®~~L® ~~. V~~~A 11~® ~I~~~°~°~

Ia

?)clycis cla;= rc>xlsiclera~©cs cltte jce ~icrttl33 cahc~mta9 1,)~crfct: . .S~fl?~, 11t ;~E;~, 17pCleT e.S~x2Cat3flr-tee f;Obn r~latl~;~, Se~~'ttra3l~a C~Lle fJ tltlelCD,

;tca clireitc cox3ettetttdixtarifD cflus cpt2cfa13cDS hprttttt~sfa cfl<.i Iclafle- .

;d :ICC1Pa, i:C~l ttlt7a 1.11Stxttllf,°tsp Ctl~(? 4:araeter9 ~tS~(DY1.cJ1311a C :~2~'&?1~'7-

e~lclfY ~CtCI~~ e JttS'"`1'Cl1~C'CP rl((fa -1E~DU~(7R1 ;~F11a1)rf, QDS P-1b~.~T7.3G)-s .

li~;sl~ress=ic) da ~il.:~.clicta y_~riv"a,da o clc s^tttit~aentc> 1>rirxliti~,-cr clf :

t_tt3a ttttl(~a~ilet:S~3fl 1(lefiltlclaflc'. c'13¢.re CD chi"(',1tC) f; a 1CCD^,"2.t1 xl(la ~1?a :3

~~rS131ei9-a~ t (Di."1i1~L ;~ 1:1Stt~t'3f:as, xla0 ~c)1 Sf'11£L(~ Y71r3)5 tai."Qlf'., a(lea2lta(fl+D

jc`U c~ <if.:~ear~=~.~fl~=ixrtc:n.to fla e=ida 13tttnicil~al, cltte cl.e asstt~taiat x~tt4~cJSasci~~aaeia, lJa»talar c~ carcGCtfur cle. ttlna ot"cicriic~ ott jz~i_,°c~ c±tT ~~e?ts;Je.lc~ hostcrior predptnillic> ncle do urea idea reii~ic.~sa . la~ esse hre-dot) :liniea cle tame idea relic icDSa iei,tt--lhe tG>inal clc~ cc:)ntractc~f:f~ttt c3 s.isie53:3t! das oattras 1~ro~-as jttclicittrias do <iireitc~ ~erl.t?~1--nico~, no~ clttal. fJ dttelc~ l~c~r st .ta ti-ez ,e ~ixtte~rc~tt, rehresexltan<lc~indisc:utiti elt.nentc essa iltte;;rack ; tanbetn a hrin3eira 1i133itaf ac)seria qtte a ci'~~ilizacap ol)ttn13 ;~. ~3 bal"lj~trie, nna idea nc~ral ac) zac-tp brutal .

~~s cos3si~dera~ocs qtte, po~rcilrt, t°ize.tnps ate estf} tnc~l3ieni:chale clizer-s .e cltte quasi. e~.cltlsiv .:tinente respeit<tin ap direitc~ c]osron.celhos ezprrssc> t.3os setis fear<tis e costttnes escrit©s, errl ctteac~uela e~-c~ltic~c.J sc. acha hor assiin clizer re~;ista<la . 1lTas, cc~xnca- e~,c~ladcr dp ~di.reitp,~e ~d~crs ~cp~stttl~les hp~httlares cl©~s cpncelhcrs exi~;~titt,na loads-~\l~eclia, uxal cJUtro ~.clireitp consttetttdirartrip~ e ~ea3~ hartsta)nheln. escritcr doa x~c~1~res ©tl cl©.5 ;/'t.'Claos--a'c-czl~o, e cono f~ntreesta class c~ dttelc~ nao dpi cle xnc~do al ttn (senap 17:etn ~e1o- c©n-tr~iric~j 1t~lna institttlCa,o nlenos <lcodlli~fla e p~ratieacla, sette--se

jo C;czhrczl t+c ~11 c~z~ctrtz'tz .

°~aC1111 (11i' a~ tlc.'~5~as t'(;t1SlCierd(a~~r'S f1C`c,',rt<1111 1n.~C;C~lI11>let,aS, SC e~{3

c°sttlda cltle fira feito n<z,o jtxntassetlaos tanll~ctn o estuclo do <Iue-lca dc» xlal>res . C)ra nac> sera riii:iril lllastrar c.c~llto cste rluelaatra~-essc~tt ttt.na eti-alttc,~ta llaralela a clue c~istitl p,tra o clos ~1e-l~ .ats, lle~~es e catiaieiros das conrelllo, cc>lblo atele e ryas sttasfc~rnlas llist~prieas se encontra i~tt<zltnente nnla e~l>re5s~o dasnlesnlas ideas lllarais c" ~e~riais e cc.»~lu, enlfilal, as conrltts~:>esdtlc o sett cstttclc7 inlp~~e ent tttcla ec~nTirnlanl o chte ate arltti fi~c:att clito.

C~1>rillcihais cloctt~llentas llist~~ricas rltle 1>c~ssttinlr~s relati~ti-rclzlc~zlte rca clttclo clas class:s stiperiores sao-nt~s larneciclc~s qle-1an~ ~" .- . lit-ros tic 1in11t~cns, al ;;~ttnas crc~llicas clos nassr~x-eis, lx-1cI'~~e111a clr~ if_~icl, vs t"+~tli~r~_~ caste~lllanrrs -do ~s.ectt,lo ~TTT(hnero `Tieja, T~tter~~ Real, ~iete E'artidas) e al;rims leis con-ticlas nas (~rdexlac~r~s cle I~ . '-~fo-xlsc~ l' . C~ra cle tc~dtxs ess~s !clc~-ctimentos ranll~inaclos resulta, rozn efeito, cltte tatn1~et11 a dueloclos llc~lxres ecnllec;c~n ilor ser taxlla fa-na de lip,>re e~~ercicic> da ~-ix1-~allca I>ri~-aela, ~asscnt a ser dehois um ~%crda.deira processo ~it--lalico e legal e foi, Finalznente, clesenz-~li-iclo o power real, ttnlsilnales l~-leio de pro~-a, nlas cc~nstifttitldo taclcr ele winch ttmprocessc~ anal ensertada eln rertas pleitos crinlin.~~is rate tinhalnlugar pc:ratlte r~ trilntnal da -C.~arte . .~a llrtsso, 1~are'lt, drtc., clttantrxas chtelo~ .dcrs ~13~lel~etts . I'ai a oi~tTrflitz. ~citle ~sttl~stituin ti ~~i~idiefa, nc>clnela clos nol~re.5, could ~>itn-ios ~-er, fai sc31>retnclc~ a Tzoazrtx nia~nartllti~ea c: rati-a.111eires~ca clue s1tl~dtitttitl essa idea e refrco~ttassini essa 1>ratica ilittlitada . :bias tango nuns caso coma zusutrclessa lin.litac~~o rchrese.ntatt a afirlna~~ca rla lllesrno llrincihic~ deintez-esse social, o;et seja, a nccessirlacle ele pac.ifirar o reino, aco-1<c, no g~remia lllnnieipt~l, e 1l name sohretndr~ de tt?-1Za idea reli--~iasa, arlui, jtnlta da eerie, can nonie cla sttllrenacia c1r~ rei c clossentilllezlta7 cle fideliclacle as trcnict . C) cluelc~ rle llctl~ra, ttnic©e~zistente mais tart-le, xi~tra te~re cle fartr~ c~utra arigeul.

(~ rhtr~lo~clos :nalxre ;;, cl<rs ft~Thczs-cTczlc/o ott infaltccies, r;c~fllc~~;ot.tpor see talnhcziz ttnl duelo hrit>ada e puraniente -e~inclicati~,-r~ .

bate duelcx, eonlteci~cio'tan~llen:l nos dc~eunelltos pcn- ~~,ariasdcsisllac;~es, tail cotno recto, lidr, dcsczfio, n~:a foi na tierdarle,

~ eia .elcd faa ~~iciez do ciireit® . jz

nos 'rziais arrti~os tenrnos, otttra coisa sen.¬icr o arcs?ilo dtte finhasilo o ciuelo <.1e bordao e eseuclo dos lrco~~s cios eone:clhos, cant.<i niesrna sirni.ficttic_;ao qu:: the vitrlos, e ncr csatal tatr~het~l delaa?-cle ~>roeurarian.los a idea de itttta interverrc;~.lo cla divin.dacie e,f>o-rt:an.tr~ . o caract:er cie tlm jac,c:a a'e .I)cP1s crtt oT~rD'czlia .

C)uando c>tttros tcatctt-iunlros nao houvessc a ec~nip>rcw~i-lo,l~astaria j~. a c~elel>re re1-)reaentac<te> dos fidaltios, clirisidt~ por-n~~Tartitn f~nnes cie I3riteiros ao rei D. ~1.fonso .C~°` cle Portual,

rcelaniando contra a lei deste nlesrrtcj `nlottarc:a, clue rcprit-uitt os

cluelos dos nol}res, para lo;-o o reconhecennos . lsta lei era, co1i~

efeito ; Por tiles tidy wino altatnente aterrtat~?ria d,ts Betts amigosforces e ~casttuiles e hor isso, na representa~~ro :contra vela, se ~decla-rava nluito expressanientc: : "Qa1e tr~YCr scDTdhrerastdlTTde aT?ti~d

E~1TZ ~©Yt11Jal (]Y1e (IS f1~j1©S-r :'a~~J 1"`~d!rItSSeDdP r7CradddirTY ~`~PI~TS TT?01'teSe desl?o~F.ras ~~d1~e fosseFT?. ~eitas a tiles c ros cio s~d1 dig°ida; . . .e c~21cclesta lei se tir?1dc:zTd l~~or~ T?dtlitv czgt~a~~ados, ~ore;?1e ~-dixo s!'Tl9E'TFfezlcr eva ccPTdtva este castzl~~ae, ~TTas ai~Tda era adti2lito c12tt~a cD ~Td2litc>,~~'ra~1e a f~ena~ e:'ela, ~r~is ~~nrecia due se eTdteTdr?icr eTFd c~d1a?r~dlerc~aso eTTt. ~21e algrleTT2 toTTtasse ~~i ;aa'Ictrr . . .'

~; esta tan-Ihern a corrclusao cJ.ue se inhere da leitura dos nos-sos antit;-os livros ~:cle linltagcns, onrie a each TFasso sur~en7 due--los e fides entre ~s 'li~dal~o-s, aeornparthacias ~cle ainl.a tal ausenc;ia.~de orrnalidades c de circunstartcias dcs urna tat violerrcia, quenao podein deix.ar clc stir consielcr-ados corno utna e~a~ressao dolnais iliinitad-o e riesenfreado rlireito cle ti-indicta 2. :Hste cli-reito de vinclieta, a hr<titica fre~i.iente dcrs dttelos e das lutas hri-vadas entre os nobres, Babe-se de recto qtte rrcto foram e~clttsi-varnerrtc ,prbprios de Portugal, pois o niesmo se passati-a -tintTiao~ c ~C;as,tela c em tc>dos cps pais~es cl.e ,.~11e~rn-Yi,rineos . ~cotnc)consediiencia do re~inc feuelal e do enfraduecinzeni:o a cluetinha -cheador~or toda a harts a autoridade dos n-ronarcas .

