutel optotipo alguno A continuacioacuten realizamos intermitencia luminosa por control mashynual hasta que el paciente vea la post-imagen positiva y posteriormente la post-imagen negativa en el Troposeapiacutea Colocamos en el aparato optotishypos especiales y los presentamos durante el tiempo que el pacient~ percibl la post-imagen negativa sin suspender la intermitencia luminosa

El deslumbramiento y el posterior ejercicio fre nte al Troposcopio pueshyden realizarse sin que el paciente cambie de asiento bastaraacute rotar g(Q

La intensidad luminosa se controla mediante el reoacutestato del Troposcoshypio (American Optical) Empleamos 15 foot-candles medidos en el ocular que corresponden aproximadamente a la mitad de la intensidad total para proshyvocar la inversioacuten de la post-imagen y estimular la maacutecula 1v1ayores intensishydades determinan el deslumhramiento de la miexclcula

La frecuencia del centelleo puede variarse a voluntad segllD el caso en general empIcamos una frecuencia de 40 por minuto

Los optotipos son diapositivas especiales de 10 x 8 centiacutemetros disentildeashydos por uno de nosotros (E Ariza) Consisten en letras opacas encuadrada~

pOSTshy IMAC E NES

en ciacuterculos transparentes y ligeramente resto de la placa es totalmente opaca

mayores q ue las letras inscritas el

Se han constrlliacutedo optotipos de las siguientes dimenciones para

agudezas visualcs

varias

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-1 2 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 01 5 4) 2-15 mm 020 Colombia

5)

6)

2 mm

1- 12 mm

0 25

030

papaacute

Bogotaacute

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Siempre debe realizarse previamente un ejercIcIo con el ojo director para que el paciente sepa lo que se espera del ejercicio y aprenda a ver la post-imagen negativa

El Ellthyscope debe enfocarse en cada paciente en la primera sesioacuten y anotar la correccioacuten hallada en cada caso con objeto de no deslumbrar inneshycesariamente la retina al buscar el foco durante los ejercicios El filtro verde de que viene provisto el Euthyscope debe colocarse durante el tiempo que e mpleemos en identificar la maacutecula y este tiempo debe ser el miacutenimo pashysible

Varios autores aconsejan realizar el deslumbramiento de la retina peshyrifeacuterica durante uno o tres minutos En nuestra experiencia hemos hallado q ue el deslumbramiento no debe ser mayor de un minuto porque la luz reflejada por la retina iluminada pueacutede a su vez deslumbrar indirectamenshyte la maacutecula y anular el efecto propuesto

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Puesto que los optotipos solo deben presentarse nI paciente durante el t iempo que perciba la post-imagen negativa importa que eacutesta se prolongue el mayor tiempo posible La percepcioacuten de la post-imagen negativa puede prolongarse si el plciente realiza fuertes contracciones del orbicular y con centelleo

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BA RRAQUE R - ARIZA - REI NOSO

La mejoriacutea es maacutes raacutepida si el intervalo entre los ejercicios es pequentildeo por esto es aconsejable realizar dos ses iones diarias y en cada una de ellas reshypetir el ejercicios dos veces dejando como intervalo el tiempo que tarde en desaparecer la percepcioacuten de la post-imagen

Si durante el deslumbramiento se ilumina accidentalmente la maacutecula debe suspenderse el ejercicio y esperar por lo menos dos minutos antes de reanudar la sesioacuten para que la post-imagen negativa se perciba con nitidez

DIFICULTADES DE LA TECNICA

Por la relativa complejidad del ejercicio el trata miento tiene mayores posibilidades de eacutexito en sujetos mayores de 10 antildeos

El desarrollo intelectual es importante para el eacutexito puesto que el trashytamiento tiene por objeto educar una facultad intelectual

Pacientes con buen grado de instruccioacuten (universitarios religiosos) no soacuteshylo progresan maacutes raacutepidamente sino que alcanzan agudeza visuales maacutes altas Por esta razoacuten los nintildeos muy pequentildeos y los deacutebiles mentales son poco aptos para este tratamiento

El cubrir la maacutecula y evitar q ue salga del aacuterea obscura durante el ejershycicio es una seria dificultad especialmente en los casos sin fijacioacuten central y eQ los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande

Cuando el estrabismo es de aacutengulo grande resulta poco menos que imshyposible mantener la maacutecula dentro de la sombra central Se han ideado divershysos sistemas para permitir que sea posible el deslumbramiento en el ojo amshybliacuteope punto de fijacioacuten luminoso visible para el ojo director median te espeshyjos o prismas e incluso sistemas de fijacioacuten mecaacutenica del ojo ambliacuteopc (hilos y pinzas)

Cuando la tropia es de aacutengulo grande y la fij acioacuten no es central la maacutecushyla del ojo ambliacuteope sc al eja del aacuterea sombreada y el ojo se coloca en forma tal que no es posible realizar correctamente el ejercicio a pesar de que el ojo dishyrector fije

Los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande deben siempre corregirse q uiruacutergicashymente antes de iniciar el tratamiento por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes y d

IOST- IMACENES

a pesar de ello no se consigue eVItar quc la maacutecula salga del aacuterea oscura desshyvaloritamos la pseudomaacutecula mediante una de las teacutecnicas anteriormente descritas C rccmos que los recursos para inmovilizar el ojo representan un traumatismo no soacutelo fiacutesico si no psiacutequico al crear en el su jeto un estado de alarma nada prop icio piiexclra el buen resuitado del ejercicio

Otra dificultad es la frecuente intolerancia ni estiacutemulo lumi noso aeompashyfiada de hi peremia y lagr imeo Hcmos solucionado satisfactoriamente el proshybl ema mediante la instilacioacuten de una o dos gotas de novesina () pantocaiacutena millutos antes de in iciar el des lu mbram iento

Las miopiacuteas y los astigmatismos iexcllltoS impiden enfocar el pun to negro sobre el aacuterea macu lar y los lentes que el Eutbyscope tiencn p l rl compenshysar las ametropiacuteas no rcslI1tun dc utilidad en los casos seiacutelalados Solucioshyniexcllmos esta diexclfIacutelu ltad mediante el empleo de lentes de contacto apropiados que han resultado tolerados incluso en los niiios

CASUISTICA RECOGIDA DE LA LlTEHATURA

A iexclrLJiflO~ Jluhlicoacute lll ~ a estadiacutestica de 42 CLSOS de amhliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo d e las post-imuacutegenes En siete casos ohtuvo visioacuten dc un entero en nucvc visiones entre 7 y 9 deacutecimas L3 edad promedio de los casos con mejoriacuteas visuales fue de q uince atlos No (Jiexcliacute referencias a la clase de fi jacioacuten

G H Jonkers presentoacute ocho casos dc ambliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo de las post-im aacutegenes

Promedio de mejoriacuteas 5()

Elbd prOm middotd io de las mejoriacuteas 15 - 25 alIacuteas

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 4 mejoraron 4 (100)

Promedio de visiOacuten ganada O 4l

Casos con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 4 mejoraron O (0)

A Clerici y L Lcgorini publicaron observaciones en 9 casos d ambliopiacutea tratados lOn el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes

Promed io de mejoriacuteas 77 7

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 038

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BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - REINOSObull Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 15 1 antildeos

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 2 mejoraron 2 (100)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramaacutecular tratados 5 mejoraron 5 (10000)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 2 mejoraron O (0)

CASUISTICA PERSONAL

Hemos tratado 34 casos de ambliopiacutea con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de C uppers segllll teacutecnica descrita dentro de este trabajo con el siguiente resultado

Casos con fij acioacuten central tratados 18 mejoraron 18 (10010)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramacular tratados 6 mejoraron 2 (33)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 10 mejoraron O (D)

Nuacutemero total de mejoriacuteas 20 casos (5882)

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 0388 (388)

Edad maacutexima de las mejoriacuteas 32 antildeos

Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 21 1 antildeos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los casos con mejoriacutea 273

Edad promedio de los fracasos 11 anos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los fracasos 32

COMENTARIOSbull

EDAD

El tratamiento de las ambliopiacuteas por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacute genes requiere como hemos visto un suficiente grado ele desarrollo intelecmiddot tual y la edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas seglm Jonkers y Clerici es entre 15 y 16 antildeos Nuestra estadiacutestica sentildeala la edad de 21 antildeos como la promedio en las mejoriacuteas visuales con un caso de 32 antildeos como liacutemite de eacutexito si bien hay descritas mejoriacuteas en pacientes de 38 y 40 antildeos

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7

POST-IMAGENES

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Viin No d Vioion 1IHlotorl 8iorci REFRACCJON bullbullbull OB S ~R V ilCIO N BS _l CLol

-5472 20 bull ~OO Eof 1- 1 00 1001 00

iexclloCIoacuten control S obUeno il lOo bino

eplor coo fu ioo d ~ 1lt10

---Fijodoacuten cllnl1 Cutoi-cml ciexcl rlci 1p 000 _I~ El UIl rovul S obtiene iloacuten binocnlr ton fO l ioacuten d 2bull ado

- - shy OlO 20 N Rof 000 Filado clnlrol S obliexcl n ~ viioacuten binomiddot

eu l con fu ioacuten ~ Srodo

Flle cloacuten pbullbulla_1 Qu tocono roodo lJJ70 O - 01 Esf (] 50 41)] 00 oobull qu lNu inr s obUeno

-iloacuten bin eulbull bull con ri d 20 iexclnodo --shy

lodoacuten COl L CGroidilio ciiexclrlcia pashy

oro -0JIl Esr 1_100 11lll 0 00 f O ruccl Kolar ID 1 otro oOmiddot

--shy

2927 O bull O ~ Eco f 1middot 0_25 100) O

Pill cion 1t1 Eopmo dol rIcio UII Ior deecho que roo qui uacutelt1iuno S~ obtieno vlol6n blnocu l con fU lloacuten

1- dI 2 grado

40 O Fllocloacuten n l 1 S bti ond bullIioacuten bino

~774 O _ 300 Eof I_O ~ ]001 cutbullbull COn fmo loacuten d ]or grado_

071 Ef I_-IX 101 O Fljoacuten 11 To l 1D1olropla

quo 1lt1 01 con l tlic1u di 5amp14

---Fljacioacute conl OUItoconn bi ltoI1

O _ 100 Er 1-100 ~ ln1 Iodo n qu topllim nolnlo s smpl04 lonll de contacto duntol 101 olelclo

- -shy

1I

Filoc loacuten oont1 Coraiditi cononU elemiddot

46 007 20 bull 215 E f O4~ 1Iclftl prorobullbullbull1 DDotrDccioacuten macnlo on 1 Dlro 0 10

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

---Fllacioacuten cont l Ouoratopl lia por quora

4578 ro 015 21 bull 175 Er ( - 8(0 ~ 25) tocono S QD plooacute lonte contacto du nte lobullbull j~cciobull

--shy--shy

010 bull 375 Eof (_550 x 1m 040 fij cioacuten cnlrl El pocionle no continu~ 01 tratamiento po uoobull bulltrm~diCM

- - shy --shy

W 010 00 100 Sf (-0-00 x IIKlJ 0lt0 fijacioacuten centl S oblian rUlioacuten do l gradu

--shylijacioacuten coolrol VI Ioacuten blnoculor con fu

O bull 225 Bf 040 oioacuten dl grado SUlponde 01t tampmio nto por 100 tramedlcbull bull

- - shy

025 _ LOO Ef (- lID x 1001 0lt0 fijioacuten conlrol Quo ratopltia lomino po Iucoma

--shy- - shy - -shy4400 bull 100 sr - 225 x 51 Pijin p ruol

--shy

61 51 007 125 Er (-125 x 1001 033 fijadon ote1 Obullbullpndiminnto dbull bullbull u no cu do qulrurglcamentbullbull S Innde 01 ttuacuten to po r n extmoacutedi

--shy

25 0 10 Fijac ioacuten contral Oopond imlen lode tina

bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

- -shy

1010 000 bull 27~ ampIr 1-025 x 1001 000 Fi jacion central So po nd o bullbull tbullbull tamiddot miento por ne o dramnic

--shy

11

5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

11

ltnlar co fuoloacuten

Ior grarlo

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AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

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52 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

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BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

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pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

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BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

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5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

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ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 3: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

POST - 1IACENES

Correspondencia retinal anoacutema la verdadera aberracioacuten sensoria l excepshy

cional (T K Lyle y J Foley b hallan solamente cn 16 casos (8) sobre 213 casos) no la hemos hlIJado en casos de ambliopiacutea monocular La fij lshycioacuten parafoveal permite agudezas visuales relativamentc altas (030) y con ella es posible ha lla r fus ioacuten perifeacuterica elemental y auacuten visioacuten macular si mul shyttn ltil sin quc podamos hablar de corrcspondcncia retinal anoacutemala venlashytlern Los caso~ de ambliopiacutea sin funcioacuten binocular elemental han sido en nues tra ex pel iencia de falta de correspondencia retinal y no de corresponshydencia anoacutema la

En el mecanismo de la visioacuten debemos considerar dos e tapas sucesivas

] Percepcioacuten y transmisioacuten por la viacutea oacuteptica de puntos proacuteximos Es el concepto cl aacutesico del miacutenimun separabile

2 I ntc rpretacioacuten cortical de los impulsos recibidos

El tratamiento deberaacute conducirse seguacuten la alteracioacuten encon trada En el primer caso o re-educacioacuten de la percepcioacuten se emplea en [os nintildeos la oclusioacuten del ojo sano siempre que ex iste fijacioacuten central del ojo ambliacuteopl ) s i no se obtiene mejoriacutea o la fijacioacuten es exceacuten trica se recurre al meacutetodo de Cuppers En el segundo caso o educlcioacuten de la interpretacioacuten cortical se utiliza la pleoacutep tica procedimiento de complejas teacutecnicas actualizado p OI

BANCE HTEH

En este traba jo nos referimos excl usivamente a nuestra experiencia soshybre la re-educacioacuten de la percepcioacuten visual en la ambliopiacutea por el Eu thyscope de C uppcrs

En nuestros casos hemos ohservado la siguiente eonducta

lt a) Refraccioacuten si precisa bajo C)cloplegia

b) Control en midriasis de la fijacioacuten con Visuskope

1) Si el caso es de fij acioacuten ecntra l

a) Se prescribe la correccioacuten

b) Oclusioacuten permanente del ojo con mejor agudeza durante linos meses (en general tres) ha8ta lograr una agudeza visual del ojo ambliacuteope por enmiddot eima de O 4

6

BARHAQUER - AIUZA - REINOSO

c) Cuando la oclusioacuten permanente del ojo con mejor agudeza no pershymite mejoriacutea o si el paciente es mayor de 6 antildeos se inicia tratamiento con post-imaacutegenes Debe usarse correccioacuten oacuteptica total durante los ejercicios

E l tratamiento con post-imaacutegenes se continuacutea hasta obtener si es posishyble seguacuten Cuppers una agudeza visual superior a 050 en cuyo caso se ocluye el ojo director hasta que la recuperacioacuten del ojo ambliacuteope se detenga

Hemos hallado que cuando el paciente alcanza una agudeza visual d) 033 la fijacioacuten es foveal y en la mayoriacutea de los casos basta la oclusioacuten del ojo director para que se obtenga una pronta recu peracioacuten funcional del ojo ambliacuteope

Consideramos que la recupcraclOn funcional mediante oclusioacuten del ojo director se ha detenido cuando exaacutemenes practicados con 15 diacuteas de intershyvalo dan la misma agudez1 visual

A continuacioacuten se intenta la obtencioacuten de visioacuten binocular suspendienshydo la oclusioacuten La ortoacuteptica en los casos con ortotropia o de aacutengulo pequentildeo capaces de compensar el deacuteficit muscular es uacutetil para desarrollar la fusioacuten y aumentar su amplitud

Cuando no se ha logrado amplitud de fusioacuten suficientemente buena y existe un elemento motor debe corregirse quiruacutergicamente el aacutengulo exisshytente para evitar la tendencia a inhibirse de nuevo que prcsenta el ojo dlshysambliopizado

2) En caso sin fijacioacuten ccntrol

a) Correccioacuten oacuteptica total del ojo ambliacuteope para usar uacutenicamente dushyrante los ejercicios

b) Correccioacuten quifIacutelrgica del estrabismo si es de aacutengulo grande pues la posicioacuten viciosa del gloho dificulta o imposibilita el tratamiento

e) Tratamiento con post-imaacutegenes

En casos sin fijacioacuten central el tratamiento tiene como primer objetishyvo la obtencioacuten de fij acioacuten central y una vez obtenida eacutesta se continuacutea C(shy

roo en el caso anterior

bull

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - IlE INOSO bull

Si la fijacioacuten paramacular o exceacutentrica no permite mantener cubierta el

aacuterea macular durante el ejercicio p rocedemos a desvalorizar el aacuterea fijashydora La desvalorizacioacuten puede realizarse activa o pasivamente En el prishymer caso debe deslumbrarse especiacuteficamente la pseudo-maacutecula con un poshytente haz luminoso seguacuten teacutecnica de BANGERTER En el segundo caso se ocluye en forma permanente el ojo ambliacuteope durante varios meses (5 o 6) al cabo de los cuales se reanuda el tratamiento

Para el tratamiento por las post-imaacutegenes seguacuten Cuppees se emplea un oftalmoscopio especial (EuthyscopeJ fabricado por la casa Oculus (Fig 1)

lt

Fig l- Euthyscopc de Ciippers

E l aparato proyecta un potente y amplio haz (de 309) de rayos luminoshysos sobre la retina perifeacuterica y un punto negro sobre la maacutecula de (3Q o de S9)

La iluminacioacuten de la retina perifeacuterica provoca su deslumbramiento en tanto que la maacutecula queda protegida por el punto negro Esta condicioacuten

bull

IOST- IMACfNES

deja fu ncional mente uacutetil la maacutecula e inuacutetil la periferia y permite una estishyIflulaciuacuten macular adecuada

La teacutecnica es la sigui ente

1) i1idrias is del ojo ambliacuteope mediante instilacioacuten de una solucioacuten de atropina al 1 Y midriasis del ojo director con ciclopleacutegico de accioacuten breve (cycl0b)j) panl realizar el e jercicio en primer lugar en eacutel y que el paciente aprencliexcl a ver la post-imagen La midriasis iexclltropiacutenica del ojo ambliacuteope se mantendraacute todo el tiempo que dure el tratam iento Ll midriasis del ojo diwctor solamente se practica el d iacutea del primer e jercicio

2) Con el Euthyscope se proyecta el punto negro central (5Q) sobre la maacutecula durante medio a lIn minuto con las siguientes condiciones

a) La maacutecula debe estar completamente cubierta por el punto negro

b) No debe salir del aacuterea oscura en ninguacuten momento

e) La pseudomaacutecula debe pe rmanecer en la zonl iluminada y si esta estaacute proacutexima a b fovea deheraacute emplearse el punto de tamantildeo menor

3) Se ocluye el ojo no tratado

4) Acto seguido se estimula la re tina enccndiendo y apagando las luces de la habitacioacuten en forma intermitente hasta que el paciente vea sohre una pltlred blanca o una pltlntalla 11 post-imagen positiva del foco luminoso proshyyectado en su retinll (Es decir un punto negro central sobre fondo luminoshyso circular) se contin l la intermitencia luminosa hasta q ue eacutesta post-imashygen se conviertH en negativa (es decir un punto transparente central rodeashydo por una aacuterea circular oscura) (Fig 2) Entonces y duran te el tiempo que vea la post-ima~en negativa se le presentan optotipos iluminados en fonna intermitente mediante ull sistema de control automaacutetico (intervalometer) Si la ambliopiacutea es muy intensa debe iniciarse el tratam iellto estimulando la maacutecula con un fO(o lnminnso

Entre los intervalos de cada sesioacuten el ojo ambliacuteopc debe permanecer ocluido

bull

bull

BARRAQ UER - AHIZA - HEINOSO bull

bull Fig 2-A Post-imagen pusitiva

B Po~t -illlagcll llcgaliv

Hemos modificado la teacutecnica descrita mediante el empleo del Troposshycopio El Troposcopio elimina los estiacutemulos perifeacutericos) permite el empleo exclusivo de la maacutecula durante todo el ejercicio Procedemos como sigue

l Se apaga la luz en la habitacioacuten

2 Deslumbramiento de la retina perifeacuterica con Euthyscope Coneluklo eacuteste colocamos al paciente frente al Troposcopio sin colocar en eacutel optotipo alguno A continuacioacuten realizamos intermitencia luminosa por control mashynual hasta que el paciente vea la post-imagen positiva y posteriormente la post-imagen negativa en el Troposeapiacutea Colocamos en el aparato optotishypos especiales y los presentamos durante el tiempo que el pacient~ percibl la post-imagen negativa sin suspender la intermitencia luminosa

El deslumbramiento y el posterior ejercicio fre nte al Troposcopio pueshyden realizarse sin que el paciente cambie de asiento bastaraacute rotar g(Q

La intensidad luminosa se controla mediante el reoacutestato del Troposcoshypio (American Optical) Empleamos 15 foot-candles medidos en el ocular que corresponden aproximadamente a la mitad de la intensidad total para proshyvocar la inversioacuten de la post-imagen y estimular la maacutecula 1v1ayores intensishydades determinan el deslumhramiento de la miexclcula

La frecuencia del centelleo puede variarse a voluntad segllD el caso en general empIcamos una frecuencia de 40 por minuto

Los optotipos son diapositivas especiales de 10 x 8 centiacutemetros disentildeashydos por uno de nosotros (E Ariza) Consisten en letras opacas encuadrada~

pOSTshy IMAC E NES

en ciacuterculos transparentes y ligeramente resto de la placa es totalmente opaca

mayores q ue las letras inscritas el

Se han constrlliacutedo optotipos de las siguientes dimenciones para

agudezas visualcs

varias

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-1 2 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 01 5 4) 2-15 mm 020 Colombia

5)

6)

2 mm

1- 12 mm

0 25

030

papaacute

Bogotaacute

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Siempre debe realizarse previamente un ejercIcIo con el ojo director para que el paciente sepa lo que se espera del ejercicio y aprenda a ver la post-imagen negativa

El Ellthyscope debe enfocarse en cada paciente en la primera sesioacuten y anotar la correccioacuten hallada en cada caso con objeto de no deslumbrar inneshycesariamente la retina al buscar el foco durante los ejercicios El filtro verde de que viene provisto el Euthyscope debe colocarse durante el tiempo que e mpleemos en identificar la maacutecula y este tiempo debe ser el miacutenimo pashysible

