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7/30/2019 OSU gridFUTURE Presentation
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gridFUTURE:A holistic vision of the future energy grid
OSU ECE 3040
January 11, 2013
John M. Schneider, Dr. [email protected]
Technology Consultant
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gridFUTURE
Well rooted in power systems knowledge, grid operationalexperience and a fundamental understanding of existingand emerging technologies. Technologically achievable, but not commercially viable today.
gridFUTURE will never be achieved Constantly evolves as technology, the economy and societal
needs change.
Current Smart Grid efforts involve near term tactics, which
will gradually evolve towards gridFUTURE, again andagain and again... Forward compatible (No Regrets Strategy)
A holistic vision of the future energy grid.Primary electrical energy source through utilization.
Vision must precede strategy, which is achieved
through tactics 2
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U.S. 2011 ElectricalEnergy Source Profile
Energy Source Mix
45% Coal, 21% Nuclear, 20% Gas, 13%Renewable, 1% Oil
Total Generation
655 GW Utility, 408 GW IPP, 76 GW IPPCHP, (1139 GW Total)
Consumption 38% Residential, 36% Commercial, 26%
Industrial
3
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U.S. 2011 Electricity Flow(Quads, 1015 BTUs)
Grid Net efficiency31.7%! 4
Commercial 4.50
Residential 4.86
Coal 18.04
Nuclear 8.26
ConversionLosses25.22
Total EnergyConsumed
40.04
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Losses & Efficiency in Electric
Generation & Delivery
100
coal electricity
65.5% loss ~ 4.8% loss
Generation Transmission
~ 35
Distribution
electricity
~ 33
electricity
~ 31
~ 88% loss
End Use
Utilization
~4
~ 5.1% loss
Adapted from EPRI source image
5
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Waste Heat The 31.7% net efficiency of the U.S. electrical grid,
implies that 68.3% of the primary energy consumedin the production, transmission and distribution of
electricity is wasted primarily as heat rejected to the
environment.
Remote location of central generation
Potential solutions: Combined Heat and Power (CHP, Cogeneration)
Industrial colocation
Distributed Generation, locates many small generation sources
closer to the electrical (and thermal) load
Space heating
Water heating
Absorption cooling
6
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Grid Topology & Attributes
Commercial
NO/NC
~ ~
~
Industrial
Residential
AEP Central Generation
1-1300 MW (38 GW total)
Water source (10-100s mi from load)
80 Plants
66% coal, 6% Nuclear, 22% Gas,
6%Other
Net Efficiency of ~35% Heat lost to environment - No Cogeneration
Moderate level ofMonitoring,Communications & Control (MCC)
7
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Grid Topology & Attributes
Commercial
NO/NC
~ ~
~
Industrial
Residential
AEP Transmission System
69-765 kV
38,953 total mi.
10-150 mi. length
Interconnected Grid
Low/Moderate MCC Self-protecting
Supervised operation
8
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Grid Topology & Attributes
Commercial
NO/NC
~ ~
~
Industrial
Residential
AEP DistributionSystem 12-35 kV
207,632 total mi.
1-40 mi. length Rural Distribution
OH Radial
Low/No MCC
Manual operation 9
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AEP Business Confidential 10
Grid Topology & Attributes
Commercial
NO/NC
~ ~
~
Industrial
Residential
AEP UrbanDistribution
OH Radial/SwitchedLoop
UG Radial/SwitchedLoop/Multi-fed
Little/No MCC
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Grid Topology & Attributes
Commercial
NO/NC
~ ~
~
Industrial
Residential
Urban Distribution UG Secondary
Network
Moderate MCC11
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Commercial
NO/NC
~ ~
~
Industrial
Residential
Existing Grid Generation: Large, Central, Remote (Little
Cogeneration), Moderate MonitoringCommunications & Control (MCC)
Transmission: Interconnected, Self-protecting,Low/Moderate MCC (SCADA)
Distribution: Extensive, Low/No MCC (Manual)
Customer: No MCC (Limited exceptions)
Extensive infrastructure
Moderate/No MCC
No Cogeneration
More load requires more G,T&D 12
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Distributed storage would enable base-loadoperation of grid assets.Distributed storage and generation would enablegrid independence.
Something to think about
Average3kW
Time
DailyLoa
d
Peak8-10 kW
Distribution System
Energy Storage
The Grid is designed to meet the peak power requirement,from the coal pile to the blow dryer.
3 kW Fuel Cellor
18 kW Solar PV
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G,T&D Asset Base LoadingImplications
Base load power system assets
Reduce variation in load level by reducing peaks and filling
valleys of load variation.
Power system components are rated to meet the peak
requirement of the load. Less G,T&D Infrastructure
Higher utilization of all grid assets
Most thermal power plants are optimized for peak load
operation More efficient generation
Reduced thermal cycling of grid components
Less thermal stress, less maintenance
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and something else to
think aboutThe engine kW-equivalent (~100 kW/auto) oftwo years of U.S. auto sales exceeds thecountrys total installed electrical generatingbase (~1139 GW).
Consider:
AEP HQ building: Maximum load 5.4 MW
AEP HQ Total Garage Capacity: 2087 cars
Assuming a 50kW fuel cell car (FCEV), operated at acomposite net capacity of 30%
AEPGarages Gen Capability 31 MWe+ 39 MWt
e= 40% /t= 50% 15
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Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle FCEV is an electric vehicle powered by the
combination of a fuel cell and a battery. Fuel Cell is an electrochemical energy converter: It
converts the chemical energy in a fuel (natural gas) in
the presence of an oxidant (oxygen in air) into
electricity, heat & byproducts (H2O & CO2). Requires on-board fuel storage.