~l0 1ado, horern, dest:e ~cluelo hrin7itit-o e seili caracter cvficiali~~o tardarn trtti2hern etii al~arecer rros docttntentos vesti~ios tleurea inter~c-en~fio clo hocler hitl~lico nos desafios e fides e,rrtre os n©-.l;res . :Csto e, hor otttras halaz-ras ; a violenci~l das hrti~oc;s e :z as~hereza cloys costttn~es dc: entao,' de cltlc os referidos clc>ctttuetitos

r Orden . A.fons . V, 53~ 5 T3 "z Port. :~'1on . T3ist ., t-u1 . Scrii~tr~-res, gti~ . IC7j, I js cat ¢assirri .

'!7i1r ti"CZC'~ (1Ctfs ~i~~i]aal<CC.lv" tf'~tC .n4 .lill?c1, Ft< (_) 14a'9~leCliill.n 1?car Ut1i_rc..i

It :c.lo c.gttc: r~ III-eti~ic> cla realc~zct, n=cr eke tr-~~lel al-3a~~lclct tl~!~_;s-,~alllla, e (7s cE'T3t1112e11d`C3S (1e SIClelldlat.ie I:ai~L i'fl~i21 (`,S 13iC!rle'~t"crtiirO~SeIPI tat1Z11)ti11 t_t?iarlfl?L11ETrL4-), iE, Clt°SQ1C: eSC tC'.I`,ll)O, ~I3rI? 7aZel' dC"tti1"el3 e313 11It31tCYS faults cIS ilrflDal"i,~ e iL17B~'~ clC'SSes ccrlIllDIl~E=s C Clile

r . ;teti 9r)5 ;;~'c17. :,ellcl_() asSt111 lI~tY31ttlCl(DS II%~ Ifllt~r~~5C' (1e .111SL1ttllcto :<

tl3ais acleantrtclas e~ da, lr<IZ dc, rcin?.

L~1°a, sC' C', 1Z111)C)~i14'el 17Se7r C~°1?z 1"I~i~r till Ct'rtf7 II1GiI3C'Z"!t(s afl

`,Dtt1"ibr Clfl (flC1£tl (' :~a lbli:E'rt'C'II3C,£1rD r'lt~ reI 11r) :; (1t3~1PDS Clr~91C11Jie5 te--

ri~, cc~zzzcc~aclr~ a lzrczcltzrir~ve, e, halts Iizetrci~ ccrtt~ clt?c~ j~I clesdesLCtiflc~ ~1 e clc~ rc.inaclr~ cle ~L~c7nsQ ~'I cle l,i4ticr rl ;i ;; a ti-etac~ :~ taltni.less r-e~cs ccltasa~racla. ~ac~ llrca~;-a clia~t, plc>r c~c~n,hl :?, c~ cc~lehrc~4;ttelc clc Z.~ni I via; cle T,ic-ar r~c~tnl ~s it-ifattt;~ .; cle ~.'.arriciil 71r7 ltoe-atza cicz t ;icfl" e, eaai9-e ttt~s, c7 cluele~ ealta'c: :~isla<i© ci ;_ ~;nrtl~~eflc~ ea1'erc~ ZTcrflhc~, de clue nc~s i'alrc c1 nf,laili~riu clc~ (;grade ~ . Ieclr©'~ .

'3'ct2atc> tzttt~l casc~ cc~tlle~ nczntrcz, c~caltt elcitcT, se ~'L elare?nle?ateser tlliz setztiFlletltc~ cla pr~rllria ilonra cafc;Ilrlicia e c1<t Izecessiclaclccc, ttlaza n'eparar,~b~ citl<~ i3nhc"le acl cltaclc> c?j contc3taclc~res ; e elli<l,'~lll>c~s rv tallll>e~tll . e~~idetl9e cltte, se e:~tc~ ; ~ec~tllYbatenl, e, nao lzaraln'r~t-a1° a e~isteaaci~z <lc: ~u<zlrfltler clireitcj zl<t ciezl-it-~strac~~.cr dc~ dLgaise lat"c?cnra izli:eressar a di~-indade, rzaa;~ nnicatnentcv Zlara caste-~rear tzi-zla relaara~~.c~ is stt;a hc~tara, clevicla hr)r rlu~ldtter alei~=c, c~tttraiczo gate tc~ra111 hr~iitcadcrs . -11as t~,nto tttttxl case eczrn~~ alc?tttrr~sc; t-eriiic~a aitlclt> dtte es :;e direitra c1e ~-in.ciicta n~tc~ c i~L tttz-I direi-t~ arlzitr~crio e ilit~-titaclc~, cc~ma prinriti~atrlente . Peh ron.tr~lric .este clnelc~- ~: tinz clue''.o ~l>it1->lico cttt 1~eraalte atttoridacle pttUlica eest:<L sttjcitcz a relrnlalida.cles care represezltaru itleli :;euti~-elnlerltc:ttma linlitac~~ca jttrid .iea . 1e1e i-emczs c~ ofencliclo ol-~rir~"ado a ~'r~.~--fcrr' pritneira.Ilieut :e c> crFensc?r hc.rante ~ rei, etll carte s, e ~L mGe.,

3 Cerrtcar do sstio C:io' (te~ao, ~ratlz<itica c voeahularlo), Por Tlfeneiicte~~l'ida1, ~Tadricl, zrzrr, ~'ol . TIT .

~l 1~'iti . .hi~'r'o l`r~lho, no z~c~1 . .5'c'r ;(~forcs tlr~~; I'. ":11 . 1i ., p(tih~ . t613 ; e v Liz' ; ;;cro ~'orrle 1l . 1'cclvo, tit . ,;i, ibid, ut, ,iicgr . 35~ .

:> 1'nrrtnn rda C'icd, 3;,G1)s Go ; itv,Fnr.vi~ .s de C~nrriritt rlnerrv dr.srrrtdrtn'®ts ~cv~t rrtal:I ~ttr.tros clrr t'ir~(aos ttotv (n, puorlr~ cd,:rctr.

,~'oliiliario do Conrle T7 . h~dro : . . .e estc .St'ntvrro cle Cttrutello foJ~ o qucdissa ~taal ct worn :'~'turo o ~°~~(lto eim rreto finir r°1 rr^r~~1' clo7rt ~(f~orasso, o rlu~jillvotc Toledo . . . etc.

/~, p~p ,N ' F ~7 7'

°.,r l~~ :ii-d<C ~%LU i~iiifG dC~9~ if Pi-(1L~J~, f

neir~. clc) chtc~ ,ttsec$ifL rFCrs flatelc .)~ clc~ecsr3eelltc,s pidrante a tct?~1c;r-iiiacle 133t71riciT)<:Ll, fitlrtndo ai a lid tc)tT.c~ll c.> ear~:cter cle j~rea~.-a~t"iltf'1P?r1PL . ~t'l :: Z°~ila()S tPLIFtI?f'1Il `E:i.- C) 1)t-4?l)r3t) r~i :L C.le~f'rlillr!,'Er :?5

CC113f~1c;.Clic 0112 ('lt1f.° cL ~lltti (leZ'e tE'r ltSy£Lr `~ : a IliQirf'(LE 1)r1L7.(;5

sit:io 1)ar<:L ~.la aos clc)is afl~-er;~~Lricrs ; tL dar-llre~ ~`~cas c_au Ttlirf~,dlC Ca1111-)C)' ; G, C~111 .it1ll3, Ey, Pig>c :flr . ~eP4t?.f) ~, 1)rf'SI<11r ('1 ¬' 1)T " )1)rlli)

t~3,113~)eF11 Lao (_(7fli1~)ate ~' .

(_)ra f": et>idea3te c~ttf~ eats cdttf^lo 1)til~litc) e c~iic:i<tl, 1tFas cc?rascr-~,°<bp3clo <Linclr~, :~eT-rT dtit-ada, c) earaciea- de 1;1a3 fhtelo~ `°indicatiti-t-) fe~tY'an~.3o a tCD(~QD, a i(lfal, f1C t"refP'iY~Pd: . li~tC) ~)toijC (l :'?z: :2Z- C~LC C'r Ct~a3-

sideraclo cc)133o tnllaa tran~~e)rrT3acao Jesse i)Yi133itit-c~ clireato ili~aFLitaflo de ~,-inducts a clue altlclia a ri~nr~ .,entw~=~c~ Elf: -llartilFa~~r3es d.e Priteircs a~ rei 1) . ~~ic.)n,;f~ 1!l e tltte e ~.testaclo e.3~i:eLn~:rLS ctaktre ; -_ dt?s alc~sc~ ;a T3ol)iPi ;iri~y : . i; c c~-iclente°tarnl)ellt a e-- .~ .~~t~L - ., l.rf:<p~t) �1cl~b3rifL c~tle et~~_ .`~~ r=flla-e c~tt1 cvcatt-g~P1o E° a C1~? C1' r? _ 1L- li :aj-f~Lr63 C' E.~ell!QltD dL+) ~? . . trFCddS$C.)ri11it11flQ)- :)e

aE'?ill ~~PLP'~ CPG L~1r?d1S na ~t'~r1 ;7y)rtFC1~13C;1cE i-9 . i' 11ae11T')~ . ~~ ~) ;!-rSl)raCD

cfle~clc)1~raTnc:r3fo do acto talLlv~Ah-~ acltii crT3 d(~is lr-~c~li3eT3ti~_~s <ii`tia,tos e nee.ess~~rios, ® rr~~~n herar).te 1ra13a atatc~,riclrLCle (o cc~s-)cetlbf~C_%ll o YC't~ e a ~t(2zC' C)tl ~3PP(~1iiP ilf^rll`l"C' Cl~ 7~PCP .S G'1! CE'r~aS i'r~i3Cltt.'~)e5

e erL( lu~'ar .detel=ntrlado (a cz'~t~~~sfz alos coaacelh.c~s, c n lttsrar cdtteO Yel. IT7C1?C?6Z'a T10 .5 f1L1elOS ~?eralltE' a y;orte~ ; aS tCir1T'li113 ;;, et311ar1F,

e aie as Y~ala~-ras flo clew i io sin1i11.ante133ea1f :e us<L,das n,ui7 e~,~a~coi~tc) t.3o otttro 1)ar~:L poder inicila- a luta. `', etc., tt,clo into e 13en1iradiscuti~-eln~leaite a 1-)re;~-rL delta corresporldene.,ia e Jests 1>>Lra-1-elismo 1° .

1~~7 :1~a cliferenca i .l.nhc~rtante, porf:n3, exists entre cste ~.e~tzna

E noc~rta a'o Cid, z"ers. 3~;~ ; c \ohiliario citado : -e ~orqtce dazrz ..'!'ztrzaa TTelho errs de grarzdes d.us, ,~ulcjoit clrve:y dozrv t1f~omssa qice 1'tr rnefesscas ~rzans Pero Velho sell filhv. C=ej :( 7Iir2ojosa, El dcs~cclzo erT. el £'oczrzcz del Cad,nos Zstitdo,s sobre la Ilistovia dcl IJ,°rcr%zcz c>s/~a~coi, pa;}~ . ~1 ;.

q Poesna da Gid, 'vers. 3~4~, 393 e seq. : 3C~~. e seed .S Ibidesrr, Hers . 3~c~3 :

~ttand6 librar cl casrz~~o el bztcta rre5~ doze .~11~i°o;rssolns ar^sstccs qzce 1~ rrastczvorv el se las toztaG..