Varios autores aconsejan realizar el deslumbramiento de la retina peshyrifeacuterica durante uno o tres minutos En nuestra experiencia hemos hallado q ue el deslumbramiento no debe ser mayor de un minuto porque la luz reflejada por la retina iluminada pueacutede a su vez deslumbrar indirectamenshyte la maacutecula y anular el efecto propuesto

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Puesto que los optotipos solo deben presentarse nI paciente durante el t iempo que perciba la post-imagen negativa importa que eacutesta se prolongue el mayor tiempo posible La percepcioacuten de la post-imagen negativa puede prolongarse si el plciente realiza fuertes contracciones del orbicular y con centelleo

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BA RRAQUE R - ARIZA - REI NOSO

La mejoriacutea es maacutes raacutepida si el intervalo entre los ejercicios es pequentildeo por esto es aconsejable realizar dos ses iones diarias y en cada una de ellas reshypetir el ejercicios dos veces dejando como intervalo el tiempo que tarde en desaparecer la percepcioacuten de la post-imagen

Si durante el deslumbramiento se ilumina accidentalmente la maacutecula debe suspenderse el ejercicio y esperar por lo menos dos minutos antes de reanudar la sesioacuten para que la post-imagen negativa se perciba con nitidez

DIFICULTADES DE LA TECNICA

Por la relativa complejidad del ejercicio el trata miento tiene mayores posibilidades de eacutexito en sujetos mayores de 10 antildeos

El desarrollo intelectual es importante para el eacutexito puesto que el trashytamiento tiene por objeto educar una facultad intelectual

Pacientes con buen grado de instruccioacuten (universitarios religiosos) no soacuteshylo progresan maacutes raacutepidamente sino que alcanzan agudeza visuales maacutes altas Por esta razoacuten los nintildeos muy pequentildeos y los deacutebiles mentales son poco aptos para este tratamiento

El cubrir la maacutecula y evitar q ue salga del aacuterea obscura durante el ejershycicio es una seria dificultad especialmente en los casos sin fijacioacuten central y eQ los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande

Cuando el estrabismo es de aacutengulo grande resulta poco menos que imshyposible mantener la maacutecula dentro de la sombra central Se han ideado divershysos sistemas para permitir que sea posible el deslumbramiento en el ojo amshybliacuteope punto de fijacioacuten luminoso visible para el ojo director median te espeshyjos o prismas e incluso sistemas de fijacioacuten mecaacutenica del ojo ambliacuteopc (hilos y pinzas)

Cuando la tropia es de aacutengulo grande y la fij acioacuten no es central la maacutecushyla del ojo ambliacuteope sc al eja del aacuterea sombreada y el ojo se coloca en forma tal que no es posible realizar correctamente el ejercicio a pesar de que el ojo dishyrector fije

Los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande deben siempre corregirse q uiruacutergicashymente antes de iniciar el tratamiento por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes y d

IOST- IMACENES

a pesar de ello no se consigue eVItar quc la maacutecula salga del aacuterea oscura desshyvaloritamos la pseudomaacutecula mediante una de las teacutecnicas anteriormente descritas C rccmos que los recursos para inmovilizar el ojo representan un traumatismo no soacutelo fiacutesico si no psiacutequico al crear en el su jeto un estado de alarma nada prop icio piiexclra el buen resuitado del ejercicio

Otra dificultad es la frecuente intolerancia ni estiacutemulo lumi noso aeompashyfiada de hi peremia y lagr imeo Hcmos solucionado satisfactoriamente el proshybl ema mediante la instilacioacuten de una o dos gotas de novesina () pantocaiacutena millutos antes de in iciar el des lu mbram iento

Las miopiacuteas y los astigmatismos iexcllltoS impiden enfocar el pun to negro sobre el aacuterea macu lar y los lentes que el Eutbyscope tiencn p l rl compenshysar las ametropiacuteas no rcslI1tun dc utilidad en los casos seiacutelalados Solucioshyniexcllmos esta diexclfIacutelu ltad mediante el empleo de lentes de contacto apropiados que han resultado tolerados incluso en los niiios

CASUISTICA RECOGIDA DE LA LlTEHATURA

A iexclrLJiflO~ Jluhlicoacute lll ~ a estadiacutestica de 42 CLSOS de amhliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo d e las post-imuacutegenes En siete casos ohtuvo visioacuten dc un entero en nucvc visiones entre 7 y 9 deacutecimas L3 edad promedio de los casos con mejoriacuteas visuales fue de q uince atlos No (Jiexcliacute referencias a la clase de fi jacioacuten

G H Jonkers presentoacute ocho casos dc ambliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo de las post-im aacutegenes

Promedio de mejoriacuteas 5()

Elbd prOm middotd io de las mejoriacuteas 15 - 25 alIacuteas

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 4 mejoraron 4 (100)

Promedio de visiOacuten ganada O 4l

Casos con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 4 mejoraron O (0)

A Clerici y L Lcgorini publicaron observaciones en 9 casos d ambliopiacutea tratados lOn el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes

Promed io de mejoriacuteas 77 7

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 038

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BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - REINOSObull Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 15 1 antildeos

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 2 mejoraron 2 (100)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramaacutecular tratados 5 mejoraron 5 (10000)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 2 mejoraron O (0)

CASUISTICA PERSONAL

Hemos tratado 34 casos de ambliopiacutea con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de C uppers segllll teacutecnica descrita dentro de este trabajo con el siguiente resultado

Casos con fij acioacuten central tratados 18 mejoraron 18 (10010)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramacular tratados 6 mejoraron 2 (33)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 10 mejoraron O (D)

Nuacutemero total de mejoriacuteas 20 casos (5882)

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 0388 (388)

Edad maacutexima de las mejoriacuteas 32 antildeos

Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 21 1 antildeos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los casos con mejoriacutea 273

Edad promedio de los fracasos 11 anos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los fracasos 32

COMENTARIOSbull

EDAD

El tratamiento de las ambliopiacuteas por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacute genes requiere como hemos visto un suficiente grado ele desarrollo intelecmiddot tual y la edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas seglm Jonkers y Clerici es entre 15 y 16 antildeos Nuestra estadiacutestica sentildeala la edad de 21 antildeos como la promedio en las mejoriacuteas visuales con un caso de 32 antildeos como liacutemite de eacutexito si bien hay descritas mejoriacuteas en pacientes de 38 y 40 antildeos

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7

POST-IMAGENES

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Viin No d Vioion 1IHlotorl 8iorci REFRACCJON bullbullbull OB S ~R V ilCIO N BS _l CLol

-5472 20 bull ~OO Eof 1- 1 00 1001 00

iexclloCIoacuten control S obUeno il lOo bino

eplor coo fu ioo d ~ 1lt10

---Fijodoacuten cllnl1 Cutoi-cml ciexcl rlci 1p 000 _I~ El UIl rovul S obtiene iloacuten binocnlr ton fO l ioacuten d 2bull ado

- - shy OlO 20 N Rof 000 Filado clnlrol S obliexcl n ~ viioacuten binomiddot

eu l con fu ioacuten ~ Srodo

Flle cloacuten pbullbulla_1 Qu tocono roodo lJJ70 O - 01 Esf (] 50 41)] 00 oobull qu lNu inr s obUeno

-iloacuten bin eulbull bull con ri d 20 iexclnodo --shy

lodoacuten COl L CGroidilio ciiexclrlcia pashy

oro -0JIl Esr 1_100 11lll 0 00 f O ruccl Kolar ID 1 otro oOmiddot

--shy

2927 O bull O ~ Eco f 1middot 0_25 100) O

Pill cion 1t1 Eopmo dol rIcio UII Ior deecho que roo qui uacutelt1iuno S~ obtieno vlol6n blnocu l con fU lloacuten

1- dI 2 grado

40 O Fllocloacuten n l 1 S bti ond bullIioacuten bino

~774 O _ 300 Eof I_O ~ ]001 cutbullbull COn fmo loacuten d ]or grado_

071 Ef I_-IX 101 O Fljoacuten 11 To l 1D1olropla

quo 1lt1 01 con l tlic1u di 5amp14

---Fljacioacute conl OUItoconn bi ltoI1

O _ 100 Er 1-100 ~ ln1 Iodo n qu topllim nolnlo s smpl04 lonll de contacto duntol 101 olelclo

- -shy

1I

Filoc loacuten oont1 Coraiditi cononU elemiddot

46 007 20 bull 215 E f O4~ 1Iclftl prorobullbullbull1 DDotrDccioacuten macnlo on 1 Dlro 0 10

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

---Fllacioacuten cont l Ouoratopl lia por quora

4578 ro 015 21 bull 175 Er ( - 8(0 ~ 25) tocono S QD plooacute lonte contacto du nte lobullbull j~cciobull

--shy--shy

010 bull 375 Eof (_550 x 1m 040 fij cioacuten cnlrl El pocionle no continu~ 01 tratamiento po uoobull bulltrm~diCM

- - shy --shy

W 010 00 100 Sf (-0-00 x IIKlJ 0lt0 fijacioacuten centl S oblian rUlioacuten do l gradu

--shylijacioacuten coolrol VI Ioacuten blnoculor con fu

O bull 225 Bf 040 oioacuten dl grado SUlponde 01t tampmio nto por 100 tramedlcbull bull

- - shy

025 _ LOO Ef (- lID x 1001 0lt0 fijioacuten conlrol Quo ratopltia lomino po Iucoma

--shy- - shy - -shy4400 bull 100 sr - 225 x 51 Pijin p ruol

--shy

61 51 007 125 Er (-125 x 1001 033 fijadon ote1 Obullbullpndiminnto dbull bullbull u no cu do qulrurglcamentbullbull S Innde 01 ttuacuten to po r n extmoacutedi

--shy

25 0 10 Fijac ioacuten contral Oopond imlen lode tina

bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

- -shy

1010 000 bull 27~ ampIr 1-025 x 1001 000 Fi jacion central So po nd o bullbull tbullbull tamiddot miento por ne o dramnic

--shy

11

5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

11

ltnlar co fuoloacuten

Ior grarlo

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AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

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BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

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pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

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BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

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5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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bull

bull

bull

BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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bull

bull

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

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BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

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Page 4: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BARHAQUER - AIUZA - REINOSO

c) Cuando la oclusioacuten permanente del ojo con mejor agudeza no pershymite mejoriacutea o si el paciente es mayor de 6 antildeos se inicia tratamiento con post-imaacutegenes Debe usarse correccioacuten oacuteptica total durante los ejercicios

E l tratamiento con post-imaacutegenes se continuacutea hasta obtener si es posishyble seguacuten Cuppers una agudeza visual superior a 050 en cuyo caso se ocluye el ojo director hasta que la recuperacioacuten del ojo ambliacuteope se detenga

Hemos hallado que cuando el paciente alcanza una agudeza visual d) 033 la fijacioacuten es foveal y en la mayoriacutea de los casos basta la oclusioacuten del ojo director para que se obtenga una pronta recu peracioacuten funcional del ojo ambliacuteope

Consideramos que la recupcraclOn funcional mediante oclusioacuten del ojo director se ha detenido cuando exaacutemenes practicados con 15 diacuteas de intershyvalo dan la misma agudez1 visual

A continuacioacuten se intenta la obtencioacuten de visioacuten binocular suspendienshydo la oclusioacuten La ortoacuteptica en los casos con ortotropia o de aacutengulo pequentildeo capaces de compensar el deacuteficit muscular es uacutetil para desarrollar la fusioacuten y aumentar su amplitud

Cuando no se ha logrado amplitud de fusioacuten suficientemente buena y existe un elemento motor debe corregirse quiruacutergicamente el aacutengulo exisshytente para evitar la tendencia a inhibirse de nuevo que prcsenta el ojo dlshysambliopizado

2) En caso sin fijacioacuten ccntrol

a) Correccioacuten oacuteptica total del ojo ambliacuteope para usar uacutenicamente dushyrante los ejercicios

b) Correccioacuten quifIacutelrgica del estrabismo si es de aacutengulo grande pues la posicioacuten viciosa del gloho dificulta o imposibilita el tratamiento

e) Tratamiento con post-imaacutegenes

En casos sin fijacioacuten central el tratamiento tiene como primer objetishyvo la obtencioacuten de fij acioacuten central y una vez obtenida eacutesta se continuacutea C(shy

roo en el caso anterior

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - IlE INOSO bull

Si la fijacioacuten paramacular o exceacutentrica no permite mantener cubierta el

aacuterea macular durante el ejercicio p rocedemos a desvalorizar el aacuterea fijashydora La desvalorizacioacuten puede realizarse activa o pasivamente En el prishymer caso debe deslumbrarse especiacuteficamente la pseudo-maacutecula con un poshytente haz luminoso seguacuten teacutecnica de BANGERTER En el segundo caso se ocluye en forma permanente el ojo ambliacuteope durante varios meses (5 o 6) al cabo de los cuales se reanuda el tratamiento

Para el tratamiento por las post-imaacutegenes seguacuten Cuppees se emplea un oftalmoscopio especial (EuthyscopeJ fabricado por la casa Oculus (Fig 1)

lt

Fig l- Euthyscopc de Ciippers

E l aparato proyecta un potente y amplio haz (de 309) de rayos luminoshysos sobre la retina perifeacuterica y un punto negro sobre la maacutecula de (3Q o de S9)

La iluminacioacuten de la retina perifeacuterica provoca su deslumbramiento en tanto que la maacutecula queda protegida por el punto negro Esta condicioacuten

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IOST- IMACfNES

deja fu ncional mente uacutetil la maacutecula e inuacutetil la periferia y permite una estishyIflulaciuacuten macular adecuada

La teacutecnica es la sigui ente

1) i1idrias is del ojo ambliacuteope mediante instilacioacuten de una solucioacuten de atropina al 1 Y midriasis del ojo director con ciclopleacutegico de accioacuten breve (cycl0b)j) panl realizar el e jercicio en primer lugar en eacutel y que el paciente aprencliexcl a ver la post-imagen La midriasis iexclltropiacutenica del ojo ambliacuteope se mantendraacute todo el tiempo que dure el tratam iento Ll midriasis del ojo diwctor solamente se practica el d iacutea del primer e jercicio

2) Con el Euthyscope se proyecta el punto negro central (5Q) sobre la maacutecula durante medio a lIn minuto con las siguientes condiciones

a) La maacutecula debe estar completamente cubierta por el punto negro

b) No debe salir del aacuterea oscura en ninguacuten momento

e) La pseudomaacutecula debe pe rmanecer en la zonl iluminada y si esta estaacute proacutexima a b fovea deheraacute emplearse el punto de tamantildeo menor

3) Se ocluye el ojo no tratado

4) Acto seguido se estimula la re tina enccndiendo y apagando las luces de la habitacioacuten en forma intermitente hasta que el paciente vea sohre una pltlred blanca o una pltlntalla 11 post-imagen positiva del foco luminoso proshyyectado en su retinll (Es decir un punto negro central sobre fondo luminoshyso circular) se contin l la intermitencia luminosa hasta q ue eacutesta post-imashygen se conviertH en negativa (es decir un punto transparente central rodeashydo por una aacuterea circular oscura) (Fig 2) Entonces y duran te el tiempo que vea la post-ima~en negativa se le presentan optotipos iluminados en fonna intermitente mediante ull sistema de control automaacutetico (intervalometer) Si la ambliopiacutea es muy intensa debe iniciarse el tratam iellto estimulando la maacutecula con un fO(o lnminnso

Entre los intervalos de cada sesioacuten el ojo ambliacuteopc debe permanecer ocluido

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bull Fig 2-A Post-imagen pusitiva

B Po~t -illlagcll llcgaliv

Hemos modificado la teacutecnica descrita mediante el empleo del Troposshycopio El Troposcopio elimina los estiacutemulos perifeacutericos) permite el empleo exclusivo de la maacutecula durante todo el ejercicio Procedemos como sigue

l Se apaga la luz en la habitacioacuten

2 Deslumbramiento de la retina perifeacuterica con Euthyscope Coneluklo eacuteste colocamos al paciente frente al Troposcopio sin colocar en eacutel optotipo alguno A continuacioacuten realizamos intermitencia luminosa por control mashynual hasta que el paciente vea la post-imagen positiva y posteriormente la post-imagen negativa en el Troposeapiacutea Colocamos en el aparato optotishypos especiales y los presentamos durante el tiempo que el pacient~ percibl la post-imagen negativa sin suspender la intermitencia luminosa

El deslumbramiento y el posterior ejercicio fre nte al Troposcopio pueshyden realizarse sin que el paciente cambie de asiento bastaraacute rotar g(Q

La intensidad luminosa se controla mediante el reoacutestato del Troposcoshypio (American Optical) Empleamos 15 foot-candles medidos en el ocular que corresponden aproximadamente a la mitad de la intensidad total para proshyvocar la inversioacuten de la post-imagen y estimular la maacutecula 1v1ayores intensishydades determinan el deslumhramiento de la miexclcula

La frecuencia del centelleo puede variarse a voluntad segllD el caso en general empIcamos una frecuencia de 40 por minuto

Los optotipos son diapositivas especiales de 10 x 8 centiacutemetros disentildeashydos por uno de nosotros (E Ariza) Consisten en letras opacas encuadrada~

pOSTshy IMAC E NES

en ciacuterculos transparentes y ligeramente resto de la placa es totalmente opaca

mayores q ue las letras inscritas el

Se han constrlliacutedo optotipos de las siguientes dimenciones para

agudezas visualcs

varias

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-1 2 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 01 5 4) 2-15 mm 020 Colombia

5)

6)

2 mm

1- 12 mm

0 25

030

papaacute

Bogotaacute

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Siempre debe realizarse previamente un ejercIcIo con el ojo director para que el paciente sepa lo que se espera del ejercicio y aprenda a ver la post-imagen negativa

El Ellthyscope debe enfocarse en cada paciente en la primera sesioacuten y anotar la correccioacuten hallada en cada caso con objeto de no deslumbrar inneshycesariamente la retina al buscar el foco durante los ejercicios El filtro verde de que viene provisto el Euthyscope debe colocarse durante el tiempo que e mpleemos en identificar la maacutecula y este tiempo debe ser el miacutenimo pashysible

Varios autores aconsejan realizar el deslumbramiento de la retina peshyrifeacuterica durante uno o tres minutos En nuestra experiencia hemos hallado q ue el deslumbramiento no debe ser mayor de un minuto porque la luz reflejada por la retina iluminada pueacutede a su vez deslumbrar indirectamenshyte la maacutecula y anular el efecto propuesto

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Puesto que los optotipos solo deben presentarse nI paciente durante el t iempo que perciba la post-imagen negativa importa que eacutesta se prolongue el mayor tiempo posible La percepcioacuten de la post-imagen negativa puede prolongarse si el plciente realiza fuertes contracciones del orbicular y con centelleo

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BA RRAQUE R - ARIZA - REI NOSO

La mejoriacutea es maacutes raacutepida si el intervalo entre los ejercicios es pequentildeo por esto es aconsejable realizar dos ses iones diarias y en cada una de ellas reshypetir el ejercicios dos veces dejando como intervalo el tiempo que tarde en desaparecer la percepcioacuten de la post-imagen

Si durante el deslumbramiento se ilumina accidentalmente la maacutecula debe suspenderse el ejercicio y esperar por lo menos dos minutos antes de reanudar la sesioacuten para que la post-imagen negativa se perciba con nitidez

DIFICULTADES DE LA TECNICA

Por la relativa complejidad del ejercicio el trata miento tiene mayores posibilidades de eacutexito en sujetos mayores de 10 antildeos

El desarrollo intelectual es importante para el eacutexito puesto que el trashytamiento tiene por objeto educar una facultad intelectual

Pacientes con buen grado de instruccioacuten (universitarios religiosos) no soacuteshylo progresan maacutes raacutepidamente sino que alcanzan agudeza visuales maacutes altas Por esta razoacuten los nintildeos muy pequentildeos y los deacutebiles mentales son poco aptos para este tratamiento

El cubrir la maacutecula y evitar q ue salga del aacuterea obscura durante el ejershycicio es una seria dificultad especialmente en los casos sin fijacioacuten central y eQ los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande

Cuando el estrabismo es de aacutengulo grande resulta poco menos que imshyposible mantener la maacutecula dentro de la sombra central Se han ideado divershysos sistemas para permitir que sea posible el deslumbramiento en el ojo amshybliacuteope punto de fijacioacuten luminoso visible para el ojo director median te espeshyjos o prismas e incluso sistemas de fijacioacuten mecaacutenica del ojo ambliacuteopc (hilos y pinzas)

Cuando la tropia es de aacutengulo grande y la fij acioacuten no es central la maacutecushyla del ojo ambliacuteope sc al eja del aacuterea sombreada y el ojo se coloca en forma tal que no es posible realizar correctamente el ejercicio a pesar de que el ojo dishyrector fije

Los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande deben siempre corregirse q uiruacutergicashymente antes de iniciar el tratamiento por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes y d

IOST- IMACENES

a pesar de ello no se consigue eVItar quc la maacutecula salga del aacuterea oscura desshyvaloritamos la pseudomaacutecula mediante una de las teacutecnicas anteriormente descritas C rccmos que los recursos para inmovilizar el ojo representan un traumatismo no soacutelo fiacutesico si no psiacutequico al crear en el su jeto un estado de alarma nada prop icio piiexclra el buen resuitado del ejercicio

Otra dificultad es la frecuente intolerancia ni estiacutemulo lumi noso aeompashyfiada de hi peremia y lagr imeo Hcmos solucionado satisfactoriamente el proshybl ema mediante la instilacioacuten de una o dos gotas de novesina () pantocaiacutena millutos antes de in iciar el des lu mbram iento

Las miopiacuteas y los astigmatismos iexcllltoS impiden enfocar el pun to negro sobre el aacuterea macu lar y los lentes que el Eutbyscope tiencn p l rl compenshysar las ametropiacuteas no rcslI1tun dc utilidad en los casos seiacutelalados Solucioshyniexcllmos esta diexclfIacutelu ltad mediante el empleo de lentes de contacto apropiados que han resultado tolerados incluso en los niiios

CASUISTICA RECOGIDA DE LA LlTEHATURA

A iexclrLJiflO~ Jluhlicoacute lll ~ a estadiacutestica de 42 CLSOS de amhliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo d e las post-imuacutegenes En siete casos ohtuvo visioacuten dc un entero en nucvc visiones entre 7 y 9 deacutecimas L3 edad promedio de los casos con mejoriacuteas visuales fue de q uince atlos No (Jiexcliacute referencias a la clase de fi jacioacuten