Mobile electrical/thermal/water generation source
Potential to power and heat homes, businesses and
remote locations
16
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the Grid of the Future?
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Storage
WindFuel Cell
Solar
Grid of the Future: Optimal integration of central &distributed assets.
17
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Imc2, gridFUTUREs Key Enabler Acronym forIntelligent monitoring communications and control.
Advanced concept that will be realized in the grid of the future, and can begenerally characterized as the underlying technologies, which will make
the smart grid truly smart.
Involves the broad integration of sensors, bi-directional communications,
actuators and intelligence (computational capability) into components
throughout the grid from the sources of generation and storage, throughthe transmission and distribution systems, into the meter and,
ultimately, the customers loads.
The embedded component intelligence will be controlled by an
overarching, distributed, hierarchical control system responsible for
coordinating everything from local component protection to overall gridoptimization.
Enables anticipatory/reactionary self-healing; plug-n-play; aggregation
and dispatch; autonomous operation; situational awareness and learning;
self-adaptation.
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gridFUTURE Hierarchical ControlSystem Topology
Storage
Commercial
NO/NC
~
~
Industrial
Residential
~
Wind
Fuel Cell
Solar
Monitoring &OptimizationCenter
RegionalAggregation/Control
ControlPoint
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gridFUTURE Hierarchical ControlSystem Attributes
Progressively higher level information develops as it flowsup the hierarchy.
Timely control actions communicated throughouthierarchy as actionable information develops. Decision making conducted at lowest level of hierarchy
Secure
Redundant, prioritized communications System protection
Transient stability
Dynamic stability
Contingency planning
Load management
System optimization
System status
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gridFUTURE Hierarchical ControlSystem Attributes
Interfaces with smart loads & grid components. Aggregation & dispatch
Central, Distributed Generation & Storage
Load (Load as a resource)
Autonomous Operation Seamless separation/autonomous operation (reducedfunctionality)/reconnection
Self-healing Automatically reconfigures topology & operating
protocols in anticipation or result of systemcontingency
Grid Optimization Both central & distributed assets in near real-time.
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gridFUTURE Smart Components Embedded sensors and actuators
Voltage, current, temperature, moisture, DGA,vibrations, dielectric strength, PD,...
Change taps, operate CBs, adjust valves,
On-board information archival Operating criteria/Maintenance history/Operational
history
Plug & Play
Embedded intelligence
Self-monitoring/Self-diagnosis
Bi-directional communications/Self-initiates
corrective actions 22
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Sophisticated gridFUTURE
Customer
Adapted from EPRI source image
LGElectronics
High Demand Period
Delay wash 2 hours?
Please respond Yes or No
FC
AMI
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gridFUTURE Customer Scenario 2Customers home monitoring & automation system (HMAS) monitors home and
controls household systems per the occupants pre-selected preferencesand/or voice/electronic overrides.
Customer approaches home via driveway: HMAS recognizes car, opens garage doorto permit entry.
Customer exits car: HMAS recognizes customer, closes the garage door, grants entry
into home and announces customer's arrival to occupants, as well as, occupantspresence and location to customer.
Customer enters the laundry room: Lights turn on, and the laundry equipment remindshim that a load of laundry awaits washing, which the customer responds to by grantingverbal permission to wash and dry.
Customer proceeds through the house, the HMAS locationally adjusts lighting,temperature, and audio/visual equipment per the customers preset preferences orvoice commands.
Suddenly, the HMAS alarms the customer to a dangerous level of carbon monoxidepresent in garage, instructs the car to shutdown engine, secures laundry room externalentry, and opens garage door, to enable fresh air entry
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gridFuture Customer Scenario 3
Customer with history of heart disease and lives alone has a communications
enabled implanted heart monitor
2:17 am: Monitor detects impending heart attack, while customer sleepsunsuspectingly. CApS* dispatches emergency services and transmits EKG tohospital, where it is reviewed by cardiologist.
2:22 am: Emergency squad arrives at residence. CApS disables security system,grants emergency access, and directs squad to customers location.
2:35 am: Customer stabilized under cardiologist remote supervision. Placed invehicle for transport to hospital. CApS secures residence, and notifies customersemergency contact of situation in progress.
2:39 am: Patient rushed into hospital emergency room, and begins to receivetreatment.
3:19 am: Patient regains consciousness in presence of daughter, and is happy tobe alive!
* CustomerApplication System. 25
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Energy Utility of the FUTURE
Real-Time Optimization of Energy
Production, Delivery & Utilization
DistributionSubstation
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
Bulk Generation
Transmission& Distribution
TransmissionSubstation
Gensets, FuelCells, Load
Management, CHP
Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells , Load
Management, CHP
Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells,
Load Management, CHP
Imc2
IGCC- FC Hybrid, Biomass,Wind, Solar, Nuclear, Direct
Carbon Fuel CellsHeat, Chemicals & Byproducts
Synfuels & Biofuels
IndustrialCo-location
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Why?
Sustainability Reduces centralized infrastructure (G, T&D)
Improves reliability, security and asset utilization
More diverse supply
Bypass grid constraints Located closer to load
Increase overall efficiency
Higher base generation efficiency (=60%, fuel to electricity)
Bypass T&D losses Enables combined heat and power (CHP) on a grand scale
(adjacent to load)
Imc2 enables a broad array of capabilities
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John M. Schneider, Dr. [email protected]