9 Ihi.d., ~>ers . 33a:3 :r-t "iebtot el csacr~~o ~~or main ~~ (nor trix~~doi".

Cir. I'ttero de Salamanca, j a : esta 2rirrc rue aclnr~cz itares~tc pnr esPa iizorfcJests o~azsae, srie~rtira dicreste, ervielto te .

To CFr. kTinojosa, 01r. cit., pag. ~~5, notas ~ e g.

~,'abrad cZe aloyica.cla.

dlo dttelo linlitado ~ehat?ienlos-Ihe as5inil clos nohrcs c +~ se~ttn-~c1o duelo tan~beni liniitaelc~ clos hlel.~eus do, coneelhos ; e estareside, co:zlo jra Iiecnt dito ; no caracter de oyciczl:a atte este i~i-tino revestitt no direito cias vitas e eidades, conseclitencia daLtta nlteo~r71C1o S1C} Slstelna Cl~s {~1'~ltr~'s 1)ro~'aS 1 tl .̀l]~lar 1:35 ~Clo

~iireito yeren~tnico e consnetuclin~trio, e cltte o 13rinlc:iro silo re-"i'eStttl .

:lTas a ethlica~ao a dar cleste facto e singles.1? dtte j auto clo rei e no trilattnal ela c~>rte eloaninava, c®nzo ~

sahiclo, e inais tlo clue na villa clos ~eoncelh®s, o ~elero corn a s±tareptt5ztancia lzelas .corzzias 1~~~rl~aras clo l~racesso et Izortanto, lxe-1os jzti,~os eie Dca{s'=. bra t~ois cr hroressc~ roznano~eancaxiiee elttehreval-ecia na curia .c1n ~.~e~~ `~ e c~c~tnhtucc~nde-se dtte nao ,yeriaI;or isso l~icil nezn xiattaral clue sc c1ic.;asse a clar ai zzo cltte-lo else caracter, ntun rz2eio e+n clue certatnez2te era n7ais elevado<, ;rao de cttltttra, e no e~taa9. os senti?-itetttos da hottra cava112eires-ca e o anor clos coit7l~ates seriazn zziais visor e est:.~ itltizno n2ais<lificil. de e~tirhar directaruez2te cio clue entre as classes ~alel~eas.r: certo dtte tan2}~ent as concepc~es clos direitos roniG~zio e ea-i.onieo, e znais ainda ao es,pirito cristao, z-enu~nac-a tun duel©cinclicativo, conlo the reptt~nava ttzn clttelo nzeio de prova. z~1asaqtti, em. lrlena Idade-stiledia e nwna socieda.cle Coda inzl~rel;na-da de inflttezz.cias tendais e tracli~f~es b~trharas sairlas dc~ z~lund®~erniaztii;co~ atrav~s ~da Recondttista, o hro~resso~ ~dasideas xn©rais~: da orbanizacao social, representados helo rei e beta Igreja, c~itzc nao tiztihazn t<unbenz ~LindrL a ~'c~rc,a 1Jastlnte p~.cra, ;lesterrar~de ttz7aa vex so esses usos e prati.eas vic~lez2tas . 1~, dai, eoznca xios~,oncelhos, a neressicladc cle contend>c~rizar e transi~i~° com elas,~enil~ora tarrlhetYi linitanclo-as na nedida do ltossivel e p~rocttran-elo canaliz<thas no intcressc cla valoriz;t~~.o clc otttros senti~netYtoseujcL uLilidade social era tataniCesta . C~ra, se csset~ sentinientosrran nas 1>ai~:as canla~rla;; ~la sociecla-de os sentin~tcntos reli~ioa

n ~'id . Sat~~ett~iillcr, Z:e)trbtitcla ctes kat7vc~l. T~ircltczts"eclats (tgo9), lxit;; . j~T, eC,I'ullwecle, IJr. Z'luidli/7(~ 1Ter,7cttrvthers .Z,c1t?~"lttelt dt~s katlzr~l. Z~irclzctizrc>clats(icJo:i)~ It<tg. S`u'C~,

s2 s©17re o 1~roc~~sso se,z~nido n tribunal ou fftria clo rei veja-se o adn .i-t-ati~el trabalho c?o snr. SrLnchez A11>ornoz, Z.a curia re~ia porttc~itiesa (T92o),~tGtg. 'r3i e set; .

~~ e~tt ¬''C Pick ~.°tC~CZ Cl'iJ tYe'YCd :t7 . %-~

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resca al)reciacla 1)c~r ur17 t1-i3>unal 1Jt`tl)~licr), verdarleiro tril~uaal clellollrt.t ctTY qttc a rei illtet-~ :Tllla .

C1t7C.lf) (1tJS Y1C~1)i-C.S t11111FL~5e C©?l~'ertlClo, '~iC)rtF)T1~a . Y?Li(? 1?tll'I7

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T)rocesso 1)ul~lico e legal, ells ttnla ~°ia jufYicietria llraticafla clean

to .de ulna atttcJrifleule 1ni1J~liea . ;~elifle~, P~orc n1, es,te fht~elr) lla ~ratl-

ale beneralidacle (los casc)s ulll 1)rc)cesso aprtllas aclcc.lttaclc~ iL li~cluiclec~.o cl~ cluest:c>es cle Ilonra c~ <~t realre :~;s~~c) clc ccrtcJS cria7es~,cc~ntra as 1)esoas ~1)ocie 1)retiulltar--sty- ~ ele nao tcrc`L siflo llacla9Ylais alelll clisso? ~~V~LO seriL 1)ossiti-e.l clescularir tanli)enl ncle~tigttnla cois<Y. ~flaclttela er)ncel)~~ic) 1)rimitiva, de clue jeL talelnlos,C: Se~ttllil0 a <I?t8,1 as C1ecIS~)es (la lQrCa 11a orCletll (1(JS ~a(.'Tas Se-r1alI1 C)111aC1a:5 X111 .Illl_11tCJ5 'Ca.SC)S, 1)f)~r4"eT1tt11"a, CtJ171CT ttlTl Crl~t'1'1CJ~t1C ~t1StICa, 11111a ,~llw~l~a hll~ltlellte, e tt111a 11IaT11test~L~aCJ 1)rEltlea~1o direito, o clireito flc~ lnais torte?

C)ra detie IYOtar,se qtae llacla e lllais ad?TYissi~-e1, cfJn7 etei-to, cla cltce a sullosicsta c1 :: que se tenl7a rlacl:> t .a .17be111 no cluelE~clos ?lobres a ccancttrrF~llcia <lesta cltt<tliflade do concel>wes, cle rotaeja ~=irnos barer ti=estiaios na ~dtte4a dcJs cc~alrclhos, e, chte,~, dar-sc igus~,Itnente naduele, rehresel7.taria :ae-?'~a clitti"icla taltll)~et77~.Li urlla Ilerall~a ou re~-i.~-esccncia das nlais antig-as iorlnas c: ide.Lsjuriciicas do passado. E.~en7l~los elc casos destes relati~-os a dtteloscle nolxres nF~rr fa3tanY tatnl~en7, c:ertamellte Tla historic -drt F:,-pa.llha.

C) r1?te~lo, a qtle j~L atlas sc Eez reYerenci<L, con~-ellcicJllaclc~¬~nl Y oSo entre o Ca''ande de I~trcelona e o ~,`iscond:c do C1arc.LSOnay (;c)eraus, cc)tllo 1Jracesso cti title se fle~-ieti rerc}rrer 1Jara a casorle cluaisciuer eontcat~cc~es e1.7tre os doffs r)or toclos os 1Jr~ .jt:~izc)scausados c~ sofrirle>s, e se177 clttc-icla ulll dttelo cle nol:re> e care~e cle~-e entencler conlo e:~tensi~-a ~t clvest(~es citi-i~, ~~ . G~ nle;;~l7tc~1JOfle clizer-se do duelo qt.1e est:e,c>e i17-linente curare o 1)ruhri© rei.a~onsa .~`T ~e os iil~an~~)rs c1e ;T~allcio, cell T®j ~, nuTZla -i~atc~~atiu

s3 Z'id. estc .~ :vt'.azuc), t. IT, p{i~ . 23r, noia 2.

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tallll)e111 elltn-e llu ;~ tcil11tL111 eh ;t ;(lcP, q,l,tlltc? a(~: :~ nahrc~, tE~ 1-lles--mas i(leas <1 (°Ste reslJeit(J (,ttte ~-ic~'c>raz'alal z2arttr?ey esteem ; ; e d<Ls(Ittal> SP e?1Cf)Sltl°x111 i~'t1a1177E'f2t< CC'StiC~1u ;:, ((tl<lT1t© ~(7 (h_lel(? .'lt>;~

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i-;~,ri :cs ?'a~~~is ,clc'1^71tcr1!<a ct cn9tlcs ~11r.~rtin G ;rldirr.~lr~is et 1'ctr!!s !'r7a!li.r el

ollrltis 31111111 ~ n ,i llis (~(rlatii, rrl!ctif r.h i/lsis zdd-.Iir'c`t iltj~ .rf .;crl+sil :! ., c°f (fr`rc~~:

tL%text'iis dr : Z,a;nfeio~ r,ffltc~~c'1~sttG (~rcrc'dicdltalc r~;lQ'lit., qtrcr :enfts R,rte!e crs,ret' . .

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7,; Carv'rrilrl, :il!ti;,~iicdcdr`s 1' r'rrsrts ,f!t'mcrrnbit`s del /'rittrihaclo dr .? .rlrr-Yicrs, ~faclrid, FCc) :, eitado tior L.c~~nina, ^I'urneos, 1riY;'. >._, .

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cesso 1e~ttl, c.cnll eleiio, se tinha ele cc)n`-ertica.c~, lllesnlo rt~ltser-

~-GLTldc> (> c<trarter Ele dttelc_; ~iltdicat.i~"o e de 1t()Ilr<t, conlo :r,c;alic-tll-icas

c1e ~."er ; e, se assilll era, iticil seria c12r-se ~ st1~7. ~a;tte)'alira~~io

taTt71~ea11 ~a rTtttras assulltos e c.ausas ~c~tle, -se~ttndi~, cositunes tra-

dicionais, cuja origenl ae hel-de 1.1a noite dos tzat171~as, se achati"anl

i7t-lal'lrlente dcll .trc) do seta priniitii~o ~nlbito cle ~plicar~c(~ . _Bias

aincla neste caso, a clue ele ntt?lca {(,i se~taran7etlte --iltl .horta

n~tar- rcri tlnl siinltles nleio de ~l)rc)~-a, ~ttnd~dE> Ila cl-en~a na

irtter~-eneao dtt cli~in.dade Ila orclen das coi :;a ;; ltttsllanas E. itldi-

c:i~crias, ti~istra clue essa crenca entre nc~s s(_"D, 17i,S' assim di~.er, ttE'nf',Giltra111os 2raY1Ca111eYlte r1 ~1rlllada eS7trC O j')s)ti'O e 71a 1 tir15-9n'~-1c1~1-lcia dc)s llossos c :olrCe~lllos .

i~lais interessartte do que into e, lx)reln, i:ixar :~ e~-oitle~to 1)c)s--tcriar fiesta insti~tui~ric-> juri:dica elli:rc, nc)s 1lelos fins ela Yclacle--ll:edia e corne~os dos tempos modernos, a <hlal, ccinx) se -era,n<to e lllais do cltte o desen~Tol~rirnenta das nlesnlas ideas rlueja disde a secttlo ~r se ~-inllatl7 pro~duzindo.