G H Jonkers presentoacute ocho casos dc ambliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo de las post-im aacutegenes

Promedio de mejoriacuteas 5()

Elbd prOm middotd io de las mejoriacuteas 15 - 25 alIacuteas

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 4 mejoraron 4 (100)

Promedio de visiOacuten ganada O 4l

Casos con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 4 mejoraron O (0)

A Clerici y L Lcgorini publicaron observaciones en 9 casos d ambliopiacutea tratados lOn el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes

Promed io de mejoriacuteas 77 7

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 038

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BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - REINOSObull Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 15 1 antildeos

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 2 mejoraron 2 (100)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramaacutecular tratados 5 mejoraron 5 (10000)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 2 mejoraron O (0)

CASUISTICA PERSONAL

Hemos tratado 34 casos de ambliopiacutea con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de C uppers segllll teacutecnica descrita dentro de este trabajo con el siguiente resultado

Casos con fij acioacuten central tratados 18 mejoraron 18 (10010)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramacular tratados 6 mejoraron 2 (33)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 10 mejoraron O (D)

Nuacutemero total de mejoriacuteas 20 casos (5882)

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 0388 (388)

Edad maacutexima de las mejoriacuteas 32 antildeos

Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 21 1 antildeos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los casos con mejoriacutea 273

Edad promedio de los fracasos 11 anos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los fracasos 32

COMENTARIOSbull

EDAD

El tratamiento de las ambliopiacuteas por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacute genes requiere como hemos visto un suficiente grado ele desarrollo intelecmiddot tual y la edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas seglm Jonkers y Clerici es entre 15 y 16 antildeos Nuestra estadiacutestica sentildeala la edad de 21 antildeos como la promedio en las mejoriacuteas visuales con un caso de 32 antildeos como liacutemite de eacutexito si bien hay descritas mejoriacuteas en pacientes de 38 y 40 antildeos

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7

POST-IMAGENES

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Viin No d Vioion 1IHlotorl 8iorci REFRACCJON bullbullbull OB S ~R V ilCIO N BS _l CLol

-5472 20 bull ~OO Eof 1- 1 00 1001 00

iexclloCIoacuten control S obUeno il lOo bino

eplor coo fu ioo d ~ 1lt10

---Fijodoacuten cllnl1 Cutoi-cml ciexcl rlci 1p 000 _I~ El UIl rovul S obtiene iloacuten binocnlr ton fO l ioacuten d 2bull ado

- - shy OlO 20 N Rof 000 Filado clnlrol S obliexcl n ~ viioacuten binomiddot

eu l con fu ioacuten ~ Srodo

Flle cloacuten pbullbulla_1 Qu tocono roodo lJJ70 O - 01 Esf (] 50 41)] 00 oobull qu lNu inr s obUeno

-iloacuten bin eulbull bull con ri d 20 iexclnodo --shy

lodoacuten COl L CGroidilio ciiexclrlcia pashy

oro -0JIl Esr 1_100 11lll 0 00 f O ruccl Kolar ID 1 otro oOmiddot

--shy

2927 O bull O ~ Eco f 1middot 0_25 100) O

Pill cion 1t1 Eopmo dol rIcio UII Ior deecho que roo qui uacutelt1iuno S~ obtieno vlol6n blnocu l con fU lloacuten

1- dI 2 grado

40 O Fllocloacuten n l 1 S bti ond bullIioacuten bino

~774 O _ 300 Eof I_O ~ ]001 cutbullbull COn fmo loacuten d ]or grado_

071 Ef I_-IX 101 O Fljoacuten 11 To l 1D1olropla

quo 1lt1 01 con l tlic1u di 5amp14

---Fljacioacute conl OUItoconn bi ltoI1

O _ 100 Er 1-100 ~ ln1 Iodo n qu topllim nolnlo s smpl04 lonll de contacto duntol 101 olelclo

- -shy

1I

Filoc loacuten oont1 Coraiditi cononU elemiddot

46 007 20 bull 215 E f O4~ 1Iclftl prorobullbullbull1 DDotrDccioacuten macnlo on 1 Dlro 0 10

bull

bull

bull

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

---Fllacioacuten cont l Ouoratopl lia por quora

4578 ro 015 21 bull 175 Er ( - 8(0 ~ 25) tocono S QD plooacute lonte contacto du nte lobullbull j~cciobull

--shy--shy

010 bull 375 Eof (_550 x 1m 040 fij cioacuten cnlrl El pocionle no continu~ 01 tratamiento po uoobull bulltrm~diCM

- - shy --shy

W 010 00 100 Sf (-0-00 x IIKlJ 0lt0 fijacioacuten centl S oblian rUlioacuten do l gradu

--shylijacioacuten coolrol VI Ioacuten blnoculor con fu

O bull 225 Bf 040 oioacuten dl grado SUlponde 01t tampmio nto por 100 tramedlcbull bull

- - shy

025 _ LOO Ef (- lID x 1001 0lt0 fijioacuten conlrol Quo ratopltia lomino po Iucoma

--shy- - shy - -shy4400 bull 100 sr - 225 x 51 Pijin p ruol

--shy

61 51 007 125 Er (-125 x 1001 033 fijadon ote1 Obullbullpndiminnto dbull bullbull u no cu do qulrurglcamentbullbull S Innde 01 ttuacuten to po r n extmoacutedi

--shy

25 0 10 Fijac ioacuten contral Oopond imlen lode tina

bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

- -shy

1010 000 bull 27~ ampIr 1-025 x 1001 000 Fi jacion central So po nd o bullbull tbullbull tamiddot miento por ne o dramnic

--shy

11

5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

11

ltnlar co fuoloacuten

Ior grarlo

bull 51

AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

bull

bull

52 bull

bull

---

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

bull 53

BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

bull

pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

55bull

BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

bull

bull

CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

bull

5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

bull

bull

bull

bull

BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

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I

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

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AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

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Page 5: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - IlE INOSO bull

Si la fijacioacuten paramacular o exceacutentrica no permite mantener cubierta el

aacuterea macular durante el ejercicio p rocedemos a desvalorizar el aacuterea fijashydora La desvalorizacioacuten puede realizarse activa o pasivamente En el prishymer caso debe deslumbrarse especiacuteficamente la pseudo-maacutecula con un poshytente haz luminoso seguacuten teacutecnica de BANGERTER En el segundo caso se ocluye en forma permanente el ojo ambliacuteope durante varios meses (5 o 6) al cabo de los cuales se reanuda el tratamiento

Para el tratamiento por las post-imaacutegenes seguacuten Cuppees se emplea un oftalmoscopio especial (EuthyscopeJ fabricado por la casa Oculus (Fig 1)

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Fig l- Euthyscopc de Ciippers

E l aparato proyecta un potente y amplio haz (de 309) de rayos luminoshysos sobre la retina perifeacuterica y un punto negro sobre la maacutecula de (3Q o de S9)

La iluminacioacuten de la retina perifeacuterica provoca su deslumbramiento en tanto que la maacutecula queda protegida por el punto negro Esta condicioacuten

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IOST- IMACfNES

deja fu ncional mente uacutetil la maacutecula e inuacutetil la periferia y permite una estishyIflulaciuacuten macular adecuada

La teacutecnica es la sigui ente

1) i1idrias is del ojo ambliacuteope mediante instilacioacuten de una solucioacuten de atropina al 1 Y midriasis del ojo director con ciclopleacutegico de accioacuten breve (cycl0b)j) panl realizar el e jercicio en primer lugar en eacutel y que el paciente aprencliexcl a ver la post-imagen La midriasis iexclltropiacutenica del ojo ambliacuteope se mantendraacute todo el tiempo que dure el tratam iento Ll midriasis del ojo diwctor solamente se practica el d iacutea del primer e jercicio

2) Con el Euthyscope se proyecta el punto negro central (5Q) sobre la maacutecula durante medio a lIn minuto con las siguientes condiciones

a) La maacutecula debe estar completamente cubierta por el punto negro

b) No debe salir del aacuterea oscura en ninguacuten momento

e) La pseudomaacutecula debe pe rmanecer en la zonl iluminada y si esta estaacute proacutexima a b fovea deheraacute emplearse el punto de tamantildeo menor

3) Se ocluye el ojo no tratado

4) Acto seguido se estimula la re tina enccndiendo y apagando las luces de la habitacioacuten en forma intermitente hasta que el paciente vea sohre una pltlred blanca o una pltlntalla 11 post-imagen positiva del foco luminoso proshyyectado en su retinll (Es decir un punto negro central sobre fondo luminoshyso circular) se contin l la intermitencia luminosa hasta q ue eacutesta post-imashygen se conviertH en negativa (es decir un punto transparente central rodeashydo por una aacuterea circular oscura) (Fig 2) Entonces y duran te el tiempo que vea la post-ima~en negativa se le presentan optotipos iluminados en fonna intermitente mediante ull sistema de control automaacutetico (intervalometer) Si la ambliopiacutea es muy intensa debe iniciarse el tratam iellto estimulando la maacutecula con un fO(o lnminnso

Entre los intervalos de cada sesioacuten el ojo ambliacuteopc debe permanecer ocluido

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BARRAQ UER - AHIZA - HEINOSO bull

bull Fig 2-A Post-imagen pusitiva

B Po~t -illlagcll llcgaliv

Hemos modificado la teacutecnica descrita mediante el empleo del Troposshycopio El Troposcopio elimina los estiacutemulos perifeacutericos) permite el empleo exclusivo de la maacutecula durante todo el ejercicio Procedemos como sigue

l Se apaga la luz en la habitacioacuten

2 Deslumbramiento de la retina perifeacuterica con Euthyscope Coneluklo eacuteste colocamos al paciente frente al Troposcopio sin colocar en eacutel optotipo alguno A continuacioacuten realizamos intermitencia luminosa por control mashynual hasta que el paciente vea la post-imagen positiva y posteriormente la post-imagen negativa en el Troposeapiacutea Colocamos en el aparato optotishypos especiales y los presentamos durante el tiempo que el pacient~ percibl la post-imagen negativa sin suspender la intermitencia luminosa

El deslumbramiento y el posterior ejercicio fre nte al Troposcopio pueshyden realizarse sin que el paciente cambie de asiento bastaraacute rotar g(Q

La intensidad luminosa se controla mediante el reoacutestato del Troposcoshypio (American Optical) Empleamos 15 foot-candles medidos en el ocular que corresponden aproximadamente a la mitad de la intensidad total para proshyvocar la inversioacuten de la post-imagen y estimular la maacutecula 1v1ayores intensishydades determinan el deslumhramiento de la miexclcula

La frecuencia del centelleo puede variarse a voluntad segllD el caso en general empIcamos una frecuencia de 40 por minuto

Los optotipos son diapositivas especiales de 10 x 8 centiacutemetros disentildeashydos por uno de nosotros (E Ariza) Consisten en letras opacas encuadrada~

pOSTshy IMAC E NES

en ciacuterculos transparentes y ligeramente resto de la placa es totalmente opaca

mayores q ue las letras inscritas el

Se han constrlliacutedo optotipos de las siguientes dimenciones para

agudezas visualcs

varias

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-1 2 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 01 5 4) 2-15 mm 020 Colombia

5)

6)

2 mm

1- 12 mm

0 25

030

papaacute

Bogotaacute

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Siempre debe realizarse previamente un ejercIcIo con el ojo director para que el paciente sepa lo que se espera del ejercicio y aprenda a ver la post-imagen negativa

El Ellthyscope debe enfocarse en cada paciente en la primera sesioacuten y anotar la correccioacuten hallada en cada caso con objeto de no deslumbrar inneshycesariamente la retina al buscar el foco durante los ejercicios El filtro verde de que viene provisto el Euthyscope debe colocarse durante el tiempo que e mpleemos en identificar la maacutecula y este tiempo debe ser el miacutenimo pashysible

Varios autores aconsejan realizar el deslumbramiento de la retina peshyrifeacuterica durante uno o tres minutos En nuestra experiencia hemos hallado q ue el deslumbramiento no debe ser mayor de un minuto porque la luz reflejada por la retina iluminada pueacutede a su vez deslumbrar indirectamenshyte la maacutecula y anular el efecto propuesto

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Puesto que los optotipos solo deben presentarse nI paciente durante el t iempo que perciba la post-imagen negativa importa que eacutesta se prolongue el mayor tiempo posible La percepcioacuten de la post-imagen negativa puede prolongarse si el plciente realiza fuertes contracciones del orbicular y con centelleo

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BA RRAQUE R - ARIZA - REI NOSO

La mejoriacutea es maacutes raacutepida si el intervalo entre los ejercicios es pequentildeo por esto es aconsejable realizar dos ses iones diarias y en cada una de ellas reshypetir el ejercicios dos veces dejando como intervalo el tiempo que tarde en desaparecer la percepcioacuten de la post-imagen

Si durante el deslumbramiento se ilumina accidentalmente la maacutecula debe suspenderse el ejercicio y esperar por lo menos dos minutos antes de reanudar la sesioacuten para que la post-imagen negativa se perciba con nitidez

DIFICULTADES DE LA TECNICA

Por la relativa complejidad del ejercicio el trata miento tiene mayores posibilidades de eacutexito en sujetos mayores de 10 antildeos

El desarrollo intelectual es importante para el eacutexito puesto que el trashytamiento tiene por objeto educar una facultad intelectual

Pacientes con buen grado de instruccioacuten (universitarios religiosos) no soacuteshylo progresan maacutes raacutepidamente sino que alcanzan agudeza visuales maacutes altas Por esta razoacuten los nintildeos muy pequentildeos y los deacutebiles mentales son poco aptos para este tratamiento

El cubrir la maacutecula y evitar q ue salga del aacuterea obscura durante el ejershycicio es una seria dificultad especialmente en los casos sin fijacioacuten central y eQ los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande

Cuando el estrabismo es de aacutengulo grande resulta poco menos que imshyposible mantener la maacutecula dentro de la sombra central Se han ideado divershysos sistemas para permitir que sea posible el deslumbramiento en el ojo amshybliacuteope punto de fijacioacuten luminoso visible para el ojo director median te espeshyjos o prismas e incluso sistemas de fijacioacuten mecaacutenica del ojo ambliacuteopc (hilos y pinzas)

Cuando la tropia es de aacutengulo grande y la fij acioacuten no es central la maacutecushyla del ojo ambliacuteope sc al eja del aacuterea sombreada y el ojo se coloca en forma tal que no es posible realizar correctamente el ejercicio a pesar de que el ojo dishyrector fije

Los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande deben siempre corregirse q uiruacutergicashymente antes de iniciar el tratamiento por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes y d

IOST- IMACENES

a pesar de ello no se consigue eVItar quc la maacutecula salga del aacuterea oscura desshyvaloritamos la pseudomaacutecula mediante una de las teacutecnicas anteriormente descritas C rccmos que los recursos para inmovilizar el ojo representan un traumatismo no soacutelo fiacutesico si no psiacutequico al crear en el su jeto un estado de alarma nada prop icio piiexclra el buen resuitado del ejercicio

Otra dificultad es la frecuente intolerancia ni estiacutemulo lumi noso aeompashyfiada de hi peremia y lagr imeo Hcmos solucionado satisfactoriamente el proshybl ema mediante la instilacioacuten de una o dos gotas de novesina () pantocaiacutena millutos antes de in iciar el des lu mbram iento

Las miopiacuteas y los astigmatismos iexcllltoS impiden enfocar el pun to negro sobre el aacuterea macu lar y los lentes que el Eutbyscope tiencn p l rl compenshysar las ametropiacuteas no rcslI1tun dc utilidad en los casos seiacutelalados Solucioshyniexcllmos esta diexclfIacutelu ltad mediante el empleo de lentes de contacto apropiados que han resultado tolerados incluso en los niiios

CASUISTICA RECOGIDA DE LA LlTEHATURA

A iexclrLJiflO~ Jluhlicoacute lll ~ a estadiacutestica de 42 CLSOS de amhliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo d e las post-imuacutegenes En siete casos ohtuvo visioacuten dc un entero en nucvc visiones entre 7 y 9 deacutecimas L3 edad promedio de los casos con mejoriacuteas visuales fue de q uince atlos No (Jiexcliacute referencias a la clase de fi jacioacuten

G H Jonkers presentoacute ocho casos dc ambliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo de las post-im aacutegenes

Promedio de mejoriacuteas 5()

Elbd prOm middotd io de las mejoriacuteas 15 - 25 alIacuteas

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 4 mejoraron 4 (100)

Promedio de visiOacuten ganada O 4l

Casos con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 4 mejoraron O (0)

A Clerici y L Lcgorini publicaron observaciones en 9 casos d ambliopiacutea tratados lOn el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes

Promed io de mejoriacuteas 77 7

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 038

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BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - REINOSObull Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 15 1 antildeos

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 2 mejoraron 2 (100)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramaacutecular tratados 5 mejoraron 5 (10000)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 2 mejoraron O (0)

CASUISTICA PERSONAL

Hemos tratado 34 casos de ambliopiacutea con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de C uppers segllll teacutecnica descrita dentro de este trabajo con el siguiente resultado

Casos con fij acioacuten central tratados 18 mejoraron 18 (10010)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramacular tratados 6 mejoraron 2 (33)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 10 mejoraron O (D)

Nuacutemero total de mejoriacuteas 20 casos (5882)

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 0388 (388)

Edad maacutexima de las mejoriacuteas 32 antildeos

Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 21 1 antildeos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los casos con mejoriacutea 273

Edad promedio de los fracasos 11 anos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los fracasos 32

COMENTARIOSbull

EDAD

El tratamiento de las ambliopiacuteas por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacute genes requiere como hemos visto un suficiente grado ele desarrollo intelecmiddot tual y la edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas seglm Jonkers y Clerici es entre 15 y 16 antildeos Nuestra estadiacutestica sentildeala la edad de 21 antildeos como la promedio en las mejoriacuteas visuales con un caso de 32 antildeos como liacutemite de eacutexito si bien hay descritas mejoriacuteas en pacientes de 38 y 40 antildeos

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7

POST-IMAGENES

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Viin No d Vioion 1IHlotorl 8iorci REFRACCJON bullbullbull OB S ~R V ilCIO N BS _l CLol

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

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--shy

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bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

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5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

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ltnlar co fuoloacuten

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AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

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BRO

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--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

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IS COujoacute phoilplica

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

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BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

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pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

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BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

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5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

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With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

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ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

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AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 6: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

IOST- IMACfNES

deja fu ncional mente uacutetil la maacutecula e inuacutetil la periferia y permite una estishyIflulaciuacuten macular adecuada

La teacutecnica es la sigui ente

1) i1idrias is del ojo ambliacuteope mediante instilacioacuten de una solucioacuten de atropina al 1 Y midriasis del ojo director con ciclopleacutegico de accioacuten breve (cycl0b)j) panl realizar el e jercicio en primer lugar en eacutel y que el paciente aprencliexcl a ver la post-imagen La midriasis iexclltropiacutenica del ojo ambliacuteope se mantendraacute todo el tiempo que dure el tratam iento Ll midriasis del ojo diwctor solamente se practica el d iacutea del primer e jercicio

2) Con el Euthyscope se proyecta el punto negro central (5Q) sobre la maacutecula durante medio a lIn minuto con las siguientes condiciones

a) La maacutecula debe estar completamente cubierta por el punto negro

b) No debe salir del aacuterea oscura en ninguacuten momento

e) La pseudomaacutecula debe pe rmanecer en la zonl iluminada y si esta estaacute proacutexima a b fovea deheraacute emplearse el punto de tamantildeo menor

3) Se ocluye el ojo no tratado

4) Acto seguido se estimula la re tina enccndiendo y apagando las luces de la habitacioacuten en forma intermitente hasta que el paciente vea sohre una pltlred blanca o una pltlntalla 11 post-imagen positiva del foco luminoso proshyyectado en su retinll (Es decir un punto negro central sobre fondo luminoshyso circular) se contin l la intermitencia luminosa hasta q ue eacutesta post-imashygen se conviertH en negativa (es decir un punto transparente central rodeashydo por una aacuterea circular oscura) (Fig 2) Entonces y duran te el tiempo que vea la post-ima~en negativa se le presentan optotipos iluminados en fonna intermitente mediante ull sistema de control automaacutetico (intervalometer) Si la ambliopiacutea es muy intensa debe iniciarse el tratam iellto estimulando la maacutecula con un fO(o lnminnso

Entre los intervalos de cada sesioacuten el ojo ambliacuteopc debe permanecer ocluido

bull

bull

BARRAQ UER - AHIZA - HEINOSO bull

bull Fig 2-A Post-imagen pusitiva

B Po~t -illlagcll llcgaliv

Hemos modificado la teacutecnica descrita mediante el empleo del Troposshycopio El Troposcopio elimina los estiacutemulos perifeacutericos) permite el empleo exclusivo de la maacutecula durante todo el ejercicio Procedemos como sigue

l Se apaga la luz en la habitacioacuten

2 Deslumbramiento de la retina perifeacuterica con Euthyscope Coneluklo eacuteste colocamos al paciente frente al Troposcopio sin colocar en eacutel optotipo alguno A continuacioacuten realizamos intermitencia luminosa por control mashynual hasta que el paciente vea la post-imagen positiva y posteriormente la post-imagen negativa en el Troposeapiacutea Colocamos en el aparato optotishypos especiales y los presentamos durante el tiempo que el pacient~ percibl la post-imagen negativa sin suspender la intermitencia luminosa

El deslumbramiento y el posterior ejercicio fre nte al Troposcopio pueshyden realizarse sin que el paciente cambie de asiento bastaraacute rotar g(Q

La intensidad luminosa se controla mediante el reoacutestato del Troposcoshypio (American Optical) Empleamos 15 foot-candles medidos en el ocular que corresponden aproximadamente a la mitad de la intensidad total para proshyvocar la inversioacuten de la post-imagen y estimular la maacutecula 1v1ayores intensishydades determinan el deslumhramiento de la miexclcula

La frecuencia del centelleo puede variarse a voluntad segllD el caso en general empIcamos una frecuencia de 40 por minuto

Los optotipos son diapositivas especiales de 10 x 8 centiacutemetros disentildeashydos por uno de nosotros (E Ariza) Consisten en letras opacas encuadrada~

pOSTshy IMAC E NES

en ciacuterculos transparentes y ligeramente resto de la placa es totalmente opaca

mayores q ue las letras inscritas el

Se han constrlliacutedo optotipos de las siguientes dimenciones para

agudezas visualcs

varias

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-1 2 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 01 5 4) 2-15 mm 020 Colombia