Dc facts), as 1i117itacoes qtae o duelc.~ dos nol)re5 ~-iT7ba so-lrendo desde essa ~1)oca, quando controntaclo colas o dttelo hri-7niti~-o sent, interti-encao dos rfris e sem fctrnialidades le~ais, clz-scn~=c),1~-ern-se cansidera~-elrnente nos se~culas irrlediatos, ac~onl-1)arlllanda alesta sua ~trans Eor177acao o prrrg~ressi~-o desen~ olz-inlell~~eo da Zaoder rea~1 . L, isto o clue cla,ralnente se nzastra, cluanto a L;s-hanl~Ta eni ~cral, sobretudo dos sells T'uel'o ~'iejL~ ~~, T'uero

T~ 1~uerc, ~Tiejo : C, 5, t : 1slo es ju~~ro de i~asticlla rlu~ : cstal:eleciri clezrz¢erador doav ~~llovvso evv las comes do r~"ajara for rcv,~oav de swear ~rtstier-tes e desorircss e tleseredaatvietttos, e por ,swear males de los liijnsdalq© doFs~ayta, qzse ,~isso errtrc ellos ~)as e asosec;arvvi.etalo e a.rrvislrld ; c otorcvarovselo artsi 1o. z{~cos a los otros coyv prontefintie;tto de hiaetaa fce s^tv nasal cw~gaivo . . . etc.

<`~ C~ez(~rtz1 ciE ?l_le?r.e~eta.~r, .

keal''' e Sivte ,I-'artidas ~", assiz7l ~cc)i1ic~ da ptrsteric~r 1e-~islac~:co castelhazl~i, a estc'- respeito'L ; e, es,peci~alrtierzte t~tran-t:~ a I'ctrtttsttl, c> clue se ciepreencie s(,l~rettrr_i ::~ 1tz j,~ reiericla leicle I) . ._lieaziso l~' c~, al~;-ttni t.elz~.iic> clept~is, das nossas (.)r-d~enae~eti,1 ~c~~zis.ir3as .

j<;c clisez)irrs cqtte c} -clttelcr clct"s aacrl>r~ s ;criretz tlr)ia i~ririieiralitxiitac:~tc> rcr-ziz a iziter~-en~;izc, clci rei my cuziheeiiiu~z)ic7 e al)reeiat-~LL(5 (lids :~(it~ IFl< :~ttL°t7S, 21~L t1~tC'r1ilIS1aC'~1CD (1t1S Silas C:C?rl(11Cc~Gs

cl~ 1c~itiinicla(le, e air sc~larettirl© ccltii a ttssistt'zic:ia. l;c~r cl~ Zirc`t--1)rio 1)resta(la a su<t rcaiiz~t~ar> . f_?iii-t se~tttlda e ri3ai, t;"rati~. liii~i-taeiic~ icai, Ia<irt'rli, a qtre c~ ,cluelc~ saireu entre cis se~~llcts tit,- e s~-e cltte, sc~~tuiclr~ creziic~s, rc~liresenta tt tiltit)i2 Fa-~ clt~ clttelc7 entrc:rze5s e~e~z~ie~ instittti~rtei jtrrielica .

,1 lei ja <trtras zrlencic,nada cle I) . _Ricans© Lti~, de r~~3, dtle>103110 ti'iP12C?S, r1IOtI~'ara 1S r~.C1t1171aC<)~y t1Z Yr©i)~re7.fl COlltr't), t1111it

stzi)osta ti'iota<~~ick clos setis rc~rc}~ i~ritile~icas; tinha lirr~ii,idr~ sc)S~zts zlzais se~-eras sanecies tc~dc~ :~ c.is rel)tv, e clesatins erltz-e; ~s ti-

Zg l~ttwrc~ Real, IZ', ~r . z : ~~it:ivz,u<:aric:?tte le>s ;rijos-dalqa, c±~ta Cot> .cc~ati?srlcrirrcle lvs rati'cs prrsicrott, e;ttrc si antistnd e clicrotrsc fc: te:aos a vfrv.r dw la fe-aer' e ,r~traraccs', do srra ss fnc~er tttczl rttt%~,; ca r~,'rc)s : cz rtccttos r'cr sc^ te;~ rtctr a,ztesatttisfad c tle sc~ <i~sraficrr. . ., etc.

do wiete Partidae, ~~21, ~ : Ri,~Cians~t los ~ijosda!yv s~~ ;ract : epsisttnl~ve c?c>

Ia(~et?zza, rr . :rndv sc rrctaat : lvs ut .os n 1rts nf :~os snlYe ~1'nt-r~o cle trcty'cictt v d~erl~~~u,^ . . . ; lci T : YiC~~+ff1 CS at ilattti :ic~ttt~7 qu~~ ,/'awc ttaa fidcrlran tt vfrv !gar Cort~',

~~rofcauttdole~ c1c la f~ "rtl~~:ir~ra c~ cfcl crlr<~c cra.e Ic " fiNc~ . . ., etc.~T Orcievanzas Realer de C'<t:;tilla : I~", 2, z, e :[~`, titnlo c~. ~m leis e do-

cutnea.tos dr; carac_tcr iuridico lrc~steric~r ---diz :~lt:amira-- £cn'anz dadas notasre~ras para os r<~ptos e lcitas qtte sc lhe~ scl;uiatn (fides), mar sem quc sc in-tr©duzis ;;ctn nesta inatcria qttaisqucr modiiicac;ofa do inxportitincia . rltoilso ~I'e:tabclecea em Pttr~c~, ttma c~rdunac;tlc~ at cste respeitv (T3~Lz), ctte des~c>stctttos nal>res : ivEts sxra :~-C~'c3rtes de ~11c<tl<t (1,3_1`{) twratn afiual restatb:alec.ida :, st:;t"c'l. ;r:w de ~vajcra (cts ;l siauitct sittzilhan+-c~ as rte .1Fcnsc~ ~. Z~ej<t ICistr~riacicr l;sjcrticr, t~ctl . ~'-, Pitr~ . ,,, e G c :~1 . tit<riua ; Tttscal'o, pa;;'. 3:;c1 .

1'; ettrici:~cr notar ~t ~imil1iatt4,st tutu a ttur~ : :r l>a.sa etn 1'r>rttt ;~'al n© tetnltrrcla 1) . ;~fcrtisr~ 7\", elu:tnd~D, pr~~ihicltw latrtlrem u.; rc^1>to :> pela lei aeiuia re-,fccicla txo tuxtcy, do t,;~Fy, ~r ;; fidaltrr>,^t reelaatatn ct>ttira ctla. :11as, au lattssa drceetn C~astela .1fc~nyc> ~,I ctdc: its rcclattnar~r~ecla ttcsbreza, em L'ctrt.u?;itlI7 . ~~fclzso l.~r tnantettz rt .i~rcritic;f~c~ elc7s rc;ttcts, atenuattdr~ cluand© ixtttito a t;rarv'idade das penas. ~`id . s:cpr'<z. Sohre a lrs~isla~:~u castclhana r,latit-a a© assutx-in, pode eer-sc Sierra ~- ti"alenzuela, ~uelvs, Tie~tvs y Z7csafi©s, i1La-d1'id; 7i3j~.

C) ~iaee~~r ..a ~~icia t7o ~zrE?to.

dabs ~~ . \este i~c~nto pole nesiito diner-se dtte e~ta lei -linltaic}o incrantl)ara~-e~nlente n.ais lOn~re, na qua reac~i~ci contra c;scostttrnes turbtilentos da nobreza, do due a le~-islacito castellztt_na -da uremia eltc~ca, e~hressa se?1~retttdo nay Siete i'artic.ias e. nasC>rdenanzas Reales de C .̀astilla ~' . Cana efeitc~, tltt~ iinico cttsr~ha~-ia ern cltte os acctirnanlerttos e c4esaiios por desi~c>rtra eram ger-n.itn~s ass ±idal~os ; e ease era o caso de o atltor de dttaitptternlelfeitor-ia ter saidc~ do lrais cta, ccmtinttando r2fae, io<ia.~ is seesconder pare a~5int ttr~ir ~t ~cF~ao cl<t jttstiea s` . \las, iC;n-adente caso e~trenlo, Codas as contencia~ e desa~-eneas clan .Grande<era herante o rei t~tte, se~ttndc~ a iei, cle~-iani ser 1el~aticlas e n<Lohae.ia hrrace~so tiara issc~ clue nao ic~sse o tinico proce5~~? ent~ .c~adnitido no tril~urral da c~>.rte e qtte era j~, seFil ditz-ida, n T~ro.-ceso rornarao-canonico .

:~~~czar delta ai~artnte sintplicidade cla:~ coisas, nao erag~orenr ~essa :a ~ciotttrina errta.o erode roam acornodada aces factet~e <1S necessidades ela z-ida real . Z'elo eontraria, o e~cessi~-o anondon con}~ates e tm1 ehaltado espirito cati-alheiresco erani ainda,non fins do secttlo Yid- c nc~s cc,niecc)dc~ secttlo ~~', entre nc~s,

z? 7?stnl?c~llc"c~ttaos e ~oeat.os hor lc^d 'cr- ;s s_rt~re cvtn r°v;¢rc~llar, dc' ttossccGoa-ta, cave rtetth.auta idalyv tacgv dc.^va a:~rtz a;vssex acoitnar sto ttos.rv setrhorvc~axvrte v;v ;lcshotv~cz, ~tue tlaq :cs etrz cira :ztc fa,~attv r. ele v:v r, seu padre o4c2ranav, vtr cz v~ualqttr~r vtrtro jaclretattc vtv hcssva, ~nr que cztate ~2r costxattc;rodia acvitnnr, tczaulreatv ometta eozno ttztelh.cr, dads rtzastda ;?rvs e clttcretitosgave ¢erctttf¬ ~~tin e a atnssa. G'~rt~, otr- permute as at-ulnas jarslitas dal terra.,actssetrt e clrna;~ndetta, [~aa~a u~^erettz cvtta~rinventv do dirt~ifo . E 1t~ts e a svosrcccarte e as stvssas ?tzsticas lhes darettzos /%entls, se~trnclo Betts rtverecisrzetttttr_(~rd . Elfotts ., fir, ~~,

a3 Podeuios bear i~^r neae fracfo ntai ;; ttina prc?ti°a de qtze o desenvoli-i-niento politico do poder real, tondo conio stta con~eq~lc~ncia a centralira;c;aoe a tnuclade da le~isla~ao do reir_o e destrui~~io da ~.trr;-aniza~<qo ie,.ctal,se cotnecot? vt operar main redo e main ener~ic<cnleni:e entre nc5s do quc etn Cia,>--"rela . Son?. desdoiro para a nobre aa~~ao Z-isi?rlia c irma, c: ponfo assente c;tte en-trc non a niatlttitaa db ZJstado, tnontada q~e1®s no~: .~, .; rein, desdr r~ . 77inis cT). ::lfonsa Iti' (insl~iraclos nas ideas do clireito rontano, e ~uiados polo dc5~--jo p©litico de ahresenl:arcnl aos olhos do vn:nctta, e :-o1>retttdo do Cast:cla, tiitne;tado 1>erfeitameni:e inte~rado e or~anizado, qtle f3ssc clnanto antes tttna in--dit°iclttalidadc moral e uaeioual iuassiuiila~-e1 para os csiraulzos7 estaea main.a.diatitacla no sets desen~~olc-imento, jaa no secttlo ~t~-, do cque enx (~ttatela .() si .nples facto do aparecitnento das nossa:; Ordena,c~es :~fonsinas, o main,perfeito cGdi~o dos fins da Tdade-l°Iedia, e bem a Proz°a disco.

ord. ::1lons . 7Uid . ~ ;.

I.~CL~i"Cid " C~2111t')ilCC7CZLG .

c?~ois tracos hex~-i irixrcaclos clo cara~tcr xi3oral da nossa aristoera-cia. ~~lexlt disso, c ;~ graxicle cUrlibe~ cle .3tonso o ~ahia, cttja ixz-xluencia ezla Pc~rtttgal xainguekxi desconhece, se e ~efi..to que lizzii-tat°rc a dttc;lu, Fazextcla ciel.e tuna instituic<io niinuciosanlente re-~ttlantentacla, cantttcla e al>czar taxtabenx de tado v seta rcvxnanis-xxta, zbau o e n~euos que contintta~-a a ~-er nele ttn2 nieio ou ccz~-Ys°c9fa"ca 1>ara se alcancar clireito har clttalcltler injustica ott clcshon-ra chte al~>-u~~itt L>ttclc.s ~L sctit-ctr ~ ;~ . Ia~ c-~;tes clods factas e~ltlicalnjai see hc~r si chic a sccttla S.tt- cleti"cssc~ sir itnlac~tettte, cc~uio cle~-acto pc~i, l~ara desterrar cde _totlc~ o clttcaa conio institui4ao dc>iilundo cla direitu. I?ra aincla c<~clrt clcszaais lxara c~ duela t.itarre.?-contc~ instituic;~~o juriclic~a. ~Zntes c1i; ~ttc,rrer, era 1>reciso care elwre~-estisc ainda un:a na~°a Eot~na cltte usse unt not°a e~ull~ra--.rtis;c~ cntre o eaeto instixtti~~o, a;; x.ecesid<~des da deiesa sociale a esltirit:o cla elaoca ; e essa no~"a iorrna foi jttstantente o due--1o instittti~,ao xnontirc~ui.,.a clan C~rdcna~c>es de 1~ . e~fonsa tiT.

~1 lei do tit~_tl<~ G~ clcr lic-ra prixzteirc> destaa (Jrdertacoes, coxx~sagracla. aos y"etos, e dizenclo cnx. elite casas estes r3e~ren-i ser otttor--gados, cliz-nos tan7Ueni a que era cste chtelo, instittiT~~.o znr~nar-clttica ehistinda su tiara van.tageni e nlaiar gl~ria das rein ~e .

Sc;gtrn:cl~cs e~la, ct cosh scin;de-se xzecessariaxnente, e coxizo ja an--tes stlcedia, etn -dais actors : tt rep~ta hrGhriautentc dito .ott acitsa-~ttetztc~, e c~ ecrxithate ott It"c?c . C) reltta e a arusac5a~~ clue u~nt hidalgofaz a autrv perartte a rei, etzi carte, de cltta~lquer alei~~e vn traie~ac,char ele hracticada ". llas, setictr~ todo este titulo clan nassas ~Or<le-nacsioes e traido e dnasi co~iacla ixxtegralmente clo titrel_a terceirc> plaPartida ~ cle ~lfonso o S~ihio, e tad<iria ctlriosa notar as ixzten--~ionais clip>ergencias entre as rlois te~to5, clue revelatlt a trans~-1'ornta~~lo clue entre: nos o cluela tinlra sofrido nas dins ~clo see~--lo :xs~-. lsta e. av hassa c~uc x~o c~diga castelhano se acln~ite ain-cla a ta~-c?r de tt'in iiclalga a rel~to c~u acusac<LU lxc>r clualduer alei-~c=c au trai~~cc> cjttc 111e tr;nha siclo feita. for atttra, na lei hax"ttt-~rtt~sa esse crcatsa~i~csatc~ sc> ~~ a~n~iticla a rcsl~eaa de, trai~ao :Eeit<zr>or clttalcluc~r Iicl<tlga c ~ras~5alr~ contra a rei at: caxxtr4L ~c7 sett real

~5 Tart . ~r1T, ,?, T .;:6 "Z)os rcGos, e Bata qtie ccrsos dev~en scev arttnrgados,"~~7 Ic'eto he lvu~ acarscrtrtertfn true ;~a~erti os fill;os-dcaho e caz~allezros hitir

nn otctro fier carte artrsando-o do trai~oitti . . .

f~d :i,'lC7 v"1CZ ^e'dfd~CY fifJ Cd'Pa'e'i~t,' . c~I

~'_,StaCl(a ~ . 1;. 5.lt~tc) gDC .7dl~' tjAZC?"-5e Q.~tle {-OI1~1Ste Loflrl a ilu hereT?(;a

entre ca dircitca c<.¬~telhatno c o ~li.rzito ~ortttt>-u~a u:c~ste; ~c~31tc> . ~~dticlo, cgt4e lic:) larizatf"iro e aita .cla . 3zo sc~cttlc: :;_t`,,, t,xri.t iza :=~.itrtia,~zcyc,it,asi sca clc clirc:it ¬ a g~rit-acd ¬ a (cotastittti.zlclo, ~aiazca er~tt-~~ t,. ¬Ss z~ca tetzl--1)t:) (1e .~~T11?ei {1C .jsptC1rOS, t17i1~G (.'Clvic .'F'[T ~'t?pfZ dl,rc',2'3?Ce<i' d ¬°Yi'Ct°1cJ dttoY

.'.~9 CY'E'cf ~'?tE'b'dC) C d~L' ~fY (i('SstdQ7ded'3'dY r~i°d' ¬ (d :af.'i'f)Yi~Bp Ct7fllttt?1tD t' ~ 1 YIQa ;~e-

~4°,7[2C14?, 2 $bo 391C5121o ~CCbZ1CD, t5471 ;t 1?I~tittltCdtCS dnt; g)ilro l~7re'.6?~ gBiL1~9h-

C~a, Sty- aC11713.L'.tCla Cfal1ao Cc<~Y,e' . .-' ~rc<i'c. ,9t' det`dY>Lt'tYJ ttdt ~'F-if> C~dZ 3sdCY~(?C~c~E'

d"C)dd2E'ltd~CG C®J?tF'tZ PY 1dC7S.S,y ~ .' . -c .- . ; .~) reps CJ d1 i?o .S,SC) D'dYdYl ~ ;Sidl'dP~C3 .

1)e recto, este caracter clo rtotio eflt5elo eoztzo i~lstiiuie~:i: .o~ l~t3ra~rieta.te rnon<lrquica e jrt g,~or cotl~lalete? ~traida tla c~rl)~ta do clesen.-tiol~>in-ietlto do hccler real, desde os 1)ri3zleiros aPti-c,res da Idaade~iodc~rsla, reiTela--se aincla c~larat7zetltc 3tos e-atttros cieta7Yles e for3na-lidades clue o ttcorllg~atAll .ati°ec3z-i . ~,s c:caisas lrass¬GC-azla-se, colll eYei-to, do se~uit°lte mo.clca .

t4natti t-ez asse~urado o relataclc~r tla cttlha rla hessoa a cltzezlzcltteria rehta .r, deti-ia clizc_lca ao rei en hartieazlar ~ : : . () rei acon-se-111 ¬i~a-o e dei-i<.c dar-llle trcz Bias 1) ¬ara ele 3-eiaotbsiderar sohreas razc~es~ do s-eu hrogf~~sitcy `~ : znas, se "resolt'ia 1ed~ar este forclearlte, o r:altador de~-ia char o rel)iaclo laerante d) nwnarca et12111a 1.115ar C'Ytt~to a1 0 3-Cl)$O pr01)rYa111ellte Cltt() CCT3I1 tt Ll .~`S1Stt31CIade do~zc cat-rtleiros e ficlal~os dc1 litll?.a~etn . ~Tesi:e rcllto cau a{~tt-same.~lt{a hai~ia, 7aoretll, al,~ttrllas fo~ranalicla.de~s a. obser~-ar.

C) rel)tztdo~r ~cletlunciaj-a gari7neiro g)it1~licamente o ccairl 1~ala.-~c-ras solerles o cri'3.lle ott 3nalciacle hratieada pelo rel)+~-t.do, dc-i~endo charriar-lhe xlaais do c,ltze urlla i-ez trf~i.ct'o~' e c~.lcit~nso, elaro?Ltificando-~:f~, ott a llrot-ar o facto, ou a oha-i~itto a ele a ~3.ta

~k3 P<ra o con£ronto repe~titnos aeltti os doffs textos . Se~ttndo as P' ..cr~tidal : riei?to es arttsczzrzietirto, c,uc ~'!.",c z2rz Pidalr~o a oBro jror~ corf~, [wdrta-ranclolo de lrz tyayc¢orv o del alctz" c, cltac le fi*~Q ; e towed cste near:ze clc a~c(~etcrr',~lzve cs 2vrta ~halalrra elel latitz ., . ~ cste r~ :c;hfcr fierze lzro a aquel corm 1~~ jczt," e,~orq2tc cs carreva 1~arcz alccarzcar dcrcelco hrra~ r1 clcl ftves~fidr ~^ do lc dc°sltonrtttrttel f2�aerntz . . ., etc . Se~ttnclo a C)rdenatc~o : s~cfn lie unrz acztsarrtento ttur fa "~c',zcds fillzns~elzlfw e ca~alleiras htrw ap ©ztt,'ca l,er eyrie ae2zsanclv~o ne trait~c~rrz,c" ra~~ fe "s" c©ntrcz Tslrc~~ ctw ensztrct srtv kcal r'istadn . ~ to2n~rv este rr©r:cze cl~' r^f©c12z~rln- j~calazv~ct dry latiin, . . F c'sttx }~c=fa !^3,r ,;,r©l ct crqucllcs, c,+uc a fdz�cs;t> ~,nr'~q;te lie carrei2~a sera se alearr~ar dircitca dra 2taalcdezdc coriteidcla, er~rttra a ~1'nssaFrsso~-v ozv sc©sso Rcal Estaclo. . ., ete

29 orden. A.£ons. lLidetsa, neste tittxlca . § 2.3o Icleart, abid.