5)

6)

2 mm

1- 12 mm

0 25

030

papaacute

Bogotaacute

bull

Siempre debe realizarse previamente un ejercIcIo con el ojo director para que el paciente sepa lo que se espera del ejercicio y aprenda a ver la post-imagen negativa

El Ellthyscope debe enfocarse en cada paciente en la primera sesioacuten y anotar la correccioacuten hallada en cada caso con objeto de no deslumbrar inneshycesariamente la retina al buscar el foco durante los ejercicios El filtro verde de que viene provisto el Euthyscope debe colocarse durante el tiempo que e mpleemos en identificar la maacutecula y este tiempo debe ser el miacutenimo pashysible

Varios autores aconsejan realizar el deslumbramiento de la retina peshyrifeacuterica durante uno o tres minutos En nuestra experiencia hemos hallado q ue el deslumbramiento no debe ser mayor de un minuto porque la luz reflejada por la retina iluminada pueacutede a su vez deslumbrar indirectamenshyte la maacutecula y anular el efecto propuesto

bull

bull

Puesto que los optotipos solo deben presentarse nI paciente durante el t iempo que perciba la post-imagen negativa importa que eacutesta se prolongue el mayor tiempo posible La percepcioacuten de la post-imagen negativa puede prolongarse si el plciente realiza fuertes contracciones del orbicular y con centelleo

-

bull

BA RRAQUE R - ARIZA - REI NOSO

La mejoriacutea es maacutes raacutepida si el intervalo entre los ejercicios es pequentildeo por esto es aconsejable realizar dos ses iones diarias y en cada una de ellas reshypetir el ejercicios dos veces dejando como intervalo el tiempo que tarde en desaparecer la percepcioacuten de la post-imagen

Si durante el deslumbramiento se ilumina accidentalmente la maacutecula debe suspenderse el ejercicio y esperar por lo menos dos minutos antes de reanudar la sesioacuten para que la post-imagen negativa se perciba con nitidez

DIFICULTADES DE LA TECNICA

Por la relativa complejidad del ejercicio el trata miento tiene mayores posibilidades de eacutexito en sujetos mayores de 10 antildeos

El desarrollo intelectual es importante para el eacutexito puesto que el trashytamiento tiene por objeto educar una facultad intelectual

Pacientes con buen grado de instruccioacuten (universitarios religiosos) no soacuteshylo progresan maacutes raacutepidamente sino que alcanzan agudeza visuales maacutes altas Por esta razoacuten los nintildeos muy pequentildeos y los deacutebiles mentales son poco aptos para este tratamiento

El cubrir la maacutecula y evitar q ue salga del aacuterea obscura durante el ejershycicio es una seria dificultad especialmente en los casos sin fijacioacuten central y eQ los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande

Cuando el estrabismo es de aacutengulo grande resulta poco menos que imshyposible mantener la maacutecula dentro de la sombra central Se han ideado divershysos sistemas para permitir que sea posible el deslumbramiento en el ojo amshybliacuteope punto de fijacioacuten luminoso visible para el ojo director median te espeshyjos o prismas e incluso sistemas de fijacioacuten mecaacutenica del ojo ambliacuteopc (hilos y pinzas)

Cuando la tropia es de aacutengulo grande y la fij acioacuten no es central la maacutecushyla del ojo ambliacuteope sc al eja del aacuterea sombreada y el ojo se coloca en forma tal que no es posible realizar correctamente el ejercicio a pesar de que el ojo dishyrector fije

Los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande deben siempre corregirse q uiruacutergicashymente antes de iniciar el tratamiento por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes y d

IOST- IMACENES

a pesar de ello no se consigue eVItar quc la maacutecula salga del aacuterea oscura desshyvaloritamos la pseudomaacutecula mediante una de las teacutecnicas anteriormente descritas C rccmos que los recursos para inmovilizar el ojo representan un traumatismo no soacutelo fiacutesico si no psiacutequico al crear en el su jeto un estado de alarma nada prop icio piiexclra el buen resuitado del ejercicio

Otra dificultad es la frecuente intolerancia ni estiacutemulo lumi noso aeompashyfiada de hi peremia y lagr imeo Hcmos solucionado satisfactoriamente el proshybl ema mediante la instilacioacuten de una o dos gotas de novesina () pantocaiacutena millutos antes de in iciar el des lu mbram iento

Las miopiacuteas y los astigmatismos iexcllltoS impiden enfocar el pun to negro sobre el aacuterea macu lar y los lentes que el Eutbyscope tiencn p l rl compenshysar las ametropiacuteas no rcslI1tun dc utilidad en los casos seiacutelalados Solucioshyniexcllmos esta diexclfIacutelu ltad mediante el empleo de lentes de contacto apropiados que han resultado tolerados incluso en los niiios

CASUISTICA RECOGIDA DE LA LlTEHATURA

A iexclrLJiflO~ Jluhlicoacute lll ~ a estadiacutestica de 42 CLSOS de amhliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo d e las post-imuacutegenes En siete casos ohtuvo visioacuten dc un entero en nucvc visiones entre 7 y 9 deacutecimas L3 edad promedio de los casos con mejoriacuteas visuales fue de q uince atlos No (Jiexcliacute referencias a la clase de fi jacioacuten

G H Jonkers presentoacute ocho casos dc ambliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo de las post-im aacutegenes

Promedio de mejoriacuteas 5()

Elbd prOm middotd io de las mejoriacuteas 15 - 25 alIacuteas

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 4 mejoraron 4 (100)

Promedio de visiOacuten ganada O 4l

Casos con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 4 mejoraron O (0)

A Clerici y L Lcgorini publicaron observaciones en 9 casos d ambliopiacutea tratados lOn el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes

Promed io de mejoriacuteas 77 7

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 038

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - REINOSObull Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 15 1 antildeos

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 2 mejoraron 2 (100)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramaacutecular tratados 5 mejoraron 5 (10000)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 2 mejoraron O (0)

CASUISTICA PERSONAL

Hemos tratado 34 casos de ambliopiacutea con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de C uppers segllll teacutecnica descrita dentro de este trabajo con el siguiente resultado

Casos con fij acioacuten central tratados 18 mejoraron 18 (10010)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramacular tratados 6 mejoraron 2 (33)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 10 mejoraron O (D)

Nuacutemero total de mejoriacuteas 20 casos (5882)

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 0388 (388)

Edad maacutexima de las mejoriacuteas 32 antildeos

Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 21 1 antildeos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los casos con mejoriacutea 273

Edad promedio de los fracasos 11 anos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los fracasos 32

COMENTARIOSbull

EDAD

El tratamiento de las ambliopiacuteas por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacute genes requiere como hemos visto un suficiente grado ele desarrollo intelecmiddot tual y la edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas seglm Jonkers y Clerici es entre 15 y 16 antildeos Nuestra estadiacutestica sentildeala la edad de 21 antildeos como la promedio en las mejoriacuteas visuales con un caso de 32 antildeos como liacutemite de eacutexito si bien hay descritas mejoriacuteas en pacientes de 38 y 40 antildeos

bull 9

7

POST-IMAGENES

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Viin No d Vioion 1IHlotorl 8iorci REFRACCJON bullbullbull OB S ~R V ilCIO N BS _l CLol

-5472 20 bull ~OO Eof 1- 1 00 1001 00

iexclloCIoacuten control S obUeno il lOo bino

eplor coo fu ioo d ~ 1lt10

---Fijodoacuten cllnl1 Cutoi-cml ciexcl rlci 1p 000 _I~ El UIl rovul S obtiene iloacuten binocnlr ton fO l ioacuten d 2bull ado

- - shy OlO 20 N Rof 000 Filado clnlrol S obliexcl n ~ viioacuten binomiddot

eu l con fu ioacuten ~ Srodo

Flle cloacuten pbullbulla_1 Qu tocono roodo lJJ70 O - 01 Esf (] 50 41)] 00 oobull qu lNu inr s obUeno

-iloacuten bin eulbull bull con ri d 20 iexclnodo --shy

lodoacuten COl L CGroidilio ciiexclrlcia pashy

oro -0JIl Esr 1_100 11lll 0 00 f O ruccl Kolar ID 1 otro oOmiddot

--shy

2927 O bull O ~ Eco f 1middot 0_25 100) O

Pill cion 1t1 Eopmo dol rIcio UII Ior deecho que roo qui uacutelt1iuno S~ obtieno vlol6n blnocu l con fU lloacuten

1- dI 2 grado

40 O Fllocloacuten n l 1 S bti ond bullIioacuten bino

~774 O _ 300 Eof I_O ~ ]001 cutbullbull COn fmo loacuten d ]or grado_

071 Ef I_-IX 101 O Fljoacuten 11 To l 1D1olropla

quo 1lt1 01 con l tlic1u di 5amp14

---Fljacioacute conl OUItoconn bi ltoI1

O _ 100 Er 1-100 ~ ln1 Iodo n qu topllim nolnlo s smpl04 lonll de contacto duntol 101 olelclo

- -shy

1I

Filoc loacuten oont1 Coraiditi cononU elemiddot

46 007 20 bull 215 E f O4~ 1Iclftl prorobullbullbull1 DDotrDccioacuten macnlo on 1 Dlro 0 10

bull

bull

bull

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

---Fllacioacuten cont l Ouoratopl lia por quora

4578 ro 015 21 bull 175 Er ( - 8(0 ~ 25) tocono S QD plooacute lonte contacto du nte lobullbull j~cciobull

--shy--shy

010 bull 375 Eof (_550 x 1m 040 fij cioacuten cnlrl El pocionle no continu~ 01 tratamiento po uoobull bulltrm~diCM

- - shy --shy

W 010 00 100 Sf (-0-00 x IIKlJ 0lt0 fijacioacuten centl S oblian rUlioacuten do l gradu

--shylijacioacuten coolrol VI Ioacuten blnoculor con fu

O bull 225 Bf 040 oioacuten dl grado SUlponde 01t tampmio nto por 100 tramedlcbull bull

- - shy

025 _ LOO Ef (- lID x 1001 0lt0 fijioacuten conlrol Quo ratopltia lomino po Iucoma

--shy- - shy - -shy4400 bull 100 sr - 225 x 51 Pijin p ruol

--shy

61 51 007 125 Er (-125 x 1001 033 fijadon ote1 Obullbullpndiminnto dbull bullbull u no cu do qulrurglcamentbullbull S Innde 01 ttuacuten to po r n extmoacutedi

--shy

25 0 10 Fijac ioacuten contral Oopond imlen lode tina

bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

- -shy

1010 000 bull 27~ ampIr 1-025 x 1001 000 Fi jacion central So po nd o bullbull tbullbull tamiddot miento por ne o dramnic

--shy

11

5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

11

ltnlar co fuoloacuten

Ior grarlo

bull 51

AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

bull

bull

52 bull

bull

---

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

bull 53

BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

bull

pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

55bull

BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

bull

bull

CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

bull

5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

bull

bull

bull

bull

BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

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I

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

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AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

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Page 7: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BARRAQ UER - AHIZA - HEINOSO bull

bull Fig 2-A Post-imagen pusitiva

B Po~t -illlagcll llcgaliv

Hemos modificado la teacutecnica descrita mediante el empleo del Troposshycopio El Troposcopio elimina los estiacutemulos perifeacutericos) permite el empleo exclusivo de la maacutecula durante todo el ejercicio Procedemos como sigue

l Se apaga la luz en la habitacioacuten

2 Deslumbramiento de la retina perifeacuterica con Euthyscope Coneluklo eacuteste colocamos al paciente frente al Troposcopio sin colocar en eacutel optotipo alguno A continuacioacuten realizamos intermitencia luminosa por control mashynual hasta que el paciente vea la post-imagen positiva y posteriormente la post-imagen negativa en el Troposeapiacutea Colocamos en el aparato optotishypos especiales y los presentamos durante el tiempo que el pacient~ percibl la post-imagen negativa sin suspender la intermitencia luminosa

El deslumbramiento y el posterior ejercicio fre nte al Troposcopio pueshyden realizarse sin que el paciente cambie de asiento bastaraacute rotar g(Q

La intensidad luminosa se controla mediante el reoacutestato del Troposcoshypio (American Optical) Empleamos 15 foot-candles medidos en el ocular que corresponden aproximadamente a la mitad de la intensidad total para proshyvocar la inversioacuten de la post-imagen y estimular la maacutecula 1v1ayores intensishydades determinan el deslumhramiento de la miexclcula

La frecuencia del centelleo puede variarse a voluntad segllD el caso en general empIcamos una frecuencia de 40 por minuto

Los optotipos son diapositivas especiales de 10 x 8 centiacutemetros disentildeashydos por uno de nosotros (E Ariza) Consisten en letras opacas encuadrada~

pOSTshy IMAC E NES

en ciacuterculos transparentes y ligeramente resto de la placa es totalmente opaca

mayores q ue las letras inscritas el

Se han constrlliacutedo optotipos de las siguientes dimenciones para

agudezas visualcs

varias

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-1 2 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 01 5 4) 2-15 mm 020 Colombia

5)

6)

2 mm

1- 12 mm

0 25

030

papaacute

Bogotaacute

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Siempre debe realizarse previamente un ejercIcIo con el ojo director para que el paciente sepa lo que se espera del ejercicio y aprenda a ver la post-imagen negativa

El Ellthyscope debe enfocarse en cada paciente en la primera sesioacuten y anotar la correccioacuten hallada en cada caso con objeto de no deslumbrar inneshycesariamente la retina al buscar el foco durante los ejercicios El filtro verde de que viene provisto el Euthyscope debe colocarse durante el tiempo que e mpleemos en identificar la maacutecula y este tiempo debe ser el miacutenimo pashysible

Varios autores aconsejan realizar el deslumbramiento de la retina peshyrifeacuterica durante uno o tres minutos En nuestra experiencia hemos hallado q ue el deslumbramiento no debe ser mayor de un minuto porque la luz reflejada por la retina iluminada pueacutede a su vez deslumbrar indirectamenshyte la maacutecula y anular el efecto propuesto

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Puesto que los optotipos solo deben presentarse nI paciente durante el t iempo que perciba la post-imagen negativa importa que eacutesta se prolongue el mayor tiempo posible La percepcioacuten de la post-imagen negativa puede prolongarse si el plciente realiza fuertes contracciones del orbicular y con centelleo

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BA RRAQUE R - ARIZA - REI NOSO

La mejoriacutea es maacutes raacutepida si el intervalo entre los ejercicios es pequentildeo por esto es aconsejable realizar dos ses iones diarias y en cada una de ellas reshypetir el ejercicios dos veces dejando como intervalo el tiempo que tarde en desaparecer la percepcioacuten de la post-imagen

Si durante el deslumbramiento se ilumina accidentalmente la maacutecula debe suspenderse el ejercicio y esperar por lo menos dos minutos antes de reanudar la sesioacuten para que la post-imagen negativa se perciba con nitidez

DIFICULTADES DE LA TECNICA

Por la relativa complejidad del ejercicio el trata miento tiene mayores posibilidades de eacutexito en sujetos mayores de 10 antildeos

El desarrollo intelectual es importante para el eacutexito puesto que el trashytamiento tiene por objeto educar una facultad intelectual

Pacientes con buen grado de instruccioacuten (universitarios religiosos) no soacuteshylo progresan maacutes raacutepidamente sino que alcanzan agudeza visuales maacutes altas Por esta razoacuten los nintildeos muy pequentildeos y los deacutebiles mentales son poco aptos para este tratamiento

El cubrir la maacutecula y evitar q ue salga del aacuterea obscura durante el ejershycicio es una seria dificultad especialmente en los casos sin fijacioacuten central y eQ los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande

Cuando el estrabismo es de aacutengulo grande resulta poco menos que imshyposible mantener la maacutecula dentro de la sombra central Se han ideado divershysos sistemas para permitir que sea posible el deslumbramiento en el ojo amshybliacuteope punto de fijacioacuten luminoso visible para el ojo director median te espeshyjos o prismas e incluso sistemas de fijacioacuten mecaacutenica del ojo ambliacuteopc (hilos y pinzas)

Cuando la tropia es de aacutengulo grande y la fij acioacuten no es central la maacutecushyla del ojo ambliacuteope sc al eja del aacuterea sombreada y el ojo se coloca en forma tal que no es posible realizar correctamente el ejercicio a pesar de que el ojo dishyrector fije

Los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande deben siempre corregirse q uiruacutergicashymente antes de iniciar el tratamiento por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes y d

IOST- IMACENES

a pesar de ello no se consigue eVItar quc la maacutecula salga del aacuterea oscura desshyvaloritamos la pseudomaacutecula mediante una de las teacutecnicas anteriormente descritas C rccmos que los recursos para inmovilizar el ojo representan un traumatismo no soacutelo fiacutesico si no psiacutequico al crear en el su jeto un estado de alarma nada prop icio piiexclra el buen resuitado del ejercicio

Otra dificultad es la frecuente intolerancia ni estiacutemulo lumi noso aeompashyfiada de hi peremia y lagr imeo Hcmos solucionado satisfactoriamente el proshybl ema mediante la instilacioacuten de una o dos gotas de novesina () pantocaiacutena millutos antes de in iciar el des lu mbram iento

Las miopiacuteas y los astigmatismos iexcllltoS impiden enfocar el pun to negro sobre el aacuterea macu lar y los lentes que el Eutbyscope tiencn p l rl compenshysar las ametropiacuteas no rcslI1tun dc utilidad en los casos seiacutelalados Solucioshyniexcllmos esta diexclfIacutelu ltad mediante el empleo de lentes de contacto apropiados que han resultado tolerados incluso en los niiios

CASUISTICA RECOGIDA DE LA LlTEHATURA

A iexclrLJiflO~ Jluhlicoacute lll ~ a estadiacutestica de 42 CLSOS de amhliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo d e las post-imuacutegenes En siete casos ohtuvo visioacuten dc un entero en nucvc visiones entre 7 y 9 deacutecimas L3 edad promedio de los casos con mejoriacuteas visuales fue de q uince atlos No (Jiexcliacute referencias a la clase de fi jacioacuten

G H Jonkers presentoacute ocho casos dc ambliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo de las post-im aacutegenes

Promedio de mejoriacuteas 5()

Elbd prOm middotd io de las mejoriacuteas 15 - 25 alIacuteas

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 4 mejoraron 4 (100)

Promedio de visiOacuten ganada O 4l

Casos con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 4 mejoraron O (0)

A Clerici y L Lcgorini publicaron observaciones en 9 casos d ambliopiacutea tratados lOn el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes

Promed io de mejoriacuteas 77 7

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 038

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BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - REINOSObull Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 15 1 antildeos

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 2 mejoraron 2 (100)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramaacutecular tratados 5 mejoraron 5 (10000)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 2 mejoraron O (0)

CASUISTICA PERSONAL

Hemos tratado 34 casos de ambliopiacutea con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de C uppers segllll teacutecnica descrita dentro de este trabajo con el siguiente resultado

Casos con fij acioacuten central tratados 18 mejoraron 18 (10010)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramacular tratados 6 mejoraron 2 (33)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 10 mejoraron O (D)

Nuacutemero total de mejoriacuteas 20 casos (5882)

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 0388 (388)

Edad maacutexima de las mejoriacuteas 32 antildeos

Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 21 1 antildeos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los casos con mejoriacutea 273

Edad promedio de los fracasos 11 anos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los fracasos 32

COMENTARIOSbull

EDAD

El tratamiento de las ambliopiacuteas por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacute genes requiere como hemos visto un suficiente grado ele desarrollo intelecmiddot tual y la edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas seglm Jonkers y Clerici es entre 15 y 16 antildeos Nuestra estadiacutestica sentildeala la edad de 21 antildeos como la promedio en las mejoriacuteas visuales con un caso de 32 antildeos como liacutemite de eacutexito si bien hay descritas mejoriacuteas en pacientes de 38 y 40 antildeos

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7

POST-IMAGENES

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Viin No d Vioion 1IHlotorl 8iorci REFRACCJON bullbullbull OB S ~R V ilCIO N BS _l CLol

-5472 20 bull ~OO Eof 1- 1 00 1001 00

iexclloCIoacuten control S obUeno il lOo bino

eplor coo fu ioo d ~ 1lt10

---Fijodoacuten cllnl1 Cutoi-cml ciexcl rlci 1p 000 _I~ El UIl rovul S obtiene iloacuten binocnlr ton fO l ioacuten d 2bull ado

- - shy OlO 20 N Rof 000 Filado clnlrol S obliexcl n ~ viioacuten binomiddot

eu l con fu ioacuten ~ Srodo

Flle cloacuten pbullbulla_1 Qu tocono roodo lJJ70 O - 01 Esf (] 50 41)] 00 oobull qu lNu inr s obUeno

-iloacuten bin eulbull bull con ri d 20 iexclnodo --shy

lodoacuten COl L CGroidilio ciiexclrlcia pashy

oro -0JIl Esr 1_100 11lll 0 00 f O ruccl Kolar ID 1 otro oOmiddot

--shy

2927 O bull O ~ Eco f 1middot 0_25 100) O

Pill cion 1t1 Eopmo dol rIcio UII Ior deecho que roo qui uacutelt1iuno S~ obtieno vlol6n blnocu l con fU lloacuten

1- dI 2 grado

40 O Fllocloacuten n l 1 S bti ond bullIioacuten bino

~774 O _ 300 Eof I_O ~ ]001 cutbullbull COn fmo loacuten d ]or grado_

071 Ef I_-IX 101 O Fljoacuten 11 To l 1D1olropla

quo 1lt1 01 con l tlic1u di 5amp14

---Fljacioacute conl OUItoconn bi ltoI1

O _ 100 Er 1-100 ~ ln1 Iodo n qu topllim nolnlo s smpl04 lonll de contacto duntol 101 olelclo

- -shy

1I

Filoc loacuten oont1 Coraiditi cononU elemiddot

46 007 20 bull 215 E f O4~ 1Iclftl prorobullbullbull1 DDotrDccioacuten macnlo on 1 Dlro 0 10

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

---Fllacioacuten cont l Ouoratopl lia por quora

4578 ro 015 21 bull 175 Er ( - 8(0 ~ 25) tocono S QD plooacute lonte contacto du nte lobullbull j~cciobull

--shy--shy

010 bull 375 Eof (_550 x 1m 040 fij cioacuten cnlrl El pocionle no continu~ 01 tratamiento po uoobull bulltrm~diCM