. cea "L :CYIt .4 .F~SiLC? t1C)s~" 1~~C:Ld~ rlc°k, ll.1iLe i1 C3 Cc~,i.ST1 -~ .' . (~ rc1~ LL±-, 2° : -,, '`-~ii< :

<9, 114'it~fCaiC~ ta17eI11~'r:11 d'r3111 1BL11<l~,"rL~ . ' :'tb-^S, (11i'.Fc:i'~Clt~ S~. - ~cV1- ti~

113E1P11I'odC? ~Q111Ei~E: t:~tit; Ca 'C~31~.-tiii, --- _ ..4~'C',7. C~ibv c:L;iL~~~I~.L ~'1t1~,--

21t,a~,a tt-<ticit~rt-~~, ~ed;-t?itL~` :° e1e.1~~_~im at ','[ega . ,t'X^s j~ara ester tiaTlxa4st t-ctt t~ r:a~iaa-Dae2tt~: ;1c : e~t°cal~a_:~: tlECgltr:a~ c1v 1t°es a.1i<ti :~ ~,~ett. alai :;, :ttc

Ftc)~'e., c~ 111e erarat a~<.attC - ` . .- D ' ~airc~ t~ jtti ;:c7 Cl~ . ~t'arte otn a~ .1t1v~lc :; :~ . ~e ll~~rc'°tTl, ortta~°a 1 :-~ : clttclc,, t°2,i<<~~> c, rea cesayt~~,~;tt-311~lt~~r t' Cll~b 1D12'a1~ . ~"14'> 1~iti9irrti['L (?S t'iC~1S'~r~.FiS°ll)r; C lYlcLtlClill~, ~)1'Qer~~~<l~i aca Lca>tiiD~a4.c,, cltacy ;~-c°ral~il~atte tl~:® tertT7in~,~a ;arses cic: caDtti-cla~ a i-itdtQas-ia ~a~~r ttFil cDeles '`. A? yaostd c~ n~io di~~,nt as Cbrflc~_n<kc;c~es . esta, et°a ~, jzts-isl)t-tttl~F :.ciat dea tc~111>0 : ~a_tira ciaic=, c~ rc .tt

r,k~s:< .~ cu<tclt> lT~>r t1-ttiric)F°, t :itfa llae 2>~~tat" :F .;et- c-calavicl~, tl~as es-an.- . -- : "rig co :ac c~ g"elataclcxa- ® lei-as^~ a destlizer-s~ s° . IrEectn~,~clt) - " c r~tttl7at~~, ati o re~Btrtc~c~t- efl-a t-eHtciclo cart c~ crt~ cr rei;,tadc~, cuate ~ ":tT1~t_ttTa ~1c~1~s ct ei°a . ~testc: tilti'Lalc~ czso, e ca rehtaclcrr tfttet2z

~F 1..: E : :iit77r: i'C.rC(,)CrstlO U ,reitT(lU, (1otFC-~J 4E"~aY C) r"c,rv~aol' p~CD'tY1t!'C t''d`r7Sy'if ::

171~dCaia'.Cr?t"c?, 4'Staatd4) Ib8-Q' :rLlaB C.o Si2Ci:lJS .aoF ¬? Cfl'~"a11~'i%'oS C7 r? ,~~4dr8lrJoS de itlr-~

laajesz, cii,~carr:'o et ;z esitr, saaarcirn : "Ser)hor, ~rtlatxo, ca~-aileiro oct iidal~;~o, c;uearlui esiiz crate a ti"ossa ..tiCercce Tez ou traxutor, tai inaldade ota trai~~~~n cor. :ir:a~~. ZTosc=a I'es :eo~~ ou ~'osso 7t.ca1 T?:~tado", cliserdo c cl^clarr< ; :dQ l. ; ert°o nii~zaaldade qtxal ,('oi, e como a fez, "e poretn cli<ao ccaxtra elle qus: he trecclor ;e se ne ;~ar cu Ilro clnero prol-ar laerante ~rosa nlercee ; c sc the nxais ~rou "̀crlic?ar conlis,o sore ello en canxl~o, eu lho farci conheccr e diner cn elle, ouo tnatarei ou o latxcarei fc5ra dclle Por ~-e?xci.lo", Ilrid., ~ ~ .

3z T' o retado dez~e s~es(zortdcr an rctador cada "uc,:; rhre lire clvats7av irec-dor~, crtfe neexfe, ca (~ois a doesta do (~ior e zrtais (eo rrorrre do txrtndn, srtaina=nrzcrrtc pt=rante rttis, laoazesfaarzerttc, e cova ay2tiisada. raafrtz llve pock e .~e~'e~~es(~orader cadcz r "ez qr:e rnente. laid., ibid.

33 ~ atce este fctai()o ~odera o re6-ada escolher o jrzi~o da cet~te ors a lidedo ca~a.(~o, ccs elle tanm drt c attra cste (~esrt(ro saer co7rstrrrtgddo Beta lidar.E ¢ara res(~orcder ao ddto rctartaeittn dcz~te lzasrer tre:~ d2txs ettc rue ha~c~t't-cE decs:rolhccr cacla Ivtasrta daqrsc"llas curxsas qrse llte zatcris (rrottz " c~; e se xzzais tex;a("odP912C6Yt~daY, }~odeszaos~llte dar atacc ry~co~~e dias; cottados hi o. p?~istre~iros trt; ;_ . . .,etcctera, ~ ~l .

f)~tancltx lxelo durl.ra, cra est.<~ a icir?.uula cP1re cle~" ia prranixt>c.iar n rctx- .t'.aCl(3 : tr "St..1E16r11", f~t4larL(1, C(XZ`allC~lrt7, fj2~6G' ~)rCS4'7lfu' CStrY, 4lZC IrtC C9r~l(~adf) ~~i,'1'a41.^

lc, 1~c>ssr ~llerr"ctr da Prccder', )-t"taarln~tare [nor elln, qltc rvra jcrritx cnrrh~"ecrJttc lidcr; c P7ort7ttc crtv tr)du o qrlc crrrclra rrtirn. tli,r.rt: ntcrttio, /lorcvv cix the did©e rt's(>nndo ,brae cnt todta zracntio e tuetale ftrlsarueraCe ; e +~aYtlare erra tal rarfsa~roarr sent. eul(~clrlo . (~rtt.:;e~ itte dr; litiar cr)na cllc c' dt;fcnrler ttziathrs fa~sta n. haldtrde .~9ssirle I'ossn a;~r'^rcce o luftar c o dicx Ixoraxlr e rzucando hrzitr rie. sccr, ca cat(arcsfes sotn (era a erarr(ao". 11)id. ~G .

3~ Partida V7 :1, 4, 4"

~9 (1'8it.ifi b :C~ a`i :eelt~f) _le~i'?tt? . ~c~''

llf'.rCl~ C) j)N~Ii4S ht:)r St%149 Lt'I :_CyLttiC:~L.1t1a~ ~)1iiw ;lr ?a (y ;1t: ~t: ~7YCil)11-

iAlAc'~, ~i.=ffT.C1~ cb 1~ei1Q_L C) 5L'Y ~,1~? :i �T,~P,CPiCi 1~iC1r ,~'Uln~ ~G-'7 c1 C~a;5ilAt't'`u:-SF' 1DY1-

l~licatAieYSte, ® ~ictir hrid-a<lc~ clcj di :a-cit® clc :(a~ ;_r -~,o~: - _; rc.g>f~o~CirrAlltn.tfll<~U Y3cA ~t:1Fi ~AiDSlra, C)SA C~.1Y:Cl,?, p1.FtC9 C~tY~rLY1Clt: °9,- .='1-~ . :-=i-~e, C)

:~c:r e~l~a?i~o d~, uc°rrtt e sAacio T)e~r iAAitp,;a,~r~ "" . ~e o 1.~-'_;.~?an rcli_

trt,tlor e s,~etAt;ic~cs, Gic;t~t°~ e?At<icA o r-~ t :_ __ lire c qi?iic~ c~tu ~tc~u a-6,LL+~, i~T~y;;p ~~ 4' ~;°~YAC:9C1cD CD ril't;<1C~o, lT' " aP.Y71.41va c~11(' c~.Y>1i23;~'t11i1' 6_'A1fdC::?a? ei .ca 1?TOrra; 1?~, 1id~. otz gAiic~ e . ; ,-1~~ c:l~c~a citt 1z~ito tt clc~clirer .Es ae~ i~a~sca cit,c ?ao hrirAAeir- _ .~, 113orretAClc~ ~c srt . ,de~-

¬ ~.1ZC:1-9 C~C' ~1G.'~ lfx,11?lilltuiU .C: 1~e'ii-: 11Q, ~l ~i~ti7, ia, K`t11,~i~A9 b7-, , -'-1STlcloy

:~e . t°ev.3e:iclo e :>c cYcSalia, ~ er1~=i ~ eV ;:~Ic~ qac;~r alci~c;~~~ ~. ;.4~~ :cicrr,clestc°r?°ac-do ~A~:?ra, scraihr-e c g~eY-elerti 1A?ctac~lc c4c. tc~cbos os s -t1 lera:~, :iatior C'AO r~4 `~' .

o~ ;~t:~ G) Clt1C:~0 a Cafe C11aZA.1a121oi 11P~t1ttilCao tT1d~t)eLrC~tlfl~a ~

c~lt~, S~ e, eY°flcl6`F1tE;lZletlt£, Tta StY<L f'stiefll('Ia, (p IlliC .SZ110 Cli~:efl© Claims

~i~~trtida~, cl~. :. ,- : n?ci~~ :"%r .`r°a"r1s ~c.rai ;~ de C"astc^la, c~ 11ie~iaAC~clo ;C;id e cl~: ., s . . ~::,1?oi~ali<trios, contttrlo 1?cps a~~rc~cl~ta t.ar~~--l;e'rzx, ctt~tY~do c~ -1-ar-on.tad.o cc~nz ester, al~tltx~a ~o .i.a de taod-o ac: ease al~;trtlia cc)i~a cle no~,-o r; jt2starrzente a not-a lianitacac>cltae asvirn sofre a illsiitttic .°~ro a).Ati~a ~,la sttet ~t?D~o~rdiAArac<tc~ao ini:eresse 1)olif:icn clc>s refs . llaci e ja so a re f:ri.~aca d.ct stmt le-itinAiclade a tttn tnais IiYAAiiaelcj r.itlrlACro do 2.asos qtte o carar-

teriza, ccYtna hers .I'artidas ; intt~ <_aracterira-o tatrAh~nl e acinAade ttldo a st?a adahtar<ic) a detesa clo.~ ilAterecses dtt nlo~narqttiape:1a natur,ra especiril de:5ses casc)5 d~: lesa-?jzagestczcle c les~c-.~iczt-Yicr ci~i cltte aper.~as ele e atll~iitido °g . O clttelo clan C)rde-

36 Part . VII, ,;, ~ e tit. y, lei 3.:Part. ZIII, q, q. Cir. .1.it;~n)ira, alit . e locrar cit .

3S Exetnr~los de a1~,>uiis duelos dei:e ti ;)o e; ein due se ~Tcri£icam e oklser-t-a.m al~unias £c>nnalidades legais dos tutor re£eridos, Foclen e-cr--sY uLtsnossas crbnica5 . did. as croaiicas do I). Illins, 7J'. ~lfonso 1~' c 1). l+ernandcr,na I carte das C'hr~ttic~rs coos reis de Z'©rii:frcrd, de TJtzarte Nuires cle 7, .ircr~, t . II,1?iue~s. ~~1., rq~, rig c .,,, >. 1'iai . t¢L1n1~ern Cacrn~o l.o~l»s, G'darei;¢icz d' .71-rci.T) . J'c~cza Z, cal¢ . ;r ; T~~~ :u~ ~-h Lamas, C'hr " r~)rien do T;;thcrc~dcr; " G?ctrin:3~l,eCn, T,ca~a. t3 e i>anii<io .1e ¢ ~, ~ ., C"lvrerricea c?e "~l . 11cr¢¢~ae!, Il, c. G.

I7c .rests, i_~to cram, se, os reis tine podiam autoriLar ester duelos c ~iccrca~h~ 1?ara, e1cs . ~Tas, sendci este ei~identernente unl direito do rei, o mcsi~lorei todia cor)cecle-lo, e as gores concediao~o, a comas t~assaloa;, coma lhc~.>concedia os outros direitos toms . (~rd . 1>_ions . T, Cta, r~ � e 1I, a.1� ~. E;ni.re

C-tx~?s'a~d a~a~ '1.7ra~?ear.~rt .

flRC;C,°oes e, ~C11S, tfl11d n<)1'f) a()SLI~)rill?fl1sSC" E'Iitre C9S ~e11~P)s II1titInirS

fIe? ~'dI3C11t't<L l~rld'afla, ~~1C'la ti"eZ Il',a2~ a113CTrC3aCaC1(~7S 13~.1a;~ dCDTCF1s

Ud'`addlZ~iClfrrf's (la sil~.li'datlf' e ~ ;ti eZ]~~I~elad~ C1C~ e~P)lr?tc> I1~CiCi~:r-

ndca, defcdzcliclas f~elo 5-ei e l~ela I~re3a . L; ~issi~l~ c,r.r~~c~ rags sr,tz .(~zPl~c~s, ca~trc, ri :~ c~lrz;~~c° :~ Pac~,^~.tfllarc~`, ~z ,-nfl1<z trah_sforl-dz~te,=ic> cai sc1-1yrc:ttlcl~,r att,~ifliacla I1c~fl- zfllr~a ?clet rr.li~icsa cltfle ind,~~lirfl cr cltflelcaI)al'a aS r>rC'jCTiPe'~S, aSSfllll eflltre a~ ~.1~L ;~. :eS 11~P)re~ eSSa tb°~4fldti'Ic~p-_

lddac~~o Foi aba~i.liada for trim idea hc~4ntica cqtbE: o in~helitfl c°acl,itiVez 3~aais tiara o calazl~o dc.?, seiztinzeadt,r, club 17c~Atra e cla li~lclacPc>fl11C~&d;tl"f1t12C~s .

lie restc>, sctnclo aincia esta titltifldta iornla dc~ cd_ttelo tflni nodocc:zrdhrcrzt~i :~so hacttlaclo e~latz-e s~s costtt`zdzes e as iclcas ~rle 1.1Tt~,haa;;adc1 Fetclal e as nc~~ a ;; e~i~~neias cl~ csiairito das socicda~cles ldzr~.clerlzas, t~can~-eln ncaar dtfle ela rnesnla n~o pcxli<~ ne~~~dez-ia dtTraa- .m~is clflte o ten~I~~ necessario y~ara qtte else nlcan°aocslliritrl e as institui4,ve; rltie o re~resentavatn acal~asseru hc11°sttP~.jtt~'ar inteirarncsdte as 1:x.ltilnc>s t-esti~ios desses costtllzz~;s ed.essas ic_leas . l? ioi i;;to o dtte se cl.ett coal c~ dueler, relati~c-all~entea cata stla itltirna exT~ressao jnridiic~z . Toho qtxe o l~reclt~rni :.aio~1c1 Paoder real, desdc I? . Jo<~t~ IT, c~ c~ dcserz~-c~l~°irtzerh~cr da cen-tralir_a~~o n-ion<zrqttica, rlesde I) . ~Iarzttel, nada rnais t~ij-eralrdi <L1-ecear, esta mesn~a Iarma rice d.tzelo estati>a, .de facto, ~cc~ndenad~ae dci-ia desal~arecer .

.1s C~rdenacc~es ~Iaratlelinas de t~.:1, coin efeito, ii~.n ret~ro-cluziranz a lei das antcrio:res C~rdena~t~es ~fonsirzas sohre osrehtos, ndas Iiniitaraln--se a decretar aT>enas vFlriasrrcnalidades,nt~n~ . to~i1, de recto, hastante official, contra aqtteles cluck "fi,~esscrndr?safiris" serra especial licent a d:o rei '~ . F: no lnesrno sentido e

c~s clireit:~s ?n~.;-e.,t<iticcs fi ;rnra� ctrm efeit~ : c7 clnr Lts~tctr av sc far"cr~rrt er~rncrsde jcar~c~, ntr a'c^ srrxhcr rat,°r-c ns rraiucstacios rr tcer ccr7nJO asttr-e c~llcs .

'raarihenz c~t;cls c_ rsetnplt,s rlc : rlt;~los corn c~hserrirtzcia cl~s me.>ma; fc7r-r~t;tliclrr.rlc~pr~detrt ~~rr~~e nn j{L rcfcri<lc~ c irtterc~:asante tr~halhct de TTrru~iqt+.ctie l~c(;'tuttn, 1'orrzras, jittcfct, ric'jrtos 1~ dc~sttfirts (rc)cr~l, 1~ :L ;t . R~ e sc ;;' . ; e qttcc . ?itc :;taur 4.~°rcnu~tii«1 cr :t ~xmcc~ niai :; ntt zit~n~s o qttc sc? s,c~;~ttia tattt1retn nnclYtrlc~ ,c~;tutclo ct esiilct do l~r~tnca, 'c^~° ;=e cle ttnia c?ltrn d(~ t~fcttler x~", mssittrcliia, lt'cc~/~ilcteintt rlr> ,ylzjr°icv ~~ laottrtt lrttntclttrta, har c1 c;altitata C~ttrttlatx, rttdve faz refer~nci:t c~ me.,mcr f.~~'ttiua, a x>it#r . acs ;t R;~ .

39 C)rden . 1I'a?tuelura, ZA, q:; : clFCrcnaeuto :~ c~uc trinlvitca bessotv fir, crtraZqur~rcottc?irrrfra eda{c snjca, a.c,cinv ratrssc r?crt4rrctl erg?rto extrctnjcdrn, ~nsfo qur, scjac :fficirzl rl'carrncr,r, ern seu rrrrrne ntr ci'nutrcrra rvr3o seja two iJtrscrdn, qtar? eryrt Ncrssos

QIF6'?t) iil Z'tCt°CZ CiU CXZ,r"(il$t) . c~' ;j

1ll3F3,1S CF?C1°~1(:11nlellir', uc9r111ttltlfl°a11I 111;L1~ trlCC1C a5 <i ;".'1e1111CC>cs .~` .°~-fl :itT)flt7.<l.s, cle .i.i)UJ, a 31.1c'a111F1 f1t?11tfl'111iE, lr~1o reterY11C1C ~L1 SC ;~11er, CC)Illt)

r1~ 1111tvrflCires, 11etll 111e111C? C) C.aS() 13ass74e1 C1C tlnla 11~.C11C:a eS-

heciafl <i;a rc~i. lxara o dtaeflo =°' .

cya:,e entre ulo.ltts e otitras °~r`_le!,ar2)es eatad~e, llist~~rica-

1~lyenLE:, Ltall. $cY,C'.tCA 1i1113o1`~ci,niCe &' cltae 4°(1flxFen3 tarlxhe111 lx~t() eSCptte~.c'.r

('C~FI1C~ :~a4a®r a a(aalal' sCA1Jr+' a trall`lt)'r1xxF'~6;F3.(? Cfl~, ."s 1(lea~ cll, ~gte

res~aeito : seta;ca, ist:o u, o C(~axcilio ~dc. ~1`reFlto~, rec~el)ielo coaxxcllei cio reino eln z ~ci.1 ., c®Fal a errs e:c}1)dcarac9<ic) ~carlllal cle tcd~tseiS 1C)r311r~S Cle Clitelo ~'~, e CSta;ti<~lll alflxcla a~ Con.~°stSiaal<~C')eS Slno-

~ais dr~s JCi;~lxa<los ~° . Ii, era eflax ti°irtuele (1e tvcY~s estas c3.tasasdtae o citaelo t.illha realnlente dei~aclo de ser, eltaiilll, ttnxa instittii~~.v jtariclica, para ~xtassar a scr ttllx cringe, ~clescle vs lixeadosdca s~culv ~t~r `"', 11~=dv llle restandcr deeds ent~%o cvlxlo retai~-iovutrc~ terrellcx cltte nao 1'c;sse o clo costs"tllxe e (> <.ia ile~-aliclacle .

Ulal tinicv hc>tlto, a dtic; cle rcsto jai alttcfli~lalvs, rests ailxcla tvcarnla,is es~eciahnente. ~ .y;ste daaelcr das C)1-de~flflac(res -_~~tvlasilaas ci tixxnxeio ~clc: 1)ros-a :~ ~1~: unx hroc.esso jtadic^'tric> : ~eFiclc~ ttlna instilittlcao jtzricliea, ,en. cltte grulxc> de il;stituar~,.~es do direito lxta-i~l.ico atx hrit-a.d.r~ d.e~-e elc ser inte~raclc)'

Ja atreis c rtlais do ytte tltlxa cez !'i.zenxos <z ~Liirnlaa;ao de cagesate ciuelca fllsiv ioi rltillca t~lal n~eicr cle l~rv~-zi Processttal, helcrlllenos lla cvlleeito jtxridico-social que v irlfornl<a.~a e nc) sen-tido cle: 1)ro~~a t~rc~(zlitz ota jttizo cle L),t,so (:olrlo ~inxcrs, era jtas-tatlxente into clue v tazia ate distintlar dc) dtte .lo pohrllar ~clos<.-eancelilcs 1)cartta~tl~ses . Nav sv; c:osn ef~cito, rrvs cc5di ;;os caste-lh.an.c~s tat ~cara:(°ter +lhe nao ~e dada nunca, cvl~lc> ate rlas lxvssas()rcle.nac:~es, corny er~L nattaral, e.~l)rcsaanle.ntc se clizia cittc lntE~--tai yews os illocerltes e seln cull)a perecialn lxas licies irljttsta-rner_i-.e, s.enclo o lxlesma elite tenttar a rleus v (,lltercr clue l~le

Zicz_1'tarzs e .Sezzhnriczs, searz :1'vsstz es(~c~citxX Xie~zzaa cz aafarida~'e, r(zfe e descrfseOtt~l'O, (72t~ U 5'CL(i4CZYfG ~~tG?CY~ SC Cfliib CXXc' 1},Cd2`CL~ . . .

:do Urden . I+ililaiuas, ~`, ~3.~,r Tricl . scs :: . ~K, c. r~.~r: ~'id Coast. d~ :[~i :;pado de i3ra~a (rE39), piti~ . 360 ; Coiist . do ~ispado

da CabY~trcla (r6R6}, pa~~ . 3~~ : Consi: . do 1~ispadc~ de T~ame~o (r639), pag' . q,lc~ ;-oni . Lisp . do :~lgarre {z6;q,), papa. ?qi : Conat lisp. de T,isljc~a (r6;;6)p~k'~ ~+q~?, e Cc)ns1~. ~~isp. de Porto {rCF~;}, p.`t~. 5q2.

=~3 C)rd . .~ic~as . .I, fib ., § ~.

> t-~t) (.°~le YtTfa_1r(.'idr)ia~ieP1CT .