- - shy --shy

W 010 00 100 Sf (-0-00 x IIKlJ 0lt0 fijacioacuten centl S oblian rUlioacuten do l gradu

--shylijacioacuten coolrol VI Ioacuten blnoculor con fu

O bull 225 Bf 040 oioacuten dl grado SUlponde 01t tampmio nto por 100 tramedlcbull bull

- - shy

025 _ LOO Ef (- lID x 1001 0lt0 fijioacuten conlrol Quo ratopltia lomino po Iucoma

--shy- - shy - -shy4400 bull 100 sr - 225 x 51 Pijin p ruol

--shy

61 51 007 125 Er (-125 x 1001 033 fijadon ote1 Obullbullpndiminnto dbull bullbull u no cu do qulrurglcamentbullbull S Innde 01 ttuacuten to po r n extmoacutedi

--shy

25 0 10 Fijac ioacuten contral Oopond imlen lode tina

bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

- -shy

1010 000 bull 27~ ampIr 1-025 x 1001 000 Fi jacion central So po nd o bullbull tbullbull tamiddot miento por ne o dramnic

--shy

11

5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

11

ltnlar co fuoloacuten

Ior grarlo

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AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

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BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

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pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

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BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

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5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

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9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 8: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

pOSTshy IMAC E NES

en ciacuterculos transparentes y ligeramente resto de la placa es totalmente opaca

mayores q ue las letras inscritas el

Se han constrlliacutedo optotipos de las siguientes dimenciones para

agudezas visualcs

varias

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-1 2 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 01 5 4) 2-15 mm 020 Colombia

5)

6)

2 mm

1- 12 mm

0 25

030

papaacute

Bogotaacute

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Siempre debe realizarse previamente un ejercIcIo con el ojo director para que el paciente sepa lo que se espera del ejercicio y aprenda a ver la post-imagen negativa

El Ellthyscope debe enfocarse en cada paciente en la primera sesioacuten y anotar la correccioacuten hallada en cada caso con objeto de no deslumbrar inneshycesariamente la retina al buscar el foco durante los ejercicios El filtro verde de que viene provisto el Euthyscope debe colocarse durante el tiempo que e mpleemos en identificar la maacutecula y este tiempo debe ser el miacutenimo pashysible

Varios autores aconsejan realizar el deslumbramiento de la retina peshyrifeacuterica durante uno o tres minutos En nuestra experiencia hemos hallado q ue el deslumbramiento no debe ser mayor de un minuto porque la luz reflejada por la retina iluminada pueacutede a su vez deslumbrar indirectamenshyte la maacutecula y anular el efecto propuesto

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Puesto que los optotipos solo deben presentarse nI paciente durante el t iempo que perciba la post-imagen negativa importa que eacutesta se prolongue el mayor tiempo posible La percepcioacuten de la post-imagen negativa puede prolongarse si el plciente realiza fuertes contracciones del orbicular y con centelleo

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BA RRAQUE R - ARIZA - REI NOSO

La mejoriacutea es maacutes raacutepida si el intervalo entre los ejercicios es pequentildeo por esto es aconsejable realizar dos ses iones diarias y en cada una de ellas reshypetir el ejercicios dos veces dejando como intervalo el tiempo que tarde en desaparecer la percepcioacuten de la post-imagen

Si durante el deslumbramiento se ilumina accidentalmente la maacutecula debe suspenderse el ejercicio y esperar por lo menos dos minutos antes de reanudar la sesioacuten para que la post-imagen negativa se perciba con nitidez

DIFICULTADES DE LA TECNICA

Por la relativa complejidad del ejercicio el trata miento tiene mayores posibilidades de eacutexito en sujetos mayores de 10 antildeos

El desarrollo intelectual es importante para el eacutexito puesto que el trashytamiento tiene por objeto educar una facultad intelectual

Pacientes con buen grado de instruccioacuten (universitarios religiosos) no soacuteshylo progresan maacutes raacutepidamente sino que alcanzan agudeza visuales maacutes altas Por esta razoacuten los nintildeos muy pequentildeos y los deacutebiles mentales son poco aptos para este tratamiento

El cubrir la maacutecula y evitar q ue salga del aacuterea obscura durante el ejershycicio es una seria dificultad especialmente en los casos sin fijacioacuten central y eQ los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande

Cuando el estrabismo es de aacutengulo grande resulta poco menos que imshyposible mantener la maacutecula dentro de la sombra central Se han ideado divershysos sistemas para permitir que sea posible el deslumbramiento en el ojo amshybliacuteope punto de fijacioacuten luminoso visible para el ojo director median te espeshyjos o prismas e incluso sistemas de fijacioacuten mecaacutenica del ojo ambliacuteopc (hilos y pinzas)

Cuando la tropia es de aacutengulo grande y la fij acioacuten no es central la maacutecushyla del ojo ambliacuteope sc al eja del aacuterea sombreada y el ojo se coloca en forma tal que no es posible realizar correctamente el ejercicio a pesar de que el ojo dishyrector fije

Los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande deben siempre corregirse q uiruacutergicashymente antes de iniciar el tratamiento por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes y d

IOST- IMACENES

a pesar de ello no se consigue eVItar quc la maacutecula salga del aacuterea oscura desshyvaloritamos la pseudomaacutecula mediante una de las teacutecnicas anteriormente descritas C rccmos que los recursos para inmovilizar el ojo representan un traumatismo no soacutelo fiacutesico si no psiacutequico al crear en el su jeto un estado de alarma nada prop icio piiexclra el buen resuitado del ejercicio

Otra dificultad es la frecuente intolerancia ni estiacutemulo lumi noso aeompashyfiada de hi peremia y lagr imeo Hcmos solucionado satisfactoriamente el proshybl ema mediante la instilacioacuten de una o dos gotas de novesina () pantocaiacutena millutos antes de in iciar el des lu mbram iento

Las miopiacuteas y los astigmatismos iexcllltoS impiden enfocar el pun to negro sobre el aacuterea macu lar y los lentes que el Eutbyscope tiencn p l rl compenshysar las ametropiacuteas no rcslI1tun dc utilidad en los casos seiacutelalados Solucioshyniexcllmos esta diexclfIacutelu ltad mediante el empleo de lentes de contacto apropiados que han resultado tolerados incluso en los niiios

CASUISTICA RECOGIDA DE LA LlTEHATURA

A iexclrLJiflO~ Jluhlicoacute lll ~ a estadiacutestica de 42 CLSOS de amhliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo d e las post-imuacutegenes En siete casos ohtuvo visioacuten dc un entero en nucvc visiones entre 7 y 9 deacutecimas L3 edad promedio de los casos con mejoriacuteas visuales fue de q uince atlos No (Jiexcliacute referencias a la clase de fi jacioacuten

G H Jonkers presentoacute ocho casos dc ambliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo de las post-im aacutegenes

Promedio de mejoriacuteas 5()

Elbd prOm middotd io de las mejoriacuteas 15 - 25 alIacuteas

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 4 mejoraron 4 (100)

Promedio de visiOacuten ganada O 4l

Casos con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 4 mejoraron O (0)

A Clerici y L Lcgorini publicaron observaciones en 9 casos d ambliopiacutea tratados lOn el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes

Promed io de mejoriacuteas 77 7

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 038

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BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - REINOSObull Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 15 1 antildeos

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 2 mejoraron 2 (100)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramaacutecular tratados 5 mejoraron 5 (10000)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 2 mejoraron O (0)

CASUISTICA PERSONAL

Hemos tratado 34 casos de ambliopiacutea con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de C uppers segllll teacutecnica descrita dentro de este trabajo con el siguiente resultado

Casos con fij acioacuten central tratados 18 mejoraron 18 (10010)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramacular tratados 6 mejoraron 2 (33)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 10 mejoraron O (D)

Nuacutemero total de mejoriacuteas 20 casos (5882)

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 0388 (388)

Edad maacutexima de las mejoriacuteas 32 antildeos

Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 21 1 antildeos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los casos con mejoriacutea 273

Edad promedio de los fracasos 11 anos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los fracasos 32

COMENTARIOSbull

EDAD

El tratamiento de las ambliopiacuteas por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacute genes requiere como hemos visto un suficiente grado ele desarrollo intelecmiddot tual y la edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas seglm Jonkers y Clerici es entre 15 y 16 antildeos Nuestra estadiacutestica sentildeala la edad de 21 antildeos como la promedio en las mejoriacuteas visuales con un caso de 32 antildeos como liacutemite de eacutexito si bien hay descritas mejoriacuteas en pacientes de 38 y 40 antildeos

bull 9

7

POST-IMAGENES

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Viin No d Vioion 1IHlotorl 8iorci REFRACCJON bullbullbull OB S ~R V ilCIO N BS _l CLol

-5472 20 bull ~OO Eof 1- 1 00 1001 00

iexclloCIoacuten control S obUeno il lOo bino

eplor coo fu ioo d ~ 1lt10

---Fijodoacuten cllnl1 Cutoi-cml ciexcl rlci 1p 000 _I~ El UIl rovul S obtiene iloacuten binocnlr ton fO l ioacuten d 2bull ado

- - shy OlO 20 N Rof 000 Filado clnlrol S obliexcl n ~ viioacuten binomiddot

eu l con fu ioacuten ~ Srodo

Flle cloacuten pbullbulla_1 Qu tocono roodo lJJ70 O - 01 Esf (] 50 41)] 00 oobull qu lNu inr s obUeno

-iloacuten bin eulbull bull con ri d 20 iexclnodo --shy

lodoacuten COl L CGroidilio ciiexclrlcia pashy

oro -0JIl Esr 1_100 11lll 0 00 f O ruccl Kolar ID 1 otro oOmiddot

--shy

2927 O bull O ~ Eco f 1middot 0_25 100) O

Pill cion 1t1 Eopmo dol rIcio UII Ior deecho que roo qui uacutelt1iuno S~ obtieno vlol6n blnocu l con fU lloacuten

1- dI 2 grado

40 O Fllocloacuten n l 1 S bti ond bullIioacuten bino

~774 O _ 300 Eof I_O ~ ]001 cutbullbull COn fmo loacuten d ]or grado_

071 Ef I_-IX 101 O Fljoacuten 11 To l 1D1olropla

quo 1lt1 01 con l tlic1u di 5amp14

---Fljacioacute conl OUItoconn bi ltoI1

O _ 100 Er 1-100 ~ ln1 Iodo n qu topllim nolnlo s smpl04 lonll de contacto duntol 101 olelclo

- -shy

1I

Filoc loacuten oont1 Coraiditi cononU elemiddot

46 007 20 bull 215 E f O4~ 1Iclftl prorobullbullbull1 DDotrDccioacuten macnlo on 1 Dlro 0 10

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

---Fllacioacuten cont l Ouoratopl lia por quora

4578 ro 015 21 bull 175 Er ( - 8(0 ~ 25) tocono S QD plooacute lonte contacto du nte lobullbull j~cciobull

--shy--shy

010 bull 375 Eof (_550 x 1m 040 fij cioacuten cnlrl El pocionle no continu~ 01 tratamiento po uoobull bulltrm~diCM

- - shy --shy

W 010 00 100 Sf (-0-00 x IIKlJ 0lt0 fijacioacuten centl S oblian rUlioacuten do l gradu

--shylijacioacuten coolrol VI Ioacuten blnoculor con fu

O bull 225 Bf 040 oioacuten dl grado SUlponde 01t tampmio nto por 100 tramedlcbull bull

- - shy

025 _ LOO Ef (- lID x 1001 0lt0 fijioacuten conlrol Quo ratopltia lomino po Iucoma

--shy- - shy - -shy4400 bull 100 sr - 225 x 51 Pijin p ruol

--shy

61 51 007 125 Er (-125 x 1001 033 fijadon ote1 Obullbullpndiminnto dbull bullbull u no cu do qulrurglcamentbullbull S Innde 01 ttuacuten to po r n extmoacutedi

--shy

25 0 10 Fijac ioacuten contral Oopond imlen lode tina

bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

- -shy

1010 000 bull 27~ ampIr 1-025 x 1001 000 Fi jacion central So po nd o bullbull tbullbull tamiddot miento por ne o dramnic

--shy

11

5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

11

ltnlar co fuoloacuten

Ior grarlo

bull 51

AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

bull

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52 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

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BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

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pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

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BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

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5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

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ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 9: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

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BA RRAQUE R - ARIZA - REI NOSO

La mejoriacutea es maacutes raacutepida si el intervalo entre los ejercicios es pequentildeo por esto es aconsejable realizar dos ses iones diarias y en cada una de ellas reshypetir el ejercicios dos veces dejando como intervalo el tiempo que tarde en desaparecer la percepcioacuten de la post-imagen

Si durante el deslumbramiento se ilumina accidentalmente la maacutecula debe suspenderse el ejercicio y esperar por lo menos dos minutos antes de reanudar la sesioacuten para que la post-imagen negativa se perciba con nitidez

DIFICULTADES DE LA TECNICA

Por la relativa complejidad del ejercicio el trata miento tiene mayores posibilidades de eacutexito en sujetos mayores de 10 antildeos

El desarrollo intelectual es importante para el eacutexito puesto que el trashytamiento tiene por objeto educar una facultad intelectual

Pacientes con buen grado de instruccioacuten (universitarios religiosos) no soacuteshylo progresan maacutes raacutepidamente sino que alcanzan agudeza visuales maacutes altas Por esta razoacuten los nintildeos muy pequentildeos y los deacutebiles mentales son poco aptos para este tratamiento

El cubrir la maacutecula y evitar q ue salga del aacuterea obscura durante el ejershycicio es una seria dificultad especialmente en los casos sin fijacioacuten central y eQ los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande

Cuando el estrabismo es de aacutengulo grande resulta poco menos que imshyposible mantener la maacutecula dentro de la sombra central Se han ideado divershysos sistemas para permitir que sea posible el deslumbramiento en el ojo amshybliacuteope punto de fijacioacuten luminoso visible para el ojo director median te espeshyjos o prismas e incluso sistemas de fijacioacuten mecaacutenica del ojo ambliacuteopc (hilos y pinzas)

Cuando la tropia es de aacutengulo grande y la fij acioacuten no es central la maacutecushyla del ojo ambliacuteope sc al eja del aacuterea sombreada y el ojo se coloca en forma tal que no es posible realizar correctamente el ejercicio a pesar de que el ojo dishyrector fije

Los estrabismos de aacutengulo grande deben siempre corregirse q uiruacutergicashymente antes de iniciar el tratamiento por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes y d

IOST- IMACENES

a pesar de ello no se consigue eVItar quc la maacutecula salga del aacuterea oscura desshyvaloritamos la pseudomaacutecula mediante una de las teacutecnicas anteriormente descritas C rccmos que los recursos para inmovilizar el ojo representan un traumatismo no soacutelo fiacutesico si no psiacutequico al crear en el su jeto un estado de alarma nada prop icio piiexclra el buen resuitado del ejercicio

Otra dificultad es la frecuente intolerancia ni estiacutemulo lumi noso aeompashyfiada de hi peremia y lagr imeo Hcmos solucionado satisfactoriamente el proshybl ema mediante la instilacioacuten de una o dos gotas de novesina () pantocaiacutena millutos antes de in iciar el des lu mbram iento

Las miopiacuteas y los astigmatismos iexcllltoS impiden enfocar el pun to negro sobre el aacuterea macu lar y los lentes que el Eutbyscope tiencn p l rl compenshysar las ametropiacuteas no rcslI1tun dc utilidad en los casos seiacutelalados Solucioshyniexcllmos esta diexclfIacutelu ltad mediante el empleo de lentes de contacto apropiados que han resultado tolerados incluso en los niiios

CASUISTICA RECOGIDA DE LA LlTEHATURA

A iexclrLJiflO~ Jluhlicoacute lll ~ a estadiacutestica de 42 CLSOS de amhliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo d e las post-imuacutegenes En siete casos ohtuvo visioacuten dc un entero en nucvc visiones entre 7 y 9 deacutecimas L3 edad promedio de los casos con mejoriacuteas visuales fue de q uince atlos No (Jiexcliacute referencias a la clase de fi jacioacuten

G H Jonkers presentoacute ocho casos dc ambliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo de las post-im aacutegenes

Promedio de mejoriacuteas 5()

Elbd prOm middotd io de las mejoriacuteas 15 - 25 alIacuteas

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 4 mejoraron 4 (100)

Promedio de visiOacuten ganada O 4l

Casos con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 4 mejoraron O (0)

A Clerici y L Lcgorini publicaron observaciones en 9 casos d ambliopiacutea tratados lOn el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes

Promed io de mejoriacuteas 77 7

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 038

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BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - REINOSObull Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 15 1 antildeos

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 2 mejoraron 2 (100)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramaacutecular tratados 5 mejoraron 5 (10000)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 2 mejoraron O (0)

CASUISTICA PERSONAL

Hemos tratado 34 casos de ambliopiacutea con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de C uppers segllll teacutecnica descrita dentro de este trabajo con el siguiente resultado

Casos con fij acioacuten central tratados 18 mejoraron 18 (10010)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramacular tratados 6 mejoraron 2 (33)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 10 mejoraron O (D)

Nuacutemero total de mejoriacuteas 20 casos (5882)

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 0388 (388)

Edad maacutexima de las mejoriacuteas 32 antildeos

Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 21 1 antildeos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los casos con mejoriacutea 273

Edad promedio de los fracasos 11 anos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los fracasos 32

COMENTARIOSbull

EDAD

El tratamiento de las ambliopiacuteas por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacute genes requiere como hemos visto un suficiente grado ele desarrollo intelecmiddot tual y la edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas seglm Jonkers y Clerici es entre 15 y 16 antildeos Nuestra estadiacutestica sentildeala la edad de 21 antildeos como la promedio en las mejoriacuteas visuales con un caso de 32 antildeos como liacutemite de eacutexito si bien hay descritas mejoriacuteas en pacientes de 38 y 40 antildeos

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7

POST-IMAGENES

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Viin No d Vioion 1IHlotorl 8iorci REFRACCJON bullbullbull OB S ~R V ilCIO N BS _l CLol

-5472 20 bull ~OO Eof 1- 1 00 1001 00

iexclloCIoacuten control S obUeno il lOo bino

eplor coo fu ioo d ~ 1lt10

---Fijodoacuten cllnl1 Cutoi-cml ciexcl rlci 1p 000 _I~ El UIl rovul S obtiene iloacuten binocnlr ton fO l ioacuten d 2bull ado

- - shy OlO 20 N Rof 000 Filado clnlrol S obliexcl n ~ viioacuten binomiddot

eu l con fu ioacuten ~ Srodo

Flle cloacuten pbullbulla_1 Qu tocono roodo lJJ70 O - 01 Esf (] 50 41)] 00 oobull qu lNu inr s obUeno

-iloacuten bin eulbull bull con ri d 20 iexclnodo --shy

lodoacuten COl L CGroidilio ciiexclrlcia pashy

oro -0JIl Esr 1_100 11lll 0 00 f O ruccl Kolar ID 1 otro oOmiddot

--shy

2927 O bull O ~ Eco f 1middot 0_25 100) O

Pill cion 1t1 Eopmo dol rIcio UII Ior deecho que roo qui uacutelt1iuno S~ obtieno vlol6n blnocu l con fU lloacuten

1- dI 2 grado

40 O Fllocloacuten n l 1 S bti ond bullIioacuten bino

~774 O _ 300 Eof I_O ~ ]001 cutbullbull COn fmo loacuten d ]or grado_

071 Ef I_-IX 101 O Fljoacuten 11 To l 1D1olropla

quo 1lt1 01 con l tlic1u di 5amp14

---Fljacioacute conl OUItoconn bi ltoI1

O _ 100 Er 1-100 ~ ln1 Iodo n qu topllim nolnlo s smpl04 lonll de contacto duntol 101 olelclo

- -shy

1I

Filoc loacuten oont1 Coraiditi cononU elemiddot

46 007 20 bull 215 E f O4~ 1Iclftl prorobullbullbull1 DDotrDccioacuten macnlo on 1 Dlro 0 10

bull

bull

bull

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

---Fllacioacuten cont l Ouoratopl lia por quora

4578 ro 015 21 bull 175 Er ( - 8(0 ~ 25) tocono S QD plooacute lonte contacto du nte lobullbull j~cciobull

--shy--shy

010 bull 375 Eof (_550 x 1m 040 fij cioacuten cnlrl El pocionle no continu~ 01 tratamiento po uoobull bulltrm~diCM

- - shy --shy

W 010 00 100 Sf (-0-00 x IIKlJ 0lt0 fijacioacuten centl S oblian rUlioacuten do l gradu

--shylijacioacuten coolrol VI Ioacuten blnoculor con fu

O bull 225 Bf 040 oioacuten dl grado SUlponde 01t tampmio nto por 100 tramedlcbull bull

- - shy

025 _ LOO Ef (- lID x 1001 0lt0 fijioacuten conlrol Quo ratopltia lomino po Iucoma

--shy- - shy - -shy4400 bull 100 sr - 225 x 51 Pijin p ruol

--shy

61 51 007 125 Er (-125 x 1001 033 fijadon ote1 Obullbullpndiminnto dbull bullbull u no cu do qulrurglcamentbullbull S Innde 01 ttuacuten to po r n extmoacutedi

--shy

25 0 10 Fijac ioacuten contral Oopond imlen lode tina

bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

- -shy

1010 000 bull 27~ ampIr 1-025 x 1001 000 Fi jacion central So po nd o bullbull tbullbull tamiddot miento por ne o dramnic

--shy

11

5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

11

ltnlar co fuoloacuten

Ior grarlo

bull 51

AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

bull

bull

52 bull

bull

---

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

bull 53

BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

bull

pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

55bull

BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

bull

bull

CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

bull

5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

bull

bull

bull

bull

BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

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I

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

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Page 10: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

IOST- IMACENES

a pesar de ello no se consigue eVItar quc la maacutecula salga del aacuterea oscura desshyvaloritamos la pseudomaacutecula mediante una de las teacutecnicas anteriormente descritas C rccmos que los recursos para inmovilizar el ojo representan un traumatismo no soacutelo fiacutesico si no psiacutequico al crear en el su jeto un estado de alarma nada prop icio piiexclra el buen resuitado del ejercicio

Otra dificultad es la frecuente intolerancia ni estiacutemulo lumi noso aeompashyfiada de hi peremia y lagr imeo Hcmos solucionado satisfactoriamente el proshybl ema mediante la instilacioacuten de una o dos gotas de novesina () pantocaiacutena millutos antes de in iciar el des lu mbram iento

Las miopiacuteas y los astigmatismos iexcllltoS impiden enfocar el pun to negro sobre el aacuterea macu lar y los lentes que el Eutbyscope tiencn p l rl compenshysar las ametropiacuteas no rcslI1tun dc utilidad en los casos seiacutelalados Solucioshyniexcllmos esta diexclfIacutelu ltad mediante el empleo de lentes de contacto apropiados que han resultado tolerados incluso en los niiios

CASUISTICA RECOGIDA DE LA LlTEHATURA

A iexclrLJiflO~ Jluhlicoacute lll ~ a estadiacutestica de 42 CLSOS de amhliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo d e las post-imuacutegenes En siete casos ohtuvo visioacuten dc un entero en nucvc visiones entre 7 y 9 deacutecimas L3 edad promedio de los casos con mejoriacuteas visuales fue de q uince atlos No (Jiexcliacute referencias a la clase de fi jacioacuten

G H Jonkers presentoacute ocho casos dc ambliopiacutea tratados por el meacutetodo de las post-im aacutegenes

Promedio de mejoriacuteas 5()

Elbd prOm middotd io de las mejoriacuteas 15 - 25 alIacuteas

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 4 mejoraron 4 (100)

Promedio de visiOacuten ganada O 4l

Casos con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 4 mejoraron O (0)

A Clerici y L Lcgorini publicaron observaciones en 9 casos d ambliopiacutea tratados lOn el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes

Promed io de mejoriacuteas 77 7

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 038

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BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - REINOSObull Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 15 1 antildeos

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 2 mejoraron 2 (100)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramaacutecular tratados 5 mejoraron 5 (10000)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 2 mejoraron O (0)

CASUISTICA PERSONAL

Hemos tratado 34 casos de ambliopiacutea con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de C uppers segllll teacutecnica descrita dentro de este trabajo con el siguiente resultado

Casos con fij acioacuten central tratados 18 mejoraron 18 (10010)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramacular tratados 6 mejoraron 2 (33)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 10 mejoraron O (D)

Nuacutemero total de mejoriacuteas 20 casos (5882)

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 0388 (388)

Edad maacutexima de las mejoriacuteas 32 antildeos

Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 21 1 antildeos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los casos con mejoriacutea 273

Edad promedio de los fracasos 11 anos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los fracasos 32

COMENTARIOSbull

EDAD

El tratamiento de las ambliopiacuteas por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacute genes requiere como hemos visto un suficiente grado ele desarrollo intelecmiddot tual y la edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas seglm Jonkers y Clerici es entre 15 y 16 antildeos Nuestra estadiacutestica sentildeala la edad de 21 antildeos como la promedio en las mejoriacuteas visuales con un caso de 32 antildeos como liacutemite de eacutexito si bien hay descritas mejoriacuteas en pacientes de 38 y 40 antildeos

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7

POST-IMAGENES

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Viin No d Vioion 1IHlotorl 8iorci REFRACCJON bullbullbull OB S ~R V ilCIO N BS _l CLol

-5472 20 bull ~OO Eof 1- 1 00 1001 00

iexclloCIoacuten control S obUeno il lOo bino

eplor coo fu ioo d ~ 1lt10

---Fijodoacuten cllnl1 Cutoi-cml ciexcl rlci 1p 000 _I~ El UIl rovul S obtiene iloacuten binocnlr ton fO l ioacuten d 2bull ado

- - shy OlO 20 N Rof 000 Filado clnlrol S obliexcl n ~ viioacuten binomiddot

eu l con fu ioacuten ~ Srodo

Flle cloacuten pbullbulla_1 Qu tocono roodo lJJ70 O - 01 Esf (] 50 41)] 00 oobull qu lNu inr s obUeno

-iloacuten bin eulbull bull con ri d 20 iexclnodo --shy

lodoacuten COl L CGroidilio ciiexclrlcia pashy

oro -0JIl Esr 1_100 11lll 0 00 f O ruccl Kolar ID 1 otro oOmiddot

--shy

2927 O bull O ~ Eco f 1middot 0_25 100) O

Pill cion 1t1 Eopmo dol rIcio UII Ior deecho que roo qui uacutelt1iuno S~ obtieno vlol6n blnocu l con fU lloacuten

1- dI 2 grado

40 O Fllocloacuten n l 1 S bti ond bullIioacuten bino

~774 O _ 300 Eof I_O ~ ]001 cutbullbull COn fmo loacuten d ]or grado_

071 Ef I_-IX 101 O Fljoacuten 11 To l 1D1olropla

quo 1lt1 01 con l tlic1u di 5amp14

---Fljacioacute conl OUItoconn bi ltoI1

O _ 100 Er 1-100 ~ ln1 Iodo n qu topllim nolnlo s smpl04 lonll de contacto duntol 101 olelclo

- -shy

1I

Filoc loacuten oont1 Coraiditi cononU elemiddot

46 007 20 bull 215 E f O4~ 1Iclftl prorobullbullbull1 DDotrDccioacuten macnlo on 1 Dlro 0 10

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

---Fllacioacuten cont l Ouoratopl lia por quora

4578 ro 015 21 bull 175 Er ( - 8(0 ~ 25) tocono S QD plooacute lonte contacto du nte lobullbull j~cciobull

--shy--shy

010 bull 375 Eof (_550 x 1m 040 fij cioacuten cnlrl El pocionle no continu~ 01 tratamiento po uoobull bulltrm~diCM

- - shy --shy

W 010 00 100 Sf (-0-00 x IIKlJ 0lt0 fijacioacuten centl S oblian rUlioacuten do l gradu

--shylijacioacuten coolrol VI Ioacuten blnoculor con fu

O bull 225 Bf 040 oioacuten dl grado SUlponde 01t tampmio nto por 100 tramedlcbull bull

- - shy

025 _ LOO Ef (- lID x 1001 0lt0 fijioacuten conlrol Quo ratopltia lomino po Iucoma

--shy- - shy - -shy4400 bull 100 sr - 225 x 51 Pijin p ruol

--shy

61 51 007 125 Er (-125 x 1001 033 fijadon ote1 Obullbullpndiminnto dbull bullbull u no cu do qulrurglcamentbullbull S Innde 01 ttuacuten to po r n extmoacutedi

--shy

25 0 10 Fijac ioacuten contral Oopond imlen lode tina

bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

- -shy

1010 000 bull 27~ ampIr 1-025 x 1001 000 Fi jacion central So po nd o bullbull tbullbull tamiddot miento por ne o dramnic

--shy

11

5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

11

ltnlar co fuoloacuten

Ior grarlo

bull 51

AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

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---

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

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BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

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pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

55bull

BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

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5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

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With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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bull

bull

bull

BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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bull

bull

bull

BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 11: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - REINOSObull Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 15 1 antildeos

Casos con fijacioacuten central tratados 2 mejoraron 2 (100)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramaacutecular tratados 5 mejoraron 5 (10000)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 2 mejoraron O (0)

CASUISTICA PERSONAL

Hemos tratado 34 casos de ambliopiacutea con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de C uppers segllll teacutecnica descrita dentro de este trabajo con el siguiente resultado

Casos con fij acioacuten central tratados 18 mejoraron 18 (10010)

Casos con fijacioacuten paramacular tratados 6 mejoraron 2 (33)

Casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica tratados 10 mejoraron O (D)

Nuacutemero total de mejoriacuteas 20 casos (5882)

Promedio de visioacuten ganada 0388 (388)

Edad maacutexima de las mejoriacuteas 32 antildeos

Edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas 21 1 antildeos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los casos con mejoriacutea 273

Edad promedio de los fracasos 11 anos

Nuacutemero promedio de ejercicios realizados en los fracasos 32

COMENTARIOSbull

EDAD

El tratamiento de las ambliopiacuteas por el meacutetodo de las post-imaacute genes requiere como hemos visto un suficiente grado ele desarrollo intelecmiddot tual y la edad promedio de las mejoriacuteas seglm Jonkers y Clerici es entre 15 y 16 antildeos Nuestra estadiacutestica sentildeala la edad de 21 antildeos como la promedio en las mejoriacuteas visuales con un caso de 32 antildeos como liacutemite de eacutexito si bien hay descritas mejoriacuteas en pacientes de 38 y 40 antildeos

bull 9

7

POST-IMAGENES

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Viin No d Vioion 1IHlotorl 8iorci REFRACCJON bullbullbull OB S ~R V ilCIO N BS _l CLol

-5472 20 bull ~OO Eof 1- 1 00 1001 00

iexclloCIoacuten control S obUeno il lOo bino

eplor coo fu ioo d ~ 1lt10

---Fijodoacuten cllnl1 Cutoi-cml ciexcl rlci 1p 000 _I~ El UIl rovul S obtiene iloacuten binocnlr ton fO l ioacuten d 2bull ado

- - shy OlO 20 N Rof 000 Filado clnlrol S obliexcl n ~ viioacuten binomiddot

eu l con fu ioacuten ~ Srodo

Flle cloacuten pbullbulla_1 Qu tocono roodo lJJ70 O - 01 Esf (] 50 41)] 00 oobull qu lNu inr s obUeno

-iloacuten bin eulbull bull con ri d 20 iexclnodo --shy

lodoacuten COl L CGroidilio ciiexclrlcia pashy

oro -0JIl Esr 1_100 11lll 0 00 f O ruccl Kolar ID 1 otro oOmiddot

--shy

2927 O bull O ~ Eco f 1middot 0_25 100) O

Pill cion 1t1 Eopmo dol rIcio UII Ior deecho que roo qui uacutelt1iuno S~ obtieno vlol6n blnocu l con fU lloacuten

1- dI 2 grado

40 O Fllocloacuten n l 1 S bti ond bullIioacuten bino

~774 O _ 300 Eof I_O ~ ]001 cutbullbull COn fmo loacuten d ]or grado_

071 Ef I_-IX 101 O Fljoacuten 11 To l 1D1olropla

quo 1lt1 01 con l tlic1u di 5amp14

---Fljacioacute conl OUItoconn bi ltoI1

O _ 100 Er 1-100 ~ ln1 Iodo n qu topllim nolnlo s smpl04 lonll de contacto duntol 101 olelclo

- -shy

1I

Filoc loacuten oont1 Coraiditi cononU elemiddot

46 007 20 bull 215 E f O4~ 1Iclftl prorobullbullbull1 DDotrDccioacuten macnlo on 1 Dlro 0 10

bull

bull

bull

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

---Fllacioacuten cont l Ouoratopl lia por quora

4578 ro 015 21 bull 175 Er ( - 8(0 ~ 25) tocono S QD plooacute lonte contacto du nte lobullbull j~cciobull

--shy--shy

010 bull 375 Eof (_550 x 1m 040 fij cioacuten cnlrl El pocionle no continu~ 01 tratamiento po uoobull bulltrm~diCM

- - shy --shy

W 010 00 100 Sf (-0-00 x IIKlJ 0lt0 fijacioacuten centl S oblian rUlioacuten do l gradu

--shylijacioacuten coolrol VI Ioacuten blnoculor con fu

O bull 225 Bf 040 oioacuten dl grado SUlponde 01t tampmio nto por 100 tramedlcbull bull

- - shy

025 _ LOO Ef (- lID x 1001 0lt0 fijioacuten conlrol Quo ratopltia lomino po Iucoma

--shy- - shy - -shy4400 bull 100 sr - 225 x 51 Pijin p ruol

--shy

61 51 007 125 Er (-125 x 1001 033 fijadon ote1 Obullbullpndiminnto dbull bullbull u no cu do qulrurglcamentbullbull S Innde 01 ttuacuten to po r n extmoacutedi

--shy

25 0 10 Fijac ioacuten contral Oopond imlen lode tina

bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

- -shy

1010 000 bull 27~ ampIr 1-025 x 1001 000 Fi jacion central So po nd o bullbull tbullbull tamiddot miento por ne o dramnic

--shy

11

5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

11

ltnlar co fuoloacuten

Ior grarlo

bull 51

AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

bull

bull

52 bull

bull

---

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

bull 53

BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

bull

pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

55bull

BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

bull

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

bull

5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

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Page 12: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

POST-IMAGENES

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Viin No d Vioion 1IHlotorl 8iorci REFRACCJON bullbullbull OB S ~R V ilCIO N BS _l CLol

-5472 20 bull ~OO Eof 1- 1 00 1001 00

iexclloCIoacuten control S obUeno il lOo bino

eplor coo fu ioo d ~ 1lt10

---Fijodoacuten cllnl1 Cutoi-cml ciexcl rlci 1p 000 _I~ El UIl rovul S obtiene iloacuten binocnlr ton fO l ioacuten d 2bull ado

- - shy OlO 20 N Rof 000 Filado clnlrol S obliexcl n ~ viioacuten binomiddot

eu l con fu ioacuten ~ Srodo

Flle cloacuten pbullbulla_1 Qu tocono roodo lJJ70 O - 01 Esf (] 50 41)] 00 oobull qu lNu inr s obUeno

-iloacuten bin eulbull bull con ri d 20 iexclnodo --shy

lodoacuten COl L CGroidilio ciiexclrlcia pashy

oro -0JIl Esr 1_100 11lll 0 00 f O ruccl Kolar ID 1 otro oOmiddot

--shy

2927 O bull O ~ Eco f 1middot 0_25 100) O

Pill cion 1t1 Eopmo dol rIcio UII Ior deecho que roo qui uacutelt1iuno S~ obtieno vlol6n blnocu l con fU lloacuten

1- dI 2 grado

40 O Fllocloacuten n l 1 S bti ond bullIioacuten bino

~774 O _ 300 Eof I_O ~ ]001 cutbullbull COn fmo loacuten d ]or grado_

071 Ef I_-IX 101 O Fljoacuten 11 To l 1D1olropla

quo 1lt1 01 con l tlic1u di 5amp14

---Fljacioacute conl OUItoconn bi ltoI1

O _ 100 Er 1-100 ~ ln1 Iodo n qu topllim nolnlo s smpl04 lonll de contacto duntol 101 olelclo

- -shy

1I

Filoc loacuten oont1 Coraiditi cononU elemiddot

46 007 20 bull 215 E f O4~ 1Iclftl prorobullbullbull1 DDotrDccioacuten macnlo on 1 Dlro 0 10

bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

---Fllacioacuten cont l Ouoratopl lia por quora

4578 ro 015 21 bull 175 Er ( - 8(0 ~ 25) tocono S QD plooacute lonte contacto du nte lobullbull j~cciobull

--shy--shy

010 bull 375 Eof (_550 x 1m 040 fij cioacuten cnlrl El pocionle no continu~ 01 tratamiento po uoobull bulltrm~diCM

- - shy --shy

W 010 00 100 Sf (-0-00 x IIKlJ 0lt0 fijacioacuten centl S oblian rUlioacuten do l gradu

--shylijacioacuten coolrol VI Ioacuten blnoculor con fu

O bull 225 Bf 040 oioacuten dl grado SUlponde 01t tampmio nto por 100 tramedlcbull bull

- - shy

025 _ LOO Ef (- lID x 1001 0lt0 fijioacuten conlrol Quo ratopltia lomino po Iucoma

--shy- - shy - -shy4400 bull 100 sr - 225 x 51 Pijin p ruol

--shy

61 51 007 125 Er (-125 x 1001 033 fijadon ote1 Obullbullpndiminnto dbull bullbull u no cu do qulrurglcamentbullbull S Innde 01 ttuacuten to po r n extmoacutedi

--shy

25 0 10 Fijac ioacuten contral Oopond imlen lode tina

bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

- -shy

1010 000 bull 27~ ampIr 1-025 x 1001 000 Fi jacion central So po nd o bullbull tbullbull tamiddot miento por ne o dramnic

--shy

11

5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

11

ltnlar co fuoloacuten

Ior grarlo

bull 51

AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

bull

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52 bull

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---

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

bull 53

BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

bull

pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

55bull

BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

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5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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bull

bull

bull

BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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bull

bull

bull

BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

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Page 13: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - RE INOSO

CASOS CON MEJORIA

Vioioacuten No d

1 I Ii ioacuten

11 Hiotoda Edad oiexcloreimiddot REIRACCJQN OBSERIIAC I O NE S

oio ciD fi nol

---Fllacioacuten cont l Ouoratopl lia por quora

4578 ro 015 21 bull 175 Er ( - 8(0 ~ 25) tocono S QD plooacute lonte contacto du nte lobullbull j~cciobull

--shy--shy

010 bull 375 Eof (_550 x 1m 040 fij cioacuten cnlrl El pocionle no continu~ 01 tratamiento po uoobull bulltrm~diCM

- - shy --shy

W 010 00 100 Sf (-0-00 x IIKlJ 0lt0 fijacioacuten centl S oblian rUlioacuten do l gradu

--shylijacioacuten coolrol VI Ioacuten blnoculor con fu

O bull 225 Bf 040 oioacuten dl grado SUlponde 01t tampmio nto por 100 tramedlcbull bull

- - shy

025 _ LOO Ef (- lID x 1001 0lt0 fijioacuten conlrol Quo ratopltia lomino po Iucoma

--shy- - shy - -shy4400 bull 100 sr - 225 x 51 Pijin p ruol

--shy

61 51 007 125 Er (-125 x 1001 033 fijadon ote1 Obullbullpndiminnto dbull bullbull u no cu do qulrurglcamentbullbull S Innde 01 ttuacuten to po r n extmoacutedi

--shy

25 0 10 Fijac ioacuten contral Oopond imlen lode tina

bull 050 Ed -1 25 x 111m oJO curado qni rurgi comonlo Se l upende ni trotomiento por lUIlObull bull bull d meacutedi ltbullbull

- -shy

1010 000 bull 27~ ampIr 1-025 x 1001 000 Fi jacion central So po nd o bullbull tbullbull tamiddot miento por ne o dramnic

--shy

11

5017 020 315 Eof (- 175351 000 FijacIoacuten central Se gbtien bull bulliioacute n binomiddot

11

ltnlar co fuoloacuten

Ior grarlo

bull 51

AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

bull

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52 bull

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---

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

bull 53

BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

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pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

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BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

bull

5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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bull

bull

bull

BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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bull

bull

bull

BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

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Page 14: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

AFTER-I MAGES

bull CASOS OVE NO MEJORARON

Visioacuten No de I Vi_ion Hisloio Edd ojmd ltRFIIACC10N

follo l OBSERVA C 10 ES

via do

--shy502 O 15 900 Ef 1_200 ~ n 005 Fjacioacuten cimli con nilalmu

- - shy

2 001 +450 Er r_1lt5 ~ 1001 010 Fijacioacuten laquooiacutenlncbull

--shy --shy--shy

2 001 32 _ 150 1M 1- 275 x 001 010 Fijciun pnamaeulor

- -shy - 2 P l bull Eofcnco 1 L

Fijacioacuten cimli El IlRelanlo no perei

uioacute lo p l imAgen

---

Fijaciim cEtrioa S ohluvo fijacioacuten O +45 Er 000 paemacu lar Igtoion lo co lbora

s uopond o 01 iexcl lamianlo ---shy - -shy- --

Fijacioacuten nxceacutent ic~ Aulomlopi S eJZ4 WI5 20 _ 9 50 Er (- 250 ~ 145) um emploo lanl conlacto duranle loo

j~id La poci nt8 no col~boa

Fijad enlrica S obluvo fijacioacuten 530 005 + ~ 25 R r 1-200 ~ tri) 01 5 pOaroval con lca mojona

BRO

d viul y e aconel ploacuteptlca --shy- - - -shy- - - -shy

E r (- 125 x 45) CDdol Fijado xcen S ompl oacute len lll

ClIedos lO _ lUlO contacto duanlo lo ojerciciobull

--shy 12 010 lO + 52i rr (- 200 x lOJ OllJ

Fijacioacuten oacuteptica

paramacular S 800njoacute piemiddot

--shy- - - shy- - - - - -Fijnc ioacuten AGoacute~i8 obtovo fijaoioacuteu

m 12 01 0 20 000 Ef (- 2(iO x 5) 010 IHrafuvual in mjori

a~de Vi 81 S Hcon jo p leoptiexcloK

- - shy - -shy IFijooioacuteR citric~ btuo fijacioacute

11 001 00 + 650 Br 010 eonLbullbull1 10 la agudaa vioual no mejoroacute

IS COujoacute phoilplica

bull

bull

52 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

bull 53

BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

bull

pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

55bull

BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

bull

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

bull

5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

bull

bull

bull

bull

BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

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Page 15: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - HE INOSO

CASOS QUE NO MEJORARON

No daVioloacuten Vio ioacuten Erlcl eiereimiddot RKPRACCI ON UIlSERVAGIONESIUiOM6 pra ~ Icioo

~ Ddo + BOO Bf (- U5U x 100) fijacioacuten ogtoontrica22 Oedoo

+ BW B L (- 200 ~ 100) Fijacioacuten p rOOB41O~20

005 ~ 030 RL (- 050 ~ 17m 000 Fiiloacute iexclgtIaa~I r P8clte 0 colaboro f--9

TIPO DE FIJACION

Las ambliopiacuteas con fijacioacuten central en pacientes sin O con heterotropia han mejorado en el 100 x lOO de los casos tratados por Jonkers y Clerici En nuestra experiencia hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas en el 100 de los casos con fishyjacioacuten central y un 3333 de eacutexitos en los casos con fijacioacuten paramacular En ninguna de las estadiacutesticas que hemos podido consultar se hallan mejoriacuteas en casos con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica En nuestros casos no hemos obtenido una

bull sola mejoriacutea en ambliopiacutea con fijacioacuten exceacutentrica aunque en varios se ha lo middot grado un cierto grado de fijacioacuten parafoveal sin agudezas visuales superiores a 015

MS JORIA VISUAL

Maacutes que de la visioacuten final absoluta consegu ida nos hemos preocupado de valorar la visioacuten ganada con el empleo de la teacutecnica de Cuppers por con shysiderar que es la visioacuten ganada promedio la que nos indica el valor real (]iexcl~

procedimiento Encontramos que la visioacuten ganada promedio es de 0388 es decir que los casos tratados han aumentado en promedio la visioacuten en un 388

bull 53

BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

bull

pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

55bull

BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

bull

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

bull

5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

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AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 16: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BARHAQUEH AHIZA - itEINOSO