SL11C)11S" ;.'~~C; (r(' C) .dfl":iY L111T i_'1ra~e- ;' a -- <I1~';t?C'I1I ' . 4~C', r :~~4-~, i.i 4)1f~'-

?S-1( .° i114'~Q) c~d_: 11~1r~ dlilStdr 6_17 .1e L±' .- . : '._.anC1QZ0 f) '~L'f'~)'~et,Clo, yF,)csl~k. `er

cltaalo i)c)r ir~~~i~+~a-, sll~.~ per slc~c" ; .:-`:r?o ci11e elc: se cic.4ctiss~ .sse altsd'1e1?.1~DO, ¢1IltJS~9"cL 5t) l)c~II' ~l CiLle ~Ste ~t1e~C) 11~C? er<A Z1Y11 ~111LC'v atie

~~E11,; C)l_1 1aII21 11l¢'1~4) ~1.C'S~1t1~L :~i:) Ql t111S"i~c'12r d) ~C'1t ll`r'.9~C-'? ;lt2tlilpo . ~_. 4 : :JII-

~11c't) ~aalll~els.l rc~J.)eti,ials ~"c:~e~ ;;c: el1Eb?slra tai ~f~ cltaelo 1)a-csz Qa ~~,

~'J~ i°rrr~°al, e~°i :ldral~e ciaad3 <l e~i~s-e :~s<ir~ ~f7a°c~'~~cz e cl~ad~. ~ao~ clo-otasaleslto~ a c:btc~ cfifl_irlo d~oala a~all ;~c~at~ .ielo Y~asi~,al~e ~y~,~'o e ~;eas~rieco e ebr~ lalescio ~el.;~t'ull cc,lll ca bes~tici¢> c°sgar~a~i~l ele 1)s"o~°~, Ala~,~iciti-rial ~ar~a~dc~ g)Elru~c: cita)al i~rt7 :~e~so s°e~;-atltlr, ec~ :z~++ j~a ti-iia3os cluealcovltcd~ial noy '1¢)Y't)I5 . i )n-al o cYuebo rfl<l.a Cln-ci, -1~~- ~ ~ :-,: also '1 :>i aladar1SSei?, 1T7~J !oi 11811`C'S ele 1)fl"671)fl'df7 2FE111~De131 11711 S'~-l"r11E,C1eIl0 1)1"C)C~~-:~o, t?aa ldt'i'iFc°s~tYJPtj ; ©tt, c°1 CI13~y-~1' C.hr'1S17c1rm111Ca 1)1'C)~`e'l, Y-x231<l z)r©-aYa ztla5 eoal~.is9:ialclo lztagrl pz°c?~ec .~~ ~, elll cjtle o £i113 cltte sc gislllaet11 ,~ibltl c°ra jlawi"asrses3ir: 1~ .zer s-- x . : ;::.11 ; r e ~®y- ey f7v©°~~~, £;or lncioele sla-z3~ lt_a~a eslc<lrs3ie~,~.cla ~ c~'~~aailleis-es~~,, os sesltialzeslto~ cl~lloa~r~, e da Sialclacie titan i ors~nlatt~~t.13 ~, essE=xlc ia alloral das rela~t:)esde ~-<lss~.ahl~;clla elltre o~ ici~fl`~c~s e o s-ei s` ; . :p~;r~~. medi~aaste ttsn~, t~.~ci~~s, in~oracao :Eei~al al. e~se~ sesi:ir~le:s~tc)~ qtae se hroti°~~Q~, ealac~s1 eierda .ele ~lJjecaie-a~. Bias acit~~cwes, ~eflo zlaenos a, stsa c-ercl~rlesvl>_~ecaitr~ e tdcia `.Moral, ~elal kis-sl~cr~ cl~ c~r>s.tiicc~lo r~oall claie elseerals~l £eit~,~ e cr)istc~tac~tl~ r~r~ta-r: o~ a~:cyllteslclore~.

T~: rl.,t.e cite d?lelo ertl llsib L-erc.ladc~ia-o g)roz.es6o, e procr~~so

Cdir. 3'artidaaE, i, a-, z : strancra tl~' ,~vtfc'i7cr t's, sccrraa cctstJrrtrhvc cls 1:s-~laiia, lcv ded 3cee rt^tre.JCC ftc;,ea' el 1¢'a7~. . . rfn e :' rtlJ°ta p,~rriNtx r°d dt'~¢~~ arv ?er ~rtaar-elaa°ir fa.~t°r. .

.?.7 7? fs°izatite nete sentaclo o <GRte ~c : i,~s :aau no vritia¢lo cle 1~ . 3~it2is com~s rid<atles ~ t~ilzts c1c7 a°cittc) tao szl,ea-etz t1aants-inacs tts°clid~s ^,?clo iniatilc~ . :1rr?ttso e tt~ ttoticut, ;rrr, ;arladat 13¢°lc~ ., isdLrtic: ::c-icas dc:*tc~, dc ; :ittc t? rc3 ett~~i<tr.Jttttla ettninaiti~rh <t T~rnitt, 1ec .~.clo rats-1~ts elad=zs lea?r trpttta e dnas ciclatdes,a ,tctlin- ~ Icr;-iriatari';C¢o clo hctsfarcla~ ;1G+ats ;r, ~. ;ttzrbttz <n st iixterdic;~LO t'~.,r c1+ "~ilt~nriat ~l . I ri .ari ;st. ltcre¢Ieia°n . Vattr ;tct " c~,~unr, ¢liz ct cr,~ani ;;^ra, r, rc" i notificott esteEarn) < < icl<~clrh c' ~,~slsts ctu q° .'^'tT.o a' c" atct~', tttrut~it_r ;ttat-Ilte lco~ya7 iau-,trrttnrtrtc7s

ti~~ ttttti4rt listlal ;t¢t~ "u ;fi°~" atac,trrln f-c;cra e717r? '~t~t° .ec ~; ;at' r" r,rarY7t~±r'virra 1'111 eraat9~ri(G fr2rtY~ESff+r~tt'Y r;ttc' fOJ£f .Yi.~ ¢`l~ a°s'1' t' ~ . ~"?,'F°ai .fc'!{,C :" ;85'S~?r,,4 f :r :,S fi"fl%f," ~~'c' .S ;td~7Ct%Yfl21r,!t?IP 8rt6?rift ~:r ;',4,`gT°t1tD, £rr'4 ., e'?pi',ti , etl° ,t'r^ff .5 ?rdt?;?fr~ltS' tr.i . .'ar,tie'i :F~ri°~a~ . ~'141~ l,P~lrl,

('ht-uardrfr, 1, l)a,_>; . ~i.l .~G :-iolnre toclco; c:~ios pratt"'o ;; . aid ()t-¢l . r0~t^tt ;; . 1, lt)r:n cif . ; zL :,ett{ctt~~ tlo

1-c°i, claa raia,tt tie jtt3~<7snc'?t9r) a r-+ds°c'1in, flcs-tnnin¢at'a ~:>s :Jt~ : . . . {7c7a°esaa c.'ft.tJtn.'h?g~faY Pve~cluv e 2t :rrrttlfz;ttas r?a±e catrFr ;ri r' ;tt. eiif¢aa'e ?a :r ,yr:+es' f?tte fteJatr,?~ ;F+~t- Iazez'vc'2ra Carom' a?t~ ., ~er t7v, teals fr :rtt rp ?c:? ort~. c~ c " , .~r 1t?tr?nt?~° e frtcar,otr f]ae !"es.

~' C~~i''dJ bllG 'c"dtP~G' i~°C7 C:ttEdi(J . ~°

~ttclici~il-icy, coAasi .tuinclo t°_3aa illstitt.~ .ic~io c.le clirei?o latil~lico doterall>o, ~~-se 1JeA1~ cio 'aa.cto cle ele ser cl~z .do laclca, lei c~°tac~ ta.~ :~tL~sfl;GCie cfle stzcecl<a.ra.ec~ clcrs va f? :.v©s cc~, cciri~, laa~wr<.ti :t ~t-4 uri~~l<t~:1oc'aaltcztc;iosa cldz ~-erclade die c.crto> (::LC.tos, e ailacla ci<t resttiaraleta.-tct~a:~c~ alaiAatrciosa e do cc}111Z~1c=to tar<tcter jtrri.clico tic re~este,~,t aao direa.to c~astefllaarlo, ~Qi Pac; lac~ritl~yr~s, e111 is°c-- " ' ~- seas cfle8:a~9Yaes e e-Ieitos, descfle ¢L citaLC~rzo dc~ a-c.latacflc_> ate. e~ , .--ateta4~, do rei,S.)s setae t~ra~os, as sues lo_~.n<~,licjades, a ina~Ta~.'i~l.~el ordella cflosBetts terrnos, as stlas disa~~-~:=''-- rc^latit-~s a re~-~lia e ~L cltaali-cfladc e c:olldicc>es ~, ctle old°.-_~a3 Ayr-~ecl~~c°c~l- its Zt~ri:es liti~'~aLaates,sac,. ~~, faado isso raos seta lalc~str~~Aaclo, coin eleito, dtte cst .~dttelo era, et11 sttzala, ttilaa ti-ercladeira ilastittrics~io ~rocc;astt~l eairtda dtte e 11e1e ta~lalaeala clue de`~etTa+-~s luttscar- a ol-i~e111 do tTOS~terior e lasoderlao tlttelo de hoAlra, cltte caele la .erclotr, seAlao o altosellti_flo ~ttridic°o c laolitico; 1-aelo Aneaaos o c.slairito tLristocraticoe o i~recolaccitr> <le tanl~, aaoctio clc 1ao11ra te~cla c~onz-enciolial efeiia d.e cslzirito do chest: .

:; :

l!~rn rest~illo : o clue dei~a111os clito sc:~~~re o etlzil-itc7, o con-ceito e as trallsforiF7arc~cy 1Aistc~ri< :as do dttelo dos laolarcs, clesdeos hrinleiros teralltos ~a3a liio~ractrdtaia ate aos iinls do s~ctrlo Cdr,lt~.rece-ric;s titre colafirlata tuclo o qtse tcai a<L ~LC_ltti aiiraa:laco fz~~rcade.ata illstitui~ao elltre as classes laopttflal°es . ~I'a11to ttAn cornczc=afro dtselo ioraAra tLfin Ll ~t e~ha-ess~to, ratieada soh c°cirias f<~r-inas nos costttt:nes c, laths leis, cle ttm rzedarerlo r!tinlero de ideasc; de rectos ftzslclalizetatai.s, c:pate ~LCO111ga~t1lhear~~la . c.ral todc~s os tenl-l~c}s a tTicla dos h.oll~eras ears. sociedad.e : os ilastintcys il~ttar~ .is rle~~izagaraca, o -ettlto ~da forest, a c~rellCa sttpe~-st.iciosa rla i1-iter-te.n .<;ao <lo di~-irgo na decisrLO~ dt,s ccariter3clos clcas 1-?,c ;rnclls e, elll~fi11a, o selltirl-ierato 'da lactAArcL zlos ilacli~=icflttos . e clas -c~l~sses. tollla-cio cc>1no ~itac~l~~3e~z~Pc;y~, c~~tt e~;~oent:c:, c1tL ,~u~, s.ttlaeriorida.c3e 1-1a^Fflal~tactLO a cert:os ~r~cicas clc iclc~tLS 111orttis, ter~ailct.~ lacer co.LCli~

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