NUMERO DE EJEHCICIOS bull

El tratamiento por el meacutetodo de Cuppers se ha realizado a base de sesiones diarias de dos ejercicios por sesioacuten con un intervalo de 5 minutos entre ellos Del anaacutelisis de nuestra estadiacutestica se concluye que el nuacutemero promedio de sesiones en los casos favorables ha sido de 273 y en aquellos considerados desfavorables de 32 es decir que un mes de tratamiento diario nos permite establecer la utilidad de esta terapeacuteutica en la mayoriacutea de las ambliopiacuteas

EL METOOO DE COPPERS y LA PATOLOCIA OCULAR

La aplicacioacuten del tratamiento por post-imaacutegenes en casos de patologiacutea ocular constituye una de las maacutes interesantes posibilidades de es te meacutetodo y su campo de empleo resulta mucho maacutes vasto de lo que pueda suponerse Transcribimos algunos casos

Caso 1 (6319) Paciente de 19 alias con coroiditis yuxtafoveal cicatricial de primera infancia que le permite una agudeza visual de 007 con - 125 Esf Fijacioacuten central E l otro ojo con - 075 Esf alcanza visioacuten unidad

Se practican siete sesiones de Euthyscope ) la agudeza visual 100 Fusioacuten de primer y segundo grados

sube a

Caso 2 (6465) Paciente de lB antildeos con coroiditis congenita bilateral que presen ta destruccioacuten macular del ojo izquierdo y foco yuxtamacular del ojo derecho Fijacioacuten paramacular Con + 275 Esf V 007

Se practican visual de 045

veinte sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza

bull Caso 3 (6393) Paciente de 10 antildeos COn coroiditis congeacutenita bilateral

que presenta foco paramacular del ojo izquierdo y destrucciOacuten macular del ojo derecho F ijacioacuten cen tral inestable Con - 050 Esf (- 100 x l BO) V 050

Se practican vein ticuatro sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una aguo deza visual de 080

El Los casos 1 y 3 pueden explicarse como lo hace Sevrin de uno similar pmce comiditico quc afect6 paccialmente la maacutecula ocui6 en una

bull

pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

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BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

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CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

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5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

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ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

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AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 17: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

pOST- IMAGENES

eacutepoca en que el desarrollo visual todaviacutea no era completo El edema retinal y coroideo circundante impidieron por un tiempo la fijacioacuten macular toshymando dicha fijacioacuten un punto de retina perifeacuterico a la maacutecula y al foco de coroiditis posteriormente desaparecioacute el edema y quedoacute la maacutecula en conmiddot diciones de fijar pero con dicha funcioacuten usurpada por un elemento perifeacuteshyrico Las post-imaacutegenes devolvieron a dicha regioacuten macular la funcioacuten que le correspondiacutea

El caso 2 es notable como ejemplo de un eacutex ito en caso de ambliopia congeacutenita monocular que no habiacutea mejorado con otro tratamiento

Caso 4 (4127) Paciente de 25 antildeos afecta de desprcndimiento de retin antiguo del ojo derecho Se interviene y cura quirtJ rgicamente el desprendishymiento de retina 23 diacuteas despueacutes de la intervencioacuten con + 050 Esf (-125 x 180) V 010

Se practican veinte ses iones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza visual de 030 Se suspende el tratamiento por causas extra-meacutedicas

Caso 5 (6151) Paciente de 26 antildeos con desprendimiento de retina del ojo izquierdo de 25 diacuteas de evolucioacuten O D V LOO - O 1 V F ijacioacuten central de la luz

Se interviene y cura quiruacutergicamente el desprendimiento de retina Un mes maacutes tarde con + 125 EsE (-125 x 80) el ojo izquierdo ve 007

Se practican seis sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando una agudeza vishysual de 033 con fusioacuten perifeacuterica y macular El paciente suspende el tratashymiento por causas ex tra-meacutedicas

Los casos 4 y 5 son e jemplo de la aplicacioacuten de esta terapeacuteutica en la rehabilitacioacuten funcional de los desprendimientos de retina curados quiruacutershygicamente En la literatura a nuestra disposicioacuten no encontramos referencias al respecto

Caso 6 (60 70) Paciente de 18 antildeos con q ucratocollo del ojo derecho que le reduciacutea la agudeza visual previa correccioacuten oacuteptica a 030 Agudeza visual de O 1 - 100 Se verifica queratoplastia laminar de 8 mm y dos meses despueacutes la refraccioacuten es N Esf (-325 x 2(9) V 030

55bull

BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

bull

bull

CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

bull

5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

bull

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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bull

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

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Page 18: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BAn n AQUE R ARIZA - REINOSO

Un mes despueacutes se practican 21 sesiones de Euthyscope alcanzando con - 075 Esf (-150 x 40) V 012 La visioacuten continuoacute mejorando espontaacuteshy neamente hasta alcanzar 30 diacuteas maacutes tarde V 100

Caso 7 (4682) Paciente de 18 a ntildeos co n q uenltocono bilatera l que reduce la agudeza visual a 005 en ambo ojos Se practica queratoplastia penetranshyte de 62 mm Curso pos t-operatorio sin complicaciones Ocho meses desshypueacutes con - 700 Esf (- 700 x 172) V 030

Se practican 10 sesiones de Euthyscopc empleando lente de contacto para enfocar adecuadamente el punto negro central sobre la retina y se obshytiene una agudeza visual de 050

El tra tamiento con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes de la ambloriacutea relativa tn los queratoconos de larga evoluci6n debe tenerse en cuenta y los resultados obtenidos aconsejan ese procedimiento En la literatura a nuestra d isposicioacuten no hemos hallado descripcioacuten de casos similares

bull

bull

CONCLUSIONES

l~ Con el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes hemos obtenido mejoriacuteas visuales en el 5882 de los casos de ambliopia tratados

21l La visioacuten ganadll promed io que hemos ohtenido es de 0388 (388)

3iexcll Las ambliopias con fijacioacuten central han mejorado en el lOOoQ de los casos tratados por lo que se estima q ue son de buen pronoacutestico

4~ Las ambliopias oon fijacioacuten parafoveal y paramacular tratadas exclushysivamente con el procedimiento de las post-imaacutegenes han mejorado funshycionalmente en un 33

bull

5~ Las ambliopiacuteas con fi jacioacuten exceacutentrica y con ausencia de fij acioacuten han respondido desfavorablemente al tratam iento y debe considerarse que el meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegenes no es middotsuficiente en dichos casos

6~ La edad promedio en los casos con mejoriacuteas func ionales es de 21 antildeos por lo cual creemos que el meacutetodo lic las post-imaacutegenes es dc mejor pronoacutestico en las ambliopiacuteas del adulto

56 bull

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

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bull

bull

I

bull

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

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AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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bull

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 19: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

7fJ La edad maacutexima a la cual se han descrito mejoriacuteas visuales oscila enshytre 32 y 40 antildeos

8lt1- Treinta ejercicios son el liacutemite para esperar mejoriacuteas funcionales en los casos con fijacioacuten central

gfJ El procedimien to de las post-imaacutegenes puede mejorar las ambliopiacuteas relativas en algunos casos de patologiacutea ocular V g coroiditis parashyfoveales algunos desprendimientos de retina recientes curados quishyruacutergicllmente queratoplatias por queratocono

10fJ El meacutetodo de las post-imaacutegencs es un proced imiento de reeducacioacuten visual y por consiguiente su praacutectica compete al departamento de orshytoacuteptica El oftalmoacutelogo debe hacer el diagnoacutestico y sentar las indicashyciones

Apartado aeacutereo 11056

BIBLIOGRAFIA

CLERICI A Y LEGORINI L (1955) - Anh Ottal 59 N9 78

rf VIJJOS A (19S6) Arch Soe oftal hispo - mner 16 1195

LYLE T K Y J FOLEY (1957) Brit J Ophthlll 41 129

JONKERS G H (i956) Ophthnlmologica 132 322

57

8

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

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bull

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 20: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

OUR EXPERIENCE IN TREATMENT OF AMBLYOPIA

BY THE METHOD OF AFTER-IMAGES

BY

iexclOSE l BARRAQUER M M D

ENRIQUE ARIZA R M D

SALOMON REINOSO A M D

Bogotaacute Colombia

Ve defi ne amblyopia as a Illore or iexclcss importan diminution of macular vision apparently withoul any organic lesiacuteon of thc eye wJiexcliexclch may justi fy il$ m islence Ve sur apparently 00 Ihe assumption t1mt iexclhere may be amblyopias cnused by organic lcsions which canno be dctectcd by examination with Ihe rncthods in iexcliexclcl lIal use From Ihe fnnctional and thcnlpcutic points of view amblyopias should be classified in ucltQrdamc wilh Ihe type 01 fi xa tion as amblyopias wilh c(Iltrlll fixation nnd withont central fi)1 tion

Amblyopia with central fiexcl ntion may be dllc eithcr lo lack of use or lo an uoknown cause (primary or idiopathlc) in wbich C1SC hypOlhcscs relllting lo iexclheir arigio do rool give systemic confirmalion Amblyopia due lO lack of use is Ihe resull eithcr of a lack oE impulses adl(luate lO stimllale Ihe macula or of inhihition of the macular Eunclioo for Ihe purpose oE ppvcnling ronfusion oE visiono Amblyopia wilh cenlral fixalion due lo lack of use can he obselVed in (ases wilh ortholropia and wilh heteroshylropia Amhlyopia in these cases is scconJary lo helerotropia whercas in icliopalhic amblyopia wheh tan likewise he obselVed will1 cilher ortholropin ar helerolropia hClcrotropia lf prescnt is usually sclOndary lo Ihe amblyopia

Amblyopia withoul cenlral fixalion may ext with parnfoveal parnmaeular or ceceolrlc fhatioo Lalmiddotk uf iexclxalion which is Ihe mas scvcre form of cecentric fiexclxation is IncluJeJ in Ihe Insl of these (roups of fixal ion

The clinical examination oI Ihe Iype al fi xnt ion is performl(1 by meaos ol a special ophlhllmoscope (Visuskope) which projects a small b lack star 00 Ihe fuod us oiacute lhc eye 11Ie palienl is rCiacuteiexclUcsted lo fi( Ihe eye on lile star ano as he ooes so Ihe obselVer can sec on Ihe retina Ihe spol al which Ihe projcctco image is formed 1f Ihe iexclmag-~ is EOTmeo in Ihe very cenler of the fovea fiexcl ~a tioo is central If iexclhe iexclmage is formco in

58

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BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

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BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

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bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 21: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO

the periphery of Ihe macula fixalion is parafoveal and if the iexclmage is formed always in iexclhe same area immeJialely outsiJe the macula fixation is paramacular If the projected imuge is formud in a constant but iexclndennite zone it indicntes true ecltentric fixntion Lack of fixation exisls when Ihe eye makes only disorderly movcmcnls whilc attempting lixation

The following lable is iIIuslmlive

T A BLE

bull

With central fixotion

Amblyopia

Without cenu a l

1) Due lo lack 01 use

2) Idiopathic or Prlmary

1) Parafoveol

2) Paramacular

a) Adequate impul3es do not stimulate the macula

b) Macular luncUon has been inhibited Ol extinguished to avoid conlusion

i Ca use unknown

l

fixation 3) Eccentric

4) LQck 01 fixation

59

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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bull

bull

BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

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I

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

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Page 22: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

AFTER-IMACES

Ve huve nol ohocrved trile anomalolls retinal correspondence which Is an exccpmiddot tionl lly nln~ scnsorial aherra tioll in cases uf nmnoel11nr amblyupia T K Lyle and j

Fuley nllnd anOlnalulIS retinal to rresponJencc in only 18 (8) out of 213 cases Paramiddot fuveal fixttion alluws relativcly hilh visual atuity (030) Wilh this fixatiun it is IXlssibl( to find elemental peripheral fus n and cven simultaneous macular visiun withoul appro1c hing however lo tnle anoUlaluus retinal oorrtspumJcnt--e 1l1C cascs of tl mblyopia withoul elemental binocular fllndion we have omervt-(l were cases of laiexclk uf retinal t-UITcspondcnce bul thcy were no cases of anomaluus t-Urrcspondence

Two const-Clllivc stages tlll1st be t-Ul1si(lcred in Ihe mechanism of vislon

1 Icrecplion aoo transmissiun uf p roximal points Ihrollgh Ihe oplic pathway This is Ihe d ass ic t-Unt-t ption of the middotmiddotmiacutenimum separable IInd

2 Cortical intcrpretalion of the impulses received

Tho Irelltmcnt shonld he t-tmducted in KtUrtanttl with the chmges encountered In the firsl case namcly re-((IIt-I1 tioll uf Ihe perceptioo il is t-Clllducwd io children by uccluding the sounJ eye provid d thal d1ere is centra l fixaliun in iexclhe amhlyopic eye If improvcmcnl is nol ubtiexclincd or ir fialion is cctentric Cuppcrs metholt is resorlcd lo In the set-OnJ case nil Ulely t-Cluculion uf the t-Ortical inlerpretalion he realment i ~ t-Ond uctcd by util izing pleoptic eercises a prot-etlurc uf cumplieatc] techniqucs ret-Cnlly popnlari7ed hy Bmgcrter

111i5 arucle is a rcporl exd l1sively on our expcrlence wilh rc-edllelltion uf visual JXRCption in ullblyopia by Ihc use of Cuppcrs E uth ySltOpe

In Ihe caSfS IInder our care Ihe Ircalmenl was ronducled a~ follows

a) IIcfractiun if nct-Cssa ry IInder cycloplegics

11) CI1(c klng undr mydruuml1sis of fixation with Ihe Visuskopc

1) If Ihe case i5 one of cenlr1 rixlllioll

n) T he t- rredion is p rescribed

b) Permanent oeclusinn of the eye with the grenler acuity dllring II few months (lIsunlly three) up In Ihe poinl al whieh a visual aCllily uf Ihe IImblyopic eye ahovo 04 is obtaincJ

el W hen pcrmancnt olt-clIsion uf Ihe cyc with Ihe lcatcr acuily docs not bring aho ul improve ment or if Ihe palient iacutes over 8 yciexclrs uf agc lrelllmcnl by the after-imagcs rncthoJ Is slurl t-Cl During Ihc exerclses total optic t-Orw(tion shou l1 be IIscd

60

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BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

bull

ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

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AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

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Page 23: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BARHAQU lm AHlZA - REINOSO

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ACltOrding to Cuppers the tr(l lmcnl wilh nfer-image is tOn tinlled up to the point nt which a Ilisuul nClIity aholle OSO is ohtaineJ if possihlc nlter wbieh tbe Jireeling eye is ocduJed unt il nlt1 pcration of tbe umblyopie cye tOllles lo 1 stop

We have fOllnd however tha t when Ihe palknl rcaches a visual acuily of 033 the lixatioo is fove1 anJ ot-dlls ioo of Ihe dinding eye is generally sufficient for Ihe oblainshying of a prompt funetion al recupcmlion of Ihe amblyopic eye Functional rt(uperat ion of the amhlyopie eye by meaos uf l(( lusioll of the directiog eye is tOosidcred 10 have tOme to a stop when examinalions carried Ollt al intcrvuls uf 15 days show unehanged visual acuity at each cxamination

In contimHltion ao effort is made lO oblain binot lar vision by d iscontinuing occlusion of the dirediog eye In patients wi th orthotropiL or a ~lIall anglc cupLble of oopens1 t i n~ ro r Ihe mustmiddotllla r deffidemy orthoplic exereist-s are toscf1 rur Ihe purpose of (eveloping fusion aud in(Teasing ils ltL1l1pli lude When suIficicnt ly good ampliludc of fusion has nol becn obtained and Ihere is a motor tOmponcn he existing angle should be eorreeled by smgcry to ohviae Ibe lendcncy of Ihe de_amblyopized eye lo revert to ill hihitiun

2) lo cases witho ut central fixalion

al Tolal optie (OTH_(-t ion uf Ihe Imblyopie eye lo he 11$((1 GIIy duriniexcl Ihe exerciscs

b ) Surgical tOrrcetion of strahisrlllLs if it is of a wide mg1c bccaLlse vitiulls posi tion of Ihe globe Illakes Ihc trcalmen difficlt or even impossibe

e) Trealmenl wilh aher-images

In (Uses without tentml fixatIacuteun Ihe trealment has LS its maio objt(-tive the obtainshying uf centra l fixa tion a nd after il hus lxCn ohlaine Ihe trealment is oontinut-J lI5

in the case of tCntml fi xation

If iexclxation is cilhcr paramacuar or ecccntrie ami il is thercforc nni possihlc to keep the mat lnr iexclTea covered dlLring iexclhe exerdscs Ihe Ircalmenl proceeds by devaloalillg the area of fixation Devalurizalion mlly he e ither active Ir passive If active Ihe pseulushymatula has lo be spcdfically da771 t(l hy meaus uf a slrong Imninous heam accOrdiog to Bangertcrs technique If pagtSive pen llanenl occlusion of iexclhe amhlyopic eye is mainlain((1 for ocveral monlhs (5 or 6) al Ihe end of which Ihe realmenl is m-cslahlishcd

Fur the Ircnlmen with after-imaiexclcs according to CuppeTs a spccial ophthalmoshysoopc (Euthyscupe) IIHllIufacturcd lIy Ihe Ocl11us firm is used rhe instmmenl projects a poerful allJ wiJe Ocam (of JOQ) uf luminous mys over Ihe peripheral retina and a blaek spol (of 39 or of 59) over Ihe macula IlIuminntioo of thc pcriphe ml ret ina caUSC$ its d a771ing whereas the macula rcmains pwlectcd by Ihe blaek spo Th is conltlilion ICiexclLVes Ihe macula fUldlunully I1sdul and the pcriphery ILsclcss anJ it lea(1s to adt(iexclmLte sUmulntion of the macula

6

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

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9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

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AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

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AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

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bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

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bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 24: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

AFTER-IMAGES

The techniquc is as lollows

1) Mydriasis nl thc amblyopic eye by mcans of thc instillation ol 1 atropine solution Myuriasis of thc dirtcting tyc with a cycloplegic substance of brief aetinn laquo-yclogyl) so that the exercise can be practiced first in tbis eye and so that the paUent can learn to see the after-image Atropinc mydriasis of the amblyopic eye is maintained as long as the trealmen lasts Mydriasis of tbe dircL-ting eye is practiced only on the day of thc first exercise

2) The central black spot (59) is projected over the maula with the Eutbyscope haliacute a minute or a minute under the following conditions

a) The macula must be completely covered by the black spot

h) Jt sbould not be penniued to come out of the darkcned arca at any time

c) The pseudomaeula should remain in tbe iIIuminated zone For trus reason if the pseudomacula is located near the fovea a smaller black spot should be used

3) Tbe eye which i~ not under treatment should be occluded

4) The retina is then stimulated by intermiUently tuming the lights in the room on and off until the patieots sees on a white wall or 00 a screen the positive attershyimage of the luminous focus projectLgtd in his retina (that is a central black spot 00

a circular luminous background) The iotcnllittent iexcliexclght stimuli are then continued until the patient sees the positive after-image canvertcd into a negative after-image (that is a transparent central spot encircled by a dark circular area) Then and Eor as long as the patient SLCS the negative after_image iIluminated optotypes are shown to hilO intermittcntly illuminated by means of an automatic control system (inlcrvalomelel) If the amblyopia is very intense the trealment should he started by stimulating the macula witb a luminous focus

In the intervals between sessions the amblyopie eye should rcmain occluded

Ve have mooified this technique by utilizing Ihe Troposoope The Troposcope eliminates pcripheral stimulation anu allows utilization of the macula exclusively during the whole exercisc The modified techniriexcluc is as follows

1 The light in the room is put out

2 The peripheral retina is dazzled wilh the Euthyscope After the retinal dazding the palient is pnced in front of the Troposcope (witbout any oplotype in it) In continuashy

62

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BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

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bull

I

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AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 25: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BARRAQUER - AHIZA - HEINOSO

tion the intermittent illurnination with manual (ontrol is practuumlcd until the palient sees first the positive and later the negative after-image in the Troposeope Special

bull optotypes are Ihen plaeed in the apparatus and shown to the patient without diseontinning the intermittent illumination dnring the time he perceives thz negativc after-image

80th the dazzling and the exercise in front oI the Tropos(ope that follow the dazzling can be practiced withont ehanging the patients seat lt is suHicient lo rotate the sea 909

The intcnsity of the light is controllcd by rneans of th rhcostat of the T roposeape (American Optical) To cause inversionof the after-image ami to stirnulate the macula we utilize 35 toot eandlcs whieh are measured in the eye-piece and which correspond approximately to half the total intensi ty of light Greater intensities produce dazzling of the macula

bull 11le frequent of the fl ashing may be varied at will as requircd in each case In generol We IIse a freq uency of 40 flashes a minute

11lC opotypcs are special deviecs 10 x 8 tCntirneters in sizc whieh wcre designed by one of U 5 (E Ariza) They eallSist of opa1lue letters framed iu tramparent drclos slightly larger than the tOntained lettcrs The rest of the plate is cnlirely opaque

Optotypes of Ihe following sizes have bcen constructed for the various visual aeuities

1) 3 mm 007 E

2) 2-12 mm 0 10 H

3) 2-1 4 mm 015 e

4) 2-15 mm 020 (~Iombia

5) 2 mm 025 papaacute

6) 1-12 mm 030 BogotIacutel

A preliminary exercise with iexclhe di rLocting eye shollld always be pract ieed in order to give the patienl un idca of what is expected from the exercise and to train him lo see Ihe ncgativc aftcr-imnge

The EllthysLOpe should be focusscd for eaeh palien at the fifllt session rnaking a note of the degrcc of earrection observed in cvery case so as nol to use unnecessary dazzling on the retina by looking for the foellS during the exercises The macula should be idcntified with Ihe grcen fi lter with which the Ethyseope is provided set in plalt--e and the time used in making the idcnt ifieation should be as short as possible

63

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 26: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

AIoTER-IMACES

Suveral atlthon advisc Jazzling of the periphernl retina for from one to threc minutes In o ll r ellpenenec we have found tha t dau ling ~hould not la~t fo r more than ODe minute bccausc the light reOected by the ilIumin tet retina may in ils lum clUse

ind irect dazzling of Ihe macula lid thus nullify the desir (1 eHect of the treatment

As iexclhe oplotypes shollld be shown lO iexclhe palienl only JlIring Ihe time Ihe negative afler image is peneiv(d by him it is important to have this time prolonged for as long as possiblc The time of perccption of the negalive ft cr-iIlUlgc CUl be prolonged ir Ihe pat ient performs strollg Ontrucl ions of the orhicular muscle aud also by means of the n ushiug

Improvelllent is more rapiJ if the interval hctween the exerd ses is shor Thc rdore it is udvisahle lo Imve Iwo sessions d Uily in eaeh of whiel the exercise is repeat J twice leaving as an intcryal bctw Cn the e~ercises the time laJen hy pcne ption of Ihe aflershyinlUge lo d isappcar

lf in the (O1rse of Jazzling Ihe macu la i~ ((cidell tally illllminaleJ Ihe e~ercise

ShOllld be interrllpt cd for aiexcl l eiexcl ~ 2 minutes so iexclha the negltive after-image will be d e1rly pcr Civcd whcli (realmenl is fI-cstahlish((l

DIFFICULTlES OF TH E TECHNIQUE

I~cause of the rulative (omplexily of the exerciscs the truatlllent offers the grenlest possibil ities of SIIC((SS in patients aboye 10 yeun uf lIge

T he intellcct ual dcvclupmenl oE the patients ls of great iacutemportame hecall5e lhe purposo of the Irentment is to train aD inlellcetual fa culty Jalienls with iexcliexcl high level of edlleatioll (uuivcrsily sluJcllts und persans in reHgious life) not only progruss more rapidly but a lso rench lhe hights vulu S a f visual ilcll ity This is the rcru()u why the reslllts af Ihis trellrnclIl are not promising in very yaulIg children or in mentalIy weuk persons

Coyering Ihe macula 1IId keepng it from t~min~ oul of the obsclIre area dUfing Ihe cxcrdsc is a SCriOllS diffieul ty eSiexcllCeially in (as(S WithOllt (Cn tral fixiexcllion and in cases of slJabislll lls wi tl u wide angle

In cases of strabismus wilh a wide ullglc it is nlmost impo~sihlc lo Jeep Ihe mUlUla wilhin tho limils of lile central shlldow Syeral syslems have been Jevcloped ror the pllrpose of maJing il IXlssible lo (b rtle the amblyopic eye They induJe A luminolls (iexclxliexclliacutean poinl visihle to Ihe dirCt ing eye by menns of mirrors a r priSlllS lnt eyen syslcms uf rnechmicnl (iexclxl ion of Ihe amhlyapie eye (sutures and forceps) Vhen the tropia is uf U wide angle alld fixation is no lC ntml Ihe macuiexcliexcl or the amblyopic eye esc1 pcs from the shudowed iexclorca and Ihe eye aSStll11eS n pnsilio that it makes itllpossiLle lo perfom the exercise correctly notwithstanJing the good fixation of Ihe direcling eye

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 27: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

I

bull

bull

bull

AFfER-IMAGES

Vidc-angle stmbismus should be always surgically correeted befare starting trealmen by iexclbe method of iexclhu after-images If surgical correction fails to preven Ihe tlJatula from coming outside iexclhe dark area the pseudomacula should be devalorized by one uf tbe techniqucs previollsly described PrOltCdllres lIsed to inmobili7e iexclhe eye represent both a physical and a psychic trauma Thcy create in Ihe palien a conditioll uf alarm which does no favor the SlI(LCSS uf iexclhe cxercise

Olher difficulty i5 Ihal camcd by intolerance of tbe eye for iexclhe luminous stimuli which is frequen iexcliexclnd which is shown by hyperemia lIod walering of the eye Ve have satisfactorily solved Ibis problcm by the instillallan of 1 o 2 drops of eitber novucaine Of pantocaine a few minules bcfore starling Ihe uazzling

Myopia and high iexcliexclstigmatism prevent focllssing of the biexcllltk spot over the macular urca and the lense$ whieh are proviued with the Euthyscope for C(mpensating ametropuuml are of no avail in patients with these visual defects W e solved this Jifficulty siso by the use of appropriate cuntact lenses which are wel tolcrated even hy children

VISUAL RESULTS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

A Muintildeos publisbed statisties of amblyopil of 42 cases treated by the method of nfter-images In seven cases ~ision of a unit was ohlained and in nine cases vis ion of bctwecn 07 and 09

The avemgc agc in Ihe cases with improvement reported hy Ibis anthor was 15 yeiexcliexclrs No referenees to the class of fixation are given

G H Jonkers reported 8 elses of amhlyopia treated hy the method of after-images

Avemge of improvements 50

Avemge age of palient who improved 1525 years

Cases wilh eenlml fixation treated 4 improvement in 4 (100)

Average gain of vision 041

Cases wilh eecentric fixation trealcd 4 improvement in none (0)

A Clerici and L Legorini reporteo observations in 9 patients with amblyopia trcateo by Ihe method of after-images

Average of improvcments 777

Average gain of vision 038

Average age of patients who improved 15 years

Cases with central fixation trcaled 2 improvement in 2 (lOO)

65

9

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 28: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BAn RAQUEIl - AHlZA - IlEINOSO

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

Piou NG ul Pi~aleshy viIi excmiddot RRACTION VIlon ORSHRVIITIONS Beu llr shy

~ bull 5111 Sph (-1 00 1001 100 Centl flUan llen obtaln

001 binooula r vl lon with macul r fulon

Central nuon pr_l clallelal ID19 1 9 bull 01 6 middot125 SpI 100 choldiia Tho polien l obtIoed binoeola bull

vio lon lh gta rIon

N SI 000 c nr81 I1nUon pallenl obLe lnod 5319 010 blnocula vl I l ln macular rlon

PIof_1 nUon [(Ioaon - 1 21 - 075Sph l llOx401 100 tad bg [ lIar ktoptl~ Tho lIanl obtaimd blnoculr vial 11b 01bullbull lulon

- -shy- -shyCnlr1 I1Uon 1 ro1 0lc8tlel1 O 24 - O~ Sph e- (oo 1001 000 cho roldIUbull Mculr dbullbulllrucllon

olher ~

--shyC II rllon So of Jo rI~ht

10 bull 050 Sph 1 middot0~ 1001 010 paria nIIct ltad bJ h potbullbull nl obtaind blnocnlr oriloo -jlh mc~Ibullbull Ilon

--shy--shy--shy--shy010

Cent1 nbullbullUon Inl obl lned m 0gt1 40 _ 3Jl) Sph (middot 050)( 1001 binocu lar vlllon 11h pe iph r 1 fUllon

001 Cnt1 nlon Animltpia 11 b

1 O ~ 075 Sph 1-1I00 ~ 101 t ed by s1(I tllthnlq~bull

- -shy--shyC~trl r tlon [rolooonUI bollo 18 10 bull 7ffi Spt 1 700 1721 ~ tld bw rullJo lcluu_ kenlll(lplly 11 ltontoet Ilu ed durina oe~

---Cl ntrol flullon Cong nllel puafovKl

M65 1 001 20 ~ 275 Spn 045 cle trlellohoololllll Mmcul8r dooluollon

or Ih ulh Iyl

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 29: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

bull

AFlER-IMAGES

CASES WITH IMPROVEMENT

PLOUa No of

I Fi1

deg b von ~COTmiddot REPRIICTlON Viion

OBS ER VATI ~ty el

Cllt1 t bullbullOc Reoconno ttod - JO 0 + 175 Sph 1- 800 251 O full thic kn bull bull bull I(naLopluty 11 conlAoct leno

a nod during ngtcoreibullbullbull --shy

010 25 375 Spb 1-550 ~ lO) 040 emlrr fhtioll TNI81 rn 8nL

oloppd

iexclilioo L mooiC61 ronon

--shy

5732 lO 010 00 + UD 5110 (_IJ5O x l OO) 040 Cen lral fixoo TIo Uonl obtined poriphol fu oion

--shy -shy-Co nl1 fialion n ptLis nt ohlltlinod

0 20 bull 225 Sph 040 binocu lar vioion with peri pho bullbull1 fu ion TlmL

stoPlod wllhonl modlcor

bulllOu - -shy --shy--shy

0 Cnlral 11bullbull tion Lu oom tlaquoled -2 26 0 10 _ 100 ~ph_ 1-700 x 1001 lomollbull bull KeMOplbullbully

--shy-shy- --shy --shy4400 26 0 + 100 Sph 1- 225 x 51 puar1Itlon

- 1-- -shy --shyCntr1 fiotlon RoUn1 det ehomenl

6151 007 + 125 Sph (- 125 x lrlJ O l u giea lly e~rd TreatmBnl depped wilhou medieal ao~

--shyen(-al nuolO Retinel dtaeh~mnt 1I4127 25 010 ro + 050 Sph 1-125 x 1001 bull urgcally en bullbull d Tbullbullelmen

Itop pcd

ithoL mdi1 010 --shy

1018 + 275 Sph 1-025 x 1001 O ecnl1 ruumltion TreatmBnt

toppd

witlwul medit 0010

-shy- --shy--shy~617 020 25 + 375 Sph 1-175 x 351 0

eent [ fi e Uon pati ont obtainad bi nocula vlion ilh peciphe1 fuon

67

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 30: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BARRAQUER - ARIZA - REINOSO bull

CASES DIO Not lMPROVE

11-middot Pr0I0 igr f ln 1 orilon ~~o r REPRAcnUN 11100

OBSER V IITIO N S bullIy 01

- 000 bull 900 Sph 1- 200 ~ID 000 Eco nll fition 11t h nll lamplim uo

--shy O 4 50 Sph I-U~ IIIIJ 0 10 Sbullbullonm fi~

--shy

21 001 32 -1 50 Sph 1- 27I ~ 110) 010 Pmbullbullolr fiUOR

- - shy P L bull Nmiddot SpI P L ampcoRI rucamp u

--shyampcconlltic rtion Prm I roti O 4 7S SIh 000 1 obtained bullbullbull bullbullbull iexclgtamptlGn l did IIbor t nd trelme 1 topped

--shy--shy --shy- 050 SIh 1- 2iO ~ 145) 000

Ecuntri fiuU o Anlln motopibull bull O onlampl1 I ~ n 11 uled dUrlng bull bull

--shycetric iexcl-Uion iexclro iexcl-nlion

12 ro bull 425 Sph (-200 IRi) OlS ubLei ned ilh 1111 vi 1 imprnvito IIIJ ni a nd pl pilo ~vlMd

--shy_ lUII) Sph (- 125 ~ 45) Fini~

iexcliexclcconlri n 6110n A cun 10R gt5 Plng lO d during utHI

--shybull l25 Sph (-200 x 10) 01 0 lB (iexclUo Pleopllcoo

mi 010 lO M oriled

---Ecbullbull nlri finlion d ov1 fintio

12 010 bull 800 Sph -2oo 51 010 11 obtoined IIi th no vllul lmprgv mftnl Ploopll bullbull 111 dvibullbulld

--shy--shyampent l iexcl-Uon w nlMlI finln

0 00 bull 850 SpI 01 0 oblat n Ii thoul viouol 1tUv mu t PI_U doribullbulld

bull

bull

68 bull

bull

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 31: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

---

AFTER- IMAGES

CASES OJO NOT IMPROVE

c A~

8

8111

iexclbull

Previo No uf oIion -bull c i ~ dbull

-Finamiddot - - shy

- -shy

QQJ

I 6

REFRACTl ON

+ 000 S~h (middotOMI ~ 1001

+ 600 Spb 1middot 200 x 1001

~ OlO Sph 1-00 ]701

Fiexcl I iaioD

Pingl r

o

00

OIlSI H VATLONS

Ikclntrlc nbullbullUo n

Par_l rutati

P mlr rlXoLion

Cases wilh parnmacular fj iexcliexclat ion treated 5 improvcmcnt in 5 (100)

GasL with C((unlrie fixalion treated 2 improvclllc nt in IlOIlC (0 )

PERSONAL RESULTS

Ve Mve 34 cases of amblyopia Ircated by iexclhe iexclhe techni(ue wc dcscriocgtd in iexclJiexclis piexclper Our visual rcsults a re as follow

method of Cuppcrs after images with

bull Cases with central fixa tion trcatcd 18 improvement in 18 (100)

Cases with pllmmacula r fixalion trcalLJ 6 improvcmcnt in 2 (33)

bull Cases with ltCCen lric fiXl tion trcllhd 10 improvClnent in

Tola l of improvcments 20 (ases (5882)

O (0)

Averge galn of vision 0388 (388)

Oldest improved palient 32 yeurs

Average agc of palienls who improvt(1 21 1 mios

Average ntt mbc r of exccrciscs in cases with improvement 273

Average ngc of p1tienls who improvccl 21 1 ycars

Average nttmhcr of execrciscs io cnses wilh no improvcment 32

69

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 32: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BAH HAQ VE II - ARIZA - HEINOSO

C o mm e nl

Age The Ircatment of amblyopia by tlle nlelhod of Ihe aftcr-images rt(luircs as p reviollsly exphilncu a sfficlenl level of inlcltectual dcvclopmcnt According lo onkcrll lnd Clcrici thtl average age fo r obtnining improvcmcnt iexcls bctwecn 15 flnu 16 years In the cases wc obscrvt(I Ihc avcrage age for obtaining the visual improvement was 21 yenrs T he oldcst palient in wllom improvement was obtaincd was 32 ycurs of age Successful rcsults howcver havc been described in piexcll lients iexcletween the ages of 38 and 40 years

Type uf fhation

AacutelIlblyopillS wlth lten tra l fixation in p tienb without or with hclerotropil trtla tod hy Jonkcrs and Clcrid irnproved in 100 of Ihe (~ISCi In Ou~ cX[JCriencc improvement was obtaincd in 100 of Ihe t-ases wilh tCntra l fixation and successful rcsults in 33339lt of Ihe patients with panllnncular fi~ation In none of the stltis lIacutets conslIl ted has hnprovt1shymenl cvcr been ohtained in paticnls with ecccntrie fixation In 1I0ne of our paticnb wi lh lI11blyopia wi th ct(-en tric fixa lion has improvcmcnl bcen obla ined although a ceftaio llc~rC of pnafovea[ fixa tion wus uhlaioed in severa l paticnls bul willloul visual ucui tics of more Ihan 015

Improvcmcnt of vision

Vc endeavoTcd lO cvulllale Ihe degree of vision giexcllincd hy the usc of Cu ppers technique ra lher Ihan lo ascerta in Ihe absolllte final vision gained Ve tmiddotJJlsidered Ihat Ihe avenage vision gained i5 what indkales the true value of this pTOt-edure W e fo und Ihat the average visioll gained was 0388 iexclhal is Iha the vision of the patieots who Vere trell ted showt(1 an average increllse uf 388

Number of eurcises

Ve carried out Ihe Cupperss treut mcnl on the hasis of glvmg Ihe pat ienl one session daily wilh two exercises al every scssion with an inlerva i of 5 minutes bctween the firs l and se(ond c~erciscs An m alysis of Ihe results obtainoo in our patients Icd us lo tOncl llde tha The average numhc r of sessions performt-d in Ihe favoraht t-ases was 273 amI in middotases rcgardcd as llnfavorable tt was 32 Conscqllently iexclhe results oblained from a monlh of Ircalmenl given to tlle palients in da ily session5 make il possihle lo dclermine Ihe valne of iexclhis iexclreatmen in nearly a1l the vAriOll types of amblyopia

Cuppers$ melhod and ocular pathology

Tho upplicat ion of the mcthod by afte r-Images in eases of OCllar pathology const itules one of the most interesting possibil ilics of hi~ method wh ich has R much wider field of application than mi~hl be imagined at fin The re3ulls oblained in

somo of our patienl$ were IU follow5

70

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 33: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

AFTER-IMAGES

Ca$C 1 (63 19) Palienl 19 yenrs old wilh cicatridal juxlnfoveal ehoroidim in early c11ildhood which gave him n vi$ual neuity of 007 with - 125 Sph Central fixalion Tne other eye with - 075 Sph reacle$ u nit visiono

Aftt r seven sossions vith the Ellthpcope his visual ncuity inL7easeJ lo 100 Fusion of first nd setOlld degrce

Ca$e 2 (B465) Patient 18 years old with b ila teral Iougcni tal d lOroiditis who prcscnled mcula r de~l ructiof in Ihe leCI eye and jux tamncular focll ~ of the l igio eye Param1cul r (ixalion WUh + 275 Sph V 007

T wenty $ession$ of E lltnys ope wcre perfonned and Ihe visual iexcliexclcuity reachcd 045

Case 3 (6393) Patient 10 yean old with bilateral ((lngenitn] thoroiditis VJiexclo presented a paniexcliexclnacu]ar fOCUJ of the ldt eye iexcliexclud macula r dC$trlletiou in the right eye Unstablc ltbullentral fixation WUh - 050 Sph (- lOO x 180) V50

Twenty~fo l1r scssions of Euthyscope were perIacutemmed anel the visual acuily reached OSO

Cases 1 allJ 3 can he ellplained as Sevrin e oplainecl a similar Cdse --r he ehoroidilie prncesgtiexcl whieh partia lly affeclt(1 the mlleula ocurrcd at a tiacuteme whcn Ihe vi$ual developmenl was nol yet (Omplete T he surrounding choroidal and retinal edema prevented macular fixa tion for a (Crtain time so that thtJ fiiexcliexclatiacuteon assumed a posi lion in Ihe retina peripheral to the uHlculu and also peripheral lo the focus of choroiditis ulter on the cdenlll disappeared amI the matllla bceiexcllllle Ciexcl publc of fim tinl Imt Ihe funeHon of fixation had bccn taken from it by Ihe peripheral element Treatmcnt with after images restorcs to Ihe macular region Ihe fll cl1lty of fixntion which bclongs to it

C1se 2 is a rcmarkab le Co1Ullple of Ihe success obtl ined fm m Ihe mcthod of aftermiddot iexclmages wilh Ihe Elllhyscopc in a case of monocular tOngtJni tll l II lIlblyopia which had

bull DOI been improved by any other trea lment

Case 4 (4127) Patienl 25 years old who ha(1 an old detach mcnt of the ret ina in the righl eye An operation was perfonned for the dctadullcnt of the relina and a Cleebull was oblainel 23 day~ after the opcration al which time the visual statuS was + 050 Sph _ 125 x 180 v 010

Twenty sessions of treatment with lhe Eulhys(Ope resulted In a visual aellily of 030 111e treatment wa~ dist()ntinucd for relsons otner than lllttlk al

Case 5 (615 1) Patient 26 yellrs old who had a detaenment oiacute the retina of the leh eye of 25 d ays standing Rignt eye v l0 Let eye V Cenlral fi xa tion of light A Cl1re of the detachment of the retina was obtained by a surgkal opcrntion One monll later the vision in thc left eye with + 125 Srh (- 125 o 180) w 007

71

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

72

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

73

O

Page 34: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

BARHAQUEH - ARIZA - II EINOSO

Sil( scssions of trelltmcnt wilh the Eulhyscope wcre given lInd the patient attained a visolll a(Uity of 033 with pcripheml and macular fusiono The palien d iscontinUI-d the treatment for rca$Ons other than medica

Cnses 4 nnd 5 are cxamplcs of the use of this thcrapy to sceure fundional e(()ver) after Jetachment of the retina (OrrecteJ surgically No rcferen(Cs rclating to thi~ subject were fOllnd in the litemture at our Jisposa

CIISC 6 (6070) Ia tient 18 years old with kemtoconus of the right eye which Jiminished visual gtlcuity before oPlical corrcction to 030 Visual acuity of left eye 100 A laminnry kemtoplasty of S mlll WIIS pcrformcd Two months la ter rcfradion was N Sph (-325 x 209) V 030

One month Iliexclter 21 sessions wiih Ihe Eulhyscope were given lInd Ihe vision attlinoo - 075 Sph (- 150 x 40) V 062 Vision continucd lO improve spontaneously until il rtnched 100 30 days later

Case 7 (4682) Pliexcltient 18 yCllrs old with bilateral keratoconus whieh Jiminisbed visual aemty to 005 in both eyes A penetrating kemtoplasty of 62 mm was perfonrn-d Postopcrative (()USC willlout (Omplicutions Eight mOnths iexclater witb - 700 Sph (- 700 x 172) V 030

Ten sessions with the Enthyscope were given nsing a ltOnlacl leos to obtain adltltua te focusing of the central block spot over Ihe retina a visutl acui ty of 050 wu obtuincd

Trcatmenl with Ihe method of uftcr-imagcs should be considered in cases of relativo amblyopia in keralocOnus of long duration Thc satisfadory rosults reported by tbe authors snggest Ihe ndvisability 01 using this proceJll re No reports of similar eases wcre fOllod in Ihe literalure within the author s reach

CONCLUSIONS

l Visual improvcment was obtained with Ihe method of after imngcs in 5882 of the palients wi lh amblyopia who had this treatmcnt

2 Thc avcrngo guin of vision obtained wns 0388 (388 ro)

3 Amblyopias with (Cntfdl fixMion improved in l()() of Ihc plltients given this reatmen which shows that lhis type of alllblyopia has a good prognosis

4 Amblyopia with either purafoveal or paramaculur fixation treatlJ only with Ihe mcthod of latcr-images improvcd functionully in 33

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AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

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Page 35: NUESTRA EXPERIENCIA EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA AMBLIOPIA … · arch. soco ~iller. oft~1. aplom. (1958) 1 ·39 , nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la ambliopia por el metodo de

AFTEH-llvIAGES 5 Amblyophiexcls with cccentric fixatiou as wel as those with lack uf fixation had

responded unfavorably to Ihe trcalment Thercfore il should be considered that bull the IllClhod uf aftcr-imagcs is no sufficicnl in suumlch casts

6 The average agc of patieots who obtained fllllctiunal improvcrncnt was 21 years COllscqnelltly iexclhe wthors bdievcs Ih Ihe mcthod of after-images has a bettcr

prognosis in amblyopia in adults

7 The maxinmm agc al which visual improvemcnt has bccn dC5Cribed nlnges bctween 32 aud 40 ycars

8 Thirty exercises nI Ihe mus are Ihe limil within which functional improvcrncnt may be expettcd in palicnls with ltCntral fixatiun

9 The methud of aftermiddotimiexcliexclgc~ can improve relativc amblyophiexcls in sume cases of ocular pathology For instan parafoveal horoiditis certain detachments of the retina recently correded by surgery and keHltoplastics for keratoeonus

10 The mcthod of after-images is a proceduf of visual re-cducation and it is thcrefore a function of the Department of Orthoptics_ Ophthalmologists shouJ make the diagnosis anu they should establish the indicntions fOr the treatment

~

bull INDEX OF FIGURES

Fig l Cuumlppers Euthyscope

Fig 2 A Positivo iexcllfter-image B Negativo aftcr-image

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